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English Version QueriesWinter 2013-2014 / Issue 3 / €5.90 THE EUROPEAN PROGRESSIVE MAGAZINE FACING DEMOCRATIC MALAISE A challenge for a political union CONTRIBUTIONS by Stefano Rodotà, Emily O’Reilly, Michel Wieviorka, etc. MY EUROPE ONES TO WATCH Mustapha Ben Jaafar Najat Vallaud-Belkacem Stefan Löfven About Queries Isaac Newton’s famous book “Opticks” concludes with a set of “Queries.” These “Queries” are not questions in the ordinary sense, but rather rhetorical questions intended to stimulate thinking. This was Newton’s mode of explaining “by query.” Made with the financial support of the European Parliament No 3 / Winter 2014 / ISSN 2032-9113 – Queries is the scientifi c magazine of the Foundation for European Progressive Studies. The Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS) is the fi rst progressive political foundation established at the European level. Created in 2007 and co-fi nanced by the European Parliament, it aims at establishing an intellectual crossroad between social democracy and the European project Publisher: FEPS – Foundation for European Progressive Studies. First published in Belgium 2012/2013 Magazine Editor of Queries: Dr. Ernst Stetter (Secretary General – FEPS) Editor-in-Chief: Alain Bloëdt Associate Editor-in-Chief: Olivier Breton Editorial Committee: Charlotte Billingham, Giovanni Cozzi, David Kitching, Ania Skrzypek, Judit Tanczos Journalists: Mikael C arpelan , Yves de S aint Jacob, Trevor H uggins , B álint Mikola , G riselda Pastor, Fabrice Pozzoli- Montenay, Kim Rahir, Eric Sundström Cover Illustration: Antoine Corbineau Design & Production: All Contents, France Translation: Semantis Photo Credits (Pages 6-7): DR, Council of the European Union, Christophe Abramowitz, European Parliament 2013, Rara Su, Fondo de Cultura Economica, VoteWatch Europe, Baden-Württemberg, University of Reading, University of Turku, Helene Najdela-Insel, British Future, Archive of Mojca Kleva Kekuš MEP, Pierre Havrenne/RTBF, Socialdemokraterna, The Eyes, European Communities, Nathalie Rouckout, FEPS, J. Delorme (UCL), Public Citizen, Razak, Ian Martindale, 2014 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Andrea Peto – Copyright © FEPS – Foundation for European Progressive Studies. 2 QUERIES — Autumn 2013 BEYOND TECHNOCRACY a democratic agenda by Massimo D’Alema, FEPS President, former Prime Minister of Italy n Europe, over the last three decades, we rowed the space for free political debate. To some, it has rendered have witnessed a complex decline of the democratic participation meaningless, in terms of a citizens’ capacity mass parties, albeit in different ways. In to choose between different options and to really influence their some countries, this decline has led to a society’s economy. Politics that lacks alternatives is reduced to per- significant systemic crisis and this process forming the tasks required of it by the economic world and its army I has been accompanied by a radical critique of loyal European Union civil servants. of traditional party politics. The Italian case, which I know better than any other for obvious reasons, is probably one of the “Do your homework.” No expression better defines the phase we best examples of both trends. Since the beginning of the 1990s, are going through: European technocracy sets the agenda and poli- there have been several unsuccessful attempts to rebuild the tics must limit itself to implementing the directives imposed by the political system, and more recently, the development of Beppe dominant neoliberal paradigm. At the European level, this has also Grillo’s 5-Star Movement has demonstrated outright hostility to- hampered progress toward integration, which has been lacking in the ward the entire party political system. pursuit of social cohesion and democratic legitimacy. It is no coinci- dence that European integration is a major target of populist mobili- The traditional fault lines around which political parties developed in sation. While populists tend to pit the people against the elites in the twentieth century no longer serve as the key to understanding national politics, at the European level they invoke the national ethnos society. I am referring to the conflicts between Church and State, against globalisation and technocratic outsiders. The neoliberal agen- between centre and periphery, to the major social conflicts and, in da pursued at European level has denied opportunities for growth particular, that between labour and capital. We are in the midst of an and development and undermined social inclusion, which was once era of political transformation, with increasing personalisation and so central to European integration. media influence, and of the interference of unaccountable econom- ic and financial actors. There have been attempts to address this at RECOVERY FROM A EUROPEAN DEMOCRATIC MALAISE EU level and the Europarties have provided such an example over the The political parties, and with them democracy, can escape the past three decades. Yet they have not yet fulfilled their potential, even strangle hold if they take action through both an upward and a down- if the recent crisis has seen the PES become bolder in terms of ward shift. Upward because, clearly, Europe’s national political parties policies and stronger due to their consequent consolidation*. But, can go back to having a function only if they have a supranational beyond these latest developments, we cannot fully understand the future; downward, with the aim of re-establishing a relationship with crisis of political parties without taking into account the growing su- society, which of course requires the capacity to act on and implement premacy of economics over politics, which has considerably weakened various instruments of participation and joint decision-making. I am political parties, transforming them and eroding their grassroots base, referring to the ability, which the large traditional parties have lacked social ties and identity. so far, to use the web as a tool for participation and dialogue. If we want to prevent politics from building a separate elite that communi- DEMOCRACY VS TECHNOCRACY cates with civil society over the web and through primaries, political The weakening of national politics amid the tumultuous onslaught of parties themselves must also go back to being a community that economic globalisation has heralded a shift of real power to increas- operates on the basis of common convictions, bound by a sense of ingly unaccountable and unapproachable groups bound to the eco- belonging. nomic paradigm of what has been called pensée unique (one-track thinking). This idea that “There Is No Alternative” has gradually nar- * In the name of Political Union – Europarties on the rise, FEPS, Brussels 2014. QUERIES — Winter 2013-2014 3 #03 INPUT P. 9 MY VIEW Contents Pierre Kroll “Ceci n’est pas une crise” Facing democratic malaise P. 12 ONES TO WATCH A challenge for a political union Najat Vallaud-Belkacem Page 33 Stefan Löfven P. 20 ANALYSIS Christian Deubner on the EMU Reactions by Christophe Caresche & Roberto Gualtieri P. 24 COLUMN Robert Kuttner & Lori Wallach on new trade agreements P. 26 VISION Jean-Pascal van Ypersele on climate change P. 30 INSIGHT Mojca Kleva Kekuš on fairer taxation NEW www.queries-feps.eu 4 QUERIES — Winter 2013-2014 FOCUS INSPIRATION P. 34 FOREWORD P. 96 MY EUROPE David Kitching What does Europe mean to Mustapha Ben Jaafar? P. 36 ESSAY Stefano Rodotà on the meaning of “populism” P. 100 PORTFOLIO Carlos Spottorno & Vincent Marcilhacy P. 42 IN NUMBERS on the PIGS Fabrice Pozzoli-Montenay & Christophe Sente on the media crisis P. 110 MEET THE PRESS Revolt in Ukraine P. 46 OPINION Emily O’Reilly on the challenges of European P. 114 REPORT citizenship The FEPS Young Academics Network P. 50 EUROPE WATCH P. 119 ZOOM Doru Frantescu on populism in the EP Kalevi Sorsa Säätiö P. 52 INQUIRY P. 120 DIARY Democratic Malaise & Neolibarism FEPS & Members P. 60 ESSAY P. 124 PUBLICATIONS Sofia Vasilopoulou & Daphne Halikiopoulou Critiques by Christophe Bourseiller on the Greek case & Ernst Stetter P. 66 COLUMN Sunder Katwala on integration P. 68 ESSAY Usama Hasan & Charles Cooper on Islam and democracy P. 74 CLOSEUP Michel Wieviorka on French populism P. 78 INTERVIEW Andrea Peto on female populism P. 82 ESSAY Young Academics Network on youth and populism P. 88 BEYOND EUROPE Populism outside Europe QUERIES — Winter 2013-2014 5 CONTRIBUTORS CONTRIBUTORS They have contributed to the Queries debates and thinking. Mustapha Fabián Giacomo Christophe Matt Ben Jaafar Bosoer Bottos Bourseiller Browne President of the Constituent Argentine political PhD candidate at French actor, journalist Senior fellow at the Center Assembly of Tunisia scientist and journalist Scuola Normale and writer for American Progress Superiore of Pisa Action Christophe Charles Christian Federico Doru Caresche Cooper Deubner Finchelstein Frantescu French member of the Researcher at Quilliam German political Associate professor at Policy director of National Assembly Foundation scientist and economist the New School for VoteWatch Europe Social Research Peter Anikó Roberto Daphne Usama Friedrich Gregor Gualtieri Halikiopoulou Hasan Minister of Baden- PhD candidate at Italian Member of the Lecturer in Senior researcher at Württemberg for Eötvös Loránd European Parliament Comparative Politics at Quilliam Foundation International Affairs University of Budapest the University of Reading Niko Ahmet Sunder David Mojca Hatakka Insel Katwala Kitching Kleva Kekuš PhD candidate at the Centre Professor of economics Director
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