{Dоwnlоаd/Rеаd PDF Bооk} the Art of War in Western World

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

{Dоwnlоаd/Rеаd PDF Bооk} the Art of War in Western World THE ART OF WAR IN WESTERN WORLD PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Archer Jones | 768 pages | 19 Dec 2000 | University of Illinois Press | 9780252069666 | English | Baltimore, United States The Art of War in the Western World by Archer Jones Historians say that the French emperor Napoleon was the first Western leader to follow its teachings. It was finally translated into English in The Art of War presents the basic principles of warfare and gives military leaders advice on when and how to fight. Its 13 chapters offer specific battle strategies—for example, one tells commanders how to move armies through inhospitable terrain, while another explains how to use and respond to different types of weapons—but they also give more general advice about conflicts and their resolution. Ever since The Art of War was published, military leaders have been following its advice. Meanwhile, executives and lawyers use the teachings of The Art of War to get the upper hand in negotiations and to win trials. Business-school professors assign the book to their students and sports coaches use it to win games. It has even been the subject of a self-help dating guide. Plainly, this 2,year-old book still resonates with a 21st- century audience. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Known as the Renaissance, the period immediately following the Middle Ages in Europe saw a great revival of interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome. Against a backdrop of political stability and growing prosperity, the development of new Of Sun Wu himself Tzu is an honorific particle, meaning "master" , little is known beyond his birth in the state of Ch'i and service to King The Ming Dynasty ruled China from to A. Known for its trade expansion to the outside world that established cultural ties with the West, the Ming Dynasty is also remembered for its drama, literature and world-renowned Amid the harsh repression of slavery, Americans of African descent, and particularly black women, managed—sometimes at their own peril—to preserve the culture of their ancestry and articulate both their struggles and hopes in their own words and images. A growing number of black Art Nouveau was an art and design movement that grew out of the Arts and Crafts movement of the late 19th Century. Art Nouveau highlighted curvaceous lines, often inspired by plants and flowers, as well as geometric patterns. Art Deco was a sprawling design sensibility that The Han Dynasty ruled China from B. Though tainted by deadly dramas within the royal court, it is also known for its promotion of Confucianism as the state religion and opening the Silk Road trade route to Europe, In around B. Most of all, Pericles paid artisans to build temples The Tang Dynasty is considered a golden age of Chinese arts and culture. Thus, the reader is presented by something of a paradox - a book making a claim to providing the definition of western warfare is in essence saying that what actually took place throughout all these years was the 'wrong' approach. In comparison with my main objections against the fundamental ideas and conclusions provided by this book, the final problem I'll address in this review may very well be a minor issue. I can't however leave it unmentioned, as it annoyed me beyond all reason throughout this book. A major component of professor Jones analysis consists of a selection of battles and campaigns that in his opinion illustrate his points. Many of these examples come from classical period. I am almost petrified to make this grave statement regarding such an esteemed historian as Archer Jones, but I can't help but question his knowledge about military history of that period. On several occasions I was simply flabbergasted by what I read. For example, the Spartan martial capability is reduced by the author to a 'one trick pony'-level. According to the professor, they used some sort of right-angled approach toward enemy line in an attempt to exploit the natural drift of phalanx formation to the right. Let's disregard the fact that there are no primary sources that describe such a maneuver - true, Spartans always placed themselves on the right flank, but only because it was a place of honor. Let's also discount the fact that the natural drift of phalanx formation to the right was well known by every every general in Greek city-states. It is however impossible to dismiss the purely logical argument that says that if Spartha relied on a single 'trick', it would hardly achieve the status it held for hundreds of years. Such argument is especially weak, if one also remembers that flanks of hoplite armies were habitually covered by swarms of peltasts, which according to the author himself, were superior to heavy hoplites! The author tells us that Theban victory at Leuctra was due to Epaminondas finally realizing how to counter Spartan 'one trick pony'-move and using Theban Sacred band to outflank the supposed flankers. He fails however to mention the massive phalanx formation that opposed the Spartans on the right flank in that battle as well as the REAL innovation introduced by Epaminondas - the refused flank maneuver. Another example of a very odd interpretation of available primary sources in a presentation of a battle can be found in author's analysis of Zama. Here, professor Jones claims that Hannibal intended to outflank the army of Scipio in a copy of maneuver he used at Cannae. How one can arrive to that conclusion is simply beyond my understanding. Not only was Hannibal inferior in cavalry strength due to defection of Masinissa, but his dispositions of infantry suggest no such intentions. If anything, Hannibal's deployment is shockingly unconventional when compared with his other battles and indicates in every respect that he intended to fight a battle of attrition. Leuctra and Zama are but two examples of battles and campaigns that in this book are in my opinion presented in very strange manner. Things are getting better as the book progresses toward medieval period and beyond, but classical examples are used repeatedly throughout the book to prove various points. Since those examples are in my opinion 'malformed' to be begin with, any conclusions based on them sounded hollow to me. Because of the reasons mentioned above, but also for other reasons I won't go into, I found this book a very difficult and frustrating read. While parts of the book are indeed very informative and the analysis provided by the author is at times indeed quite brilliant, the fundamental conclusions to which the he arrives simply don't sound true to me. Having finished it, I had more questions and objections than answers. Mostly however, I felt relieved that I arrived to the end of the book with which I didn't agree and which turned out to be a chore rather than a pleasure to read. Apr 18, Mark rated it really liked it. I was looking for a book that gave a broad view of military tactics across history, and this book delivered. The book's point of view is long ancient Greeks up to Israeli war and broad battle tactics, troop movement, costs, logistics, technology. There are also lots of little fascinating tidbits to be found along the way that I never knew. For example, originally bayonets were mounted in the rifle barrel and it took about a decade before they moved to the outside of the barrel so the so I was looking for a book that gave a broad view of military tactics across history, and this book delivered. For example, originally bayonets were mounted in the rifle barrel and it took about a decade before they moved to the outside of the barrel so the soldiers could keep shooting. The main problem I had was that the structure is repetitive. Jones is trying to write about both tactics and history and often organizes chapters as: a preview of an era's tactics, a history of the era's battles with tactics, a review of the era's history with tactics, and then a summary of the era's tactics. I tried to do a lot of intelligent skimming, but could never be sure when some new interesting fact or insight might crop up in the middle of an otherwise repetitive section. Dec 20, Joseph rated it really liked it Shelves: non-fiction. Wow that book was Long! I read this book a couple times in high school and it changed my life. I was always fascinated with history, in particular military history, and this book gave me my basis for my 4 year obsession with history during high school. More specific books were difficult for me to understand because they assumed I had the basis this book provided. If you want an introduction to military history this book cannot be beat. Oct 23, Kyle rated it liked it. This is a great basic view of western warfare, particularly strong through the classical and medievil periods. Jones does seek, however, to try to squeeze every military time period into his four-part box schematic, which sometimes works, aometimes doesn't, especially as the later modern period is approached. Still, good for some one stop shopping for a basic survey. Aug 05, Jeremy Hatfield rated it it was ok. Informative, pretty well-researched, but exceedingly dry. Mar 05, Chris rated it liked it. More military, less politically-focused history.
Recommended publications
  • Guide to the War of 1812 Sources
    Source Guide to the War of 1812 Table of Contents I. Military Journals, Letters and Personal Accounts 2 Service Records 5 Maritime 6 Histories 10 II. Civilian Personal and Family Papers 12 Political Affairs 14 Business Papers 15 Histories 16 III. Other Broadsides 17 Maps 18 Newspapers 18 Periodicals 19 Photos and Illustrations 19 Genealogy 21 Histories of the War of 1812 23 Maryland in the War of 1812 25 This document serves as a guide to the Maryland Center for History and Culture’s library items and archival collections related to the War of 1812. It includes manuscript collections (MS), vertical files (VF), published works, maps, prints, and photographs that may support research on the military, political, civilian, social, and economic dimensions of the war, including the United States’ relations with France and Great Britain in the decade preceding the conflict. The bulk of the manuscript material relates to military operations in the Chesapeake Bay region, Maryland politics, Baltimore- based privateers, and the impact of economic sanctions and the British blockade of the Bay (1813-1814) on Maryland merchants. Many manuscript collections, however, may support research on other theaters of the war and include correspondence between Marylanders and military and political leaders from other regions. Although this inventory includes the most significant manuscript collections and published works related to the War of 1812, it is not comprehensive. Library and archival staff are continually identifying relevant sources in MCHC’s holdings and acquiring new sources that will be added to this inventory. Accordingly, researchers should use this guide as a starting point in their research and a supplement to thorough searches in MCHC’s online library catalog.
    [Show full text]
  • Flying the Black Flag: a Brief History of Piracy
    Flying the Black Flag: A Brief History of Piracy Alfred S. Bradford Praeger The Locations and Chronological Periods of the Pirate Bands Described in This Book 1. The Greeks (800–146 bc) 2. The Romans (753 bc to ad 476) 3. The Vikings (ad 793–1066) 4. The Buccaneers (1650–1701) 5. The Barbary Pirates (1320–1785) 6. The Tanka Pirates (1790–1820) 7. America and the Barbary Pirates (1785–1815) FLYING THE BLACK FLAG A Brief History of Piracy Alfred S. Bradford Illustrated by Pamela M. Bradford Contents Preface xi Part I. Greek Piracy 1. Odysseus: Hero and Pirate 3 2. Greeks and Barbarians 12 3. Greek vs. Greek 19 4. Greek vs. Macedonian 25 Part II. The Romans 5. The Romans Take Decisive Action 35 6. The Pirates of Cilicia 38 7. The Scourge of the Mediterranean 43 8. The End of Mediterranean Piracy 49 Part III. The Vikings 9. “From Merciless Invaders ...”57 viii Contents 10. The Rus 65 11. Conversion and Containment 71 Part IV. The Worldwide Struggle against Piracy 12. The Buccaneers 81 13. Tortuga and the Pirate Utopia 90 14. Henry Morgan 97 15. The Raid on Panama 105 16. The Infamous Captain Kidd 111 Part V. The Barbary Pirates 17. Crescent and Cross in the Mediterranean 121 18. War by Other Means 129 Part VI. Pirates of the South China Coast 19. Out of Poverty and Isolation 137 20. The Dragon Lady 144 Part VII. To the Shores of Tripoli 21. New Nation, New Victim 151 22. “Preble and His Boys” 160 23.
    [Show full text]
  • International Law and Naval Operations
    JIJI International Law and Naval Operations James H. Doyle, Jr. N THE OVER TWO HUNDRED YEARS from American commerce raiding I in the Revolutionary War through two World Wars, the Korean and Vietnam wars, and a host of crises along the way, to the Persian Gulf conflict, peacekeeping, and peace enforcement, there has been a continuous evolution in the international law that governs naval operations. Equally changed has been the role of naval officers in applying oceans law and the rules of naval warfare in carrying out the mission of the command. This paper explores that evolution and the challenges that commanders and their operational lawyers will face in the 21st century. The Early Years and Global Wars Naval operations have been governed by international law since the early days of the Republic. Soon after the Continental Congress authorized fitting out armed vessels to disrupt British trade and reinforcement, the Colonies established Admiralty and Maritime courts to adjudicate prizes.1 American captains of warships and privateers were admonished to "respect the rights of neutrality" and "not to commit any such Violation of the Laws of Nations."z The first Navy Regulations enjoined a commanding officer to protect and defend his convoy in peace and war.3 In the War of 1812, frigate captains International Law and Naval Operations employed the traditional ruse de guerre in boarding merchant ships to suppress trade licensed by the enemy.4 President Lincoln's blockade of Confederate ports satisfied the criterion of effectiveness (ingress
    [Show full text]
  • 1812; the War, and Its Moral : a Canadian Chronicle
    '^^ **7tv»* ^^ / ^^^^T^\/ %*^-'%p^ ^<>.*^7^\/ ^o^*- "o /Vi^/\ co^i^^.% Atii^/^-^^ /.' .*'% y A-^ ; .O*^ . <f,r*^.o^" X'^'^^V %--f.T*\o^^ V^^^^\<^ •^ 4.^ tri * -0 a5 «4q il1 »"^^ 11E ^ ^ THE WAR, AND ITS MORAL CANADIAN CHRONICLE. BY WILLIAM F?"C0FFIN, Esquire, FORMERLT SHERIFF OF THE DISTRICT OF MONTREAI,, LIEUT.-COLONKL, STAFF, ACIITB POROB, CANADA, AND H. M. AGENT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE ORDNANCE ESTATES, CANADA. PRINTED BY JOHN LOVELL, ST. NICHOLAS STREET. 1864. E354 C^y 2. Entered, according to the Act of the Provincial Parliament, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, by William F. Coffin, in the OfBce of the Registrar of the Province of Canada. Ea t\}t J^igfjt pjonourable ^ir (SbmtmtJ SSalhtr f cab, iarond, ^er Pajtstg's Post '§ononmbk ^ribg Council, ^nU late ffiobernor ©cneral anli C0mmanKcr4tt=(H;fjicf of IBxitislj Nortfj America, ©Ws (jrattatlinw (!>Uv0uicU 0f the ^m of I8I2 is rcspcctftillp tirtitcatEU, fig fjis fattfjful anU grateful .Scrfaant, WILLIAM P. COFFIN. Ottawa, 2nd January, 1864, TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE SIR EDMUND WALKER HEAD, BARONET. My dear Sir,—^I venture to appeal to your respected name as the best introduction for the little work which I" do myself the honour to dedicate to you. To you, indeed, it owes its existence. You conferred upon me the appointment I have the honour to hold under the Crown in Canada, and that appointment has given life to an idea, long cherished in embryo. The management of the Ordnance Lands in this Province has thrown me upon the scenes of the most notable events of the late war.
    [Show full text]
  • Spy Lingo — a Secret Eye
    A Secret Eye SpyLingo A Compendium Of Terms Used In The Intelligence Trade — July 2019 — A Secret Eye . blog PUBLISHER'S NOTICE: Although the authors and publisher have made every eort to ensure that the information in this book was correct at press time, the authors and publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, TEXTUAL CONTENT: Textual Content can be reproduced for all non-commercial accident, or any other cause. purposes as long as you provide attribution to the author / and original source where available. CONSUMER NOTICE: You should assume that the author of this document has an aliate relationship and/or another material connection to the providers of goods and services mentioned in this report THIRD PARTY COPYRIGHT: and may be compensated when you purchase from a To the extent that copyright subsists in a third party it provider. remains with the original owner. Content compiled and adapted by: Vincent Hardy & J-F Bouchard © Copyright 9218-0082 Qc Inc July 2019 — Spy Lingo — A Secret Eye Table Of Contents INTRODUCTION 4 ALPHA 5 Ab - Ai 5 Al - As 6 Au - Av 7 Bravo 8 Ba - Bl 8 Bl - Bre 9 Bri - Bu 10 CHARLIE 11 C3 - Can 11 Car - Chi 12 Cho - Cl 13 Cn - Com 14 Comp - Cou 15 Cov 16 Cu 17 DELTA 18 Da - De 18 De - Di 19 Di - Dru 20 Dry - Dz 21 Echo 22 Ea - Ex 22 Ey 23 FOXTROT 24 Fa - Fi 24 Fl - For 25 Fou - Fu 26 GOLF 27 Ga - Go 27 Gr - Gu 28 HOTEL 29 Ha - Hoo 29 Hou - Hv 30 INDIA 31 Ia
    [Show full text]
  • The Naval War of 1812, Volume 3, Chapter 2
    The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History Volume III 1814–1815 Chesapeake Bay, Northern Lakes, and Pacific Ocean Part 5 of 7 Naval Historical Center Department of the Navy Washington, 2002 Electronically published by American Naval Records Society Bolton Landing, New York 2011 AS A WORK OF THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT THIS PUBLICATION IS IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 532 NORTHERN LAKES THEATER JANUARY 1814-JUNE 1815 533 left to guard the vessel and property retreated upon the approach of our Boats- as soon as the vessel was intirely consumed Lieutenant Gregory reem­ as ,:e have nothing to oppose so overwhelming a force and as this class of ves­ barked his Men without having permitted one of them to enter a House.- On sel IS so much beyond any thing which the Government contemplated when I finding the alarm so general he thought it prudent to cross the Lake immedi­ had th~ honor of your instructions in January last, I should not feel myself ately- he stopped one day at Oswego for refreshment and arrived here last authOrIzed even to prepare to build any thing to oppose Such a vessel without evening having performed a most difficult service with his usual gallantry and Special authority.- good conduct Mter I have been a sufficient length of time on the Lake to ascertain Lieutenant Gregory speaks in the highest terms of commendation of Sailing whether th.e. Enemy will fight me without his 84 Gun Ship and there should be Master Vaughan and Mr. Dixon, as well as the Men under his command for no probabIlIty .of a Peac~ ~th England it will
    [Show full text]
  • Submarine Warfare: with Emphasis on the 1936 London Protocol
    XVI Submarine Warfare: With Emphasis on the 1936 London Protocol The Law oj Naval Waifare: Targeting Enemy Merchant Shipping 28 (Naval War College International Law Studies No. 65, Richard]. Grunawalt ed., 1993) Part I Early History of the Submarine lthough the idea of a submersible boat dates back at least to the early A seventeenth century, and a number of efforts to perfect such a vessel had occurred over the subsequent years, it was not until the latter part of the eighteenth century that realistic attempts began to be made in this respect. During the American Revolution David Bushnell devised a one-man submersible known as the American Turtle. Its several attacks against British warships were, for one reason or another, all unsuccessful.! Then in 1797 Robert Fulton, who had been demonstrating his version ofthe submersible to the French Navy, submitted a proposal to the French Directory for the construction and the use by his "Nautulus Company" of a submarine against the ships of the British Navy. Paragraph Six of that proposal stated? And whereas fire Ships or other unusual means of destroying Navies are Considered Contrary to the Laws of war, and persons taken in such enterprises are liable to Suffer death, it will be an object of Safety if the Directory give the Nautulus Company Commissions Specifying that all persons taken in the Nautulus or Submarine Expeditio/l Shall be treated as Prisoners of War, And in Case of Violence being offered the Government will Retaliate on the British Prisoners in a four fold degree. It can thus be seen that even in its earliest form, and even when it was to be directed solely against warships, the submarine was a controversial weapon.
    [Show full text]
  • |||GET||| the Art of War 1St Edition
    THE ART OF WAR 1ST EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Tzu Sun | 9780813319513 | | | | | The Art of War The book has also been applied to the field of education. While these examples lend credence to how the Chinese military treatise has been implemented over the years, I was more interested in the original text than the interpretations of it. I just support the concept that any p The wise warrior avoids the battle. When you read it you realise it meant to stay and teach all the humanity, a book that needs to be taught in schools, teaching kids how to THINK Pretty amazing insights. Pulat Otkan Translator. Denial and deception Disinformation False flag Information warfare Maskirovka Military camouflage Psychological warfare Ruse de guerre. The best offense is a good defense. Original Black Hardback. Seller Inventory Published by Axiom Books, Australia The Art of War. An important work that should be read. Use it to win your war. Selected Notes to the Introduction. The proposed tactical advices are interesting and provide some fascinating insight into what people thought 2, years ago - and since the book doesn't feel like it's as old as it is at all, also into how people might be thinking nowadays. We are living in a global network and must think in decisive terms if we are to succeed. In the case of this particular book, The Art of Warbesides the obvious reading by people in The Art of War 1st edition careers, it's a recommended lecture to people in areas such as business, in special for management, and certainly you can apply many of the lessons of the book to almost any field of interaction with others where a "victory" is involved.
    [Show full text]
  • Countering Information Influence Activities: the State of The
    RESEARCH REPORT Countering Information Influence Activities The State of the Art 2 Countering Information Influence Activities: The State of the Art, version 1.4 (1 July 2018) James Pamment, Howard Nothhaft, Henrik Agardh-Twetman, Alicia Fjällhed Department of Strategic Communication, Lund University MSB’s points of contact: Fredrik Konnander Publication number MSB1261 – July 2018 ISBN 978-91-7383-865-8 MSB has ordered and financed this report. The authors are solely responsible for the content. 3 Preface This is version 1.4 of a report that aims to provide an overview of current thinking on how to counteract information influence activities. It was commissioned to support the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency’s (MSB) work in strengthening societal resilience against information influence activities. The report is intended to offer (1) a scientific overview to support the development of the MSB handbook Counter Influence Strategies for Communicators, (2) a guide and framework that can support the development of training and education on counter influence, and (3) a Swedish perspective on the knowledge currently available on information influence activities. The authors wish to thank MSB and the dozens of interviewees and reviewers without whom the study would not have been possible. 4 Foreword The term “Fake News” has catapulted the topic of information operations into the centre of a heated and mostly ill-informed public debate. One common misconception is that the problem is new. Another mistake is to assume that information, as the most visible part of the problem, is necessarily the most important. Both of these are at best only partly true.
    [Show full text]
  • Deviations from the International Rule of Law: an Historical Footnote
    Volume 56 Issue 3 Article 4 2011 Deviations from the International Rule of Law: An Historical Footnote Arthur T. Downey Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr Part of the International Law Commons, and the Rule of Law Commons Recommended Citation Arthur T. Downey, Deviations from the International Rule of Law: An Historical Footnote, 56 Vill. L. Rev. 455 (2011). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr/vol56/iss3/4 This Symposia is brought to you for free and open access by Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Villanova Law Review by an authorized editor of Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository. Downey: Deviations from the International Rule of Law: An Historical Foot 2011] DEVIATIONS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL RULE OF LAW: AN HISTORICAL FOOTNOTE ARTHUR T. DOWNEY* IN John F. Murphy's acclaimed 2004 book, The United States and the Rule of Law in InternationalAffairs,' he notes that the United States has en- gaged in "deviations" from the rule of law, and that some scholars cite treaties-such as the International Criminal Court, the Kyoto Treaty, or the Law of the Sea Convention-that the United States rejected despite overwhelming support from most other countries, including close U.S. al- lies. This is a serious charge leveled at America. But then, Professor Mur- phy quite correctly reminded his readers that such a charge is not well- founded-a position that took courage, since it was not politically correct. His reminder was clear: In the voluntarist system that characterizes the international legal process, each state is entitled to decide whether becoming .
    [Show full text]
  • Read Book the Art of Centuries Pdf Free Download
    THE ART OF CENTURIES PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Steve James | 304 pages | 15 Sep 2016 | Transworld Publishers Ltd | 9780857502421 | English | London, United Kingdom The Art of Centuries PDF Book Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Art of War. Business Insider. Michael Calvin , Thomas Bjorn. Denial and deception Disinformation False flag Information warfare Maskirovka Military camouflage Psychological warfare Ruse de guerre. This section advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and conflict. Also by Steve James. The Art of War has been the subject of legal books [27] and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy. Make a weekend of your trip to the Klamath Basin. Military—industrial complex Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management. We apologize for the inconvenience, unusual times, but Malin is only 8 miles from Tulelake. Labor Day weekend, September 5, For other uses, see The Art of War disambiguation. Not long after its opening, however, Art of This Century became a champion of many American artists, most of whom were experimenting with abstraction and had been working and struggling for years in New York and elsewhere. Science Power projection Loss of Strength Gradient. The first annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in Our top books, exclusive content and competitions. Dogs too! The ride is still on — with special health and safety protocols implemented. Special Edition Books. New York:Oxford University Press, Updated and modified regularly [Accessed ] Copy to clipboard. Art of This Century gave many of the soon-to-be celebrated Abstract Expressionists their first solo exhibitions, most notably Jackson Pollock.
    [Show full text]
  • “Flagging-Out in the American Civil War” Rodney Carlisle
    “Flagging-Out in the American Civil War” Rodney Carlisle Cet article passe en revue l’impact des transferts de pavillon des États- Unis vers d’autres nations qui sont venus à la suite des opérations de croiseur confédérées pendant la Guerre Civile américaine. L’article offre également des perspectives sur la question, toujours ouverte, de l’impact à long terme des déprédations confédérées et de la pratique du transfert du pavillon à l’étranger sur la taille de la flotte marchande américaine. Le processus de la ré-immatriculation pour protéger les navires a créé des précédents concernant les pavillons de complaisance au 20ème siècle. Au milieu et vers la fin du 20ème siècle, l’on a souvent retenu les pavillons de complaisance comme cause de la diminution du rôle du pavillon marchand des États-Unis dans le commerce international, de façon semblable à la tendance vers la fin du 19ème siècle de mettre en cause la pratique du transfert du pavillon durant la guerre civile pour expliquer la réduction de la flotte marchande des États-Unis. During the American Civil War (April 1861-April 1865), an estimated 1,061 American-flagged merchant ships were transferred to foreign flags, mostly to the British flag. Ship-owners in the North made the decision to operate under a foreign flag because of the depredations of twelve Confederate cruisers, most notably the Sumter, Alabama, Florida, Shenandoah, and Georgia. Altogether the twelve Confederate cruisers destroyed 237 ships registered under the United States flag.1 As their operations began, war-risk insurance rates climbed. Seeking to avoid both the actual risk and the cost of insurance to cover the risk, numerous owners sold the ships, sometimes to a shadow company, and operated them under the British flag.
    [Show full text]