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Gregory I

“ Gregory” redirects here. For other uses, see Saint ther is known about that position. Gregory’s mother, Sil- Gregory (disambiguation). via, was well-born and had a married sister, Pateria, in . His mother and two paternal aunts are honored by and Orthodox churches as .[11] Gre- (: Gregorius I; c. 540 – 12 March [12] [1] gory’s great-great-grandfather had been Pope Felix III, 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, [13] was Pope from 3 September 590 to his death in 604. Gre- the nominee of the Gothic king, Theodoric. Gregory’s election to the throne of St Peter made his family the most gory is well known for his writings, which were more pro- [14] lific than those of any of his predecessors as pope.[2] He is distinguished clerical dynasty of the period. also known as St. Gregory the Dialogist in Eastern Or- The family owned and resided in a villa suburbana on thodoxy because of his Dialogues. For this reason, En- the , fronting the same street, now the Via glish translations of Orthodox texts will sometimes list di San Gregorio, with the former palaces of the Roman him as “Gregory Dialogus”. emperors on the opposite. The north of Throughout the he was known as “the Father the street runs into the ; the south, the . In Gregory’s day the ancient buildings were of ” because of his exceptional efforts [15] in revising the Roman worship of his day.[3] His contri- in ruins and were privately owned. Villas covered the area. Gregory’s family also owned working estates in butions to the development of the of the [16] [17] Presanctified Gifts, still in use in the Eastern Orthodox Sicily and around . Gregory later had por- Church, were so significant that he is generally recog- traits done in fresco in their former home on the Caelian nized as its de facto author. and these were described 300 years later by John the Dea- con. Gordianus was tall with a long face and light eyes. He was the first of the to come from a monastic He wore a beard. Silvia was tall, had a round face, blue background. Gregory is a and eyes and a cheerful look. They had another son whose one of the Latin Fathers. He is considered a saint in name and fate are unknown.[18] the Church, , , and some Lutheran churches. Im- Gregory was born into a period of upheaval in Italy. From mediately after his death, Gregory was canonized by pop- 542 the so-called swept through the ular acclaim.[4] The Protestant reformer ad- provinces of the empire, including Italy. The plague mired Gregory and declared in his Institutes that Gregory caused famine, panic, and sometimes rioting. In some was the last good pope.[5] He is the of musi- parts of the country, over 1/3 of the population was wiped cians, singers, students, and teachers.[6] out or destroyed, with heavy spiritual and emotional ef- fects on the people of the Empire.[19] Politically, although the had long since vanished in favour of the Gothic kings of Italy, during the 1 Early life Italy was gradually retaken from the by , emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire ruling from The exact date of Gregory’s birth is uncertain, but is usu- . As the fighting was mainly in the north, ally estimated to be around the year 540,[7] in the city of the young Gregory probably saw little of it. sacked Rome. His parents named him Gregorius, which accord- and vacated Rome in 546, destroying most of its ancient ing to Aelfric in An Homily on the Birth-Day of S. Gre- population, but in 549 he invited those who were still gory, "... is a Greek Name, which signifies in the Latin alive to return to the empty and ruined streets. It has Tongue Vigilantius, that is in English, Watchful....”[8] been hypothesized that young Gregory and his parents The medieval writers who give this etymology[9] do not retired during that intermission to their Sicilian estates, [20] hesitate to apply it to the life of Gregory. Aelfric, to return in 549. The war was over in Rome by 552, for example, goes on: “He was very diligent in God’s and a subsequent invasion of the was defeated in Commandments.”[10] 554. After that, there was peace in Italy, and the appear- ance of , except that the central government Gregory was born into a wealthy patrician Roman fam- now resided in Constantinople. ily with close connections to the church. His father, Gordianus, who served as a Senator and for a time was Like most young men of his position in Roman soci- the Prefect of the City of Rome,[11] also held the posi- ety, Saint Gregory was well educated, learning grammar, tion of in the church, though nothing fur- rhetoric, the sciences, literature, and law, and excelling in

1 2 3 APOCRISIARIATE (579–585) all.[11] reported that “in grammar, di- to stealing three gold pieces. Gregory forced the to alectic and rhetoric ... he was second to none....”[21] He die friendless and alone, then threw his body and coins on wrote correct Latin but did not read or write Greek. He a manure heap to rot with a curse, “Take your money with knew Latin authors, natural science, history, mathemat- you to perdition”. Gregory believed that punishment of ics and music and had such a “fluency with imperial law” can begin, even on one’s deathbed.[25] However, this that he may have trained in it “as a preparation for a ca- was done to help the monk to repent of his , and not out reer in public life.”[21] Indeed, he became a government of a misplaced . The penance from St Gregory did official, advancing quickly in rank to become, like his fa- in fact help him to repent, and afterwards St Gregory of- ther, Prefect of Rome, the highest civil office in the city, fered 30 Masses in his remembrance to assist his soul be- when only thirty-three years old.[11] fore the final judgment. He later appeared to his and said that he has been released and is in Heaven.[26] The of the of St. Andrew, established by Gregory at the ancestral home on the Caelian, had a Eventually, Pope Pelagius II ordained him a and solicited his help in trying to heal the schism of the Three portrait of him made after his death, which John the Dea- Chapters in . However, Italy was not healed con also saw in the 9th century. He reports the picture of [27] a man who was “rather bald” and had a “tawny” beard until well after Gregory was gone. like his father’s and a face that was intermediate in shape Gregory had a deep respect for the monastic life. He between his mother’s and father’s. The hair that he had viewed being a monk as the 'ardent quest for the vision on the sides was long and carefully curled. His nose was of our Creator.'[28] His three paternal aunts were “thin and straight” and “slightly aquiline.” “His forehead renowned for their sanctity. However, after the two el- was high.” He had thick, “subdivided” lips and a chin “of dest passed away after seeing a vision of their ancestor a comely prominence” and “beautiful hands.”[22] Pope Felix, the youngest soon abandoned the religious In the modern era, Gregory is often depicted as a man life and married the steward of her estate. Gregory’s re- sponse to this family scandal was “many are called but at the border, poised between the Roman and Germanic [29] worlds, between East and West, and above all, perhaps, few are chosen.” Gregory’s mother Silvia herself is a between the ancient and medieval epochs.[23] saint.

2 Monastic years 3 Apocrisiariate (579–585)

Jerome and Gregory.

On his father’s death, Gregory converted his family villa into a monastery dedicated to the apostle Saint Andrew (after his death it was rededicated as San Gregorio Magno al Celio). In his life of contemplation, Gregory concluded that “in that silence of the heart, while we keep watch within through contemplation, we are as if asleep to all things that are without.”.[24] It seems to some that Gregory was not always forgiving, Illumination in a 12th-century of a letter of Gregory’s or pleasant for that matter, even in his monastic years. to Saint Leander, of (Bibl. Municipale, MS 2, For example, a monk lying on his death bed confessed ). 3

In 579, Pelagius II chose Gregory as his works.[36] Gregory left Constantinople for Rome in 585, (ambassador to the imperial court in Constantinople), a returning to his monastery on the Caelian Hill.[37] Gre- post Gregory would hold until 586.[30] Gregory was part gory was elected by acclamation to succeed Pelagius II in of the Roman delegation (both lay and clerical) that ar- 590, when the latter died of the plague spreading through rived in Constantinople in 578 to ask the emperor for the city.[37] Gregory was approved by an Imperial iussio military aid against the .[31] With the Byzan- from Constantinople the following September (as was the tine military focused on the East, these entreaties proved norm during the Byzantine Papacy).[37] unsuccessful; in 584, Pelagius II wrote to Gregory as apocrisiarius, detailing the hardships that Rome was ex- periencing under the Lombards and asking him to ask Emperor to send a relief force.[31] Maurice, 4 Papacy (590–604) however, had long ago determined to limit his efforts against the Lombards to intrigue and diplomacy, pitting the Franks against them.[31] It soon became obvious to Although Gregory was resolved to retire into the monas- Gregory that the Byzantine emperors were unlikely to tic lifestyle of contemplation, he was unwillingly forced send such a force, given their more immediate difficul- back into a world that, although he loved, he no longer [38] ties with the Persians in the East and the Avars and wanted to be a part of. In texts of all genres, espe- to the North.[32] cially those produced in his first year as pope, Gregory bemoaned the burden of office and mourned the loss of According to Ekonomou, “if Gregory’s principal task was the undisturbed life of prayer he had once enjoyed as a to plead Rome’s cause before the emperor, there seems monk.[39] When he became Pope in 590, among his first to have been little left for him to do once imperial policy acts was writing a series of letters disavowing any ambi- toward Italy became evident. Papal representatives who tion to the throne of Peter and praising the contempla- pressed their claims with excessive vigor could quickly tive life of the monks. At that time, for various reasons, become a nuisance and find themselves excluded from the the had not exerted effective leadership in the [32] imperial presence altogether”. Gregory had already West since the pontificate of Gelasius I. The episcopacy drawn an imperial rebuke for his lengthy canonical writ- in was drawn from the great territorial families, and ings on the subject of the legitimacy of John III Scholasti- identified with them: the parochial horizon of Gregory’s cus, who had occupied the of Constantinople contemporary, Gregory of Tours, may be considered typ- for twelve years to the return of Eutychius (who had ical; in Visigothic Spain the had little contact with [32] been driven out by Justinian). Gregory turned him- Rome; in Italy the territories which had de facto fallen self to cultivating connections with the Byzantine elite under the administration of the papacy were beset by the of the city, where he became extremely popular with violent Lombard dukes and the rivalry of the Jews in the [32] the city’s upper class, “especially aristocratic women”. and in the south. Ekonomou surmises that “while Gregory may have be- come spiritual father to a large and important segment Pope Gregory had strong convictions on missions: of Constantinople’s aristocracy, this relationship did not “Almighty God places good men in authority that He may significantly advance the interests of Rome before the impart through them the gifts of His mercy to their sub- emperor”.[32] Although the writings of John the Deacon jects. And this we find to be the case with the British over claim that Gregory “labored diligently for the relief of whom you have been appointed to rule, that through the Italy”, there is no evidence that his tenure accomplished blessings bestowed on you the blessings of heaven might [40] much towards any of the objectives of Pelagius II.[33] be bestowed on your people also.” He is credited with re-energizing the Church’s work among the Gregory’s theological disputes with Eutychius non-Christian peoples of northern Europe. He is most would leave a “bitter taste for the theological specula- famous for sending a mission, often called the Gregorian tion of the East” with Gregory that continued to influence mission, under Augustine of , prior of Saint [34] him well into his own papacy. According to Western Andrew’s, where he had perhaps succeeded Gregory, to sources, Gregory’s very public debate with Eutychius cul- evangelize the pagan Anglo-Saxons of England. It seems minated in an exchange before Tiberius II where Gregory that the Pope had never forgotten the English slaves whom cited a biblical passage ("Palpate et videte, quia spiritus he had once seen in the Roman Forum.[41] The mission [35] carnem et ossa non habet, sicut me videtis habere" ) was successful, and it was from England that missionar- in support of the view that Christ was corporeal and ies later set out for the Netherlands and Germany. The palpable after his Resurrection; allegedly as a result of preaching of the Catholic and the elimination of all this exchange, Tiberius II ordered Eutychius’s writings deviations from it was a key element in Gregory’s world- [34] burned. Ekonomou views this argument, though exag- view, and it constituted one of the major continuing poli- gerated in Western sources, as Gregory’s “one achieve- cies of his pontificate.[42] ment of an otherwise fruitless apokrisiariat".[36] In re- ality, Gregory was forced to rely on Scripture because According to the , he was declared he could not read the untranslated Greek authoritative a saint immediately after his death by “popular acclamation”.[1] 4 5 WORKS

In his official documents, Gregory was the first to make dieval spirituality to him.[46] Gregory is the only Pope extensive use of the term "Servant of the Servants of between the fifth and the eleventh centuries whose cor- God"(servus servorum Dei) as a papal title, thus initiat- respondence and writings have survived enough to form ing a practice that was to be followed by most subsequent a comprehensive corpus. Some of his writings are: popes.[43] • Commentary on , frequently known in English- language histories by its Latin title, Magna Moralia, 5 Works or as Moralia on Job. This is one of the longest pa- tristic works. It was possibly finished as early as 591. 5.1 Liturgical reforms It is based on talks Gregory gave on the of Job to his 'brethren' who accompanied him to Con- stantinople. The work as we have it is the result of John the Deacon wrote that Pope Gregory I made a gen- Gregory’s revision and completion of it soon after eral revision of the liturgy of the Pre-Tridentine , his accession to the papal office.[47] “removing many things, changing a few, adding some”. In letters, Gregory remarks that he moved the Pater Nos- • Liber regulae pastoralis (Book of Pastoral Rule / The ter (Our Father) to immediately after the Roman Canon Rule for Pastors), in which he contrasted the role of and immediately before the . This position is bishops as pastors of their flock with their position still maintained today in the Roman Liturgy. The pre- as nobles of the church: the definitive statement of Gregorian position is evident in the . Gre- the nature of the episcopal office. This was proba- gory added material to the Hanc Igitur of the Roman bly begun before his election as pope and finished in Canon and established the nine (a vestigial rem- 591. nant of the which was originally at that place) at the beginning of Mass. He also reduced the role of dea- • Dialogues, a collection of four of , cons in the Roman Liturgy. signs, wonders, and healings done by the holy men, directly influenced by Gregorian reforms mostly monastic, of sixth-century Italy, with the sec- are referred to as Sacrementaria Gregoriana. With the ond book entirely devoted to a popular life of Saint [48] appearance of these sacramentaries, the Western liturgy Benedict begins to show a characteristic that distinguishes it from • , including: Eastern liturgical traditions. In contrast to the mostly in- variable Eastern liturgical texts, Roman and other West- • The sermons include the 22 Homilae in ern liturgies since this era have a number of prayers that Hiezechielem (Homilies on ), dealing change to reflect the feast or liturgical season; These vari- with Ezekiel 1.1-4.3 in Book One, and Ezekiel ations are visible in the and prefaces as well as in 40 in Book 2. These were preached during the Roman Canon itself. 592-3, the years that the Lombards besieged In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Gregory is credited with Rome, and contain some of Gregory’s most compiling the Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts. profound mystical teachings. They were re- vised eight years later. • The Homilae xl in Evangelia (Forty Homilies on 5.1.1 Gregorian the ) for the , delivered during 591 and 592, which were seemingly fin- Main article: ished by 593. A papyrus fragment from this survives in the , Lon- The mainstream form of Western plainchant, standard- don, UK.[49] [44] ized in the late 9th century, was attributed to Pope • Expositio in Canticis Canticorum. Only 2 of Gregory I and so took the name of Gregorian chant. The these sermons on the Song of Songs survive, earliest such attribution is in John the Deacon’s 873 biog- discussing the text up to Song 1.9. raphy of Gregory, almost three centuries after the Pope’s death, and the chant that bears his name “is the result • In Librum primum regum expositio (Commentary on of the fusion of Roman and Frankish elements which 1 Kings) took place in the Franco-German empire under Pepin, and their successors”.[45] • Copies of some 854 letters have survived. During Gregory’s time, copies of papal letters were made by scribes into a Registrum (Register), which was 5.2 Writings then kept in the scrinium. It is known that in the 9th century, when John the Deacon composed his Gregory is commonly credited with founding the me- Life of Gregory, the Registrum of Gregory’s letters dieval papacy and so many attribute the beginning of me- was formed of 14 papyrus rolls (though it is difficult 5

to estimate how many letters this may have repre- 6 sented). Though these original rolls are now lost, the 854 letters have survived in copies made at vari- ous later times, the largest single batch of 686 letters being made by order of Adrian I (772-95).[47] The majority of the copies, dating from the 10th to the 15th century, are stored in the .[50]

Opinions of the writings of Gregory vary. “His character strikes us as an ambiguous and enigmatic one,” Cantor observed. “On the one hand he was an able and de- termined administrator, a skilled and clever diplomat, a leader of the greatest sophistication and vision; but on the other hand, he appears in his writings as a supersti- tious and credulous monk, hostile to learning, crudely limited as a theologian, and excessively devoted to saints, miracles, and ".[51] Gregory wrote over 850 letters in the last 13 years of his life (590–604) that give us an accurate picture of his work.[52] A truly autobiographical presentation is nearly impossible for Gregory. The development of his mind and personality remains purely speculative in nature.[53]

5.3 Controversy with Eutychius

In Constantinople, Gregory took issue with the aged Gregory and his Dove, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge Ms Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople, who had recently 389 published a treatise, now lost, on the General Resurrec- tion. Eutychius maintained that the resurrected body In art Gregory is usually shown in full pontifical robes “will be more subtle than air, and no longer palpable”.[54] with the tiara and double cross, despite his actual habit of Gregory opposed with the palpability of the risen Christ dress. Earlier depictions are more likely to show a monas- in Luke 24:39. As the dispute could not be settled, the tic and plainer dress. Orthodox traditionally Byzantine emperor, Tiberius II Constantine, undertook show St. Gregory vested as a bishop holding a to arbitrate. He decided in favor of palpability and or- Book and blessing with his right hand. It is recorded that dered Eutychius’ book to be burned. Shortly after both he permitted his depiction with a square halo, then used for the living.[61] A dove is his attribute, from the well- Gregory and Eutychius became ill; Gregory recovered, [62] but Eutychius died on 5 April 582, at age 70. On his known story recorded by his friend Peter the Deacon, deathbed Eutychius recanted impalpability and Gregory who tells that when the pope was dictating his homilies dropped the matter. Tiberius also died a few months after on Ezechiel a curtain was drawn between his secretary Eutychius. and himself. As, however, the pope remained silent for long periods at a time, the servant made a hole in the cur- tain and, looking through, beheld a dove seated upon Gre- 5.4 Identification of three figures in the gory’s head with its beak between his lips. When the dove Gospels withdrew its beak the pope spoke and the secretary took down his words; but when he became silent the servant again applied his eye to the hole and saw the dove had Gregory was among those who identified Mary Magda- [63] lene with , whom John 12:1-8 recounts replaced its beak between his lips. as having anointed Jesus with precious ointment, an event This scene is shown as a version of the traditional that some interpret as being the same as the anointing Evangelist portrait (where the Evangelists’ symbols are of Jesus performed by a woman that Luke (alone among also sometimes shown dictating) from the tenth century the ) recounts as sinful.[55] Preaching on onwards. An early example is the dedication miniature the passage in the , Gregory remarked: from the an eleventh-century manuscript of St. Gregory’s “This woman, whom Luke calls a sinner[56] and John Moralia in Job.[64] The miniature shows the scribe, Bebo calls Mary,[57] I think is the Mary from whom Mark of Seeon Abbey, presenting the manuscript to the Holy reports[58] that seven demons were cast out.”[59] Today Roman Emperor, Henry II. In the upper left the author is Biblical scholars distinguish the three figures, but they are seen writing the text under divine inspiration. Usually the all still popularly identified.[60] dove is shown whispering in Gregory’s ear for a clearer 6 7

composition. ably saw no such distinction. The church had no inter- The imaginative and anachronistic example at the top of est in secular profit and as pope Gregory did his utmost this article is from the studio of Carlo Saraceni or by a to encourage that high standard among church person- close follower, ca. 1610. From the Giustiniani collection, nel. Apart from maintaining its facilities and supporting the painting is conserved in the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte its personnel the church gave most of the donations it re- Antica, Rome.[65] The face of Gregory is a caricature of ceived as alms. the features described by John the Deacon (mentioned Gregory is known for his administrative system of char- under his early life above): total baldness, outthrust chin, itable relief of the poor at Rome. They were predom- beak-like nose, where John had described partial bald- inantly refugees from the incursions of the Lombards. ness, a mildly protruding chin, slightly aquiline nose and The philosophy under which he devised this system is strikingly good looks. In this picture also Gregory has that the wealth belonged to the poor and the church was his monastic back on the world, which the real Gregory, only its steward. He received lavish donations from the despite his reclusive intent, was seldom allowed to have. wealthy families of Rome, who, following his own exam- ple, were eager to expiate to God for their sins. He gave alms equally as lavishly both individually and en masse. He wrote in letters:[67]

“I have frequently charged you ... to act as my representative ... to relieve the poor in their distress ....” "... I hold the office of steward to the property of the poor ....”

The church received donations of many different kinds of property: consumables such as food and clothing; investment property: real estate and works of art; and capital goods, or revenue-generating property, such as the Sicilian latifundia, or agricultural estates, staffed and operated by slaves, donated by Gregory and his family. The church already had a system for circulating the con- sumables to the poor: associated with each was a diaconium or office of the deacon. He was given a building from which the poor could at any time apply for assistance.[68][69] The state in which Gregory became pope in 590 was a The Mass of St Gregory, by Robert Campin, 15th century ruined one. The Lombards held the better part of Italy. Their predations had brought the economy to a standstill. The late medieval subject of the Mass of St Gregory They camped nearly at the gates of Rome. The city was shows a version of a 7th-century story that was elaborated packed with refugees from all walks of life, who lived in later . Gregory is shown saying Mass when in the streets and had few of the necessities of life. The Christ as the appears on the . The seat of government was far from Rome in Constantinople, subject was most common in the 15th and 16th centuries, which appeared unable to undertake the relief of Italy. and reflected growing emphasis on the Real Presence, and The pope had sent emissaries, including Gregory, asking after the Protestant was an assertion of the for assistance, to no avail. doctrine against Protestant theology.[66] In 590, Gregory could wait for Constantinople no longer. He organized the resources of the church into an admin- 7 Alms istration for general relief. In doing so he evidenced a talent for and intuitive understanding of the principles of accounting, which was not to be invented for centuries. Alms in is defined by passages of the New The church already had basic accounting documents: ev- Testament such as Matthew 19:21, which commands ery expense was recorded in journals called , “lists” "...go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor ... and of amounts, recipients and circumstances. Revenue was come and follow me.” A donation on the other hand is a recorded in polyptici,"books". Many of these polyp- gift to some sort of enterprise, profit or non-profit. tici were ledgers recording the operating expenses of the On the one hand the alms of St. Gregory are to be dis- church and the , the patrimonia. A central papal ad- tinguished from his donations, but on the other he prob- ministration, the notarii, under a chief, the primicerius no- 7

tariorum, kept the ledgers and issued brevia patrimonii, or Great to the rise of the papacy was lists of property for which each was responsible.[70] most influential in ruling Italy. Gregory began by aggressively requiring his churchmen to seek out and relieve needy persons and reprimanded them if they did not. In a letter to a subordinate in Sicily 8 Famous quotes and anecdotes he wrote: “I asked you most of all to take care of the poor. And if you knew of people in poverty, you should have pointed them out ... I desire that you give the woman, Pa- teria, forty solidi for the children’s shoes and forty bushels of grain ....”[71] Soon he was replacing administrators who would not cooperate with those who would and at the same time adding more in a build-up to a great plan that he had in mind. He understood that expenses must be matched by income. To pay for his increased expenses he liquidated the investment property and paid the expenses in cash according to a budget recorded in the polyptici. The churchmen were paid four times a year and also per- sonally given a golden coin for their trouble.[72] Money, however, was no substitute for food in a city that was on the brink of famine. Even the wealthy were going hungry in their villas. The church now owned between 1,300 and 1,800 square (3,400 and 4,700 km2) of revenue-generating farmland divided into large sections called patrimonia. It produced goods of all kinds, which were sold, but Gregory intervened and had the goods shipped to Rome for distribution in the diaconia. He gave orders to step up production, set quotas and put an admin- istrative structure in place to carry it out. At the bottom was the rusticus who produced the goods. Some rustici 19th century in Westminster , Non Angli sed were or owned slaves. He turned over part of his produce Angeli to a conductor from whom he leased the land. The latter reported to an actionarius, the latter to a defensor and the latter to a rector. Grain, wine, cheese, meat, fish and oil • Non Angli, sed angeli – “They are not , but began to arrive at Rome in large quantities, where it was ". , summarizing words reported to given away for nothing as alms.[73] have been spoken by Gregory when he first encoun- tered pale-skinned English boys at a slave market, Distributions to qualified persons were monthly. How- sparking his dispatch of St. Augustine of Canter- ever, a certain proportion of the population lived in the bury to England to convert the English, according streets or were too ill or infirm to pick up their monthly to .[74] He said: “Well named, for they have food supply. To them Gregory sent out a small army of angelic faces and ought to be co-heirs with the an- charitable persons, mainly monks, every morning with gels in heaven.”[75] Discovering that their province prepared food. It is said that he would not dine until the was , he went on to add that they would be res- indigent were fed. When he did dine he shared the family cued de ira, “from the wrath”, and that their king table, which he had saved (and which still exists), with 12 was named Aella, Alleluia, he said.[76] indigent guests. To the needy living in wealthy homes he sent meals he had cooked with his own hands as gifts to • Ecce locusta – “Look at the locust.” Gregory himself spare them the indignity of receiving . Hearing of wanted to go to England as a missionary and started the death of an indigent in a back room he was depressed out for there. On the fourth day as they stopped for days, entertaining for a time the conceit that he had [72] for lunch a locust landed on the edge of the Bible failed in his duty and was a murderer. Gregory was reading. He exclaimed ecce locusta, These and other good deeds and charitable frame of mind “look at the locust”, but reflecting on it he saw it as a completely won the hearts and minds of the Roman peo- sign from Heaven since the similar sounding loco sta ple. They now looked to the papacy for government, ig- means “stay in place.” Within the hour an emissary noring the rump state at Constantinople, which had only of the pope[77] arrived to recall him.[75] disrespect for Gregory, calling him a fool for his pacifist dealings with the Lombards. The office of urban prefect • “I beg that you will not take the present amiss. For went without candidates. From the time of Gregory the anything, however trifling, which is offered from the prosperity of St. Peter should be regarded as a great 8 9 MEMORIALS

blessing, seeing that he will have power both to be- 9 Memorials stow on you greater things, and to hold out to you eternal benefits with Almighty God.” 9.1 Lives • Pro cuius amore in eius eloquio nec mihi parco – “For In Britain, appreciation for Gregory remained strong even the love of whom (God) I do not spare myself from [78][79] after his death, with him being called Gregorius noster His Word.” The sense is that since the creator (“our Gregory”) by the British.[85] It was in Britain, at a of the human race and redeemer of him unworthy monastery in Whitby, that the first full length life of Gre- gave him the power of the tongue so that he could gory was written, in c. 713.[86] Appreciation of Gregory witness, what kind of a witness would he be if he did in Rome and Italy itself, however, did not come until later. not use it but preferred to speak infirmly? The first vita of Gregory written in Italy was not produced until John the Deacon in the 9th century. • “For the place of heretics is very itself...for the place of the wicked is pride just as conversely humil- ity is the place of the good.”[42] 9.2 Monuments

• Non enim pro locis res, sed pro bonis rebus loca amanda sunt – “Things are not to be loved for the sake of a place, but places are to be loved for the sake of their good things.” When Augustine asked whether to use Roman or Gallican customs in the mass in England, Gregory said, in paraphrase, that it was not the place that imparted goodness but good things that graced the place, and it was more im- portant to be pleasing to the Almighty. They should pick out what was “pia”, “religiosa” and “recta” from any church whatever and set that down before the English minds as practice.[80]

• “For the rule of and reason suggests that one who desires his own orders to be observed by his successors should undoubtedly keep the will and or- Tomb of St. Gregory at St. Peter’s, Rome dinances of his predecessor.”[81] In his letters, Gre- gory often emphasized the importance of giving The namesake church of San Gregorio al Celio (largely proper deference to last wills and testaments, and rebuilt from the original edifices during the 17th and 18th of respecting property rights. centuries) remembers his work. One of the three orato- ries annexed, the oratory of St. Silvia, is said to lie over • “Compassion should be shown first to the faithful the tomb of Gregory’s mother. [82] and afterwards to the enemies of the church.” In England, Gregory, along with Augustine of Canter- bury, is revered as the apostle of the land and the source • “At length being anxious to avoid all these incon- of the nation’s conversion.[87] veniences, I sought the haven of the monastery… For as the vessel that is negligently moored, is very often (when the storm waxes violent) tossed by the 9.3 Music water out of its shelter on the safest shore, so under the cloak of the Ecclesiastical office, I found my- Italian composer composed a piece self plunged on a sudden in a sea of secular matters, named St. Gregory the Great (San Gregorio Magno) that and because I had not held fast the tranquillity of the features as the fourth and final part of his Church Win- monastery when in possession, I learnt by losing it, dows (Vetrate di Chiesa) works, written in 1925. how closely it should have been held.”[83] In Moralia, sive Expositio in Job (“Commentary on Job,” also known as Magna Moralia), Gregory describes to the 9.4 Feast day Bishop Leander the circumstances under which he became a monk. The current , revised in 1969 as instructed by the ,[88] celebrates • “Illiterate men can contemplate in the lines of a pic- St. Gregory the Great on 3 September. Before that, it ture what they cannot learn by means of the written assigned his feast day to 12 March, the day of his death word.” [84] in 604. This day always falls within Lent, during which 9 there are no obligatory memorials. For this reason his Book 9, Letter 1) he rebukes Bishop Januarius of , feast day was moved to 3 September, the day of his epis- , excusing himself for not observing 1 Timothy copal in 590.[89] 5.1, which cautions against rebuking elders. 5.9 defines elderly women to be 60 and over, which may apply to ev- [note 1] The Eastern Orthodox Church continue to com- eryone. Gregory appears not to consider himself an el- memorate St. Gregory on 12 March which is during der, limiting his birth to no earlier than 539, but 540 is , the only time when the Divine Liturgy of the the typical selection. Dudden (1905), page 3, notes 1–3. Presanctified Gifts, which names Saint Gregory as its au- The presumption of 540 has continued in modern times - thor, is used. see for example Richards, Jeffrey (1980). Consul of God. London: Routledge & Keatland . Other Churches also honour Saint Gregory: the and the Lutheran Church-Missouri on [8] Aelfric; Elizabeth Elstob (translator); William Elstob 3 September, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Amer- (1709). An English-Saxon Homily on the Birth-day of ica and the Episcopal Church in the United States on 12 St. Gregory: Anciently Used in the English-Saxon Church, March. Giving an Account of the Conversion of the English from to Christianity. London: W. Bowyer. p. 4. A traditional is held in Żejtun, in hon- our of Saint Gregory (San Girgor) on Easter Wednesday, [9] Elizabeth goes on to state that "Paulus Diaconus, who first which most often falls in April, the range of possible dates writ the life of St. Gregory, and is followed by all the after being 25 March to 28 April. The feast day of St. Gre- Writers on that subject, observes that 'ex Greco eloquio in nostra lingua ... vigilator, seu vigilans sonat.” However, gory also serves as a commemorative Day for the former Paul the deacon is too late for the first vita, or life. pupils of , the so-called Old Gregorians. Traditionally, the OG ties are worn by all of the society’s [10] The name is Biblical, derived from con- members on this day. texts: grēgorein is a present, continuous aspect, meaning to be watchful of forsaking Christ. It is derived from a more ancient perfect, egrēgora, “roused from sleep”, of egeirein, “to awaken someone.” Thayer, Henry 10 See also (1962). Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament be- ing Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti Translated Re- • Category:Documents of Pope Gregory I vised and Enlarged. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House. • Libellus responsionum [11] Thornton, pp 163-8

[12] Whether III or IV depends on whether Felix II 11 References is to be considered pope. [13] Dudden (1905), page 4. [1] Huddleston, Gilbert (1909). "Pope St. Gregory I (“the Great”)". Catholic Encyclopedia 6. New York: Robert [14] Richards Appleton Company. Gregory had come to be known as [15] Dudden (1905), pages 11–15. 'the Great' by the late ninth century, a title which is still applied to him. See John Moorhead, Gregory the Great, [16] Dudden (1905), pages 106–107. (Routledge, 2005), p1 [17] Richards (1980), page 25. [2] Ekonomou, 2007, p. 22. [18] Dudden (1905), pages 7–8. [3] Christian Life and Worship (Dissertations in Euro- pean Economic History), 1948, 1979, Gerald Ellard [19] Markus pg 4–5 (1894–1963), Arno Press, ISBN 0-405-10819-2 ISBN [20] Dudden (1905), pages 36–37. 9780405108198, p. 125. [21] Richards (1980), page 26. [4] F.L. Cross, ed. (2005). “Gregory I”. The Oxford Dictio- nary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford Univer- [22] Richards (1980), page 44. sity Press. [23] Leyser pg 132 [5] F.L. Cross, ed. (1515). “Institutes of the Christian Re- ligion Book IV”. Institutes of the Christian Religion Book [24] Cavadini pg 155 IV. New York: Oxford University Press. [25] Straw pg 47

[6] “St. Gregory the Great”. Web site of Saint Charles Bor- [26] Pronechen, Joseph. “Interview with Susan Tassone”. Re- romeo . Retrieved 2009-11-14. trieved 3 September 2012.

[7] Gregory mentions in Dialogue 3.2 that he was alive [27] Gregory the great and his world pg 3 when Totila attempted to murder Carbonius, Bishop of Populonia, probably in 546. In a letter of 598 (Register, [28] Markus- pg 69 10 11 REFERENCES

[29] Consul of God, Richards. Pg 26 [55] Luke 7:36-50;Matthew 26:6-13; Mark 14:3-9

[30] Ekonomou, 2007, p. 8. [56] Luke 7:37 [31] Ekonomou, 2007, p. 9. [57] John 12:3 [32] Ekonomou, 2007, p. 10. [58] :9 [33] Ekonomou, 2007, pp. 10–11. [59] “Hanc vero quam Lucas peccatricem mulierem, Ioannes [34] Ekonomou, 2007, p. 11. Mariam nominat, illam esse Mariam credimus de qua Marcus septem daemonia eiecta fuisse testatur” (Patrolo- [35] Luke 24:39 - “touch me, and look; a spirit has not flesh gia Latina 76:1239) and bones, as you see that I have.”

[36] Ekonomou, 2007, p. 12. [60] Ingrid Maisch, : The Image of a Woman through the Centuries (Liturgical Press 1988 ISBN [37] Ekonomou, 2007, p. 13. 9780814624715), chapter 10

[38] Straw pg 25 [61] Gietmann, G. (1911). “Nimbus”. "The Catholic Encyclo- pedia" XI. New York: Robert Appleton Company. [39] Cavadini pg 39

[40] Dudden pg 124 [62] Peter the Deacon, Vita, xxviii

[41] Dudden pg 99 [63] Catholic Encyclopedia article – see links, below.

[42] Richards pg 228 [64] Bamberg State Library, Msc.Bibl.84

[43] "Servus servorum Dei". Catholic Encyclopedia. New [65] Saraceni, Carlo; Emil Kren; Marx (1996). “St. York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. Gregory the Great”. Web Gallery of Art. Retrieved 2008- [44] Kenneth Levy, Gregorian Chant and the Car- 08-23. olingians(Princeton University Press 1998 ISBN 9780691017334), p. 7 [66] Rubin, Miri, Corpus Christi: The in Late Me- dieval Culture, pp. 120–122, 308–310, Cambridge Uni- [45] Gregory Murray, Gregorian Chant According to the versity Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-43805-5, ISBN 978-0- (L. J. Cary & Co. 1963), pp. 3-4 521-43805-6 Google books

[46] Straw pg 4 [67] Dudden (1905) page 316.

[47] RA Markus, Gregory the Great and his World, (Cam- [68] Later these became cardinals and from the orato- bridge: CUP, 1997), p15 ries attached to the buildings grew churches. [48] • Gardner, Edmund G. (editor) (1911. Reprinted [69] Smith, William; Cheetham (1875). A dictionary 2010). The Dialogues of Saint Gregory the Great. of Christian antiquities: Comprising the History, Institu- Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN tions, and Antiquities of the Christian Church, from the 978-1-889758-94-7. Check date values in: |date= Time of the Apostles to the Age of Charlemagne. J. Mur- (help) ray. pp. 549 under diaconia. [49] “A Papyrus Puzzle and Some Purple Parchment”. British Museum. 12 February 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014. [70] Mann, Horace Kinder; Johannes Hollnsteiner (1914). The Lives of the Popes in the : Volume X. [50] Ambrosini, Maria Luisa; Mary Willis (1996). The Secret London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd. p. Archives of the Vatican. Barnes & Noble Publishing. pp. 322. 63–64. ISBN 9780760701256. [71] Ambrosini & Willis (1996) pages 66–67. [51] Cantor (1993) page 157. [72] Dudden (1905) pages 248–249. [52] R.A. Markus “Gregory the Great and his world” pg I

[53] Gregory the great and his world. pg. 2 [73] Deanesly, Margaret (1969). A History of the Medieval Church, 590–1500. London, New York: Routledge. pp. [54] Smith, William; Henry Wace (1880). A Dictionary of 22–24. ISBN 9780415039598. Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines: Be- ing a Continuation of 'The Dictionary of the Bible': Vol- [74] Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, II.i. http://www. umeII Eaba – Hermocrates. Boston: Little, Brown and thelatinlibrary.com/bede/bede2.shtml Company. p. 415. The dictionary account is apparently based on Bede, Book II, Chapter 1, who used the expres- [75] Hunt, William (1906). The Political . sion "...impalpable, of finer texture than wind and air.” Longmans, Green. p. 115. 12.2 Translations 11

[76] The earliest life written a generation earlier than Bede 12.2 Translations at Whitby relates the same story but in it the English are merely visitors to Rome questioned by Gregory (see • The Dialogues of Saint Gregory the Great, trans Ed- Holloway, who translates from the manuscript kept at St. mund G Gardner, (London & Boston, 1911) Gallen). The earlier story is not necessarily the more ac- curate, as Gregory is known to have instructed presbyter Candidus in Gaul by letter to buy young English slaves for • , trans Henry Davis, ACW 11, (New- placement in . These were intended for mis- man Press, 1950) sionary work in England: Ambrosini & Willis (1996) page 71. • Reading the Gospels with Gregory the Great: Homi- lies on the Gospels, 21-26, trans Santha Bhattacharji, [77] Benedict I or Pelagius II. (Petersham, MA, 2001) [translations of the 6 Hom- ilies covering Easter Day to the Sunday after Easter] [78] Dudden pg 317 • [79] Homilies on Ezekiel Book 1.11.6. For the text in The letters of Gregory the Great, translated, with in- manuscript see Codices Electronici Sangalienses: Codex troduction and notes, by John RC Martyn, (Toronto: 211, page 193 column 1, line 5 (External links below.) Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2004). [3 volume of the Registrum epistularum] [80] Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book I section 27 part II. Bede is translated in Bede; Judith Mc- • Gregory the Great: On the Song of Songs, CS244, Clure, Bertram Colgrave, Roger Collins (editors, trans- (Collegeville, MN, 2012) lators, contributors) (1999). The Ecclesiastical History of the English People: The Greater Chronicle ; Bede’s Letter to Egbert. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192838667. 12.3 Secondary literature

[81] Gregory the Great. The Letters of Gregory the Great. • Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization of the Trans. John R. C. Martyn. 3 vols. (2004). Book VI, Middle Ages. New York: Harper. Epistle XII. • Cavadini, John, ed. (1995). Gregory the Great: [82] Richards pg 232 A Symposium. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. [83] Pope Gregory I, Moralia, sive Expositio in Job, published by Nicolaus Kessler Basel, 1496. • Dudden, Frederick H. (1905). Gregory the Great. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. OCLC [84] Theories of Art: From to Winckelmann 502650100.

[85] Champ, Judith (2000). The English Pilgrimage to Rome: • Ekonomou, Andrew J. 2007. Byzantine Rome and A Dwelling for the Soul. Gracewing Publishing. pp. ix. the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the ISBN 9780852443736. papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752. Lexington Books. [86] A monk or at Whitby A.D. 713; Julia Bolton Hol- loway, ed. (1997–2008). “The Earliest Life of St. Gre- • Gardner, Edmund G. (editor) (1911. Reprinted gory the great”. Julia Bolton Holloway. Retrieved 2008- 08-10. 2010). The Dialogues of Saint Gregory the Great. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN [87] Richards pg 260 978-1-889758-94-7. Check date values in: |date= (help) [88] Sacrosanctum Concilium, 108–111 • Richards, Jeffrey (1980). Consul of God. London: [89] Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana Routelege & Keatland Paul. 1969), pp. 100 and 118 • Straw, Carole E. (1988). Gregory the Great: Perfec- tion in Imperfection. Berkeley: University of Cali- fornia Press. 12 Bibliography • Leyser, Conrad (2000). Authority and Asceticism from Augustine to Gregory the Great. Oxford: 12.1 Modern editions Clarendon Press.

• Homilae in Hiezechihelem prophetam, ed Marcus • Markus, R.A. (1997). Gregory the Great and His Adriaen, CCSL 142, (Turnhout: Brepols, 1971) World. Cambridge: University Press. 12 14 NOTES

• Ricci, Cristina (2002). Mysterium dispensatio- nis. Tracce di una teologia della storia in Gregorio Magno. Rome: Centro Studi S. Anselmo. (Italian). Studia Anselmiana, volume 135. • Thornton, Father James (2006). Made Perfect in Faith. Etna, California, USA: Center for Tradition- alist Orthodox Studies. ISBN 0-911165-60-6.

13 External links

• “Documenta Catholica Omnia: Gregorius I Mag- nus”. Cooperatorum Veritatis Societas. 2006. Re- trieved 2008-08-10. (Latin). Index of 70 download- able .pdf files containing the texts of Gregory I. • “Complete English translation of Gregory’s Moralia in Job.”. . Found on the website: Lectionary Cen- tral.

• Gregory the Great (2007). “Homiliae in Ezechielem I-XXII”. Codices Electronici Sangallenses: Codex 211 (in mediaeval Latin written in Carolingian mi- nuscule). Stiftsbibliothek St.Gallen. Retrieved 2008-08-10. Photographic images of a manuscript copied about 850–875 AD.

• “St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome”. Orthodox Church in America. Retrieved 2008-08- 10. Orthodox and synaxarion. • Women’s Biography: Barbara and Antonina, con- tains two of his letters. • St. Gregory engraved by Anton Wierix from the De Verda Collection • Saint Gregory the Great at the Christian Iconogra- phy web site

• Of St. Gregory the Pope from Caxon’s translation of the Golden Legend

14 Notes

[1] and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the 13

15 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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15.2 Images • File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:Campin-mass-of-saint-gregory-1440.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/ Campin-mass-of-saint-gregory-1440.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Aiwaz.net Original artist: Robert Campin (1375/1379– 1444) • File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54; Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • File:Coat of arms Holy See.svg Original artist: Cronholm144 created this image using a file by User:Hautala - File:Emblem of State.svg, who had created his file using PD art from Open Clip Art Library and uploaded on 13 July 2006. User talk:F l a n k e r uploaded this version on 19 January 2007. 14 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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