Example of Aromatic Amino Acid
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(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2002/0179493 A1 Etter (43) Pub
US 2002O179493A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2002/0179493 A1 Etter (43) Pub. Date: Dec. 5, 2002 (54) PRODUCTION AND USE OF A PREMIUM (52) U.S. Cl. .................... 208/131; 208/108; 208/111.01; FUEL GRADE PETROLEUM COKE 208/142; 208/143; 208/144; 208/145 (75) Inventor: Roger G. Etter, Cardington, OH (US) Correspondence Address: (57) ABSTRACT STANDLEY & GLCREST LLP 495 METRO PLACE SOUTH A premium "fuel-grade' petroleum coke is produced by SUTE 210 modifying petroleum coking technology. Coking process DUBLIN, OH 43017 (US) parameters are controlled to consistently produce petroleum coke within a predetermined range for Volatile combustible (73) Assignee: Environmental & Energy Enterprises, material (VCM) content. The invention includes a process of LLC producing a coke fuel, the method comprising Steps: (a) obtaining a coke precursor material derived from crude oil (21) Appl. No.: 10/027,677 and having a volatile organic component; and (b) Subjecting the coke precursor material to a thermal cracking proceSS for (22) Filed: Dec. 20, 2001 Sufficient time and at Sufficient temperature and under Suf ficient preSSure So as to produce a coke product having Related U.S. Application Data volatile combustible materials (VCMs) present in an amount (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 09/556,132, in the range of from about 13% to about 50% by weight. filed on Apr. 21, 2000. Continuation-in-part of appli Most preferably, the volatile combustible materials in the coke product typically may be in the range of from about cation No. 09/763,282, filed on Feb. -
Consensus Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aromatic L-Amino
Wassenberg et al. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (2017) 12:12 DOI 10.1186/s13023-016-0522-z REVIEW Open Access Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency Tessa Wassenberg1, Marta Molero-Luis2, Kathrin Jeltsch3, Georg F. Hoffmann3, Birgit Assmann3, Nenad Blau4, Angeles Garcia-Cazorla5, Rafael Artuch2, Roser Pons6, Toni S. Pearson7, Vincenco Leuzzi8, Mario Mastrangelo8, Phillip L. Pearl9, Wang Tso Lee10, Manju A. Kurian11, Simon Heales12, Lisa Flint13, Marcel Verbeek1,14, Michèl Willemsen1 and Thomas Opladen3* Abstract Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADCD) is a rare, autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder that leads to a severe combined deficiency of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Onset is early in life, and key clinical symptoms are hypotonia, movement disorders (oculogyric crisis, dystonia, and hypokinesia), developmental delay, and autonomic symptoms. In this consensus guideline, representatives of the International Working Group on Neurotransmitter Related Disorders (iNTD) and patient representatives evaluated all available evidence for diagnosis and treatment of AADCD and made recommendations using SIGN and GRADE methodology. In the face of limited definitive evidence, we constructed practical recommendations on clinical diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis, imaging and electroencephalograpy, medical treatments and non-medical treatments. Furthermore, we identified topics for further research. We believe this guideline will improve the care for AADCD patients around the world whilst promoting general awareness of this rare disease. Keywords: Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, AADC deficiency, Neurotransmitter, Dopamine, Serotonin, Guideline, Infantile dystonia-parkinsonism, SIGN, GRADE German abstract Der Aromatische L-Aminosäuren Decarboxylase Mangel (AADCD) ist eine seltene autosomal rezessive neurometabolische Störung, die zu einem schweren kombinierten Mangel an Serotonin, Dopamin, Norepinephrin und Epinephrin führt. -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2007/0143878 A1 Bhat Et Al
US 20070143878A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2007/0143878 A1 Bhat et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 21, 2007 (54) NUCLEC ACID MOLECULES AND OTHER of application No. 09/198.779, filed on Nov. 24, 1998, MOLECULES ASSOCATED WITH THE now abandoned. TOCOPHEROL PATHWAY Said application No. 09/233,218 is a continuation-in part of application No. 09/227,586, filed on Jan. 8, (76) Inventors: Barkur G. Bhat, St. Louis, MO (US); 1999, now abandoned. Sekhar S. Boddupalli, Manchester, MO Said application No. 09/233,218 is a continuation-in (US); Ganesh M. Kishore, Creve part of application No. 09/229,413, filed on Jan. 12, Coeur, MO (US); Jingdong Liu, 1999, now abandoned. Ballwin, MO (US); Shaukat H. Rangwala, Ballwin, MO (US); (60) Provisional application No. 60/067,000, filed on Nov. Mylavarapu Venkatramesh, Ballwin, 24, 1997. Provisional application No. 60/066,873, MO (US) filed on Nov. 25, 1997. Provisional application No. 60/069.472, filed on Dec. 9, 1997. Provisional appli Correspondence Address: cation No. 60/074,201, filed on Feb. 10, 1998. Pro ARNOLD & PORTER, LLP visional application No. 60/074.282, filed on Feb. 10, 555 TWELFTH STREET, N.W. 1998. Provisional application No. 60/074,280, filed ATTN IP DOCKETING on Feb. 10, 1998. Provisional application No. 60/074, WASHINGTON, DC 20004 (US) 281, filed on Feb. 10, 1998. Provisional application No. 60/074,566, filed on Feb. 12, 1998. Provisional (21) Appl. No.: 11/329,160 application No. 60/074,567, filed on Feb. 12, 1998. -
Plasma Amino-Acid Patterns in Liver Disease
Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.23.5.362 on 1 May 1982. Downloaded from Gut, 1982, 23, 362-370 Plasma amino-acid patterns in liver disease MARSHA Y MORGAN*, A W MARSHALL, JUDITH P MILSOM, and SHEILA SHERLOCK From the Department of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London SUMMARY Plasma amino-acid concentrations were measured in 167 patients with liver disease of varying aetiology and severity, all free of encephalopathy, and the results compared with those in 57 control subjects matched for age and sex. In the four groups of patients with chronic liver disease (26 patients with chronic active hepatitis, 23 with primary biliary cirrhosis, 11 with cryptogenic cirrhosis, and 48 with alcoholic hepatitis±cirrhosis) plasma concentrations of methionine were significantly increased, while concentrations of the three branched chain amino-acids were significantly reduced. In the first three groups of patients plasma concentrations of aspartate, serine, and one or both of the aromatic amino-acids tyrosine and phenylalanine were also significantly increased, while in the patients with alcoholic hepatitis±cirrhosis plasma concentrations of glycine, alanine, and phenylalanine were significantly reduced. In the three groups of patients with minimal, potentially reversible liver disease (31 patients with alcoholic fatty liver, 10 with viral hepatitis, and 18 with biliary disease) plasma concentrations of proline and the three branched chain amino-acids were significantly reduced. Patients with alcoholic fatty liver also showed significantly reduced plasma phenylalanine values. Most changes in plasma amino-acid concentrations in patients with chronic liver disease may be explained on the basis of impaired hepatic function, portal-systemic shunting of blood, and hyperinsulinaemia and http://gut.bmj.com/ hyperglucagonaemia. -
102 4. Biosynthesis of Natural Products Derived from Shikimic Acid
102 4. Biosynthesis of Natural Products Derived from Shikimic Acid 4.1. Phenyl-Propanoid Natural Products (C6-C3) The biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids occurs through the shikimic acid pathway, which is found in plants and microorganisms (but not in animals). We (humans) require these amino acids in our diet, since we are unable to produce them. For this reason, molecules that can inhibit enzymes on the shikimate pathway are potentially useful as antibiotics or herbicides, since they should not be toxic for humans. COO COO NH R = H Phenylalanine 3 R = OH Tyrosine R NH3 N Tryptophan H The aromatic amino acids also serve as starting materials for the biosynthesis of many interesting natural products. Here we will focus on the so-called phenyl-propanoide (C6-C3) natural products, e.g.: OH OH OH HO O HO OH HO O Chalcone OH O a Flavone OH O OH O a Flavonone OH OH Ar RO O O O HO O O OH O OR OH Anthocyanine OH O a Flavonol Podophyllotoxin MeO OMe OMe OH COOH Cinnamyl alcohol HO O O Cinnamic acid OH (Zimtsäure) Umbellierfone OH a Coumarin) MeO OH O COOH HO Polymerization OH Wood OH HO OH O OH MeO OMe Shikimic acid O HO 4.2. Shikimic acid biosynthesis The shikimic acid pathway starts in carbohydrate metabolism. Given the great social and industrial significance of this pathway, the enzymes have been intensively investigated. Here we will focus on the mechanisms of action of several key enzymes in the pathway. The following Scheme shows the pathway to shikimic acid: 103 COO- COO- Phosphoenolpyruvate HO COO- 2- O O3P-O 2- O3P-O DHQ-Synthase -
8.2 Shikimic Acid Pathway
CHAPTER 8 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORAromatic SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Phenolic Compounds © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER OUTLINE Overview Synthesis and Properties of Polyketides 8.1 8.5 Synthesis of Chalcones © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 8.2 Shikimic Acid Pathway Synthesis of Flavanones and Derivatives NOT FOR SALE ORPhenylalanine DISTRIBUTION and Tyrosine Synthesis NOT FOR SALESynthesis OR DISTRIBUTION and Properties of Flavones Tryptophan Synthesis Synthesis and Properties of Anthocyanidins Synthesis and Properties of Isofl avonoids Phenylpropanoid Pathway 8.3 Examples of Other Plant Polyketide Synthases Synthesis of Trans-Cinnamic Acid Synthesis and Activity of Coumarins Lignin Synthesis Polymerization© Jonesof Monolignols & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Genetic EngineeringNOT FOR of Lignin SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Natural Products Derived from the 8.4 Phenylpropanoid Pathway Natural Products from Monolignols © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 119 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. -
Pattern of Aromatic and Hydrophobic Amino Acids Critical for One of Two
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 90, pp. 883-887, February 1993 Biochemistry Pattern of aromatic and hydrophobic amino acids critical for one of two subdomains of the VP16 transcriptional activator (transcriptional activation/herpes simplex virus/site-directed mutagenesis/virion protein Vmw65/a-trans-inducing factor) JEFFREY L. REGIER*, FAN SHENt, AND STEVEN J. TRIEZENBERG*t* *Genetics Program and tDepartment of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319 Communicated by Steven McKnight, September 29, 1992 (receivedfor review July 14, 1992) ABSTRACT Structural features of the transcriptional ac- tivation domain ofthe herpes simplex virion protein VP16 were I examined by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Extensive 413 456 490 mutagenesis at position 442 of the truncated VP16 activation Leu Asp Asp Phe Asp LeuAspMet MtAla Asp Phe Glu Phe Glu Gln Met domain (A456), normally occupied by a phenylalanine residue, 439 442 444 473 475 demonstrated the importance ofan aromatic amino acid at that position. On the basis of an alignment of the VP16 sequence FIG. 1. Schematic representation of the VP16 activation domain surrounding Phe-442 and the sequences of other transcrip- (amino acids 413-490). The truncated VP16 activation domain (A456) tional activation domains, we subjected leucine residues at lacks residues 457-490 (24, 31). Portions ofthe amino acid sequence positions 439 and 444 of VP16 to mutagenesis. Results from are shown, using hollow type for hydrophobic amino acids and bold these experiments suggest that bulky hydrophobic residues type for acidic amino acids. flanking Phe-442 also contribute signifucantly to the function of In the case of VP16, the amino-terminal region of the protein the truncated VP16 activation domain. -
Monoamine Biosynthesis Via a Noncanonical Calcium-Activatable Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase in Psilocybin Mushroom
Monoamine Biosynthesis via a Noncanonical Calcium-Activatable Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase in Psilocybin Mushroom The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Torrens-Spence, Michael Patrick et al. "Monoamine Biosynthesis via a Noncanonical Calcium-Activatable Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase in Psilocybin Mushroom." ACS chemical biology 13 (2018): 3343-3353 © 2018 The Author(s) As Published 10.1021/acschembio.8b00821 Publisher American Chemical Society (ACS) Version Author's final manuscript Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124629 Terms of Use Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. Articles Cite This: ACS Chem. Biol. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX pubs.acs.org/acschemicalbiology Monoamine Biosynthesis via a Noncanonical Calcium-Activatable Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase in Psilocybin Mushroom † ∇ † ‡ § ∇ † † ∥ Michael Patrick Torrens-Spence, , Chun-Ting Liu, , , , Tomaś̌Pluskal, Yin Kwan Chung, , † ‡ and Jing-Ke Weng*, , † Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States ‡ Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States § Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States ∥ Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylases (AAADs) are a phylogenetically diverse group of enzymes responsible for the decarboxylation of aromatic amino acid substrates into their corresponding aromatic arylalkylamines. AAADs have been extensively studied in mammals and plants as they catalyze the first step in the production of neurotransmitters and bioactive phytochemicals, respectively. -
Comparative Enantioseparation of Chiral
Comparative enantioseparation of chiral 4,4’-bipyridine derivatives on coated and immobilized amylose-based chiral stationary phases Paola Peluso, Barbara Sechi, Giancarlo Lai, Alessandro Dessì, Roberto Dallocchio, Sergio Cossu, Emmanuel Aubert, Robin Weiss, Patrick Pale, Victor Mamane, et al. To cite this version: Paola Peluso, Barbara Sechi, Giancarlo Lai, Alessandro Dessì, Roberto Dallocchio, et al.. Com- parative enantioseparation of chiral 4,4’-bipyridine derivatives on coated and immobilized amylose- based chiral stationary phases. Journal of Chromatography A, Elsevier, 2020, 1625, pp.461303. 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461303. hal-02868910 HAL Id: hal-02868910 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02868910 Submitted on 15 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Journal of Chromatography A xxx (xxxx) 461303 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Chromatography A journal homepage: http://ees.elsevier.com Comparative enantioseparation of chiral 4,4’-bipyridine derivatives on coated and immobilized amylose-based chiral -
4 Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain M
4 Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain M. Cansev . R. J. Wurtman 1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 60 2 Sources of Aromatic Amino Acids .............................................................. 61 3 Plasma Concentrations of the Aromatic Amino Acids . ........................................ 62 3.1 Plasma Tryptophan . .......................................................................... 66 3.1.1 Tryptophan Dioxygenase and Indoleamine Dioxygenase . .................................. 66 3.1.2 Eosinophilia‐Myalgia Syndrome . ................................................................ 69 3.2 Plasma Tyrosine .................................................................................... 69 3.2.1 Tyrosine Aminotransferase . ................................................................ 70 3.3 Plasma Phenylalanine . .......................................................................... 72 3.3.1 Phenylalanine Hydroxylase . ................................................................ 72 4 Brain Tryptophan and Tyrosine ................................................................ 73 4.1 Transport of Plasma Tryptophan and Tyrosine into the Brain . .................................. 74 4.2 Brain Tryptophan . .......................................................................... 75 4.2.1 Tryptophan Hydroxylase . .......................................................................... 77 4.2.2 5‐Hydroxytryptophan and l‐DOPA ............................................................... -
Biosynthesis and Engineering of Cyclomarin and Cyclomarazine: Prenylated, Non-Ribosomal Cyclic Peptides of Marine Actinobacterial Origin
UC San Diego Research Theses and Dissertations Title Biosynthesis and Engineering of Cyclomarin and Cyclomarazine: Prenylated, Non-Ribosomal Cyclic Peptides of Marine Actinobacterial Origin Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21b965z8 Author Schultz, Andrew W. Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Biosynthesis and Engineering of Cyclomarin and Cyclomarazine: Prenylated, Non-Ribosomal Cyclic Peptides of Marine Actinobacterial Origin A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography by Andrew William Schultz Committee in charge: Professor Bradley Moore, Chair Professor Eric Allen Professor Pieter Dorrestein Professor William Fenical Professor William Gerwick 2010 Copyright Andrew William Schultz, 2010 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Andrew William Schultz is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION To my wife Elizabeth and our son Orion and To my parents Dale and Mary Thank you for your never ending love and support iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page .................................................................................................... -
Bactrev00065-0077.Pdf
BACnEIUOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Dec. 1968, p. 465-492 Vol. 32, No. 4, Pt. 2 Copyright © 1968 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Pathways of Biosynthesis of Aromatic Amino Acids and Vitamins and Their Control in Microorganisms FRANK GIBSON AND JAMES PITTARD John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, and School of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Australia INTRODUCTION................................................................ 465 INTERMEDIATES IN AROMATIC BIOsYNTHESIS ...................................... 466 Common Pathway ........................................................... 466 Tryptophan Pathway ........................................................ 468 Pathways to Phenylalanine and Tyrosine ........................................ 469 Pathway to 4-Aminobenzoic Acid.............................................. 469 Intermediates in Ubiquinone Biosynthesis ....................................... 470 Intermediates in Vitamin K Biosynthesis ........................................ 471 Pathways Involving 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate ..................................... 472 Other Phenolic Growth Factors ............................................... 473 ISOENZYMES AND PROTEIN AGGREGATES CONCERNED IN AROMATIC BiosYNTHESIS ........ 474 Common Pathway ........................................................... 474 Tryptophan Pathway ......................................................... 474 Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Pathways .........................................