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Experienced manufacturing We put all of our energy companies working together to help power the wind turbine industry. into helping you make With unique expertise in a number of categories, we provide innovative solutions to solve various challenges. It’s an offering that’s making the the most of yours. ITW WindGroup a strong force in the wind energy market. Visit us at booth #208 at AWEA Offshore 2014 www.itwwind.com | [email protected] The Products of ITW WindGroup Structural Adhesives & Repair Compounds • Vacuum Bag Tapes Threadlockers • Tapes • Sealants • Mold Release • On & Offshore Grouting Systems • Testing Equipment Tower & Blade Coatings • Equipment Chocking Systems • Electrical Potting & Encapsulants • Protective Coatings • Gaskets & Seam Sealants • Greases, Oils & Lubricants • Anti-Slip & Safety Coatings SOLARPOWER SOLAR POWER Welcome by Managing Editor Kathie Zipp ..........7 Introduction from Associate Editor Steven Bushong .........................................................97 Solar Basics .................................................................98 WINDPOWER Top Solar Projects .....................................................104 Solar Silicon and Thin-Film Models .......................108 Solar Hot Water Models ...........................................158 Integrated Solar Panel Models ..............................160 Solar Inverter Models................................................170 WIND POWER Solar Racking & Mounting Models ........................214 Welcome by Managing Editor Kathie Zipp ..........7 1 Solar Generation Technologies Introduction from Editors Paul Dvorak and Nic (Concentrated, Thermal, Thin-Film, Abraham ......................................................................9 Polycrystalline, Monocrystalline) ..................240 Wind Basics .................................................................10 2 Inverters ...........................................................244 Top Wind Projects .....................................................16 2.1 Microinverters .............................................248 Components of a Wind Turbine .............................24 2.2 String Inverters ...........................................252 1 Turbine Manufacturing ................................26 2.3 Central Inverters ........................................256 2 Turbine Components (Bearings, Brakes, 2.4 Off-Grid Inverters ......................................259 Generators, Hydraulics, Seals, Towers) ......28 3 Power Optimizers ..........................................262 2.1 Blades .......................................................34 4 Racking & Mounting (Ground, Pole, 2.2 Bolting .....................................................36 Roof, Utility) ......................................................264 2.3 Cables .......................................................40 4.1 Carports .....................................................276 2.4 Composites .............................................44 4.2 Extruded Frames ......................................281 2.5 Gears & Gearboxes ................................46 4.3 Trackers .....................................................282 2.6 Coupling & Torque Limiters .................49 5 Electrical Components (Combiner Boxes, 2.7 Slip Rings ..................................................50 Encoders, Gearboxes, Pyranometers, 3 Electrical Equipment ..................................54 Switchgear, Transformers).............................284 3.1 Encoders ..................................................56 5.1 Motors & Drives ........................................289 4 Measurement & Assessment ......................58 5.2 Networking ...............................................291 5 Financing ........................................................61 5.3 Solar Charge Controllers .......................293 6 Logistics & Ports ...........................................62 6 System Components (Adhesives, Busbars, 7 Construction & Installation ........................66 Cables, Clamps, Connectors, Tubing) ........294 8 Fall Protection ...............................................68 7 Batteries & Storage ........................................298 9 Fire Suppression ...........................................70 7.1 Enclosures ..................................................302 10 Obstruction Lighting .................................74 8 Software ..........................................................304 11 Operations & Maintenance ......................76 9 Distribution .....................................................306 11.1 Condition Monitoring ..........................80 10 Financing .......................................................308 11.2 Filters .......................................................82 11 Construction & Installation .......................310 11.3 Lubricants...............................................88 12 Engineering Services ...................................314 12 Project Services (Consulting, 13 Operations & Maintenance ........................316 Independent Service Providers, 14 Project Services (Consulting, Insurance, Insurance, Legal) ..........................................92 Legal) .................................................................318 Ad Index ......................................................................320 Ad Index ......................................................................320 Cover/header photos: istockphoto.com 2 WINDPOWER ENGINEERING & DEVELOPMENT www.windpowerengineering.com IT TAKES EXPERTISE TO STAY AHEAD IN RENEWABLE ENERGY. Get proactive insight, market-focused advice and guidance from a nationally recognized leader—insights that help developers, lenders and investors achieve their objectives in renewable energy. Find out what CohnReznick thinks at CohnReznick.com/re. Forward Thinking Creates Results. Joe Torre 2014 National Baseball Hall of Fame Inductee cohnreznick.com/re CohnReznick is an independent member of Nexia International 5FDIOPMPHZŔ%FWFMPQNFOUŔ*OTUBMMBUJPO Follow the whole team on twitter @SolarPowerWorld EDITORIAL STAFF EDITORIAL NEW MEDIA/WEB/ MARKETING BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT Managing Editor Marketing Manager Web Development Manager Kathie Zipp Stacy Combest [email protected] B. David Miyares [email protected] [email protected] @SolarKathieZ @wtwh_stacy @wtwh_webdave @SolarPowerWorld Marketing Coordinator Web Development Specialist Associate Editor Carli Evilsizer Patrick Amigo Steven Bushong [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] @wtwh_carli @amigo_patrick @Solar2Steven @SolarPowerWorld Marketing Coordinator Nicole Loepp Integrated Media Specialist Executive Editor [email protected] John Hansel Leland Teschler @wtwh_nicole [email protected] [email protected] @wtwh_jhansel @DW_LeeTeschler Social Media Specialist Jen Kolasky Video Coordinator Assistant Editor [email protected] Joshua Jones Michelle DiFrangia @wtwh_jen [email protected] [email protected] @wtwh_josh @wtwh_michelle Media And Events Coordinator Heather Centorbi [email protected] Business Development Director, Creative Services @wtwh_heather Manager Mark Rook [email protected] Patrick Curran [email protected] @wtwh_graphics @wtwhseopatrick Graphic Designer Online Coordinator Matthew Claney [email protected] Jennifer Calhoon [email protected] @wtwh_designer 2014 Winner @wtwh_jennifer Graphic Designer Margaret Schneider [email protected] Accounting 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 @wtwh_meg Becky Sagadevan 866.930.1640 [email protected] Traffic Manager Mary Heideloff [email protected] Director, Audience Development Bruce Sprague [email protected] Crain’s Cleveland Business Fast 50 2014 WTWH Media, LLC 6555 Carnegie Avenue, Suite 300, Cleveland, OH 44103 Ph: 888.543.2447 • Fax: 888.543.2447 See us at SPI Booth #2221 SOLAR POWER WORLD does not pass judgment on subjects of controversy nor enter into disputes with or between any individuals or organizations. SOLAR POWER WORLD is also an independent forum for the expression of opinions relevant to industry issues. Letters to the editor and by-lined articles express the views of the author and not necessarily of the publisher or publication. Every effort is made to provide accurate information. However, the publisher assumes no responsibility for accuracy of submitted advertising and editorial information. Non-commissioned articles and news releases cannot be acknowledged. Unsolicited materials cannot be returned