Visualising the Environment & the Politics of Representation
Dr. Joanna Boehnert
Center for Science & Technology Policy Research Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
EcoLabs | www.eco-labs.org | @ecolabs
JZ1122
The Earth’s ability to provide an accommodating environment is undermined by our activities. The Earth is our life-supporting system. Despite this basic fact, measured in biophysical terms, the planet is shrinking due to human interventions. Over the past forty years the Living Planet Index (an indicator of the state of biodiversity) has fallen by 30% in northern countries and fallen by 60% in the tropics. During this time there has been a doubling of demands on natural systems. Assessing the capacity of the ecological system to continue to provide THE BALANCE SHEET FOR favorable conditions for civilization must be part GROSS GLOBAL PROSPERITY of an audit of development.
Biodiversity has been fallen by a rate of 30% in northern countries and 60% in the tropical world over the past 40 years.
PLANETARY BOUNDARIES
BIODIVERSITY LOSS NITROGEN FLOW PHOSPHORUS FLOW CLIMATE CHANGE OZONE DEPLETION ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL LOAD OCEAN ACIDITY FRESHWATER CONSUMPTION CHEMICAL POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL LAND USE
Ecological systems have thresholds that can characterized by dynamics where our industrial lead to sudden collapse. Nine planetary patterns are a force dramatically effecting boundaries are central to avoid crossing critical natural, biophysical and geological processes. tipping points. Three boundaries have already The Earth is the foundation for substance, but been transgressed: climate change, the rate of an ecological audit indicates that the model of 97-98% of scientists agree climate 2/3 ecosystems are exploited biodiversity loss and the global nitrogen cycle. development is now so dysfunctional that change is caused by humankind beyond their capacity The Anthropocene is a new geological age human survival is at stake.
Content, art direction and production: Dr.J.Boehnert, EcoLabs. Graphic design by: Lazaros Kakoulidis and Tzortzis Rallis 4. Design & Environmental Communication
JZ1122
Cheap energy made industrial development possible. One barrel of crude oil contains, in energy terms, the equivalent to the heavy manual labour of 12 people working for one year. As easily accessible fossil fuel supplies diminish, the era of cheap energy is ending. One way to understand the consequences of energy scarcity is by measuring EROI, i.e. ‘Energy Return On Investment’. In the 1900s EROI was between 100:1 – 50:1. Energy from renewables and unconventional fossil fuels have much lower EROIs; for example the Tar Sands have a EROI of THE BALANCE SHEET FOR as little as only 3:1. An integrated audit of development that includes energy issues GROSS GLOBAL PROSPERITY indicates that the current model of development has created dangerous vulnerabilities in its reliance on fossil fuel.
One barrel of crude oil, containing 159 litres, is equivalent to the heavy manual labour of 12 people for one year.
159 Lt
Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) World = 1851 USA = 7069 EU = 3412 Low Income countries = 363 Percentage of total energy consumption that is based on fossil fuels World = 80% USA = 83% EU = 75% Low income countries = 29%
4 million wind turbines could replace fossil fuels usage globally - VS 20 million cars are produced every year so it is technically possible.
Energy Return on Energy Investment EROI in the 1900s = 100:1 – 50:1 EROI in the tarsands = 5:1 – 3:1 EROI estimated to be necessary for ‘civilisation’ Global fossil fuels subsidies amounted to $523 to sustain itself = 5:1 billion in 2011, up almost 30% on 2010 - this is * All expansionary phases of the US economy occurred six times more than subsidies to renewables, during times of low energy prices. and up 30% from 2010. JZ1122
This poster explores the social impact of the current model of development. Humans and the natural world provide essential ‘resources’ for the purpose of creating products, profits and economic growth. Yet economic growth does not necessarily equal greater well-being. Research as demonstrated that only 1% of growth contributes to rising standards of living. Prosperity is increasingly concentrated and over the past 30 years inequality has risen in over 75% of the countries Global North (OECD countries). Although there is more than enough THE BALANCE SHEET FOR food to meet everyone’s needs, 13% of the global population face hunger. Meanwhile, GROSS GLOBAL PROSPERITY 30-50% of the food supply is simply wasted. It appears that the current model of development fails to provide prosperity for the majority.
Economic Growth
3/4 countries in the Global North 1% of global food supply would eliminate hunger - yet 30-50% of global food supply is simply wasted. face greater inequality than in 1980. Art direction and production: Dr.J.Boehnert, EcoLabs. Graphic design by: Angela Morelli Contents
1. Introduction: Visualizing the Environment
2. Images & Communication Theory
3. Revealing with Images
4. Concealing with Images
5. Conclusion - A Role for Design
7 1. VisualisingIntroduction: the VisualizingEnvironment the Environment
8 1. Introduction: Visualizing the Environment
9 1. Introduction: Visualizing the Environment
10 1. Introduction: Visualizing the Environment
11 1. Introduction: Visualizing the Environment
Navajo reservation adjacent to a Phoenix suburb. Photo by Edward Burtynsky. 12 1. Introduction: Visualizing the Environment
13 1. Introduction: Visualizing the Environment
14 2. Images & Communication Theory
15 2. Images & Communication Theory
The more visual the input becomes, the more likely it is to be recognized and recalled. One research study found that adding a picture to text improves compre- hension and memory by over 50%. Showing a picture before text increases comprehension by over 100% than supplying text alone.*
* Bransford and Johnson 1972 quoted in Chabris and Kosslyn 2005.
16 2. Images & Communication Theory
Another study suggests that we typically remember about 10% of the information from an oral presentation when tested 72 hours after exposure. This figure goes up to 65% when a picture is added.*
“the pictorial superiority effect”**
* Medina, J. (2008) The Brain Rules. Pear Press. p.234. **Stenberg, G (2006) Conceptual and pereptual factors in the picture superiority effect European Journal of Cog Psych 18(6): 813 - 847.
17 2. Images & Communication Theory
+ + 90% of all information that comes + 90% to our brain is visual. + +
+
Up to 36,000 + visual messages per hour + may be received by the
brain Source: Eric Jensen, Brain-Based Learning: The New Paradigm of Teaching, 1996
18 2. Images & Communication Theory
19 2. Images & Communication Theory
Pictures and text follow very different rules
20 2. Images & Communication Theory
+ + + THIS IS A PICTURE OF A BLUE BIRD SITTING IN A TREE. + +
THE BIRD IS LOOKING TO THE RIGHT.
THE LEAVES OF THE TREE ARE ORANGE, RED, YELLOW AND GREEN.
IT IS AUTUMN. + +
21 2. Images & Communication Theory
22 2. Images & Communication Theory
“the effects of technology do not occur at the level of opinions or concepts, but alter sense ratios or patterns of perception steadily and without any resistance”
Marshall McLuhan 1967
23 2. Images & Communication Theory
Visual culture: a pictorial turn
What are the cognitive implications of an increasingly visual culture?
24 2. Images & Communication Theory
Visual language
‘...has the potential for increasing human “bandwidth” – the capacity to take in, comprehend, and more efficiently synthesize large amounts of new information’
Robert Horn 2001
25 2. Images & Communication Theory
26 2. Images & Communication Theory
27 2. Images & Communication Theory
“It has often been said that our environmental crisis is a crisis of perception. We do not readily see the patterns that would reveal our dependence on the natural world, nor are we commonly aware of the systems within which we are deeply embedded. Our attention, entrained on objects and focused on flat screens, is far removed from the dynamic and animated nonhuman world.”
Laura Sewall, 2012
28 2. Images & Communication Theory
Relational Perception
A shift in focus (and thinking) from objects (in isolation) to processes & relationships.
29 2. Images & Communication Theory
Visual communications can suppport relational perception by focusing attention on:
• context • comparison • connections • causality • complexity
30 2. Images & Communication Theory
• context (where, what, when?)
• comparison (how much and when?)
• connections (with what or with whom?)
• causality (how, how much and when?)
• complexity (all of the above)
...& at various scales: micro, meso and macro.
31 3. Revealing with Images - CONTEXT Global forest change
32 3. Revealing with Images - CONTEXT The British Isles
33 3. Revealing with Images - CONTEXT biodiversity loss, as a ratio of species abundance before human impacts
4_423_GLOBIObiodiversity.pdf 2009-01-14 14:39:42
1700
C Biodiversity, as ratio of species
M abundance before human impacts High impacts 0 - 25 Y High-medium impacts 25 - 50 CM Medium-low impacts 50 - 75
MY Low impacts 75 - 100 %
CY Mean species abundance (%)
CMY
K
2000
2050
34 3. Revealing with Images - CONTEXT World land grabs
World land grab
Land purchased by government and private companies from each country, where areas are known
Total area purchased by country
Countries in which land has been purchased 270,000 ha 80,400 ha in Mongolia in Russia 7,000 ha in Kazakhstan
S Korea owns Saudi Arabia owns 2,306,000 ha 216,862 ha Japan owns in US 1,610,117 ha China owns 324,262 ha 1,500 ha 2,090,796 ha in Algeria 1,600 ha in Egypt 900,000 ha in Pakistan India 100 ha in China 10,117 ha 1,050 ha in Sudan in Mexico 5,000 ha 700,000 ha in Cuba 378,000 ha in Laos in Sudan UAE owns 1,240,000 ha in Phillipines 690,000 ha 1,282,500 ha in Sudan 3,000 ha 10,00 ha in Phillipines in Cameroon 4,046 ha in Uganda 100,000 ha 300 ha 1,600,000 ha 25,000 ha in Indonesia in Brazil in Tanzania in Indonesia
1,300,000 ha India owns in Madagascar 10,000 ha 43,000 ha in Paraguay in Australia
21,000 ha in Argentina 5,700 ha in New Zealand
SOURCE: GRAIN.ORG
35 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS carbon emissions per nation An atlas of pollution: the world in carbon dioxide emissions
Latest data published by the US Energy Information Administration Emissions ranking and country provides a unique picture of economic growth – and decline. 1 China China has sped ahead of the US, as shown by this map, which resizes Key 7,711 Million tonnes of CO2 emitted in 2009 Eurasia each country according to CO2 emissions. And, for the first time, % Change in emissions, 2008 to 2009 Regional emissions in 2009 tonnes of CO2 world emissions have gone down 28 2,358m in 2009 Kazakhstan 185 120 118 on 8 South Korea Down 9.2% 2008 528 Europe 9.8% 36 45 Uzbekistan North Korea tonnes of CO2 79.5 4,310m in 2009 54 115 1.2% Turkmen- 9.4% on istan 108 7 Canada Down 6.9% 2008 56.8 5 Japan 85 4 Russia 541 184 1,572 1,098 136 103 9.6% 68 60 59 9.7% Norway Sweden Finland 7.4% 175 87 39.6 50.6 52.2
62 10 UK 25 Netherlands Denmark 249 49.6 520 0.2% 52 Belarus 72 Azer- 60.6 121 67 7.8% baijan 2 US Ireland 36.2 99 212 40.3 22 Ukraine UK had been ranked 21 Poland 255 34 Belgium 8th for emissions 28.2% 1 China 5,425 137 6 Germany 286 in 2008 11.2% 3.7% million tonnes Biggest % drop 766 in emissions 101 7.0% 7.0% 111 7,711 million tonnes 41 Czech Rep 95.3 73 US emissions are down for the second year in 18 France Slovakia succession – after almost uninterrupted year 397 35.8 65 50 Austria 13.3% on year increases since these records began in 7.4% Switz. 45.8 69.2 1980. The decline has matched the country’s 19 Spain 61 44 Romania Only three years earlier, in 2006, China was in economic woes which have seen it only just Hungary 80.5 330 50.0 second place, and until recently had been very emerge from recession. 86 8.4% 17 Italy close to US emissions. But from 2008 to 2009, Since 2000 the country’s CO2 emissions have 55 Portugal 81 58 Serbia 66 rapid growth has matched the country’s 9-10% fallen by 7.5% 56.5 408 52.3 Bulgaria growth in GDP. 9.3% 44.5 24 Turkey 130 84 109 Since 2000 the country’s CO2 emissions have 253 154 risen by 170.6% 124 7.3% 39 Greece 179 139 100 174 5.3% 20 Taiwan 102 291 33 Pakistan 3.7% 122 140 76 42 North 213 0.4% Cuba 147 Hong Kong 13 Mexico 30.4 74 208 80 86.0 150 Puerto Tunisia 83 Middle East America 444 Rico 94 22.9 95 33.3 37 Algeria 135 1.9% 194 tonnes of CO2 191 166 40 Vietnam tonnes of CO2 114 93 47 181 71 57 Libya 1,714m in 2009 98.8 in 2009 210 6,411m 27 Egypt 56 4.9% Philippines 198 187 211 Morocco 6.2% 55.0 167 146 36.5 192 on 9 Iran Bangladesh 72.4 on 171 188 143 Up 3.3% 2008 55.1 2008 133 Down 6.9% 98 105 201 160 192 527 117 177 199 3.5% 119 195 190 186 23 Thailand 129 96 64 185 163 46 Nigeria 176 169 158 162 113 Trinidad 164 3 India 253 180 115 77.7 112 106 91 155 3.2% 156 88 & Tobago 104 107 0.1% 47.8 173 1,602 141 134 196 97 149 30 Africa 125 126 32 Malaysia 215 116 152 Central & 114 Venezuela 78 189 178 148 tonnes of CO2 165 38 Iraq 206 Angola 53 Syria 8.7% 0.2% 162 1,122m in 2009 145 202 24.0 144 100 56.9 104 South America 1.4% 157 131 128 89 43 Kuwait 123 151 on 148 3.7% India overtook Russia in 2009 2008 216 161 tonnes of CO2 49 168 Down 3.1% 82 84.9 197 1,273m in 2009 159 16 Indonesia 209 204 Colombia 207 182 48 Israel 31 Singapore 153 70.1 205 75 413 203 on 70.5 161 Up 3.6% 2008 77 Bahrain 140 Ecuador 137 31.1 0.1% 2.4% 14 Brazil 12 South Africa 138 127 217 28.7 142 183 170 70 11 Saudi Arabia 420 450 172 Peru 200 92 0.3% 470 51 Qatar 38.2 6.7% 66.5 Asia & Oceania 90 3.2% tonnes of CO2 132 13,264m in 2009 35 Chile 110 15 Australia 119 26 United on 418 29 79 Up 7.5% 2008 74.1% 214 Yemen Arab Emirates 1.8% Argentina 22.9 63 Oman Biggest % 49.0 193 increase 69 New 167 1.2% Zealand 3.2% World 39.1 193 tonnes 30,452m of CO2 in 2009
Detailed data on Full list of each country’s CO2 emissions and Down 0.1% 2008 movement in the world emissions league table
Rank/ Country Million Percent Rank/ Country Million Percent Rank/ Country Million Percent Rank/ Country Million Percent Rank/ Country Million Percent Rank/ Country Million Percent Rank/ Country Million Percent Rank/ Country Million Percent Rank/ Country Million Percent Rank/ Country Million Percent change tonnes change change tonnes change change tonnes change change tonnes change change tonnes change change tonnes change change tonnes change change tonnes change change tonnes change change tonnes change on 2008 2009 08—09 on 2008 2009 08—09 on 2008 2009 08—09 on 2008 2009 08—09 on 2008 2009 08—09 on 2008 2009 08—09 on 2008 2009 08—09 on 2008 2009 08—09 on 2008 2009 08—09 on 2008 2009 08—09 1 China 7,711 13.3 23 Thailand 253 -0.1 45 North Korea 79.5 14.3 67 Ireland 40.3 -11.2 89 Lebanon 14.8 3.6 111 Moldova 7.1 -4.1 133 Cambodia 3.9 -6.1 155 Djibouti 1.8 3.4 177 Mali 0.74 6.4 199 Chad 0.29 11.1 2 US 5,425 -7.0 24 Turkey 253 -7.3 46 Nigeria 77.7 -22.4 68 Norway 39.6 -0.3 90 Bolivia 13.9 -2.7 112 Ethiopia 6.9 7.1 134 Benin 3.5 4.3 156 Guam 1.7 -3.5 178 Rwanda 0.74 0.0 200 Lesotho 0.27 5.9 3 India 1,602 8.7 25 Netherlands 249 -0.2 47 Philippines 72.4 -2.9 69 New Zealand 39.1 -1.1 91 Sudan 13.0 7.0 113 Costa Rica 6.8 -4.4 135 Nepal 3.4 3.8 157 Guyana 1.5 0.0 179 Bermuda 0.71 4.2 201 Saint Vincent/Grenadines 0.27 17.6 4 Russia 1,572 -7.4 26 United Arab Emirates 193 -1.2 48 Israel 70.5 4.8 70 Peru 38.2 4.0 92 Sri Lanka 12.8 1.7 114 Tanzania 6.7 7.1 136 Iceland 3.4 -7.4 158 Burkina Faso 1.4 2.1 180 Liberia 0.69 2.2 202 Nauru 0.20 9.1 5 Japan 1,098 -9.7 27 Egypt 192 3.5 49 Colombia 70.1 7.9 71 Morocco 36.5 -2.2 93 Burma 12.5 -9.5 115 IvoryCoast 6.6 2.2 137 Palestine 3.2 4.3 159 Seychelles 1.4 6.1 181 Antigua and Barbuda 0.69 4.4 203 Tonga 0.15 -23.1 6 Germany 766 -7.0 28 Kazakhstan 185 9.8 50 Austria 69.2 -2.5 72 Azerbaijan 36.2 -8.9 94 US Virgin Islands 12.5 -3.5 116 Congo 6.3 3.8 138 Madagascar 3.1 13.4 160 Barbados 1.4 -4.0 182 American Samoa 0.67 2.2 204 Cook Islands 0.15 66.7 7 Canada 541 -9.6 29 Argentina 167 -3.2 51 Qatar 66.5 4.8 73 Slovakia 35.8 -4.5 95 Jamaica 12.1 -4.6 117 Senegal 6.2 1.8 139 Malta 3.1 -2.5 161 Swaziland 1.4 17.0 183 East Timor 0.63 8.7 205 Comoros 0.15 25.0 8 South Korea 528 1.2 30 Venezuela 162 -1.4 52 Belarus 60.6 -9.5 74 Puerto Rico 33.3 -3.2 96 Netherlands Antilles 11.6 -4.1 118 Tajikistan 6.1 -10.4 140 New Caledonia 3.0 0.0 162 Niger 1.3 3.5 184 Greenland 0.61 -4.8 206 Sao Tome and Principe 0.15 11.1 9 Iran 527 3.2 31 Singapore 161 -0.1 53 Syria 56.9 6.1 75 Bahrain 31.1 1.6 97 Kenya 11.5 2.4 119 El Salvador 5.9 0.0 141 Togo 2.8 5.6 163 Guinea 1.3 -1.2 185 Guinea-Bissau 0.46 0.0 207 Vanuatu 0.15 25.0 10 UK 520 -7.8 32 Malaysia 148 -0.2 54 Turkmenistan 56.8 -1.2 76 Cuba 30.4 4.7 98 Guatemala 11.3 -1.4 120 Kyrgyzstan 5.7 -0.4 142 Reunion 2.8 0.0 164 Sierra Leone 1.3 5.9 186 Gambia 0.44 15.4 208 British Virgin Islands 0.15 25.0 11 Saudi Arabia 470 3.2 33 Pakistan 140 0.4 55 Portugal 56.5 1.5 77 Ecuador 28.7 1.7 99 Armenia 11.2 1.5 121 Georgia 5.3 -4.9 143 Mauritania 2.7 5.3 165 Malawi 1.3 4.6 187 Cayman Islands 0.43 -11.8 209 Samoa 0.15 -16.7 12 South Africa 450 -6.7 34 Belgium 137 -11.2 56 Bangladesh 55.1 9.4 78 Angola 24.0 1.8 100 Zimbabwe 10.6 18.6 122 Bahamas 5.2 3.1 144 Zambia 2.7 18.8 166 Laos 1.2 1.1 188 Saint Lucia 0.41 0.0 210 Montserrat 0.15 58.7 13 Mexico 444 -1.9 35 Chile 119 74.1 57 Libya 55.0 -3.9 79 Yemen 22.9 13.5 101 Luxembourg 10.6 -11.2 123 Papua New Guinea 4.8 6.7 145 Congo, Dem Rep 2.7 -2.6 167 Wake Island 1.2 -4.3 189 Burundi 0.37 4.0 211 Dominica 0.14 11.1 14 Brazil 420 -0.3 36 Uzbekistan 115 -9.4 58 Serbia 52.3 -3.2 80 Tunisia 22.9 5.7 102 Cyprus 9.4 -3.5 124 Albania 4.6 3.8 146 Martinique 2.6 6.3 168 French Guiana 1.1 6.1 190 Cape Verde 0.34 4.5 212 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 0.11 16.7 15 Australia 418 -1.8 37 Algeria 114 6.2 59 Finland 52.2 -4.9 81 Croatia 21.5 -4.7 103 Latvia 8.5 8.1 125 Equatorial Guinea 4.6 -2.1 147 Macau 2.4 1.3 169 Aruba 1.1 4.2 191 Bhutan 0.33 -11.1 213 Turks and Caicos Islands 0.08 0.0 16 Indonesia 413 2.4 38 Iraq 104 3.7 60 Sweden 50.6 -7.7 82 Jordan 20.0 2.4 104 Ghana 8.1 9.6 126 Gabon 4.6 -3.2 148 Mozambique 2.3 4.6 170 French Polynesia 1.1 7.7 192 Western Sahara 0.32 0.0 214 Falkland Islands 0.05 0.0 17 Italy 408 -9.3 39 Greece 100 -5.3 61 Hungary 50.0 -10.7 83 Dominican Republic 19.9 2.1 105 Honduras 7.9 -2.4 127 Mauritius 4.6 -1.0 149 Guadeloupe 2.2 -5.1 171 Belize 0.94 -5.4 193 Antarctica 0.31 17.6 215 Kiribati 0.04 0.0 18 France 397 -7.4 40 Vietnam 98.8 -4.9 62 Denmark 49.6 -8.6 84 Bosnia and Herzegovina 18.3 -15.9 106 Brunei 7.6 -27.1 128 Botswana 4.5 7.7 150 Haiti 2.1 2.9 172 Maldives 0.92 3.4 194 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.30 11.1 216 Saint Helena 0.01 11.2 19 Spain 330 -8.4 41 Czech Republic 95.3 -3.8 63 Oman 49.0 9.9 85 Estonia 17.5 -11.8 107 Cameroon 7.5 -1.9 129 Nicaragua 4.5 -2.9 151 Suriname 2.0 4.0 173 Somalia 0.90 3.4 195 Grenada 0.30 4.8 217 Niue 0.01 2.9 20 Taiwan 291 -3.7 42 Hong Kong 86.0 10.3 64 Trinidad and Tobago 47.8 -4.1 86 Slovenia 17.4 0.5 108 Mongolia 7.4 -3.8 130 Gibraltar 4.4 -3.8 152 Uganda 1.9 -3.0 174 Afghanistan 0.83 -2.9 196 Central African Republic 0.29 -13.0 Table shows total carbon dioxide emissions 21 Poland 286 -3.0 43 Kuwait 84.9 6.3 65 Switzerland 45.8 1.0 87 Lithuania 15.8 -12.8 109 Macedonia 7.3 -20.1 131 Namibia 4.1 3.7 153 Fiji 1.9 -6.2 175 Faroe Islands 0.80 6.4 197 Solomon Islands 0.29 25.0 from the consumption of energy 22 Ukraine 255 -28.2 44 Romania 80.5 -16.6 66 Bulgaria 44.5 -11.9 88 Panama 15.5 1.7 110 Uruguay 7.2 -10.2 132 Paraguay 4.0 3.7 154 Montenegro 1.9 4.3 176 Eritrea 0.77 6.4 198 US Pacific Islands 0.29 0.0 GRAPHIC: MARK McCORMICK, PAUL SCRUTON. SOURCE: EIA 36 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS carbon emissions per nation
Tracking Carbon Emissions A footprint comparison of total carbon dioxide emissions by nation and per capita shows there’s plenty of room for smaller countries to reduce their carbon footprints. By Stanford Kay
Total Carbon Emissions by Nation Per Capita Carbon Emissions by Nation
Niger Gambia Tajikistan U.S. Pacific Islands Vanuatu Colombia Mauritania Djibouti Venezuela Paraguay Solomon Islands Kiribati Brazil Mozambique Swaziland South Bolivia Guinea-Bissau Papua New Guinea Ecuador New New Argentina Uruguay Burkina Faso Korea Caledonia Costa Rica Tonga Zealand Suriname Guyana Lesotho Taiwan Cook Peru Nicaragua Saint Helena India Chile Macau FijiIslands Guatemala Burundi Nauru Guam PanamaBelize Central African Republic Sao Tome and Principe Cambodia French Somalia Zambia Polynesia El Salvador Honduras Chad Benin Mongolia American Guinea South Ghana North Vietnam Korea Samoa Suriname Africa Kenya Singapore Australia Nepal Senegal Ethiopia Samoa Singapore Bhutan Tanzania Sierra Leone Cameroon Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Comoros Angola Maldives Kyrgyzstan Cote d’Ivoire Antigua Sri Lanka Bangladesh Congo (Brazzaville) Namibia Mali Morocco Hong Saint Vincent/Grenadines Zimbabwe Montserrat and Burma(Myanmar) Liberia Kong Mongolia Timor-Leste Malawi Barbuda (East Timor) Tunisia Egypt Malaysia Cuba Puerto Thailand Madagascar Togo India Afghanistan Mauritius Grenada Rico Kazakhstan Western Sahara Nigeria Botswana North Azerbaijan Cambodia Rwanda Algeria Barbados Korea Indonesia Gabon Thailand Libya Bangladesh Virgin Uzbekistan Hong Japan Vietnam Laos Cape Verde Kong Malaysia Eritrea Seychelles Congo Jamaica (Kinshasa) Burma Islands, U.S. Korea, Uganda Equatorial Guinea Bermuda South Maldives China Dominican Turkmenistan Cayman Republic Pakistan Afghanistan China Kyrgyzstan Japan Islands Philippines Laos Virgin Islands British Taiwan Timor-Leste (East Timor) Sri Lanka Aruba Haiti Netherlands Indonesia French Polynesia United Arab Nepal Kazakhstan The Antilles Macau Papua New Guinea Bahamas Dominica Emirates American Samoa Pakistan Brunei Philippines Bhutan Trinidad Tajikistan New Zealand Uzbekistan New Caledonia Reunion and Tobago Saint Lucia Fiji Sudan Iraq Lebanon Nauru Guam Argentina Iran United Kuwait Cyprus Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Tonga Australia Montserrat Arab Qatar Brunei Cook Islands EmiratesIsrael Venezuela Jordan Bahrain U.S. Pacific Islands Oman Saint Pierre Solomon Islands Syria and Miquelon Chile Uruguay Qatar Palestine Saint Kitt Turkey Faroe Islands Bolivia Yemen and Nevis Wake Island Colombia Saudi China’s total emissions Saudi Samoa Brazil Arabia Canada Arabia Ecuador lead the world, but Peru when diluted by its huge Bahrain Paraguay Ukraine population, its ranking Guyana Poland Israel Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) France drops down the per United States French Guiana capita list. Iran Croatia United Finland Jordan Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kuwait Kingdom Slovenia Spain Romania Honduras Armenia Oman Belize Luxembourg Bulgaria The United States is Lebanon Costa Rica Finland Czech Iraq El Salvador no. 2 for total emissions Republic Nicaragua Turkey Germany but Americans shrink Greece Syria Panama Croatia Sweden down to a respectable Guatemala Norway Slovenia rank in line with other Djibouti Austria Bulgaria Germany Greenland Netherlands industrialized citizens. Yemen Switzerland Cyprus Malta Switzer- Denmark Denmark Latvia land Belarus Russia Tiny Gibraltar tops the Estonia Poland Hungary Norway per capita list due to its Serbia Portugal need to import most Portugal Malta Slovakia Lithuania Belarus Belgium Ireland Czech manufactured goods— Latvia Belgium Armenia Republic Ireland a reality also seen in many Canada small island nations. Luxembourg Austria Netherlands Slovakia Bahamas, The Mexico Italy Ukraine Guadeloupe Dominican Republic Russia Cayman Islands Estonia Albania Romania Lithuania Virgin Islands, U.S. Cuba Moldova Greece Haiti Puerto Rico Bosnia and Faroe Trinidad and Tobago Iceland Hungary Herzegovina Islands Jamaica Former Serbia Netherlands Antilles and Montenegro Former Serbia Gibraltar Moldova Bermuda Macedonia and Montenegro Congo (Kinshasa) Greenland Martinique Barbados Gibraltar Georgia Saint Helena Antigua and Barbuda United States Chad Sweden Botswana Aruba Mali France Tunisia Gambia, The Uganda Malawi Grenada United Albania Zimbabwe Mauritania Saint Pierre Burundi Kingdom Spain Algeria Saint Lucia and Miquelon Sierra Leone Virgin Islands, British Central African Republic Guinea Macedonia W. Sahara Rwanda Italy Morocco Sudan Saint Vincent/Grenadines Burkina Faso Gabon Equatorial Madagascar Turks and Caicos Islands Iceland Niger Mauritius Seychelles Guinea Somalia Saint Kitts and Nevis Benin Zambia South Swaziland Egypt Senegal Dominica Comoros Africa LibyaNamibiaAngola Ghana Tonga Cape Verde Togo Mozambique Eritrea Ethiopia Sao Tome and Principe Guinea-Bissau Congo (Brazzaville) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Cote d'Ivoire (IvoryCoast) Tanzania Cameroon Nigeria
KEY
AFRICA ASIA MIDDLE EAST CARIBBEAN CENTRAL AMERICA EUROPE NORTH AMERICA OCEANIA SOUTH AMERICA
DESIGN: STANFORD KAY STUDIO.COM NOTE: BASED ON 2007 DATA. SOURCES: U.S. ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION
37 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS carbon emissions per nation - Co2 per person + emission change
38 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS carbon emissions per nation
39 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS carbon emissions per nation
40 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS carbon emissions per nation
41 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS estimated remaining non-renewable resources
42 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS estimated remaining non-renewable resources
43 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS ecological footprint per nation
44 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS ecological footprint relative to biocapacity
45 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS scale - large (oil spills)
46 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS scale - small (radiation doses)
47 3. Revealing with Images - COMPARISONS networks in the climate denial industry
The Center for Public Integrity. Following the Donors Trust money trail. 2013.
48 3. Revealing with Images - CONNECTIONS network visualization
Human Disease Network Supporting Information Figure S9 Kwang-Il Goh, Michael E. Cusick, David Valle, Barton Childs, Marc Vidal, Albert-Laszlo′′′ Barabasi
Disorder Class Bone
Coats Cancer Urolithiasise Osteopetrosis disease NDP Caffey van_Buchem Exudative Cardiovascular disease disease vitreoretinopathy Norrie SLC34A1 disease 439 LRP5 Connective tissue disorder Nevo Hyperostosis, syndrome COL1A1 endosteal Dermatological PLOD1 217 PAX9 Oligodontia Osteogenesis Osteoporosis 1164 Developmental Ehlers-Danlos imperfecta Arthropathy syndrome Hypodontia COL3A1 Ear, Nose, Throat Aneurysm, COL1A2 familial_arterial Myasthenic Witkop 733 syndrome Heart syndrome Pseudoachondroplasia Endocrine 3-methylglutaconicaciduria OPA3 WISP3 Optic Marfan block MSX1 atrophy OPA1 Aortic syndrome Paramyotonia Sick_sinus Gastrointestinal aneurysm congenita syndrome 3558 Intervertebral_disc Brugada SCN4A disease syndrome Syndactyly Spondyloepiphyseal COMP COL9A2 Hematological Glaucoma Weill-Marchesani Shprintzen-Goldberg Cramps, SCN5A Zlotogora-Ogur Cleft dysplasia syndrome syndrome potassium-aggravated Myotonia 2785 syndrome palate Parkes_Weber Basal_cell FBN1 congenita Oculodentodigital COL9A3 1432 Immunological 1414 CYP1B1 syndrome nevus_syndrome MASS Hypokalemic Acquired dysplasia Epiphyseal Peters Keratitis periodic long_QT_syndrome FLNB RASA1 PTCH syndrome MATN3 Metabolic anomaly Eye Ectopia Thyrotoxic paralysis dysplasia Atelosteogenesis SHH anomalies Marshall Larson Capillary Basal_cell Holoprosencephaly Coloboma, periodic KCNH2 PVRL1 malformations GJA1 Incontinentia syndrome SLC26A2 syndrome carcinoma ocular paralysis pigmenti Muscular PTCH2 Long_QT Wagner 26 Diastrophic Aniridia, IKBKG syndrome Osteoarthritis PAX6 type_II CACNA1S syndrome dysplasia Neurological Optic_nerve Morning COL11A1 Medulloblastoma Branchiootic EYA1 Atrioventricular Ectodermal syndrome hypoplasia/aplasia glory Foveal KCNE1 Achondrogenesis_Ib Nutritional disc hypoplasia block LOR dysplasia SMED Rieger COL2A1 Strudwick_type syndrome anomaly 942 PITX2 FOXC1 126 Kniest Ophthamological Ring_dermoid PITX3 CPT 830 Bart-Pumphrey Cataract deficiency, KCNE2 Erythrokeratoderma 1586 Stickler dysplasia of_cornea syndrome syndrome Iridogoniodysgenesis hepatic Vohwinkel Psychiatric NKX2-5 syndrome GJB6 Iris_hypoplasia RYR1 KCNQ1 843 OSMED Enhanced Bothnia Alagille retinal Renal and_glaucoma Axenfeld Tetralogy GJB3 syndrome S-cone 1105 1104 anomaly CRYAB CPT2 syndrome GJB2 syndromedystrophy Butterfly Maculopathy, of_Fallot 845 COL11A2 bull’s-eye Fechtner 549 dystrophy, Respiratory Central_core Atrial Self-healing 792 May-Hegglin syndrome retinal disease fibrillation JAG1 Retinal_cone NR2E3 RLBP1 collodion_baby anomaly Epstein dsytrophy Fundus Skeletal KRT10 1518 syndrome albipunctatus Macular Epidermolytic EBD Miyoshi VMD2 396 Toenail MYH9 NRL RDS dystrophy multiple hyperkeratosis dystrophy, myopathy Myopathy MYH7 Sebastian Vitelliform MYH6 syndrome TGM1 434 isolated DYSF MYF6 Becker Night macular 1401 muscular Duchenne Deafness blindness ELOVL4 dystrophy Unclassified Ichthyosiform COL7A1 Myotilinopathy MYO7A RHO ABCA4 Stargardt DES dystrophy muscular disease erythroderma Ichthyosis KRT1 847 DSP Rippling_muscle dystrophy Creatine disease DMD PCDH15 PDE6B Retinitis 1229 STS MYOT EYA4 TIMM8A CRB1 Epidermolysis PLEC1 phosphokinase CDH23 Disorder Name 5233 144 Muscular Usher USH2A LAMA3 bullosa USH1C pigmentosa CRX 1545 868 CAV3 Mohr-Tranebjaerg COCH syndrome Cone Somatotrophinoma RYR2 Walker-Warburg FCMD dystrophy DSPP 18 Acampomelic campolelic dysplasia Ventricular syndrome TTN Cardiomyopathy syndromeJensen AIPL1 dystrophy Dentin MASS1 GUCY2D 26 Achondrogenesis-hypochondrogenesis, type II McCune-Albright tachycardia POMT1 syndromeMeniere SLC26A4 syndrome SGCD PRKAG2 dysplasia, RPE65 53 Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital GRACILE disease type_II 77 Aldosterone to renin ratio raised GNAI2 syndrome Alexander Wolff-Parkinson-White Convulsions Menkes 1232 BCS1L disease TCAP Pendred 418 RPGR disease 87 Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin deficiency Osseous GNAS syndrome Leber RPGRIP1 TAZ Enlarged syndrome RP1 92 Alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome heteroplasia NDUFV1 vestibular Roussy-Levy 1016 COX15 Barth congenital_amaurosis 96 Alternating hemiplegia of childhood aqueduct ATP7A Occipital_horn 107 Analgesia from kappa-opioid receptor agonist, female-specific syndrome SDHA Leigh syndrome syndrome Acromegaly 117 Angiotensin I-converting enzyme 474 1113 Macular Cutis Dejerine-Sottas NDUFS4 syndrome Hemolytic-uremic FBLN5 laxa 126 Anterior segment anomalies and cataract syndrome degeneration Williams-Beuren Pseudohypoparathyroidism disease PMP22 1297 LMNA 129 Anxiety-related personality traits PDHA1 CFH CNGB3 ELN syndrome 137 Apparent mineralocorticoid excess, hypertension due to Vertical GCSL 144 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia EGR2 Achromatopsia talus Maple_syrup_urine Stroke Factor_x Hypertriglyceridemia Supravalvar_aortic 162 Athabaskan brainstem dysgenesis syndrome Neuropathy disease MPZ Rabson-Mendenhall deficiency stenosis 171 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder HOXD10 syndrome 182 Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome 192 Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome 913 HSPB1 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1396 3212 Leprechaunism Nephropathy-hypertension 198 Beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonist, reduced response to ALOX5AP F7 disease Spastic_ataxia DCTN1 disease Apolipoprotein 210 Blepharophimosis, epicanthus inversus, and ptosis PLP1 INSR Hypoalphalipoproteinemia 217 Bone mineral density variability /paraplegia Amyotrophic 1347 594 deficiency APOA2 ALS2 GARS BSCL2 KCNJ11 275 Carpal tunnel syndrome, familial Primary lateral HEXB Lipodystrophy Hypoglycemia 279 Cavernous malformations of CNS and retina APOA1 Hypercholesterolemia lateral_sclerosis sclerosis Insulin ABCC8 117 287 Central hypoventilation syndrome VAPB Spinal_muscular resistance Hyperproinsulinemia TCF2 Myocardial Corneal 292 Cerebrooculofacioskeletal syndrome atrophy SARS, 294 Cerebrovascular disease, occlusive 803 progression_of dystrophy APOB PAFAH1B1 Hyperinsulinism infarction 275 COL8A2 313 Cholesteryl ester storage disease FOXP3 Amyloidosis Hypobetalipoproteinemia INS THBD VSX1 558 320 Choreoathetosis, hypothyroidism, and respiratory distress 1456 Diabetes TTR 329 Chylomicronemia syndrome, familial Coumarin Squamous_cell Myeloperoxidase APOE Amyloid Lissencephaly Nicotine Sea-blue_histiocyte FGA 344 Cold-induced autoinflammatory syndrome resistance CYP2A6 Non-Hodgkin carcinoma PPARG ACE deficiency Dysfibrinogenemia neuropathy Keratoconus addiction CHRNA4 mellitus disease Abetalipoproteinemia 347 Colonic aganglionosis, total, with small bowel involvement DCX LGI1 lymphoma GCK MPO 463 Infantile_spasm Epilepsy 377 357 Conotruncal anomaly face syndrome syndrome GABRG2 HNF4A Hyperproreninemia Afibrinogenemia 377 Craniofacial anomalies, empty sella turcica, corneal endothelial changes 2385 ACSL6 Glioblastoma MODY Hyperlipoproteinemia Myoclonic Myelodysplastic Renal FGB 378 Craniofacial-deafness-hand syndrome epilepsy KCNQ2 syndrome FAS IPF1 SLC2A2 REN tubular APP Hypofibrinogenemia 379 Craniofacial-skeletal-dermatologic dysplasia Coffin-Lowry SLC6A8 ARX CACNB4 Myelogenous Alzheimer FGG Androgen CASP10 dysgenesis 396 Cyclic ichthyosis with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis syndrome 1057 leukemia Autoimmune Pancreatic Thrombophilia 418 Dentinogenesis imperfecta, Shields type insensitivity ENPP1 137 disease RPS6KA3 Mental Macrocytic disease agenesis Fanconi-Bickel 422 Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans Ataxia anemia syndrome RETN F5 Hemorrhagic Perineal IRF1 AGTR1 AGT CBS 434 Dilated cardiomyopathy with woolly hair and keratoderma retardation Partington hypospadias 930 diathesis Gastric CASP8 HSD11B2 EPHX1 SERPINA1 Emphysema 438 Disordered steroidogenesis, isolated NLGN4X syndrome AR ERBB2 1153 Preeclampsia 439 Dissection of cervical arteries Asperger Proud 379 cancer Adenoma, Muir-Torre PTPN22 syndrome syndrome Apert Listeria periampullary syndrome TCF1 Hypercholanemia Homocystinuria 441 Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome 192 Nonsmall_cell Coronary Thrombocytopenia monocytogenes Ataxia-telangiectasia Obesity NOS3 452 Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen disease Saethre-Chotzen Desmoid lung_cancer Cafe-au-lait 198 spasms 453 Dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia NLGN3 MECP2 syndrome Schizophrenia Autism SOX3 disease spots Placental 461 Dyssegmental dysplasia, Silverman-Handmaker type Pfeiffer KLF6 1183 ATM MSH2 Hypertension PRODH Wiskott-Aldrich FGD1 Adenomas Ovarian abruption syndrome 463 Dystransthyretinemic hyperthyroxinemia syndrome FGFR2 Gardner MLH1 ADRB2 NR3C2 Hyperprolinemia WAS cancer Pilomatricoma Systemic_lupus Allergic PSEN1 471 Elite sprint athletic performance 809 Jackson-Weiss syndrome CDH1 BRCA1 rhinitis PPM-X Angelman APC Turcot erythematosus SCNN1B 474 Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy syndrome CTNNB1 EGFR Pseudohypoaldosteronism syndrome Rett syndrome MUTYH MAD1L1 Neuroectodermal syndrome AGRP Pick 527 Fatty liver, acute, of pregnancy Leanness, IL13 Atherosclerosis Seasonal 535 Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes syndrome FGFR1 Crouzon PIK3CA tumors Rheumatoid disease Neutropenia Aarskog-Scott Craniosynostosis syndrome PMS2 inherited Liddle affective_disorder 539 Fibular hypoplasia and complex brachydactyly Prostate Hepatic arthritis SCNN1G FCGR3A syndrome RAD54L RAD54B Adenocarcinoma syndrome HTR2A 544 Fluorouracil toxicity, sensitivity to MSX2 cancer T-cell adenoma IL10 Alcohol ALOX5 dependence 545 Focal cortical dysplasia, Taylor balloon cell type Kallmann MXI1 lymphoblastic ECE1 ELA2 syndrome Endometrial Graft-versus-host Viral 549 Foveomacular dystrophy, adult-onset, with choroidal neovascularization Parietal Breast leukemia Lymphoma Anorexia 558 Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy Neurofibrosarcoma carcinoma disease Supranuclear infection foramina Asthma nervosa 584 Giant platelet disorder, isolated cancer BAX BRAF Dementia palsy 1555 96 594 Glomerulocystic kidney disease, hypoplastic 1096 HIV MAPT PTEN BRIP1 Colon PDGFRL PHF11 Hematopoiesis, 604 Glutathione synthetase deficiency 182 Obsessive-compulsive 1174 129 cyclic 626 Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome 422 Lhermitte-Duclos Fanconi AXIN2 Neurofibromatosis NF1 Neurofibromatosis PLA2G7 ATP1A2 Estrogen disorder SLC6A4 646 Hearing loss, low-frequency sensorineural cancer IgE_levels resistance syndrome anemia BRCA2 QTL 1476 665 Hemosiderosis, systemic, due to aceruloplasminemia MSH6 Li-Fraumeni TNF syndrome 1140 Watson Cerebral 679 High-molecular-weight kininogen deficiency Oligodendroglioma EP300 PARK2 Leprosy PDGFB FGFR3 CHEK2 Rubenstein-Taybi MET syndrome Migraine ESR1 amyloid 699 Homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia, cbl E type Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Giant-cell Multiple Platelet 701 Homozygous 2p16 deletion syndrome fibroblastoma Meningioma Muenke Osteosarcoma syndrome SNCA HDL_cholesterol angiopathy syndrome 1490 syndrome Cancer malignancy RUNX1 defect/deficiency level_QTL 727 Hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome GPC3 susceptibility Coronary Hypochondroplasia XRCC3 TP53 syndrome BCL10 Sezary Sepsis BDNF ABCA1 733 Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis SLC22A18 Lung FLCN syndrome Hirschsprung GDNF artery 734 Hyperkeratotic cutaneous capillary-venous malformations Achondroplasia Denys-Drash Wilms Cervical cancer Melanoma disease Memory disease 780 Hypoparathyroidism-retardation-dysmorphism syndrome Mesothelioma CD36 impairment syndrome tumor Cowden carcinoma KRAS CCND1 Tangier 785 Hypoplastic enamel pitting, localized Atopy 792 Hystrix-like ichthyosis with deafness Mesangial disease NF2 Nijmegen_breakage Parkinson Malaria EDNRB disease sclerosis Histiocytoma CIITA 803 Immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, and enteropathy, X-linked WT1 Birt-Hogg-Dube NBN syndrome 287 Schwannomatosis disease Waardenburg-Shah 809 Infundibular hypoplasia and hypopituitarism Frasier Pancreatic Stomach Adrenal_cortical syndrome 1239 Bare_lymphocyte EDN3 syndrome WAGR Rhabdomyosarcoma carcinoma Leukemia PCWH 830 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome syndrome cancer cancer TGFBR2 syndrome SPINK5 PHOX2B ABCD SOX10 833 Juvenile polyposis/hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome Tietz syndrome NQO1 Benzene Thyroid Germ_cell toxicity syndrome 843 Keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome syndrome 378 833 STK11 Nasopharyngeal Shah-Waardenburg BMPR1A carcinoma tumor DBH syndrome 845 Keratoderma, palmoplantar, with deafness PAX3 carcinoma TAP2 Netherton Neuroblastoma 1614 Renal_cell STAT5B RET 847 Keratosis palmoplantaria striata SMAD4 Bladder Peutz-Jeghers syndrome MITF carcinoma LPP 868 Laryngoonychocutaneous syndrome cancer syndrome Multiple Wegener Aquaporin-1 891 Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter Waardenburg von_Hippel-Lindau GYPC syndrome Esophageal PTPN11 441 sclerosis granulomatosis deficiency 913 Lower motor neuron disease, progressive, without sensory symptoms syndrome GATA1 930 Lynch cancer family syndrome II Polyposis cancer Growth 347 AQP1 HRAS hormone 942 Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility 3229 PRKAR1A RB1 CDKN2A Adult_i KIT Medullary_thyroid 945 Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy Orolaryngeal Leopard Noonan Lipoma TBP Multiple Blood phenotype Pyropoikilocytosis TYR carcinoma GCNT2 959 Mastocytosis with associated hematologic disorder Carney cancer syndromesyndrome PTPRC endocrine Loeys-Dietz Li group 969 Medullary cystic kidney disease complex neoplasia 982 Melorheostosis with osteopoikilosis Myxoma, TSHR Retinoblastoma syndrome Fraumeni VHL Dyserythropoietic SPTA1 syndrome anemia 1001 Methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency, autosomal recessive intracardiac Costello Spherocytosis 1002 Methylcobalamin deficiency, cblG type Albinism MYH8 NTRK1 syndrome Macrothrombocytopenia HMGA2 1016 Mitochondrial complex deficiency Adrenocortical Piebaldism SLC4A1 Anemia carcinoma Carcinoid_tumor 1050 Myelomonocytic leukemia, chronic Hyperthroidism Polycythemia Mast_cell 1056 Myoglobinuria/hemolysis due to PGK deficiency 959 Salivary of_lung RHCE SPTB 1528 leukemia adenoma Huntington MEN1 1057 Myokymia with neonatal epilepsy Hemangioblastoma, Spinocereballar Adrenal Elliptocytosis 1080 Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis Hypothyroidism cerebellar disease Uterine ataxia Parathyroid adenoma Insensitivity 1090 Neural tube defects, maternal risk of Gastrointestinal adenoma 1267 1096 Neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome stromal leiomyoma to_pain Hemolytic Renal RHAG 1104 Nevus, epidermal, epidermolytic hyperkeratotic type JAK2 Pheochromocytoma tumor Angiofibroma, 1383 DCLRE1C anemia tubular CDC73 sporadic 1105 Newfoundland rod-cone dystrophy TG 1263 Rh-negative acidosis CTLA4 PRNP 1113 Noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium Hyperparathyroidism RAG1 blood_type 1119 Norwalk virus infection, resistance to Goiter CACNA1A G6PD Rh-mod 1133 Oculofaciocardiodental syndrome Thyroid GSS syndrome TPO PDGFRA Creutzfeldt-Jakob RAG2 1140 Oligodontia-colorectal cancer syndrome hormone SDHB Insomnia 1153 Ossification of the posterior longitudinal spinal ligaments resistance Graves Myelofibrosis, SDHD disease Omenn PGK1 Autoimmune disease idiopathic Episodic IL2RG syndrome G6PD 1164 Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome thyroid ataxia Gerstmann-Straussler CASR Favism deficiency 1174 Pallidopontonigral degeneration 1183 Papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum 3512 disease Thrombocythemia Hemiplegic_migraine, disease ADA Hyperthyroidism familial 604 1227 Pigmentation of hair, skin, and eyes, variation in Hypereosinophilic Hypocalciuric 1056 Paragangliomas Combined Adenosine_deaminase 1229 Pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy syndrome Cerebellar hypercalcemia 1232 Pituitary ACTH-secreting adenoma ataxia immunodeficiency deficiency Merkel_cell 1238 Pneumonitis, desquamative interstitial Carcinoidcarcinoma Hypocalcemia tumors, 1239 Pneumothorax, primary spontaneous intestinal CP 1263 Prion disease with protracted course C6 1265 Progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions 1267 Prolactinoma, hyperparathyroidism, carcinoid syndrome 665 1297 Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency 1325 Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata Hypoceruloplasminemia 1335 Robinow syndrome, autosomal recessive Complement_component 1347 Sandhoff disease, infantile, juvenile, and adult forms deficiency 1361 Schwartz-Jampel syndrome, type 1 1376 Sensory ataxic neuropathy, dysarthria, and ophthalmoparesis 1383 Severe combined immunodeficiency 1396 Silver spastic paraplegia syndrome 1401 Skin fragility-woolly hair syndrome 1414 Solitary median maxillary central incisor 1432 Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome Frontometaphyseal Diabetes Nonaka 584 1119 461 H._pylori dysplasia CRASH Microcephaly Hyperekplexia insipidus 1438 Stapes ankylosis syndrome without symphalangism Smith-Fineman-Myers Amelogenesis Crohn 1265 myopathy Ceroid-lipofuscinosis Chorea, Restrictive Adrenocortical infection Tropical Rapp-Hodgkin imperfecta OPN1MW syndrome insufficiency 1446 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, carbamazepine-induced Adrenomyeloneuropathy calcific syndrome Situs disease Melnick-Needles Ovarioleukodystrophy Hypoaldosteronism MASA GP1BB FUT2 Bosley-Salih-Alorainy hereditary dermopathy, BCG Pseudohermaphroditism, syndrome Juberg-Marsidi syndrome Leiomyomatosis Agammaglobulinemia Hypohaptoglobinemia Synpolydactyly pancreatitis ambiguus DLX3 syndrome syndrome GLRA1 benign Guttmacher lethal 1456 Subcortical laminar heterotopia infection male ADULT syndrome CARD15 DiGeorge Sialuria Bombay 535 Leydig Sutherland-Haan ENAM EIF2B2 Colorblindness syndrome Crigler-Najjar 3037 Orofacial Bernard-Soulier PPT1 HSPG2 RAPADILINO syndrome 1466 Sweat chloride elevation without CF ABCD1 1335 syndrome Limb-mammary syndrome-like DNAH11 Trichodontoosseous FLNA EIF2B5 Blue-cone syndrome phenotype HOXA1 MCPH1 TITF1 Greenberg AVPR2 Acrocapitofemoral cell Micropenis Blau POLG GNE cleft BTK syndrome Iron Ceroid Startle dysplasia syndrome NR5A1 IFNGR1 HPFH syndrome syndrome 785 EIF2B4 monochromacy van_der_Woude 1475 Tarsal-carpal coalition syndrome HOXD13 dysplasia SPINK1 adenoma syndrome Heterotopia CYP11B2 L1CAM syndrome 294 overload/deficiency lipofuscinosis Basal disease Hay-Wells ATRX Velocardiofacial Hyperbilirubinemia ganglia 3260 320 HOXA13 1476 Tauopathy and respiratory failure LHCGR Kartagener Psoraisis Alpers FH HP Precocious syndrome TP73L Otopalatodigital Low syndrome OPN1LW syndrome Inclusion IRF6 1611 Analbuminemia Neurodegeneration 162 disease Weyers ZMPSTE24 ROR2 IHH syndrome Bethlem 891 18 LBR 1361 RECQL4 1080 1490 Thanatophoric dysplasia, types I and II Mycobacterial puberty, myopathy syndrome renin UGT1A1 body acrodental Sex Sickle Pancreatitis male Chudley-Lowry Sarcoidosis hypertension 77 1376 SERPINA3 TF Hand-foot-uterus 1518 Transient bullous of the newborn infection Brachydactyly EEC syndrome TBX1 myopathy FTL dysostosis reversal Tuberculosis Adrenoleukodystrophy cell 92 COL6A1 Fumarase Popliteal PANK2 syndrome 945 anemia syndrome Anhaptoglobinemia SOX9 1519 Transposition of great arteries, dextro-looped Hypertrypsinemia Split-hand/foot DNAH5 COL6A3 Hemangioma deficiency pterygium Fish-eye ALB Pelger-Huet Rothmund-Thomson HBB Hypogonadotropic DNAI1 Ewing Palmoplantar Abacavir 734 Hydrocephalus Gilbert Opremazole Atransferrinemia Tall 1133 malformation 171 357 poor syndrome disease stature 727 anomaly syndrome 1526 Trifunctional protein deficiency CFTR hypogonadism COL6A2 sarcoma keratoderma hypersensitivity syndrome 87 HARP EVC Hypophosphatemic STAT1 Methemoglobinemia metabolizer Plasminogen syndrome Campomelic 2327 Kenny-Caffey 1528 Trismus-pseudocomptodactyly syndrome GDF5 Cystic 1227 1565 1446 279 679 dysplasia rickets syndrome-1 3144 IFNG Chondrodysplasia, 1466 Hemophilia Ciliary 1542 FLT4 KRT16 CYP2C19 LCAT deficiency Cleidocranial Alpha-actinin-3 1542 Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy PEX10 fibrosis EWSR1 DRD5 Kininogen Periodontitis 453 deficiency BCOR Erythremias Acromesomelic Grebe SLC45A2 dyskinesia HLA-B Craniometaphyseal dysplasia WHIM STAT1 deficiency 1545 Unna-Thost disease, nonepidermolytic PEX5 dysplasia type 2354 GNRHR VKORC1 F9 Proguanil PLG MCM6 dysplasia Ellis-van FGF23 syndrome TBCE deficiency PEX13 Pachyonychia Blepharospasm CINCA poor Norum Hypermethioninemia Creveld Smith-McCort MBL2 PAX2 1555 VATER association with hydrocephalus Ocular Acrocallosal Lymphedema Mephenytoin Wolman Hypophosphatasia dysplasia Aplastic AIDS Fertile Chondrosarcoma congenita Ankylosing KRIT1 syndrome KNG1 metabolizer disease syndrome ACTN3 PEX1 PEX26 539 albinism syndrome spoldylitis CTSC poor diseaseConjunctivitis, ANKH RUNX2 Microphthalmia 1565 Vitamin K-dependent coagulation defect anemia Heinz Trichothiodystrophy eunuch 1580 Tay-Sachs MAT1A Hypolactasia, Paget Renal HBA1 Dosage-sensitive metabolizer ligneous disease CXCR4 Zellweger body syndrome disease Hex_A GLI3 FOXC2 Dystonia adult Wolfram Calcinosis, Meningococcal 780 hypoplasia, 1580 Warfarin resistance/sensitivity sex Red MC1R Fitzgerald ALPL DYM disease anemia ERCC3 pseudodeficiency Pallister-Hall KRT17 CIAS1 Haim-Munk Buschke-Ollendorff type syndrome Dental tumoral 471 isolated 1586 Weissenbacher-Zweymuller syndrome syndrome reversal hair/fair 107 Ovarian 4291 factor syndrome 1001 LIPA Hyalinosis, TERC 1002 CYP2C9 syndrome EXT1 Yellow dysgenesis syndrome anomalies, Alopecia Tuberous Hyperandrogenism ERCC2 Down skin UV-induced 626 deficiency Debrisoquine Chondrocalcinosis Myelokathexis, universalis infantile 1611 XLA and isolated growth hormone deficiency Aldosteronism skin Tolbutamide nail Steatocystoma 5170 sensitivity Mevalonicaciduria isolated TNFRSF11A systemic sclerosis syndrome 699 Hyperprothrombinemia Osteopoikilosis Coproporphyria 701 isolated 1614 Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome Thalassemias damage poor HEXA Polydactyly syndrome multiplex 344 Papillon-Lefevre HPRT-related Septooptic NR0B1 Xeroderma Exostoses FSHR 452 McKusick-Kaufman PXMP3 metabolizer Lowe Ovarian Beckwith-Wiedemann Hypoprothrombinemia syndrome LEMD3 Sialidosis gout 313 Odontohypophosphatasia WFS1 Resting HR dysplasia 2327 Chronic infections, due to opsonin defect Dyskeratosis pigmentosum MTR syndrome Lead Muckle-Wells CYP2D6 heart syndrome HBA2 SpondylometaphysealCartilage-hair Leri-Weill sex syndrome Virilization 2354 Congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens CYP21A2 MTRR poisoning syndrome CPOX MVK rate SLC3A1 Nemaline Atrichia ANTXR2 dysplasia hypoplasia GM-gangliosidosis dyschondrosteosisLanger cord F2 982 HPRT1 Osteolysis ALAD Twinning,tumors myopathy with 2385 Creatine deficiency syndrome, X-linked TSC2 TSC1 CYP11B1 ERCC5 OCRL mesomelic Nephronophthisis Longevity Metachromatic Anderson 646 210 HESX1 Hypochromic COL10A1 1526 dizygotic 1519 SLC17A5 Codeine ADRB1 papular 2785 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome DKC1 Refsum RMRP dysplasia 329 leukodystrophy Lesch-Nyhan sensitivity disease MKKS microcytic 292 SHOX syndrome, Hyper-IgD Hematuria, CYP19A1 lesions Fibromatosisl disease 53 Spina GLB1 NSD1 Hyperalphalipoproteinemia Double-outlet 1238 Salla Harderoporphyrinuria 3037 Multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomata anemia bifida Dent Dysprothrombinemia syndrome familial_benign Cystinuria 1050 Erythrocytosis Metaphyseal Porphyria 1438 Combined right disease Darier Lymphangioleiomyomatosis disease Weaver Hyperphenylalaninemia Thymine-uraciluria FOXL2 3144 Optic nerve coloboma with renal disease ERCC6 chondrodysplasia Short HADHA NPHP4 Synostoses hyperlipemia ventricle SFTPC TPM2 disease LIG4 PEX7 stature NPHP1 syndrome CETP PSAP Congestive Aromatase syndrome 3212 Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy Hemoglobi_H syndrome Schindler SAR1BCholelithiasis heart Premature deficiency Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson 545 MTHFD1 PTHR1 Mucopolysaccharidosis CFC1 Homocysteine COL4A4 ovarian PDGFRB Pituitary syndrome disease De CLCN5 LCHAD HFE NOG LPL Combined disease failure 969 LIG4 3229 Pigmented adrenocortical disease, primary isolated POR Sanctis-Cacchione deficiency 527 Sotos Pulmonary PAH plasma ABCB4 failure Bardet-Biedl ATP2A2 hormone Nephrolithiasis GHR Senior-Loken SAP fibrosis DPYD Chylomicron deficiency 3260 Premature chromosome condensation w/ microcephaly, mental retardation 1325 Antley-Bixler syndrome Cockayne syndrome CETP Lipoprotein level syndrome Enchondromatosis syndrome Heterotaxy deficiency NAGA retention UMOD Myeloproliferative syndrome 438 syndrome 1090 Proteinuria Laron HELLP 1475 deficiency lipase Gaucher Surfactant CTH Alport 3512 Total iodide organification defect Hemochromatosis Joubert Symphalangism, disease deficiency disease Arthrogryposis disorder Multiple dwarfism syndrome syndrome deficiency Cholestasis syndrome Hyperuricemic Acrokeratosis Hypophosphatemia proximal Kanzaki PhenylketonuriaCystathioninuria 544 verruciformis myeloma 3558 Ventricular fibrillation, idiopathic disease nephropathy 4291 Cerebral cavernous malformations 5170 Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 5233 Placental steroid sulfatase deficiency Supporting Information Figure S9 | Bipartite-graph representation of the diseasome. A disorder (circle) and a gene (rectangle) are connected if the gene is implicated in the disorder. The size of the circle represents the number of distinct genes associated with the disorder. Isolated disorders (disorders having no links to other disorders) are not shown. Also, only genes connecting disorders are shown. 49 3. Revealing with Images - CONNECTIONS early network visualization - Mark Lombardi
50 3. Revealing with Images - CONNECTIONS Map of Science
51 3. Revealing with Images - CONNECTIONS Map of Science
52 3. Revealing with Images - CONNECTIONS Map of Science
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54 3. Revealing with Images - CAUSALITY networks in the seed system
55 3. Revealing with Images - CONNECTIONS network typology - Manual Lima
56 3. Revealing with Images - CONNECTIONS network typology - Pew Research Center
57 3. Revealing with Images - CONNECTIONS climate discourse visualization using Twitter hashtags
EMAPS (Electronic Maps to Assist Public Science). Created as part of the 7th annual DMI Summer School 24th June to 5th July 2013. Twitter hashtag clusters around the hashtag global warming/climate change. Depicted as network graph. DMI Twitter Capture and Analysis Tool (TCAT).
58 3. Revealing with Images - CONNECTIONS
Exxon Secrets network visualization - by Greenpeace
59
View online at http://www.exxonsecrets.org/index.php?mapid=1539
5 3. Revealing with Images - CONNECTIONS The Big Six - UK Energy companies, lobbyists and MPs
60 3. Revealing with Images - CONNECTIONS Koch network visualization + flow diagram- by OpenSecrets.org, Center for Responsive Politics
61 3. Revealing with Images - CAUSALITY Global risksm, WEF
62 3. Revealing with Images - CAUSALITY Artic ice caps
63 3. Revealing with Images - CAUSALITY Artic ice caps
64 3. Revealing with Images - CAUSALITY Natural catastrophes 2011
NatCatSERVICE Natural Catastrophes 2011 World map
Winter Storm Joachim Flash floods, floods France, Switzerland, Italy, France, Spain Germany, 15–17 Dec. 4–9 Nov. Wildfires Canada, 14–22 May Severe storms, tornadoes Earthquake USA, 20–27 May Turkey Hurricane Irene 23 Oct. USA, Caribbean Earthquake, tsunami 22 Aug.–2 Sept. Japan, 11 March Floods USA, April–May Drought USA, Oct. 2010– Severe storms, tornadoes USA, 22–28 April Tropical Storm Washi ongoing Philippines, 16–18 Dec. Wildfires Floods USA, April/Sept. Pakistan Cyclone Yasi Aug.–Sept. Australia, 2–7 Feb. Floods, landslides Floods Guatemala, El Salvador Thailand 11–19 Oct. Aug.–Nov.
Floods, flash floods Landslides, flash floods Australia, Brazil, 12/16 Jan. Dec. 2010–Jan. 2011 Earthquake Drought Number of events: 820 New Zealand, 22 Feb. Somalia Oct. 2010–Sept. 2011 Earthquake New Zealand, 13 June
Natural catastrophes Geophysical events Hydrological events (earthquake, tsunami, volcanic activity) (flood, mass movement) Selection of significant Meteorological events Climatological events loss events (storm) (extreme temperature, drought, wildfire)
© 2012Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft, Geo Risks Research, NatCatSERVICE
65 3. Revealing with Images - CAUSALITY human and economic cost of disasters + natural disasters in the USA
Natural disasters human and economic costs Million people Billions US dollars 1 000 200 Number of people reported affected 900 180 Estimate damage 800 160
700 140
600 120
500 100
400 80
300 60
200 40
100 20
0 00 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 Source: EM-DAT, The International Disasters Database, CRED, 2009.
66 3. Revealing with Images - CAUSALITY US weather fatalities, National Weather Service
67 3. Revealing with Images - CAUSALITY precipitation
68 3. Revealing with Images - CAUSALITY number of disasters, UNISDR
69 3. Revealing with Images - CAUSALITY impact of disasters, UNISDR
70 3. Revealing with Images - COMPLEXITY Mapping impacts, IPCC 2014
71 3. Revealing with Images - COMPLEXITY The perception of the Environment by Christian Nold and Paolo Ciuccarelli
people perception institutions perception media perception
pollution insecurity pollution insecurity pollution insecurity strict vision low interest indifference “tossic park” isolated area lack of money lack of sinergy peripheral area peripheral collective issue low visible area long term issue individual issue passive attitude physical barriers low investments low short term issue high visibility issue low developed area developed low low profitable area low connected area high discussed issue critical point of view low priority problem lack of responsability high media resonance overemphasized issue overemphasized fragmented information fragmented perceived by older people fragmented management fragmented “Parco dello Stura di Lanzo” dello Stura “Parco perceived by younger people cultural background required cultural difficulties to get information
Government
arpa Regione Piemonte The perception Ente Parco del Po Provincia di Torino of the environment. Consorzio Possangone Città di Torino an enlarged vision. national newspaper
To define the relation between people local police and environment means to define a complex system which involves different actors and several factors: economical, political, social, cultural. Assuming the Metropolitan Urban Center Stura Park as our environmental context, national tv firstly it useful to describe it using smat quantitative parameters, which Turin Administration of green areas objectively relates its level of pollution. local newspaper internet The map of the area shows the localiza- tion of the main pollution agents , measured using pH testing kits. Further- more quantitative information has been collected from official administration database. Then, the environment can be described not only through real data, but gypsies also relating the perception of the place local tv by the different actors involved, using other means such as interviews to people dismissed and personal impression. What emerges factories is that the three main actors - people, drug dealers media, government - are basically affected by two main issues- the pollution and the insecurity, but with citizens different levels of intensity for each one: people come out really concerned about perception their own safety, media results to make a drug addicts contrast lot of pressure on the insecurity issue, coexistence cause- effect government seems not to effectively act 04545 for solving the existing matters. After - analyzing the causes of each arguments, gardeners 046 people administration media the focus on the existing connections 047047 048040488 among them reveals relations of level of engagement different kind: contrast, coexistence, 0490 83570 cause-effect. Showing the internal rules substation tons of organic of the system, it’s clear how the insecu- asbestos polluting rity issue is the main topic which affects components actor’s tower every actor, who can have an active or engagement passive role toward it; this leads to a lack + river of communication between the different actors, which explain the reciprocal garbage dump relation between them. 0440 4 garbage dump 050 data 0510505 043 garbage dump
52563 ACTIVE041 LOGG kg of dangerous 042 - + project leaders clients students garbage neutral pH alkaline pH pollution danger level Urban Center Beatrice Lerma | Luca Masud | Francesca Vargiu allotments 39994 Complexity Maps Christian Nold | Paolo Ciuccarelli 052 tons of floating Jim Segers | Donato Ricci polluting components
72 3. Revealing with Images - COMPLEXITY the “great acceleration” - post-ww2 industrialization
73 3. Revealing with Images - COMPLEXITY Climate change discourses - Bubble matrix visualization using keywords from book titles
Emaps Group. Climate change formats and keyword uptake. Depicted as bubble matrix. The visualization includes on the right side the keywords captured from book titles, and below the year that corresponds to each of the books from which the keywords were
captured. Queries performed on 30 June 2013 74 4. Concealing with Images – Fox News
75 4. Concealing with Images – Climate denial
76 4. Concealing with Images – Environmental crisis as spectacle Vogue Italia response to Deepwater Horizon
77 3.4. ConcealingConcealing / Revealing with Images with Images- The Green Economy World Forum on Natural Capital
78 4. Concealing with Images - The Green Economy Costing the Earth [Information is Beautiful Studio] (2011)
79 4. Concealing with Images - The Green Economy Costing the Earth Revised (2013)
80 4. Concealing with Images - The Green Economy
81 4. Concealing with Images - The Green Economy
In the future, the food chain and the supply chain will merge.
In tomorrow’s global economy, every resource will be counted. HSBC is one of the world’s leading supply chain organisations. We help companies keep tabs on stock across six continents – and five oceans. The future starts today.
There’s more on world trade at www.hsbc.com/inthefuture
Issued by HSBC Holdings plc. AC22967
82 4. Concealing with Images Whose interests are being served?
83 5. Conclusion: A Role for Design Mapping the design for a circular economy, The Four Design Models - by The Great Recovery at the RSA
84 Dr. Joanna Boehnert
EcoLabs www.eco-labs.org - Twitter: @ecolabs