TABLE OF CONTENTS .
LECTURE
oe i n 1 600 p ,
T he Poli c of H en r f Fran c . o e II y y IV ,
’ T h e ea s War : T ot he ea of Gust avus III . Thirty Y r D th
- Adol hus d a U) QMHm’ Pt p m ?) ulm
T h e Poli c of el eu IV . y Rich i ,
’ T h e ea s War Fom 1 6 t o1 6 8 V . Thirty Y r r 3? 4 , T he e a es of Wes al a VI . Tr ti tph i ,
T h o e an d t he ea of t he e ees II . e V Fr nd Tr ty Pyr n ,
l f h 1 h n u o i n t h M dd e ot e t Ce . an e III . u e e V E r p i 7 t ry I Fr c ,
i n he M d le of he 1 t h en u 2 T h m u oe t t C . e IX . E r p id 7 t ry E e t h e ouse of Au s a an d t he e ma es pir , H tri G r n Princ ,
1 h u oe i n t h e M le of t he t h Cen u : . T e X . E r p idd 7 t ry 3
e e l a s N th r nd ,
e i n t he M dl e of t h e 1 t h Ce u w u o : . S e XI . E r p id 7 nt ry 4 d en an d e ma D n rk ,
h le f t h 1 t h e u u oe i n t e M d o e C : . uss a XII . E r p id 7 nt ry 5 R i
an d ol a d P n ,
u e i n t he M d d le of t h 1 t h e u T h t o e C 6 . e O XI I I . E r p i 7 nt ry
oma u ks t n T r ,
i n he M dl f h 1 h u l u oe t e ot e t C e : . a I . X V E r p id 7 nt ry 7 It y ,
uroe i n t h e M d le of t he 1 t h e u : 8 a XV . E p i d 7 C nt ry . Sp in u l an d o a . P rt g ,
a un d e ou n d ol T t he v . e s a C b e o e oa XVI Fr nc r L i XIV , rt R c o of t h e of a es 1 68 ti n Edict N nt , 5,
T h e oe ol of ou s T ot h e a es f XVII . F r ign P icy L i XIV Tre ti o ( hi/M ea 1 6 8 W W r 7 ,
us s u de h l . a t e ea e o XVI II Pr i n r Gr t E ct r,
T he ore ol f XIX . F ign P icy oLouis XIV T ot he Treati es of sw 1 6 Ry ick , 97 , T he S e e of en a b t h e u k s 1 68 : ola un i g Vi n y T r , 3 P nd d er o So es J hn bi ki ,
uss a u n e e e t he ea R i d r P t r Gr t ,
C a les of Sw e e n h r XII d ,
T he War of t he S an s Su ess o p i h cc i n ,
T he e a es of e Tr ti Utr cht ,
e ma Q1 1 G r ny 7 5,
T he Sou e n Cou es of u oe £ 1 1 th r ntri E r p 3 7 5,
T h e Papacy i n t he i 7 t h C entury T h e J esuit s an d t h e
a s en s s J n i t ,
T he l ast y ears of t h e R eign of Louis XIV France i n I 1 7 5,
e a u e a n d loso i n t he 1 t h Ce u Lit r t r Phi phy 7 nt ry ,
Art a n d Sci en c e i n t h e 1 7t h Century
APPENDICES
i h l f f m 1 600 1 1 Th a T e u e s o u e o t o . e e . R r E rop r 7 4 Gr t owe s P r .
h ule s f u f m 1 600 t 1 1 T he esse T e R r oE rop e ro o7 4 . L r e s Pow r .
h ul s f f m 1 600 t 1 1 T he al a T e R er oEurop e ro o7 4 . It i n
v e s Soer ign .
ule f f 1 1 T he e ma T he R rs oEurop e rom 1 600 t o7 4 . G r n l E ectors .
Genealogical Tabl e representing t h e rel ationship of t he l ma s h c ai nt t ot e Spanish Su ccession .
MOD R N U R OP AN H I T R Y E E E S O .
L E C T U R E I .
1 600 EUROPE IN .
_ / T he first half of t he 1 7th cen t ury 7n i ai ked by t he same “ r
a a e as t he a a f of t he 1 6 but t he a e ch r ct ristics l st h l th , first tr c s of t he e u ea e e a e t he ea e mod rn E rop n syst m , st blish d by Tr ti s of e a a an d t he e ee b e ee t he W stph li Pyr n s , to s n in policy
u ue e I V of a e an d a a e eu p rs d by H nry Fr nc C rdin l Rich li . T he period covered by t he 1 6th an d first half of t he 1 7th
e u a e of a f t he fe e ea e c nt ry p riod tr nsition , rom rm nt cr t d by t he ef a t he ve of t he N ew o an d of R orm tion , disco ry W rld t he e sea u e a t he e of et c dir ct ro t to Asi , inv ntion printing , . , to t he settled system which lasted from t he Treaties of West phalia to t he French Revolution T he characteristic features of this transition p eriod are t he
a of e W rs R ligion . Causes of t he Wars of Religion t he earn estn ess impart ed by t he Reformation supplem ented by t he work of t he Counter Reformation : so that w ar an d persecution came to b e con si d ered a religious duty religious intolerance among earn est men a e t he u u u u u of a m tch d by nscr p lo s cond ct politici ns . During t he Wars of Religion t he sense of Nation al Unity
e a be fe e e e u e a e b g n to lt , binding p opl s by th ir co ntri s r th r than their faiths : in this way t he Wars of Religion help ed
o off t he u e of feu a t throw b rd n d lism . Different effects of t he Wars of Religion in different coun
1 t h e a 2 a e e . e e e tri s , . g , ( ) in N th rl nds , ( ) in Fr nc , (3 ) in
a Germ ny . Tendency toward strong government an d standing armies to avert t he horrors of religious an d civil wars : France b e i n g t he first country to ob ey this tendency becom es t he most important nation in Europe during t he first half of t he 1 7th century
e e t he a i a i e e e u e e a e Wh r n t on l sp rit d v lop d , co ntri s b c m
i n e of e u n er a ffe e e e ra e strong spit r ligio s i t n l di r nc s , . g . , F nc ,
a t he e o e Engl nd , Unit d Pr vinc s . Relative position of t he powers of Europe to each other 1 600 in . T he condition of G ermany unsatisfactory settlem ent made
' of t he religi ous question by t he P eace of Augsburg t he pretensions an d actual strength of t he Holy Rom an Empire t he e e an d e of t he e er a of fur e l ctors , princ s Empir c t inty th r
e u w ar e a r ligio s in G rm ny . T he Papacy its increased spiritual strength from t he
u e - ef a an d t he e of t he e u Co nt r R orm tion ris J s its .
t he ea 1 600 u e u war e e a In y r , tho gh r ligio s imp nds in G rm ny
e a a a at e e e owing to G rm n conditions , it is pr ctic lly its clos ls
e e for e I V has u ue t he of a e wh r , H nry j st iss d Edict N nt s ,
of a u ea an d abe of a Philip II Sp in is j st d d , Eliz th Engl nd
at t he er en d of her is v y reign .
L E C T U R E I I .
C I V OF A TH E POLI Y OF HENRY FR N CE .
l T he ha a e an d ea a ee of e V al “ 1532? c r ct r rly c r r H nry I . “ ar t he e u a F a e His p t in R ligio s W rs in r nc . H e claims t he throne on t he death of H enry III an d u e as u ue ea e a a t he a str ggl s H g not l d r g inst C tholics . H e adopts t he Catholic religion an d b ecom es a
a a n tion l king .
“ 3
H e ue t he of a e 1 an iss s Edict N nt s ( 3 April , d thus
aci fi es t he u ue : e of t he p H g nots t rms Edict .
war of a u e t he a His with Philip II Sp in , concl d d by Tre ty of e 2 Ma V rvins ( y ,
T he e a o of e as e out t he int rn l p licy H nry IV , work d by Due d ll e Su . 5 y , 7 1 1 560 ( Cc : L 1 L K ) ( ,
’
z . a u e e t u e t he u hu His bsol tism in gov rnm n , j stifi d by t r
e e an d a of a of t he e as l nc w nt p triotism nobl s , shown in t he League : execution of Biron (3 1 u J ly ,
i i a s a e ef r His dmini tr tiv r o ms .
1 21 u a ef : a e ea t he a e e . His j dici l r orms m k s s ts in P rl m nts
e e a h r dit ry .
a a ef His fin nci l r orms .
His advancem ent of t he material prosperity of his p eople
a . e u a a u u e by nco r ging gric lt r .
b u e a u . by nd rt king p blic works .
c a a f . . e u a u e by st blishing m n ct r s .
d e e e 3’ . by r viving comm rc .
vi e e a - a a an d emi . His int r st in tr ns Atl ntic explor tion grat i on : foundation of Annapolis of Q uebec
T he foreign policy of Henry IV : t he Great D esign
t he ue of au e q stion its th nticity . Assassination of H enry I V at Paris by Francois R avai llac
1 Ma ( 4 y , Effect of t he sudden death of t he King on France an d on
u e E rop .
Aut hori t i es T he mos t rec en t SM ALL BOO K on t he life of H en ry IV h a s se e a i llert i n he e es of t e o s . i s a o b P . W t o bi gr phy y F . H r N ti n ri
‘ ‘ oun t s 0f ~ h i s r e i n l v hi st ori es of rn odern uroe b ~ . smal M g i n t he. E p y
m — ~ but i rot . ui t e 4 1 a T h bes A U T OR I t. da e W q p t o t e. t SECONDARY H 'P n es i I are Poi rson s oe d u ré n e d e e vols. é fre s L T ES , Hi t ir g H nri IV , 4 N , mariages es p agnols sous l e régn e d e H enri IV et la régence d e M ari e fl ’ ’ d e M e c s an d L Egli se et l Et at en F a ce s ous l e eg n e d e e 3 di i r n r H nri m ' / 2, IV et la régence d e M arie H einrich I V un d Philipp I U eu i les Su ss es et l a au e r V , i H t O f al e e ova o d u all a sme It i , r n ti n g ic ni w i m i l 2 ls n a r en ri é e S é c e vo . r , fi é n
' ' ’ IV et l a princ esse d e Condé an d W fi H en ri I V Et l Egli se ca t -ho ga “ ” li que ; see alsot he essavs on La Frarfée sous H enri IV i n H an o e “ t oux u es s oi ues s ur l e XV I et l e : si é cle a n d on , Et d Hi t r q XVI I , ‘ f ' R avai ll ac et ses om l es i n L ozsoleur ues os s o ues d u c p ic , Q ti n hi t riq I e i l 6 f s a es fran i s X I as ll as l . a o e a es b V s éc e w e V o . L , i , ch p Fin nc g , y t he ar n / o e e s f omt h e M O B odoN amo. Sh rt xc rpt r PRI ARY AUTH RITIES ar l m i n h Zeller e t ob e fou i n ee vou es t e se es e e b B . nd thr ri dit d y ,
e I et Sull e I et on a n d La Fi n d e e . T he H nri V y , H nri V Bir , H nri IV chie f PRI M ARY AUTH O RI TIES are t he various collection s of t h e l ett ers of e y n l ud the e es M ss ves b er er doXi w ' e 3 fol I B m _ H nr V , i c ing L ttr i i y g y ,
' h e: rr s nd an a v Maurce l e ava d b d t Co e o e e S e . o p c c_ i nt , y
’ omm l n s l a es vols h fi : R e Be oi t oe d e e d e . t e s ee , , Hi t ir dit N nt , 5 , r t thr
' of ea n mn t he ou al j , J rn of Basso
‘ of Sull w t h e e en sms b P szfor i n t he e vue s o ue y , ith r c t critici y fi R Hi t riq , ls vo. 6 54 , 55, 5 .
L E C T U R E I I I .
THE THIRTY YE ARS’ WAR TO THE DEATH OF S A S A GU T VU DOLPHUS.
T he approach of ren ewed religious war in Germany changes in Germ an conditions since t he Peace of Augsburg political effect of t he R eformation : secularization
of e e a a e a e ccl si stic l st t s .
T he Spread of Calvinism t he Ecclesiastical R eservation
h - f a t e Counter R e orm tion . Forewarnings of t he war (1 ) t he case of t he Elector of
' Cologne (1 584 ) (2 ) t he case of the c ity of Aachen (Aix la a e e 1 8 t he a e Of t he of au Ch p ll ) , ( 5 9 ) (3 ) c s town Don werth Formation of t he Protestant Union an d of t he Catholic League T he Emperor an d his political position in Germany t he
ee la e e a e u a o an d t he e thr y l ctors , Br nd nb rg , S x ny , El ctor
a a e t he ee e e a a e e a e e e P l tin thr ccl si stic l l ctors M y nc , Cologn
d h f a a a an Treves : t e Duke o B v ri . T he Emp eror as h ead of t he House of H apsburg : his
i n e a u a an d u a : t he e position Boh mi , A stri H ng ry Emp rors
u f an d a a R dol II , M tthi s .
T he succession to Juliers - Cleves an d interference of I of a an d he u e V e t . H nry Fr nc , D tch
’ T he outbreak of t he Thirty Years War : t he throwing f t he o at a ue 2 Ma a e o rom wind ws Pr g ( 3 y , cc ssi n of t he Emperor Ferdinand II an d election of t he Elector Palatin e as King of Bohemia (1 6 1 9 ) t he battle of t he White
8 an d u a of t he a a e u a . a Mo nt in ( Nov , occ p tion P l tin t by Spain : Maximilian of Bavaria made Elector (1 6 2 3 ) " . ’ i - triumph of t he Catholic Leaguen f i f kg e ve o of a of e a Int r nti n Christi n IV , King D nm rk t ot he ai d of t he Protestants Wallenstein at t he head of t he ’ Emp eror s army t he siege of alsun d Christian I V makes
ea e at ii b eck 2 2 Ma 1 6 p c L ( y , H eight of t he Catholic success : t he Emp eror Ferdinand
ue t he of e u 6 a e of iss s Edict R stit tion ( M rch , Di t Ratisbon
u t avus u of e e e e e ue G s Adolph s , King Sw d n , com s to . th r sc of Protestantism : he conquers Pomerani a (1 6 30 ) t he sack of a e u Ma 1 6 1 a e u an d M gd b rg by Tilly ( y , 3 ) Br nd nb rg S axony j oin Gustavus Adolphus : t he b attl e of Breitenfeld
e 1 e t 1 6 1 u a u o ue a a a an d or L ipzig ( 7 S p , 3 ) G st v s c nq rs B v ri takes Munich Gustavus face t oface with Wallenstein u a u u e at t he a e of u e 1 6 G st v s Adolph s kill d b ttl L tz n ( Nov . ,
T he charact er of Gustavus Adolphus his military genius t he Swedish nation an d army his political schemes t he startling changes caused by his i ntervention in t he Thirty
’ ea War an d ea Y rs , his d th .
a a of a e e 2 Feb 1 6 a a Ass ssin tion W ll nst in ( 5 . , 34 ) his ch r c
t er an d a a politic l ims .
‘ ’ of t he ea e e of he T hi r ea ar End rn st p riod t t y Y rs W .
Aut hori t i es : Of M O K i n l s Gardi n er T h e S. R . S ALL B O S Eng i h , , ’ a s War an d l f f ol u s e C. R . L . F et cher e oGus avus A Thirty Y r , , Li t d ph
oes of t h e a os ma b e e omme ed I n n h i c e . e m H r N ti n y r c nd Fr c , A ,
ver zat s oe d e la ue e d e e e an s 2 vols i s ea a l e an d i n , Hi t ir g rr Tr nt , , r d b , e ma Wi n t er Ges e d es d re1 ss1 ahr1 en i e es T he est SEC G r n , chicht gj g Kr g b ’ O N D A R Y R ased on o n al d oume s i s n t on Gi n oel Ge HISTO Y , b rigi c nt , A y ,
s e (l es d rei ssi ahri en e es ols f a oul a an d v . O w chicht gj g Kri g , 5 , . hich p p r om esse e d o has ee an sl a e n o n l s b A T en rook c pr d iti n b n tr t d i t E g i h y . B ;
b ut Schi ller es e d es d rei ssi ah ri e n K e es 1 s s ll e a as a , G chicht gj g ri g ti r d ‘ e ma l ass mon moe s e al oul n l . a oos s b e n ot ed fi i de G r n c ic g r p ci b k h d y , o l u n Z i t 2 ls fl or/ u of d se e e vo . D er U rs ru ( 15m) R d I I in l p hri en Kri e es — f1 fi r t r é hi h Ka a 2 . e G esc c t e j g g , _ M ; , 1 1 4 M M W * M Ft O el D er N i ed e rsachsi ch D an i sch e M p , W t/lo m fa ; s e w a e se n es ers e Ge n e ral at 2 vol t in hr nd i t n s, ' A dol f G r orer us av A l KOn i von Sc h ti se e Ze ; f , G t do g nd in it , H a t e s o of s avn s A ol us 2 ol s i n cen t /za v . V C 3 r , Hi t ry G t d ph , " p man s o of us a vus Ad ol us an d of t he ea s Wa r 2 , Hi t ry G t ph Thirty Y r , 7 u ls Bn/zr i n e n ed us a A lf u n d a il r vo. G v o o K A M lle ; g , V ig , t d R h n 3 . , Kurfii rst oh a eo d er s e Ran ke es e Walle s e n s C , J nn G rg Er t ; , G chicht n t i ; a0 Forst er Wallen s e n als el e un d L an d esfi rs t ; Von a n /ab Wal , t i F dh rr i f , g ’ l e n st ei n ‘H i ld ebr a n d Wallen s e u n se e e un e mi t ; , t inm d , in V rbind g n ’ d en S we e H allwi en malle11 st ei 1 1 s n e an d es al e an s ch d n ; , E d G t t n _ ’ Walle s e n s La e and Vi ller mon t ll ou laGu e e d e T e e n t i g r? , Ti y rr r nt n s mon M n l A . A osu A beli n ea um g PRI ARY AUTHORITIES c t , Th tr 'i r m l s an d A ma ue l u oaeu 2 vo. a vos L ot t r i ed E S . . G p , , r cic , 4 f , * Fort eset z e h s os e C o k L ot i cl1 i n s e um e ma a g i t ri ch hr nic ; , R r G r nic
' r um sub M a a Fe rd i n an di s et i m erat ori bus est aru m tthi , II III p g l Kb even ni ller An n ales Ferd i n an d i 1 2 l r h li n e vos . B ae e s ibri 55 ; , , , , W Historia sui t empori s ; R zecz us D e bellis German i c i s libri x 7; K0
' n s f A ol fs kri ft r ed b t [ 7n i a un u a S e . S e r er D e e g G t II d , y yfi , , V rb nd l u n ge n Schwed e n s u n d seiner V erb ii n d et en mi t Wallenstein un d d em ' ’ ’ l F t r n d lle n f ll n n a se vos . ors e s a o e o os o Wa e st ei s et K i r, 3 th r c cti L
' e s M Ri t t er efe un d A t e z ur Ges e d es D rei ssi ahri en t r , Bri k n chicht gj g e es i n d en Ze e d es V orwalt en d en Ei n fl usses d er W el sb a e Kri g it n itt ch r, l an di n r s an d o oumen l d S. . Gar e e e e s l us a vos . R n 5 , , L tt r th r D c t i tr ti g t he rel ations b etween England an d Germany at t he Commenc ement ’ of t he ea s War Cam e Soe Thirty Y r ( d n ci ty ,
C L E T U R E I V .
THE POLI CY OF RI CH ELI EU .
T he governm ent of Fran ce from t he death of H en ry IV (1 6 1 0 ) to t he ministry of Richeli eu (1 6 2 4 ) a period of court
‘ ue of ea e of t he e a au an d of a intrig s , w kn ss c ntr l thority , v cil a f e i l ting or ign pol cy .
“ T h of a e d e e t he a e of her e Regency M ri M dicis in n m son ,
‘ Louis XIII — 1 6 1 7 ) her favourites : t he on e event of
a e t he a . a a e ou a import nc Sp nish m rri g s , L is XIII m rrying
e au e of of a an d t he e t he Ann , d ght r Philip III Sp in , h ir to
a e a a e e of u I Sp nish thron m rrying Eliz b th , sist r Lo is XII
’ 1 6 1 2 u e of a a d A-n cre 2 ( ) m rd r Concini , M réch l ( 4 April ,
T he a e - en e a he d 1 6 1 : a was w a St t s G r l l in 4 wh t it , h t it
a e e an d fa e might h v don how it il d .
‘ T he e e of t he fa u e t he Duc d e u e gov rnm nt vo rit , L yn s (1 6 1 7 t he escap e of Marie d e M edicis from Blois (1 6 1 9 ) t he struggle between mother an d son attack com men ced on t he political power of t he Huguenots capt ure of ’ ea d An él 1 6 2 1 ea of e e 1 6 2 St . J n g y ( ) Tr ty Montp lli r ( 3 )
e eu o e 1 8 of u 1 6 Rich li (b rn 5 S pt . , 5 5 Bishop L gon , April , a f f 1 60 a e . e e e e o 7 ; C rdin l , 5 S pt , b com s chi minist r
a e 1 i 1 6 2 hi s ea a ee 1 his ha a e Fr nc ( 9 Apr l , 4 ) rly c r r c r ct r
a a his politic l ims . ’ Richelieu s policy
i a h - . To m ke t e crown of France all powerful by over
o t he : t he a Of a c ming nobility conspir cy G ston ,
’ u e of ea t he e 1 6 2 6 t he D k Orl ns , King s broth r ( ) edict against duelling an d execution of Mon t mo “ ” ren cy - Boutteville t he D ay of Dupes
1 1 N o 1 6 0 an d m e an d e f v . e o ( , 3 ) i prisonm nt xil
a e d e e : t he e e u a o M ri M dicis xil s , incl ding G st n
of ea ee t he e of oa e an d a Orl ns , s k h lp L rr in Sp in
e e of 0 1 6 2 t h u e . e x c tion Montmor ncy (3 Oct , 3 )
of t he uee e of u a : her e a plots q n , Ann A stri r l tions with t he Duke of Buckingham : birth of
t he au e 1 6 8 t he a of D phin (5 S pt . , 3 ) conspir cy
a : e e u 1 2 e Cinq M rs his x c tion ( S pt . ,
i i T ou e t he fo e of a e e t he o . nit rc Fr nc by d stroying p li t i cal power of t he Huguenots : t he rights pos sessed by t he Huguenots under t he Edict of:~ Nantes th eir unpatriotic spirit a remnant of t he ideas of t he 1 6th century t he civil w ar of 1 6 2 5 2 6 : t he siege of La Roch elle (1 62 7 h elp sent to t he Huguenots by England : t he capture
of a e 2 8 h a f e . t e e e o L Roch ll ( Oct , P c
a 2 8 u e a t he u ue o Al is ( J n , gr nting H g n ts
e ou e but e e a r ligi s lib rty , d stroying th ir politic l
e e e e ind p nd nc .
i i i e t he e of t he u e of a u . To ov rthrow pow r Ho s H psb rg
’ “ Richelieu s adoption of part of t he Grand D e sign his endeavours to assist t he Protestant
oe an d t ocut t he u a e ee p w rs , comm nic tion b tw n Germany an d Spain : m arriage of Charles I of
a e e a a a 1 Ma t he Engl nd with H nri tt M ri ( y , first w ar in Italy (1 6 2 4 t he V alt elli n e re stored to t he Grisons : t he second war in Italy
1 6 2 8 — 0 a a a t he e an d a 3 ) g inst Sp in , Empir S voy Rich elieu in t he field : Richelieu takes Pi gn erol
a an d ea of e a re (M rch , by Tr ty Ch r sco
e a e t he u e of a ua 6 1 6 1 st blish s D k M nt ( April , 3 ) Richeli eu supports t he Prot estant Neth erlands
— 9 .
Rich eli eu an d t he G erman Protestants he sends Pere Joseph to t he Diet of Ratisbon (1 630 ) h e induces Gustavus Adolphus to enter Germany his relations with Sweden : France interven es in ’ t he Thirty Years War
l D ec fo e of ea of e eu . a D th Rich i (4 , llow d by th t
u 1 Ma 1 6 t he e a e ee e ef Lo is XIII ( 4 y , 4 3 ) r l tions b tw n th m
’ fect of Richelieu s policy on t he French monarchy an d t h e
f u oe position o France in E r p .
Aut hori t i es T he W es si ble S M ALL BO O l u n l mon Br i d es a e u n e e e a d Co e . A E g , Fr nc d r Rich i b rt g S CONDARY . m n s on sul P rki n a W O fou n e on ou e . B . e s e u e RKS , d d d c t , c t f , Fr nc nd r
l n Maz ari n Per r n s w o s ed u e e u e e eu a d X e L B . Rich i , rk cit nd r ct r II , ’ * Zeller a m n o d c Lou s Eii n és R i cli é , L i rité i y , l eu et les m n s es d e ou s X I I I ¥P n ol Lou s et le Bé arn i i i tr L i , y i XIII ,
n s us u s v ls P i ot s s Baz i s oe d e a e o o o. c oe d e , Hi t ir Fr nc L i XIII,4 , Hi t ir
’ ’ l or es d A veml R i ch eli eu e t l a M n a t a s n a u vos . Ge o e E t Gé ér x 4 . 5, g e rchi l Toi n ou s et el eu H on ssa a a solue vos . L e L e C d a l b , 4 , p , i XIII Rich i , y , r in ’ d e Bé rulle et l e C a d al d e R i cheli e u ' Geor esd A ven el L a eu 1 1 eSs e r in , g , J d e el eu e vu e d es ues on s s o ues W i d e Rich i (R Q ti hi t riq , l Le D uc d e oan e t l es oes an s sous Lou s X t he Vi comt e R h Pr t t t i III ,
’ d e flf ea n x La fome et l a ol ue a a se é i i u oe 2 , Ré r P itiq Fr nc i E r p ,
- F n i l l s on r - s l1 i n t h e ls G . a ez art c e - e e o vo. e , g , P J p
i ‘ v 2 8 a d i n t hew R e vue a de s ' uest i on s g lsk z i j 7 p , 35, n Q ' a n d a ove all t he fi rs volume all et u l s e con t ami n i h e b té ( y p b i h d) g . l t es Gabr i el H a n ot aux s oe d u , Hi t ir
a al d e l eu T he ea M I i s t h ll C rdin Riche i . gr t PRI ARY AUTHOR TY e coec ’ on of e es n s u on s loma ues et a e s d t at of h e ti L ttr , i tr cti dip tiq p pi r E Ric
’ l eu e e b Geor es d A ven el Colle on d es ou me s n d s i , dit d y g , ( cti D c nt i é it ’ hi m i n h am ll 8 w s M a es d t at t e s e oe o a n d hi s Me ith xi E c cti n , ° moi re s see al sot he M moes of Rohan Omer T a lon M on t /at f; é ir , . g ,
‘ ’ ’ r n n M athi eu Mole M ada me d e fil ot t evi lle D E t r B i e e, , , s ees a n d
Fon t en a - Ma reui l t he Co es o an e of Ca rd i n a l d e Son rd i s an d y , rr p nd c , a r F n i s t he M erc e ra eo. - L E C T U R E V .
’ 2 1 6 8 THE TH I RTY YE AR S WAR : F R OM 1 63 TO 4 .
Change in t he character of t he w ar after t he death of Gus tavus Adolphus t he religious pretexts recede n ational an d personal a mbitions make Germany their fi eld t he mercen ary u u troops become more n mero s .
’ Wallenstein s army brought directly under t he Emperor
Bernard of Saxe - Weimar comes to t he front : t he Swedish
an d t he o of a e xen st i ern armies p licy Ch nc llor O .
T h a of N Ordli n en an d 6 e 1 6 i m e e . b ttl g (5 S pt , 34 ) its portant results victorious posi tion of t he Emperor an d t he Catholics t he Elector of Saxony m akes peace with t he Em
eror at a ue 0 Ma 1 6 t he a of Oxen st i ern p Pr g 3 y , 35) pl ns i f t he Swedes could have been pacified an d t he French had
’ e e e t he ea War ave e e not int rv n d , Thirty Y rs might h nd d . T he intervention of Rich elieu : he occupies Lorrain e : he receives Alsace from t he German Protestant princes for
ai d N ov he u a e e a of a a e . e ctiv ( , p rch s s B rn rd S x
d a h a e a an . e n a a e W im r his rmy (Oct , signs lli nc
Oxen st i ern r 1 6 he a ea t he with (Ap il , 35) signs tr ty with
u a e a e e e t he ea of a e a of t he D tch , m d ppr h nsiv by d th Is b ll
e b of t he a i a for t he v of t he Ga n igh orhood Sp n rds , di ision tho
e e a 8 eb 1 6 h a h . e e e t e lic N th rl nds ( F , 35) n goti t s with
an d t he u e of av a ua an d a a : effe Swiss , D k s S oy , M nt P rm ct
’ of e eu s e e n t he r o a of he ar Rich li int rv ntio p ol ng tion t w . France invaded by t he Spaniards on t he n ort hg aest an d by t he “ Imperialists (1 63 6 ) t he Swedi sh gen eral Baner forced back to t he Baltic Closer alliance m ade between Rich elieu an d Oxen st i ern : B an er defeats t he Saxons an d
e a s at Imp ri list Wittstock (4 Oct . ,
e a e e e e o 2 2 D ec 1 6 6 ea of F rdin nd III l ct d Emp r r ( . , 3 ) d th
a 1 Feb Ferdin nd II ( 5 .
’ T he last years of Richeli eu s foreign policy t he successes
I I
of Bernard of Saxe- Weimar on t he Rhine his ambitions
a u e of e a 1 D ec 1 6 8 eat of e a 1 8 c pt r Br is ch ( 7 . , 3 ) d h B rn rd (
u 1 6 t he a a a e a e 1 6 0 a le of J ly , 39 ) Sp ni rds inv d Fr nc ( 4 ) b tt
e 1 1 6 an d ea of Ba e 2 0 Ma Ch mnitz ( 4 April , 39 ) d th n r ( y, 1 64 1 Rich elieu tri es to divert Spain from G erman affairs by causing a revolution in Catalonia (1 64 0 ) an d encouraging t he insurrection of Portugal T he first n egotiations for a general p eace (1 640 — 41 ) ac cession of Frederick William as Elector of Brandenburg (1 640 ) he secures his n eutrality T he progress of t he w ar after t he d eath of Richeli eu rise
o e e of u e e an d T orst en son a int promin nc Condé , T r nn Sp in unable to assist t he Emp eror with furth er subsidies Torsten son d estroys t he Imp erial an d Saxon army at Breitenfeld (2
1 6 2 u ea of war e ee e a an d e e Nov . , 4 ) o tbr k b tw n D nm rk Sw d n (1 64 3 ) Treaty of BrOmsebro(1 645) Condé d efeats t he
a a at 1 Ma 1 6 u e e e a e Sp ni rds Rocroi ( 9 y , 4 3 ) T r nn r org niz s
’ e a a t he a e of e u 1 6 Au 1 6 B rn rd s rmy b ttl s Fr ib rg ( g . , 44 ) an d a au 6 a 1 6 t he e oof a o a e J nk ( M rch , 4 5) El ct r S x ny m k s a u e t he e e 1 on 1 6 t he a e of tr c with Sw d s (3 An , 4 5) b ttl s
' a e a Ma 1 6 an d e Au 1 6 M ri nth l (5 y , 4 5) Nordling n 3 g . 45) t he invasion of B avaria t he Elector M aximilian makes a
u e 1 a 1 6 a e of Zu a au e 1 Ma tr c ( 5 M rch , 4 7 ) b ttl sm rsh s n ( 7 y ,
1 6 8 t he a e of e Au t he 4 ) Condé wins b ttl L ns g . ,
e e e e t he a e of a ue 2 6 u 1 6 8 t he Sw d s s iz C stl Pr g ( J ly , 4 ) Em
eror e e e ea e p d t rmin s on p c .
T he rea es of e a a 2 e t he t ti W stph li ( 4 Oct . , clos Thir
’ t y Years War t he Emperor makes p eace with France an d
e e but a e a at w ar a e Sw d n Sp in r m ins with Fr nc .
’ Aut hori t i es G rd i n r h ea s ar s ll . a T e W S. R e , Thirty Y r ti remain s t h e b est SM ALL BOOK i n E n glish Gi n d ely should b e s uppl e me n t ed amon R b B r /t old es e d es g SECONDA Y AUTHORITIES y a t , G chicht osse eu s e n e es von 1 oe us av A olfs ab mi t b esod e e gr n D t ch Kri g T d G t d , n r
R ii ck si cht auf a e 2 ls D r n a n We ma vo. ose Be vo Fr nkr ich , y , rnh rd i r , ' 2 ls Sa en /i ei m a e i n fl uss auf u n d z e un e z u vo . ”g s E e Fr nkr ich B i h g n u s l a vol s d es eu s en e s u n e e . Ge e D t ch nd, i , chicht D t ch R ich t r " r e e u a n s 2 l 0 h m hm n d e e vos 27 523275Sc we o e R gi r ng F rdin d III , ; un d Mahre11 Bi ed er man n eu s l an s t rii b st e Ze od e1 D er ; , D t ch d it J fléquvébj D r d n s ult url e ei ssi gjahri ge Krieg i n seine Folgen fur e d eut che . C ’ b en t h e D ue d A n mdle s oe d es n es d e l a ma so d e , Hi t ir pri c i n Co l 6 h P R I M A R Y A U T H O R I T I S as for e u e w os . T e E v . L ndé , 5, ct r 3 , ith ’ ’ t he a os of Geor es d A ven el el eu s le e s e for Le u e dditi n g , Rich i tt r cit d ct r * ’ ’ Sz i ld i A es e t ou me s ou se v al hi st oi re d e 1 all an e IV ; gy , ct D c nt p r r ir i c d e a oz a ve les Fran ai s et l es Su os ou ean t s oe d es R k c y c g éd i B g , Hi t ir ’ ue es et d es oa on s ui ré c ed eren t l e T rai t e d e West h ali e G rr Nég ci ti q p p , 3 ’ i n 6 l an d vol s an A l x n st i er n a s Skri ft e n och Bre fvexl vos . . , d xe O e g , ,
m r an d a ll n st i n om Gard i n er e e s St e [r e W e e . itting , L tt r , yfi ,
‘ EBook s mafi ed w fi hfl fifl a fi i n i ht fl n mem mm
L E C T U R E V I
THE TRE ATIE S OF WE STPH ALIA .
T he history of t he Treati es of Westphalia a congress for p eace resolved upon in 1 64 1 suggested by t he Elector of Mayence in 1 639 approved by t heImp erial Di et at Ratisbon
1 6 0 — 1 u e e a e e on e of ( 4 4 ) s gg st d th t two congr ss s , in which t he e u ea t he e e u an d Emp ror sho ld d l with Sw d s , D tch Pro
e a e an d t he e a e u b e e t st nt princ s , in oth r with Fr nc , sho ld h ld
a an e e of ea e at ii b eck an d e : at t he to rr g t rms p c , L Cologn wish of t he Swedes Osn abrii ck an d Mii n st er chosen i n
ea : a e l u of t he e a e t he a e st d by r so tion Imp ri l Di t , with ss nt of t he e t he e a e an d f ee e a e Emp ror , G rm n princ s r citi s llow d
b e e e e e at t he e e to r pr s nt d congr ss s . Meeting of t he congresses (1 644 ) t he chief ambassadors
a a a a u an d a e e a am C rdin l Chigi , P p l N ncio , Cont rini , V n ti n b assador e a au a f a au an d a , M di tors , Tr tm nnsdor , N ss Volm r
’ for t he e ue D Avaux an d e Servi en for Emp ror , Long ville, Ab l
a e Oxen st i ern an d Salvi us for e e aa e a Fr nc , John Sw d n , S v dr an d Zapata for Spain d elays about precedence t he envoys of France an d Swed en present their d em ands (Jun e 1 645) eff ect of t he military operations on t he n egotiations t he part played by t he Elector of B avari a : t he Treati es of West
a a e at Mii n st er 2 ct O . ph li sign d ( 4 ,
Chief points of t he Treati es of. Westphalia
on on - a i e a t e e . . a e e e e A . With r g rd G rm n pow rs Fr nc r c iv d t he ee e u an d e u u e Thr Bishoprics (M tz , To l V rd n ) occ pi d in
1 2 a e ex e a u and e e t he of 55 , Als c , c pt Str sbo rg r s rving rights t he e e a an d t he t o a u Empir , Br is ch right g rrison Philippsb rg , an d Pi gn erol t he D uke of Lorrain e not to b e aided by t he
an d ef a e a e a a e ea . a e i i Emperor l t to m k s p r t tr ty with Fr nc . Swed en recei ved Western Pom erani a with t he island of Rii
en e a t he a of e e an d t he g , St ttin , Wism r , rchbishopric Br m n
of e e e e e a t he e of t he bishopric V rd n , with r pr s nt tion in Di t
e i i i T he e e e e of t he a o as Empir . ind p nd nc Swiss c nt ns w
f a e ze i v T he e a e e a o fici lly r cogni d . Prot st nt N th rl nds , which had b een recogni z ed as independ ent by Philip IV of Spain
0 an 1 6 8 e e e a e e e e of t he e 3 J . , 4 ) w r d cl r d ind p nd nt Empir , an d e e e e a a a an d u e ou r c iv d c rt in districts in Br b nt L x mb rg .
a t o e a oe i a e u r e : . e B . With r g rd G rm n p w rs Br nd nb rg cei ved e a for a of e a a t he archbi s , in comp ns tion p rt Pom r ni , hO ri c of a e u an d t he of a e a p M gd b rg , bishoprics H lb rst dt ,
a an d e T he u e t o e e - u e C mmin Mind n . [ s cc ssion Cl v s J li rs was e e 1 666 a e u e e v eve s ttl d in by Br nd nb rg r c i ing Cl s , t he a an d a e e an d eu u e e ul e M rk R v nsb rg , N b rg r c iving J i rs an d i i a o e a u a a an d a f Ma . S x ny r t in ed L s ti p rt o g d bur i i i u f r e : . e e e e e o e a o g M ckl nb rg r c iv d , in c mp ns tion
a t he of e an d a u i v e : . Wism r , bishoprics Schw rin R tz b rg
e e- a e e e e t he a e of fe : a ava a H ss C ss l r c iv d bb y Hirsch ld . B ri received t he Upp er Palatinate an d retain ed t he electorate
fe e 1 6 2 : vi a e u l of he ex . e e t con rr d in 3 Ch rl s Lo is , d st son
elled e a a e e e ve t he oe e a a p El ctor P l tin , r c i d L w r (Rhin ) P l ti
a e an d a n ew e e a e w as ea e for n t , l ctor t cr t d him .
' e a h u o i T h . t e e ue e e of C With r g rd to r ligio s q sti n . t rms t he ea e of u u e e e t he a e for P c A gsb rg w r confirm d , fixing d t e e a a e at 1 an 1 6 2 i i T he e a a ccl si stic l prop rty J . , 4 . Eccl si stic l
e e a o was a e e t he oe a i i i T he R s rv ti n cknowl dg d by Pr t st nts .
a w as e e as fu as t he u e a e C lvinist r cogniz d lly L th r n r ligion .
e a t he e ff f h D . With r g rd to Empir : (e ect o t e book
H i oli t hus a a e i e oa u e a i n pp L pid . T rrit ri l s pr m cy ,
u t he Of a a a es a e t he a e cl ding right m king lli nc , gr nt d to St t s of t he e : i i e a e of t he e a e Empir . Pr rog tiv s Imp ri l Di t pro
a e : i i i o u u of t he e a a cl im d . C nc rring j risdiction Imp ri l Ch m
b er an d u u a o e e A lic Co ncil ckn wl dg d .
e e a a e e a e an d t he ea e of West ha E . G n r l mn sty d cl r d , P c p
li a a e a fu a a la of h e m d nd m ent l w t e Empir . Effect of t he Treaties of Westphalia on G ermany : t he
a a of h ol R oman m i re pr ctical disintegr tion t e H y E p . ' Effect of t he Treaties of Westph alia on Europ e : com
men cemen t of a n ew era o a u ee e re , in which p litic l s cc d d li gi ous distinctions : op ening of 1 50 y ears in which t he di
a f fa o plomacy of kings b ec m e t he chie ct r in history .
’ Aut hori t i es : Al l SECONDA RY HISTORIES of t he Thirty Years
War e voe e on lud n a e s t ot he ea es of Wes al a d t th ir c c i g ch pt r T r ti tph i , 0 — 0 . * w ut see a soKer vi ler Ab el Ser vi e n Con t a r i n i elaz oe ti el con , R i n _
' esso M u n s e Od/i n er D i e Poli t iM é n s 1 mW est li ali séh en i gr di t r, p
n s on r ss Pii t t ei e s d es Wes t h li sch en ed es an d hi s Fri ed e c e . S. G a g j , i t p Fri His toric al D e velopment of t he Politic al Cons titution of t h e Germanic l h n M t n m e v . T M i s . G . vo e er A a o . e E pir , ii PRI ARY AUTHORITY j , ct
li h li h ri n h an lu n n P a cis West ph a cae Oder Wes t p a sc e F ed e s d ge un d . ls B n n t un e e u e an d hi es e 6 vo . but o ea e L s G chicht , , g , cit d d r ct r V , , J E i r u a d s h li ls ar use ful as e foun d } H i st oe d e We t a e vo. e e Tr ité p , 6 , b ing d
1 i (ti . n s mar w t a * are n ot i n th e n rs i ra r [Book k ed i h U ive ity L b y .
14
L E C T U R E V I I .
D AN D T H A F T H TH E FRON E E TRE TY O E PYREN EES.
Rich eli eu on his d eathb ed nominated Mazarin his succes sor si x months lat er t he child Louis XIV succeed ed to t he
e : t he a e e of a e a e e of u a thron P rl m nt P ris d cl r d Ann A stri ,
t he uee - e e e : she a e o e an d affec q n moth r , R g nt g v b th pow r
a a n a a e an d i u of a a tion to M z ri : ch r ct r prev o s career M z rin .
’ Mazarin followed accurately Rich elieu s foreign policy d uring his administration Condé an d Turenn e won their first
d h a f a e victories an t e Tre ties oWestph lia were sign d .
What France gained by t he Treaty of Westphalia a foot
t he e t he a exa o of a e a o ing on Rhin by nn ti n Als c , which ls
‘ en abled her to surround t he ind ep endent duchy of Lorrain e an d t he a e of a he m Sp nish provinc Fr nc Co té . Spain refused to m ake peace with France ”owing to t he f war o as t he o e outbreak ocivil kn wn Fr nd . “ T he n ature of t he Frond e : playing at civil w ar f u e e an d ue ea Wa of ta e r itl ssn ss intrig s its r l nt impor nc .
T he e rst ha se 1 6 8 — a la e t he Frond , fi p ( 4 49 ) p rt p y d by Parl em ent of Paris an d t he Parisians secon d p/i a se (1 6 50— 5 , arrest of Condé : Turenn e invad es France with a Spanish
he a e of e e 1 D ec h a a : t . t e a rmy b ttl R th l ( 5 , C rdin l ’ d a a oe F b 1 1 t/i i ra /za e e e e e . 6 se R tz M z rin g s into xil ( , 5 ) p
(1 6 51 — 52 ) Condé raises an insurrection in t he south Ma
D c 1 6 1 u e e h a a a e u e . t e z rin r t rns ( , 5 ) T r nn j oins roy l p rty
a e of t he au ou a n - on e 2 u 1 6 2 Ma b ttl F b rg S i t Ant i ( J ly , 5 )
a a e e e Au 1 6 2 on r t li ha se h a . t e z rin g in go s into xil ( g , 5 ) f p ,
an d t he uee - e re — e e Pa 2 1 1 6 2 king q n moth r nt r ris ( Oct . , 5 ) Condé j oins t he Spaniards : D e Retz imprison ed Gaston of
ea e e a e u of a a Feb 1 6 Orl ns xil d to Blois fin l r t rn M z rin ( . 5
d f he e en ot Frond . M azarin pursues t he war with Spain with vigor Turenn e comm anding t he French an d Condé t he Spanish army Ma zarin makes an alliance with Cromwell t he battl e of t he Dun es
1 u e a ure of u an d ove of t he ( 4 J n , c pt D nkirk rthrow
a a f a oof t he ea ue of t h e e Au Sp ni rds orm ti n L g Rhin (1 4 g. ,
1 6 8 t he n ew e e o e e e 1 6 ‘ u 5 ) Emp ror , L op ld I ( l ct d 57 ) bo nd by t he e Of a i u a i t oe e a t rms his c p t l t on not s nd h lp to Sp in .
’ Negotiations for peace with Spain Maz ari n s hands freed ' t he ea of o e 1 6 s by d th Cr mw ll ( 5 ) . i i T he Treaty of t he Py ren ees si gn ed by Mazarin an d Don
u d e a o t he e of ea a L is H r in Isl Ph s nts (7 Nov .
e 1 a e e e e o an d u Its t rms ( ) Fr nc r c iv d Art is Ro ssillon ,
ue e e eu conq r d by Rich li .
2 a a a e all a a e ( ) Sp in b ndon d cl ims to Als c .
a e u e of a e w as be res e but (3 ) Ch rl s IV , D k Lorr in , to tor d , all f e e e e b e a le his ortr ss s w r to dism nt d . — 1 6
(4 ) T he Prince d e Condé w as to b e forgiven an d rein a e st t d .
a e a a e t he of u a (5) Fr nc b ndon d King Port g l .
6 u X I V was a a a e e a e e ( ) Lo is to m rry M ri Th r s , ld r
au e of of a w as a a o d ght r Philip IV , King Sp in , who to b nd n all claims to t he succession in Spain on paym ent of a dowry of o cr wns . Importance of t he Treaty of t he Pyren ees as t he suppl e
e t he ea e of e a a m nt to Tr ti s W stph li . Marri age of Louis XIV t ot he Infanta
ea of a a a 1 6 6 1 u e of f e D th M z rin (9 M rch , ) s cc ss his or ign policy his intern al policy n eglect of t he finances d est ruc
of feu a a e a e tion d l c stl s in Fr nc .
fe an d of a e d e au Li work S int Vinc nt P l .
Aut hori t i es : T h e es O E fou e on d oc b t SECONDARY HIST RI S , nd d umen t s for t h e a m s a oof M az a are C/zér a el s oe d e la , d ini tr ti n rin , Hi t ir fi ‘ “ a l a M n d e u s l s a n d ‘ H i ét i r d 1 5 is a e e d o Lo vo . b é e Fr nc p n nt i rité i XIV , 4 ,
u l e i n i r M az a l P rki n a u d a e sos M st e e d e vos . . . e s e e Fr nc rin , 3 ;j B , Fr nc n r
' ‘ el eu an d M az a Comt e d e Cosn ac M az a et Col e Baz i n Rich i rin , rin b rt , f Histoire d e Franc e s ous l e M i n i st é re d u Cardinal M az arin wai llar i e d a e d e ou s vols 1 2 omt e d e ai n t e d i n s o e L . C S , Hi t ir r gn i XIV , , ; ’ s l ls D ll C d A n mdl s A ula i re oe d e a on d e 2 vo. e oe d es , Hi t ir Fr , , Hi t ir
n v ls 6 Vi ct or ousi n a e un esse d e M az a n es d e Co o . C L Pri c dé , 5 ; , J rin ,
m o ue v ll e 2 vols M ad a1 e d e a l M ad m d e ev M a a e d e L . S a e C d ng i , , n b é , h euse an d Madame d e au e fo EEC/i an telan z e z e Ca d al d e e z et r H t rt ; , L r in R t
’ l affai re d d cha eari an d Le Ca d al d e e z et s es mi ssi on s n ra p , r in R t égp fi fi t i ues a ome Va r e u u es d e Li on n q R ; l/ y , H g i
“ Mole Morea n C o d e M az a ad es 2 a M sere au ; , h ix rin , L i t emp s d e l a Frond e Sai n t Vinc e n t d e Pa ul et sa mission s oal e Bon rel/ C omwe ll et M az a n “ an d M e L e C ev ci ; x y , r ri , n h alier d e J an t et l es relations d e l a Fran c e M Port ugal au t emps d e
z a T he ef M i s t h e olle on ed b li e M a . C rin chi PRI ARY AUTHORITY c cti . y
n l of t he e es d u C a d al M az a en a son Mi n i st re 6 v ls r e L e o. , ttr r in rin p d nt , ,
( u m n s i u d i s f h (Colle ction les Doc e t é t )l; or t e p eriod of t he Fronde there
' are man e es n son al memos t ob e use w au o amo y int r ti g p ir d ith c ti n , ng w ma b e n oed t h M moes of fil ad ame d e M ot t ezzi lle Omer hich y t é ir , T alon Gon r vi lle M ademoi selle de flf on t en si er Mon t lat r i en n e , , p , g , B ,
l M a t /zi en fil olé an d a oe all s f a rd i n l d t Gn o v oe oC a e Re z . y j y , , , b , th
' - * s E-Boelem ark ed wi t h a a re n ot i n t hefi n i iiérsi t y Lib rary}
L EC T U R E V I I I .
EUROPE I N THE M IDD LE OF T HE I 7T H CENTURY .
F I RANC E .
Importance of t he study of t he history of France in t he
1 e u es t he fa a u t he A e of u 7th c nt ry r ts on ct th t , d ring g Lo is
u e e e all e u oe e XIV , its instit tions w r copi d ov r E r p , whil its foreign policy was t he keynote of political history ; it was France which led t he way to strong central governm ent at
o e u e a a e an d t h e a of h m , s pport d by st nding rmi s , doption f a a f a oreign lli nces ind epend ent oreligious consider tions . Governm ent of France as moulded by Richeli eu an d
a a for t he use of u : i T he a M z rin Lo is XIV . Mon rchy h ou i i growth of its powers its strengt h t e C rt : . T he Nobility blows d ealt by Rich elieu e e to b ecom e “ t nd ncy
' a caste distinction between grande an d p etite noblesse sur vi val of e e i i i T he u e S ru e privil g . Ch rch in Franc its t ggl w ith t he Huguenots : contrast b etween G allican an d Ultra montane ideas : i v; T he States — G en eral : an d its failure t o
e e e t he a a e of t he 1 e u : v r s mbl English P rli m nt 7th c nt ry . T he Central Administration its strength ening t he great aim i “ ” of t he French mon archy : creation of t he Int end ants
’ vi a s a : e ee a . Loc l Admini tr tion distinction b tw n p ys d election
’ an d pays d Et at s : t he provincial Estates : t he provincial spirit t he cities an d towns privil eges of t he municipaliti es t he u e vi i T he u a a h Bo rg oisie . J dici l Administr tion t e
a of a h a a P rl em ent P r”is t e provinci l P rl em ents : t he N O bl esse d e la Rob e t he strength of t he Bar ; t he pays du
o u u e an d t he a d u vi i i T he a dr it co t mi r p ys droit écrit . Fin n ci al a : t he a e - e e a : t he a e t he Administr tion F rm rs g n r l t ill ,
a e e t he a e t he - ua e i x a ufa u e an d g b ll , id s , do n s . M n ct r s Com
e e : a e e eau e e an d e a e m rc Lyons , M rs ill s , Bord x , Di pp L H vr t he u t he u e x u u e t he e eu t he g ilds o vri rs . Agric lt r s ign r , farm er an d t he p easant grande culture an d petite culture ” “ copyhold tenure an d its relics of feudalism noble
“ xi T he of t he oo a a land . condition p r hospit ls ch rity
xi i a e a o : oa an d a a : u . M t ri l c ndition r ds c n ls p blic works
xi i i e e ua : e u a : e e an d v a e . Int ll ct l condition d c tion coll g s ill g school t he Académi e Fran gai se provinci al academies t he
xi v T he a an d av : e o a a : e press : . rmy n y th ir rg niz tion th ir f h a power concentrated in t he hands ot e mon rchy . Position of Fran ce in Europe in t he middle of t he 1 7th
i e a a o : a a e u . cent ry . G ogr phic l conditi ns dditions m d by Richelieu an d Mazarin : search for a d efensible frontier : boundari es of language an d race disregard ed : existence of
- e oe a e a e a e non French t rrit ri s in Fr nc Lorr in , Fr nch Comté ,
i i ow of a a : t he an d Avignon . . Gr th politic l tr dition For
a ei gn Office t he diplom tists .
— a o of a e i N ew a e Extra European exp nsi n Fr nc . . Fr nc
ff a a i i T he e Can ada an d Acadia e orts t coloniz tion . Fr nch
e r a e a e 222 Antilles ; San Domingo : th ir impo t nc to Fr nc : . T he French East Indi a Company of Rich elieu (1 640 ) Mad
car agas . a of a e t he 1 e u Strength an d We kn ess Fr nc in 7th c nt ry .
Authorit i es : T he chapters 0 1 1 t he condition of France i n t h e T E n oed u n e Le u es 2 an d an d es e al SECONDARY HIS ORI S , t d r ct r , 4 7 , p ci d u a n al d l u v l Geor s l i n H an ot a ux s oe C e e e o. e y , Hi t ir rdi Rich i . i ; g
‘ ‘ ’ d ’ A ven el el eu e t l a Moa e a solue a n d C/zer n el oe d e , Rich i n rchi b , , Hist ir
l a an e e a n lam o d e - Lou s a n d I i STEiTE d e l aFrzihCe Fr c p nd t in rité i XIV , fi ’ l o /i érn l s o d e l ad m n i s ous l e mi n i st é re d u M az a . See a s fC e e i s rin , Hi t ir — ’ ’ 2 ls D a r t H i s oi e de l ad mi n t rat i on mon a ue e n a e vo . es c rchiq Fr nc , “( i t r m
‘ i st rat i on et d es rores d u ouvo roal en Fra n cei Pi eot stoe p g p ir y f , Hi ir ’ - l i ll t Ad mi n i s t ra i n n n d es t a s n au vos . Ca e L t o e a e E t Gé ér x , 5 ; , Fr c sous l e mi n i s t ere d e el eu yL a a Les o es d u ouvo mi n Rich i e y , rigin p ir ’ i st é ri el e n Fra n c e 5 Secré t ai res d Et at dep uis l eur i n s titution
l ' ’ us u al a mo d e ou s H an Ot a n x ri e d e l i n st i t ut i on d es j q rt L i XV d , O gin * n e d a s d ed rovi n ce T /i omas U n e ov n e sous Lou s : i t n nt p j; , pr i c i XIV l o ol ue et a m s a ve d e la ou o e d e 1 66 1 a 1 1 ”s itu ati n p itiq d ini tr ti B rg gn 7 5 j ’ Mon i n ssa s ur l hi st oi re ad mi n i s t rat i ve d u L a ue o e d a 9 I , E i ng d c p n nt m L i ’ ’ l i n t e n d an ce d e asv lle 1 685 z ii d r boi s d e uba i n vi lle L ad - Sfi B i ( f j , ’ mi n is tration d es intend a n ts d apres les archi ves d e i ’ ‘ s n s Fran ai se s 2 vol s Cla ma eran H i st Oi r d e N er vo e n a e . e , L Fi c g , g ,
1 9
’ d e l i m t n a n e ls F a n i O e vo . ez p Fr c , 3 ; g ,
‘ ~ " “ M T W an d Le Commerce SOiI s H enri
L evasseur H s o e d es la sses ou ~ , i t ir c * 2 v ls D ar t s oe d es la vri eres e n a e o. es e sses a ol e s e n Fr nc , , Hi t ir c gric * ’ a n e Sa sa n e s oe d e l an en n e n fan e e f an a se 8 vol s Fr c ; , Hi t ir ci i t ri r c i , v ri ‘ n l f n s s Ga r i n s a s oe d e l a a va e e a ai e vol . é o m , fi e a i l Hi t ir c ri r c 3 , Hi t ir ri m d e l a n v ls Gi lles d e la Ton ret t e T héohrast e e a e o. e au ti Fr c , I , p R n do n P rkmn n s of a n i n t he w W l t a d a a oee e N e od . , , Pi r Fr c r
[Book s mark ed w ith a a re n ot i n t h e U n ivers ity Lib ra ry
L E C T U R E I X
P E U R O E IN THE MI DD LE O F THE I 7TH C ENTURY.
D
2 . T EM P E O U E O F R I A N D T H E G E M E . HE IR , THE H S AUST A , R AN PRINC S
T he a e e t he la au Holy Rom n Empir , in its inc ption y thority
u e e u e u t he e e a e r ling w st rn E rop in conj nction with Pop , b c m towards t he close of t he Middle Ages t he ruling power in
e a an d t he ea e of We a a e e a G rm ny , by Tr ti s stph li lost v n th t fu nction .
T he f e e e e an d a o of t he e orm , pr c d nc tr diti n Empir only
w as ef e a e e an d t he ffe e a e l t to hold G rm ny tog th r , di r nt st t s an d categories of states of t he Empire must b e regarded as
e a f a e e e u e e e e . ind p nd nt politic l nits , v ry loos ly d r t d
T he u of t he e as was e a e af e constit tion Empir , it r t in d t r t he Treaties of Westph alia (I ) t he Elective Emp eror (2 )
t he e a e t he e e of e Imp ri l Di t comprising (i ) Coll g El ctors , (ii )
t he e e of e t he e e of ee e : Coll g Princ s , (iii ) Coll g Fr Citi s 3 ) t he Imperial Chamber : (4 ) t he Aulic Council 5) t he
Circles . Distinction between immediate an d m ediate members of
t he a e Holy Rom n Empir .
T he e of a 1 66 e a e e e ua an d e Di t R tisbon ( 3 ) d cl r d p rp t l , n voy s plenipotentiary take t he place Of Princes an d Electors
e in p rson . T he House of Austri a still rem ains t he most powerful
e e e a . f e e a n ot sov r ignty in G rm ny rom its h r dit ry dominions , from t he constant election of its head as Emperor : but it
oo for e a t he a t ot he e an d a u l ks xp nsion to E st , not W st gr d a ea e ac fl or a lly c s s to t chie y f Germ n interests .
‘ T he dominions of t he House of Austria : (1 ) Austria
e h a a a et c . t e e e e prop r , Styri , C rinthi , , [ Tyrol c d d by F rdi nand II to his brother (1 6 2 3 ) return ed - t ot he Austri an do minions th eir administration : t he powers of t he provincial Diets an d extent of local self- governm ent : (2 ) Boh emia a hom e Of Protestantism its sufferings during t he
’ Thirty Years War : d eprivation of its local autonomy an d attempts at Germanizing t he Czechs : 3 ) Hungary an d ‘ Croatia : its constant w ar with t he Turks : division of t he
o of e e at e e e of t he 1 cen kingd m St . St ph n comm nc m nt 7th
u a va a 20 8 2 ua e e t he u t ry (i ) Tr nsyl ni , sq r mil s , (ii) T rks ,
1 8 u a a e e t he a a e of u a 59 , (iii ) A stri , dminist r d by P l tin H ng ry an d t he Barn of : a a 1 2 2 2 a a a : t he e Cro ti , (i ) Tr nsylv ni r ign an d policy of Gabri el Bet hlen (1 6 1 3 George Rakoczy I
(1 6 2 9 — 4 8 ) G eorge Rakoczy II (1 648 — 60 ) intervention in
’ “ t he Thirty Years War : encouragem ent of Protestantism : struggle with t he Turks : (ii ) Turkish Hungary : its condition und er Turkish rule (iii) Austrian Hungary t he
e of t he e pow r Di t . Administration of t he h ereditary dom i n1 ons t he councils at Vienn a t he army an d foreign politics t he influence of t he e u J s its .
T he e e i a a e e oa e : a e e e an d ccl s stic l l ct r t s M y nc , Cologn
e e Tr v s . T he lay electorates (I ) Saxony its condition at t he Trea ties of Westph alia its wealth an d compactn ess t he Elector t he recognized chief of t he G erman Protestants : policy of
John George I z i t he ambitions Of Saxony turn eastward (2 )
a e u : u e e e u e of Br nd nb rg John Sigism nd , El ctor , b com s D k Prussia (1 6 1 6 ) as a feudatory of Poland : t he claims On
e a a an d u e - e e t he of e e a Pom r ni J li rs Cl v s policy G org , Willi m ’ during t he Thirty Years War accession of t he Great Elec
f r f t or (1 640 ) compensati on. oPomeran i a an d settlement o
Juliers — Cleves case (1 6 66 ) gives Brandenburg a German in
’ t erest : Brandenburg s advantages from t he North ern War (1 656 3 ) B avaria : t he Elector Maximilian an d t he
’ : Counter - Reformation : his part in t he Thirty Years War (4 ) T he Elector Palatin e importance of his position on t he
e e a a e Rhin with r g rd to Fr nc . T he lay princes of t he Empire th eir varying power i n t rod uct i on of primogeniture in 1 6t h an d 1 7th centuri es : its
ff e ove of e e e e e ects th ir l ind p nd nc . T he ecclesiastical princes of t he Empire t he Catholic an d Protestant bishoprics th eir chapters fill t he place of provin ci al a or an d a a a Est tes Diets m ke their governm ent olig rchic l . T he free cities of t he Empire th eir d eclin e during t he
’ Thirty Years War : d ecay of t he H anseatic League : only
a u e e an d ii b eck e e t he ea ue 1 6 0 H mb rg , Br m n L r n w L g ( 3 )
a e a e t he u an d t he tr d p ss s to D tch English . T he knights of t he Empire th eir depend ence on t he Em
ror pe . Gen eral character of t he administration in G ermany t he
a e e e a e a e provinci l Di ts t nd ncy to imit t Fr nc .
’ D epopulation an d misery caus ed by t he Thirty Years
ar : e of e a W pov rty G rm ny . Intellectual condition : t he foundation of universities an d a a e e c d mi s .
Aut hori i es : Amon b oos i n n l s ma b e n oe L e er Au t g k E g i h y t d g ,
e - H n ri e a s la e b M rs ll ox s o of t h e o . e C e trich g , tr n t d y Birkb ck Hi , Hi t ry
ouse of Aus a vol s a n d Veli se M e mos of t he Cou Ari s t oc a H tri , 4 , , ir rt , n l ma f u 2 f r Au s a T a t t l s o a a d o o A s a vol s . o e r cy Dip cy tri , , tri ; , Hi t ry of uss a vol a n d Ca r l le s o of red e t h e ea Pr i , . i , y , Hi t ry F rick Gr t , v l f r u a a n n w lu o ss d . . P it t / r s os e e o. S e i Pr i , j , Hi t ri ch E t ick ng d er eu e n S aa sve fassu n d es d eu s e e s an sla e b h tig t t r g t ch n R ich , tr t d y
f d l 2 All s es e e f he m e or of o o vo. . o w o t D rn r , hi t ri , h th r E pir se a a e s a es ve a en eral ev ew of t h e o t o of Ge r p r t t t , gi g r i c ndi i n man y at t h e t i me of t he Treaties of Wes tphalia b u t s pe ci al referenc e y ' ma b e mad e t oE r d ma n n sdor er eu s e es e 1 6 8 — 1 o y fl , D t ch G chicht , 4 74 ,
m nn Ze O d e D er D rei ss i h vol . Bi eder a eu s la n d s t rii b st e a i , , D t ch it r gj
e e i n se n e ol e n fii r d en eu s e C ult urleb e n an d H a n ser rig Kri g i F g d t ch ,
s l a d a d m i h i D eut ch n n ch e d rei ss gja r ge Kri ege . L E C T U R E X .
I N T H M OF T H 1 T H C EUROPE E IDD LE E 7 ENTURY .
3 . T H E N ETHERLANDS .
T he situation of t he Neth erlands at t he b eginning of t he
e u t he oes a e e a t he eve e c nt ry Pr t t nt N th rl nds , S n Unit d
es of a Zea a e e a es a Provinc Holl nd , l nd , G ld rl nd , Fri l nd ,
e e an d e e had a a l se u e Utr cht , Groning n Ov ryss l , pr ctic l y c r d
e e e e e an d t he a e e a Bel th ir ind p nd nc C tholic N th rl nds , now
u e e oe e t he fa a a e a e gi m , w r g v rn d by In nt Is b ll , to whom th y had ee a e as a ow b n gr nt d d ry by Philip II . T he two p arti es in t he Protestant Netherlands : t he sup
e of t he a e au e of a au an d t he re port rs St dthold r , M ric N ss ,
i publicans led by John van Olden B arn eveldt z t he strength of t he f e a o t he u e e e e e an d orm r m ng co ntry g ntl m n , nobl m n
ea a of t he a e am t he u e of t he e an d p s nts , l tt r ong b rgh rs citi s , e e a of e a sp ci lly Amst rd m . T he w ar of ind ep end ence with Sp ain closed by a twelve
’ ea u e e a e e r of e y rs tr c , n goti t d by H n y IV Franc T he political struggle combin ed with a religious diff erence t he Arminians or R emonstrants against t he Gom arists or Calvinists : t he Synod of Dort condemns t he Arminians
1 6 1 8 e e u oof a e e 1 Ma ( ) x c ti n B rn v ldt ( 9 y , T he en d of t he truce (1 6 2 1 ) p art played by t he D utch in
’ t he Thirty Years War : owing to t he prudence of M aurice an d e e e e a e e u Fr d rick H nry , t h St dthold rs , th y only occ py
an d e a a a e a Cleves r sist Sp nish inv sion t int rv ls . T he Catholic Netherlands und er I sab ella rem ain contented
e a e e an d a a e a u but with th ir loc l gov rnm nt in comp r tiv tr nq ility , ’ e a e t he ea War wh n Fr nc j oins in Thirty Y rs , Artois is lost ,
’ an d af e Maz ari n s ea e t he an d t r tr ty with Cromw ll , English French conquer n early up t oBrussels by t he Treaty of t he
e ee t he a o e e a are e ve of Pyr n s , C th lic N th rl nds d pri d Artois (1 659 )
hi a f a a 0 an 1 6 8 ea e t he e o e . M nw l by Tr ty W stph li 3 J , 4 )
i ai a e e e a o er 1 6 o ses w th Sp n , Willi m II , l ct d St dth ld 4 7 , pr mi to support t he Spanish rights to t he Catholic Netherlands in return for t he closing of t he Sch eldt to commerce : by thi s
a h e e se u e a uffe a a t a e m e ns t e Unit d Provinc s c r b r g ins Fr nc , an d Amsterdam secures her comm erci al supremacy at t he
expense of Antwerp . ’ T he Stadtholder resolves 01 1 a coup d ét at : attempt to
e e e a 0 u 1 6 0 ea of a s iz Amst rd m 3 J ly , 5 ) d th Willi m II
1 6 0 t he a era e e a e a a : e (Nov . , 5 ) st dthold t d cl r d v c nt gov rn
ment di vided between t he States - G eneral an d t he Provinci al Estates election of John d e Witt as Grand Pension ary (1 6 53 ) War between England an d t he United Provinces (1 652 — 54 ) owing to t he Navigation Act passed by t he English Parlia
a h u ar a e m ent an d aim ed t t e D tch c rying tr d . T he prosp erity of t he D utch in t he first half of t he 1 7th century their n aval an d commercial monopoly its causes
a a an d a e a effe its politic l , soci l m t ri l cts . T he D utch in Asia t he fi rst voyage of Houtm an (1 59 6 ) they s eize t he spice an d pepper trad e foundation of Batavi a rivalry with t he English : massacre of Amboyna (1 6 2 3 ) expulsion of t he Po rtuguese : their settlements at
t he a e of e an d a a an d a a C p Good Hop in Indi , Chin J p n . T he D utch in South Am erica their establishm ent in Bra zil (1 6 2 4 — 3 7 ) t he government an d great views of M aurice Of Nassau (1 6 3 7 their expulsion by t he Portuguese T he Dutch in North Am erica found ation of N ew Am
st erd am : t he N ew e e a an d t he e a er N th rl nds migr tion thith .
a e h a d a Contr st b tween t e Protestant n C tholic Netherlands .
Aut horit i es : fifot le s o f t h d a d s ls o e n e e e l o. y , Hi t ry U it N th r n , V 3 an d a n d fe a n d ea f o f a l 2 l n lbn r L o o eve vos . We z e 4 , i D th J hn B rn dt , ;
er Ges e d er e erla l 2 n n e vo. a d m L et t e /zove g , chicht Ni d nd , m ,
L a la e e a les os d e e l s s f s s e e vol . for e e e e F ndr p nd nt tr i rni r i c , 3 ; r r nc Gr ot i us A ales et H i st ori m d e eb us Bel i c i s Met eran n s N ovas , nn r g , , 7 Ml ei n sma Geschi ed e n i s van d e N ed erlan d sc he Oos - d s he Bez i t t i n , ___ t In i c e n v ls an d XD on D e k m o . e e O o st van het N ed erlan d sch G ez a g , 3 j g : p g
i n os - v ls O t Indi o. , \ ‘ l z ci ma [Boofi ma rked W i th a ar e n ot i n t he U n iversity Lib ra ry " L E C T U R E X I .
EUROPE IN THE M IDD LE OF THE I 7TH CENTURY .
W A N D M K. 4 . S EDEN D EN AR
T he position acquired by Swed en by t he Treati es of West
a a she e e t he ef e a e t he a ph li b com s chi t rritori l pow r on B ltic , as e of a a e a a a an d poss ssor Finl nd , C r li , Ingri , Esthoni , Western Pom erania with an outl et on t he North Sea as possessor of Brem en an d Verd en ; she controls t he mouths of t he e t he e e an d t he e but h er u e Elb , W s r Od r , own so th rn
e ar u e e a e e e e provinc s e occ pi d by D nm rk . Sw d n is r cogniz d as he f a u t chi e milit ry power in E rope .
T he a e e Oxen st i ern a Ch nc llor , Ax l his policy his org ni z at i on of t he Swedish mon archy on an oligarchical basis t he
a a of e e u u e a m teri l condition Sw d n its st rdy L th r nism .
T he e . of uee a of u avu r ign Q n Christin , only child G st s Adolphus : she takes t he direction of affairs (1 644 ) on t he outbreak of w ar with D enmark : t he Treaty of Bromsebro
1 Au 1 6 her ue e fa u of ea e t he n e ( 3 g . , 45) infl nc in vo r p c in got i at i on s at Osn ab rii ck : her intern al governm ent : she ab di cat es fa u of her u a e 6 u e 1 6 in vo r co sin , Ch rl s X ( J n , 54 ) her later life : her fondn ess for literature an d sci ence : she
e o e a a l 1 6 an d e at R o e 1 b c m s C tho ic ( 55) di s m ( 9 April , T he reign of Charles X as a soldi er he desires to utiliz e t he Swedish army : he invad es Poland previous relations between Poland an d Sweden : t he conduct of t he Great El ector : Charl es X attacks D enmark (1 657 ) an d by
' ' t he ea of R Oski ld a 1 6 8 a t he an Tr ty (7 M rch , 5 ) obt ins D ish
e of e e u a a a a an d t he provinc s Sw d n , incl ding H ll nd , Sc ni island of BOrn holm : he proposes to divid e D enmark an d attacks Copenh agen t he Dutch an d oth er powers
f re ea of a e X 2 Feb e e . int r d th Ch rl s ( 3 ,
e of a e : e e of t he uee - e Acc ssion Ch rl s XI r g ncy q n moth r , H edwiga : t he w ar closed owing t ot he m ediation of t he
we t he ea of a a h a po rs by Tr ty Oliv with Pol nd , by w ich Pol nd
v a t oe e an d a ceded Lithuanian Li oni Sw d n John C simir re
e a t he e e Ma sign d his cl ims to Sw dish thron (3 y , by t he ea of e a e e a a Tr ty Cop nh g n with D nm rk , confirming th t of R Oskild u e 1 660 an d a of a u a 7 J n , ) by th t K rdis with R ssi (1 66 1 ) confirming t he cession to Sweden of Ingria an d
a e a C r li . Position of D enmark at t he Treaties of Westphalia : she
u e ve a an d t he u e e of e e r l s o r Norw y so th rn provinc s Sw d n , an d thus controls t he comm erce of t he Baltic : her relations with t he Empire owing to her conn ection with Schl eswig an d os H l tein . T he rivalry between D enmark an d Swed en t he key note of Danish foreign policy : t he governm ent of Christian IV (1 58 8 — 1 64 8 ) t he aristocratic constitution of Denmark
' ' ’ a o f e for a an d f u Christi n s c urt his ondn ss Norw y o nd ation
’ of Christi ania : his misfortun es duri ng t he Thirty Years War foundation of t he Danish East India Company (1 6 1 5) an d a of an ue a a occup tion Tr q b r in Indi . T he reign of Frederick I I I : t he governm ent of U lfeldt an d t he nobles U lfeldt j oins Charles X of Sweden an d in
’ e a a e a e ar l e at R ki ld duc s him to tt ck D nm rk D nm k s oss s Os . T he revolution of 1 6 60 : overthrow of t he power of t he nobles t he mon archy of D enmark made h ereditary an d ab solute a States - Gen eral promised but n ever called resump tion of lands granted t onoblem en : improvem ent in admin i i st rat on .
T he Germanizing of D enmark t he situation of Norway
e an d a e for e e its pov rty , h tr d Sw d n . T he supremacy of t he Baltic definitely moved from D en mark to Sweden .
’ Aut horit i es : As a M O i n n l s se e Ot t e S a n d av a S ALL BO K E g i h , , c in i n
“ s o an d i n e Ge ro es a s S a aves Amo L E . Hi t ry ? Fr nch, fl y , t t c ndin ng S ECONDARY AUTHORITIES cons ul t t h e l arge general history b y F ry x ~ l n n sl r n s n ol s 6 a n s e l ot a a e Ca lso e e S we e s v . , ( tr t d) , , G chicht ch d , 5, , tr l a e an d on n ued f om Gei er Cr on /zolm Sve es H i st ori c u n e t d c ti r j ; , rig d r * f h n 6 l n ot a sl a e ran h i s Gus a Ad ol s R e eri vos . G ert C , , ( , , t II p g g , tr n t d) r f 2 v ls a o von S wed e i n d i hr H o o . tin , K nigin ch n , t ,
’ m s e l s M é oes ou s e v al hi st oi re d e l a e e C vo . ir p r r ir r in hri tin , 4 ,
‘ es e d es KOn i rei ch D éi n emark a n d S i t t ler es e d er G chicht g , p G chicht
’ l of hi s mmt li h D éi n i sch en e vol u o i m a e 1 660 e n vo. Sii c e R ti n J hr , b i g 5 e W rk e .
r r [Books ma rk ed With a a re n ot i n t h e U n ivers ity Lib a y . )
L E C T U R E X I I .
EUROPE I N T H E M IDD L E O F T H E I 7T H C ENTURY .
. A N D N 5 RUSSIA POLA D .
T he contrast between t he Slavs of t he Greek Church in
. u a an d t he a of t he a u a t he R ssi , Sl vs Rom n Ch rch in Pol nd , fo er e esse al a an d t he a e e se a rm b ing nti ly Asi tic , l tt r s nti lly
u ea E rop n . T he backwardness of Russia an d its Asiatic character due
r a u a es but e t ot he ue t he to histo ic l circ mst nc , chi fly conq st by
o o e an d e va of h a f M ng l hord s , its d ri tion C risti nity rom Con st an t i n O le p .
T he e a ac e of t he ea u e t he pic ch r t r gr t str ggl with Mongols , an d ffe f r t he u a e e its e ct in o ming R ssi n p opl .
T he reign of I van t he Terrible (1 53 3 — 84 ) marks t he em ergence of Moscow as t he centre from which t he Russian Empire w as to grow he takes t he title of Tsar (1 54 7 ) his
a t he Tar a t he u an d ea an d t he w rs with t rs on so th st , with Poles an d Lithuanians an d Livonians on t he west an d north west his endeavors t oreach t he Baltic his relations with t he e of e e u e an d e e a a e pow rs w st rn E rop , sp ci lly with Eliz b th of England : Opening up of trade between Russia an d Eu gland by w ay of t he White Sea an d Arch angel t he Muscovy Company invasion of Siberia t he governm ent of Ivan t he Terrible his autocracy his struggles with t he nobility
a e - e era h i s e a his St t s G n l p rson lity .
Russian history in t he 1 7th century until t he time of Pet er t he ea a e ar t he a an d ea of va t he Gr t , comm nt y on ims id ls I n
e e T rribl . T he reign of Feodor Ivanovitch (1 584 — 9 8 ) institution of
o of t he a a a e t he e of s serfdom an d creati n p tri rc”h t r ign Bori God unov (1 59 8 — 1 6 05) t he false Dimitri Civil w ar an d an archy : t he Poles Moscow (1 6 1 2 ) el ection of Mich ael Romanov as Tsar
T he reign of Michael Romanov (1 6 1 3 — 4 5) restoration of p eace an d tranquility moral an d m aterial condition of R us
si a .
T he insurrection of t he inhabitants of Little Russia an d t he Cossacks against Poland under Bogdan Khmeln i t z ski (1 648 ) he appeals to t he Tsar w ar with Poland 1 by truce of An d roussovo(1 66 7 ) Russia obtains t he l eft b ank of t he Dnieper as its frontier with Ki ev an d Smolensk on t he right bank . T he condition of Poland in t he 1 6t h century : t he turhu l ence of t he nobles : t he pacta con ven t a : t he right of con " federation t he liberum veto (1 652 ) 1 t he influence of
a e t e of h u h — f a Fr nc h work t e Je s its t e Counter R e orm tion . T he most notable events t he Union of Lublin (1 56 9 ) unit
’ ing Poland an d Lithuania t he death of t he last of t he Jagel
e e a a u e of ua a 1 2 an d ele ~ lons , h r dit ry Gr nd D k s Lith ni ( 57 ) c tion to t he throne of Poland thrown open 1 t he seculariz ation of u a e of oe e a as e of t he Pr ssi by Alb rt H h nzoll rn , Gr nd M t r
eu as a fi ef of a 1 2 f e t he T tonic Knights , Pol nd ( 5 5) ollow d by suppression of t he Knights of t he Sword (1 56 1 ) on yi elding
a e e a a an d a e e t he Rig to Sw d n , Livoni to Pol nd , m king K ttl r ,
a a a e u e of u a as a feu a of l st Gr nd M st r , D k Co rl nd , d tory a Pol nd .
T he reign of Sigismund III Vasa (1 58 7 — 1 6 3 2 ) hi s C a t holi ci sm failure to obtain t he thron e of Sweden t he rei gn of Ladislas VII Vasa (1 6 3 2 — 48 ) Poland during t he Thirty
’ Years War : el ection of John Casimir Vasa : his wars with Sweden an d Russia : by t he Treaty of Wehlau (1 657 ) t he
e oof a e u e e as u e of u a f ee El ct r Br nd nb rg is r cogniz d D k Pr ssi , r from t he suz erainty of Poland t he insurrection of Bogd an
Khmeln i t z ski t he u e of An droussovo Tr c . In t he middle of t he 1 7th century Russia is growing polit i cally stronger from her concentrated autocracy an d Poland
a s u politically weaker from her an rchic con tit tion .
A ut hori t i es Moi ll S o of uss a an d S o of ol an R a m rf , t ry R i t ry P d ‘ n 2 ols S l ba n d s oe d e la uss e a n sl a e b L . . L a v . a , Hi t ir R i , tr t d y B g , ; ous l R oi ea ob i gski vols van d s oe d e olon e a va et s e S . y , Hi t ir P g nt J n , 3
S
L E C T U R E X I I I .
T EUROPE I N T H E M IDD LE OF TH E I 7TH C EN URY .
6 T H O M . . E TTO AN TURKS
T he extent of I slam at t he comm encem ent of t he 1 7th
e u of t he u c nt ry origin T rks . T he Ottom an Turks reach t he h eight of th eir power in t he 1 6th century Sulaim an (Solym an) t he M agnificen t (1 52 0 66 ) t he European possessions of t he Turks th eir north ern c apital at Buda th eir control of t he Levant their power i n ' North ern Africa an d over t he Mediterran ean : Barb arossa an d Dragut blow dealt to them by t he loss of t he passage of t he Asiatic trade through Egypt : Venice induces t he Turks to oppose t he Portuguese in Asia organization of t he Turkish power t he Sultan as Caliph t he Ul emas : t he
a a J niss ries .
e a e of t he of t he efe e of R sist nc Knights St . John d nc Malta Attitud e of Europe towards t he Turks spasmodic at tempts of t he Pop es to stir up Christendom against them t he a e of h a e a . 1 t e a a e e b ttl L p nto (7 Oct , 1 57 ) lli nc with Fr nc t he capitulation s : t he Levant Company an d t he Dutch a e tr d rs . Poland an d Hungary t he bulwarks of Christendom against t he Turks thei r suz erainty over t he Danubian provinces an d
Transylvania t he religious attitud e of t he Turks t he Greek
an d he u e e o e of e e a es Church t T rks th ir w lc m r n g d .
' Fortun ately for Christian Europe d uri n g t he critical period
’ of t he Wa of e an d t he ea s War t he rs R ligion Thirty Y r , Turks remain ed quiet t he S ultans degen erated in character an d between t he d eath of S ulaiman t he M agnificent (1 566 ) an d t he accession of Muhammad Ki uprili to power (1 6 56 )
e o ue e e u a e 1 1 an d u th ir nly conq sts w r Cypr s , t k n ( 57 ) T nis
1 a e of u e e e e a retaken ( 574 ) c us s this s dd n d g n r cy .
T he Janissari es b ecom e Sultan - m akers : th ey are permit
a an d he t ax of a e ea e t ed to m rry t Christi n childr n c s s . Internal dissensions mark t he reign of Muhamm ad III
(1 59 5— 1 6 03 ) Ahmad I (1 6 03 — 1 7 ) mak es truce of Comorn
h o 1 1 1 606 ea e a an d with t e Emp er r ( Nov . ) tr ti s with Engl nd t he e v e an d war e a t he e of Unit d Pro inc s , with P rsi imb cility
u a a 1 6 1 — 1 8 1 6 2 2 — 2 t he e of t a M st ph I ( 7 , 3 ) r ign O hm n II
(1 6 1 8 — 2 2 ) an d his murder : Murad IV (1 6 2 3 — 40 ) his cap
f a a 2 D c 1 a u e o e . 6 8 ue t r B gd d ( 5 , 3 ) his cr lty Ibr him I
(1 640— 48 ) recapture of Azov (1 64 2 ) attack on Crete (Can di a) (1 64 5) order to m urd er all Christians assassin ated by t he Janissaries accession of Muh ammad IV (1 64 8 ) troubles u d ring his minority .
e of u a a Ki u ri li a e e a e a a Appointm nt M h mm d p , r n g d Alb ni n , t ob e Grand Viz ier with full powers his great re forms he restores t he force of t he Ottoman Turks his intern al policy : t he execution of t he Greek patriarch : his f e : e oe e e u a T ran s l or ign policy his victori s v r V nic , R ssi , y vania an d t he Empire his d eath
a Ki u ri li a e 1 66 2 — 6 he a a Ahm d p , Gr nd Vizi r ( 7 ) tt cks Tra nsylvani a : t he Emperor Leopold resolves to resist t he Turks an d calls for t he h elp of Christendom t he Di et of t he Empire agrees an d Louis XIV sends 6000 Frenchm en Mon t ecuculi defeats t he Turks at t he battle of S aint Goth ard
1 Au 1 6 6 an d a e e a t he u e of a a ( g . , 4 ) s v s Vi nn tr c V sv r
1 0 Au 1 6 6 t he s e e of a a oo u e e . : ( g , 4) i g C ndi M r sini s rr nd rs
a Ki u ri li 2 e 1 66 t he o a a t he to Ahm d p ( 7 S pt . , 9 ) C ss cks c ll in help of t he Turks against Poland Ahm ad Ki upri li takes Kaminietz an d conquers Podolia : by t he Treaty of
B d z i ak B z c 1 1 6 2 a e e o a an d u uc a 8 . or ( Oct , 7 ) Pol nd c d s P doli t he Ukrain e to t heTurks an d promis es to pay tribute : t he treaty disavowed by t he Polish Di et John Sobi eski
h u a hocz i m 1 0 1 6 an d e e efea t e s t C . d ts T rk ( Nov , 73) L mb rg
A t he ea of Zurawn a 2 1 6 6) 2 u 1 6 . ( 4 g . , 75) by Tr ty ( 7 Oct , 7
a an d a b ut e u t he t he Turks . retain K mini etz Podoli giv p
of a i u ri li 0 a e an d t e u e ea K . h , Ukr in trib t d th Ahm d p 3 Oct ,
T he greatn es s of t he Ki upri li s t he sudd en resurrection of
h a e a e t e Ottom n pow r its signific nc .
’ Au horit i es : Creas s o of t he O oma u r s an d St an le t y , Hi t ry tt n T k , y
r L an e - Poole T he S o of u e a n d T h e S o of t he a a Cor , t y T rk y t ry B rb ry s a s a re ead a le oos Ran ke Fii rst en u n d V Olker von Sii d - u oa ir r b b k ; , E r p ; D i e O s man en u n d d i e s panis che Mon archi e i m 1 6t en u n d 1 7t en J ahr
ols 6 of hi s S mmt li h W i s s n fi u e v . ii c e e e moe e h nd rt ( 3 5, 3 rk ), r ci ti c ;
e w o s are ma n l ase O 1 1 Von H a mmer es e (le s O s th ir rk i y b d , G chicht ’ h e n s v ls an s la d s i s i r t ma s e o. e o en a H t oe le ni c R ich , 4 , tr t int Fr ch L
’ i r man 1 8 vols a n d on i n i s s l m e t o . ke e e d e osma E p O t , , Z s n , G e chicht s e n e s i n u oe vols ni ch R ich E r p , 7 ,
L E C T U R E X I V .
I T H M D T H 1 m E U ROPE N E ID L E O F E 7 C ENTURY .
I T A Y 7 . L .
Italy at t he comm en cem ent of t he 1 7th century t he id ea of Italian unity preach ed by Dante an d Machiavelli had b een extinguish ed by t he vitality of local life an d local rivalries t he Italians preferred local to n ation al patriotism therefore
a w as a e u e foe e It ly l rg ly r l d by r ign pow rs .
T he of a - an d e a o a o e divisions It ly th ir rel ti ns to e ch th r .
T he f a a a e : - I T he a e of t he u Chie It li n st t s . St t s Ch rch
alteration in t he character of t he POpes : they become more
‘ Italian an d temporal in their aspiration s : their attitude to wards European affairs their influence in Italy th eir n epot ism : th eir administration of their States : Clement VIII
— Aldobran di n i a - a a e e e a a , his nti Sp nish policy nn x d F rr r
— 1 8 e 1 60 eo — e - - I 60 au V ( 59 ) di d 5 L XI M dici , f 5 P l Bor
b e e - 1 6o— 2 1 ua e e e : e g s , 5 his q rr l with V nic Gr gory XV
‘ udovi si — 1 6 2 1 — 2 a — e Barb eri n i — 1 6 2 — : L , 3 Urb n VIII , 3 44 his anti - Spanish policy an d friendship for Richelieu his admin i st rat i on fortification of Rom e annexation of Urbino (1 63 1 )
— - — war a a 1 6 1 - e X Pamfili 1 6 with P rm ( 4 44) Innoc nt , 44 55 destruction of Castro : his n egoti ations with Mazarin : con d emn at i on of Jansenism favouritism Al exander VII “ ” — 1 6 — 6 : e e of t he e a Chigi , 55 7 ris in pow r congr g tions t he plague at Rome hi s quarrel with Louis XIV Avignon occupied by t he French (1 663 subm1 551 on of
h he a he a a o of o t e Pope t Rom n nobility t be utific ti n R m e .
of t h i ci li s f u a n o e S e . e II . Kingdom Two i Sicily its d l bili : t he a a a 1 6 an d u e t y rising g inst Sp in ( 4 7 ) its s ppr ssion .
a e t he e e of t he a a u a e ii . N pl s gov rnm nt Sp ni rds Oss n tri s to revolt t he t ax on fruit imposed by Arcos : t he rising of Masaniello action of t he Duc d e Guis e
u e of t he u e s ppr ssion ins rr ction (April ,
a u of u a t he a e e t he a III . Gr nd D chy T sc ny l t r M dici tr n quil reign of Ferdin and I I (1 6 2 0— 70) his encouragem ent of
an d a science rt .
u of a a : e f h h IV . D chy P rm gov rnm ent o t e Farn esi : t e war t he e 1 6 1 — 6 with Pop ( 4 44 , 4
u of oena n of h V . D chy M d governm e t t e Este their f e for ra e ri ndship F nc .
u of Ma a h ar r h ~ VI . D chy ntu : t e w fot e Mantuan succes sion (1 6 2 7) on t he death of Vincent Gonzaga II 1 Rich eli eu
u a es a a Duc d e e e a of a ua s pports Ch rl Gonz g , N v rs s ck M nt
t he e a 1 8 u 1 6 0 t he ea of Che by Imp ri lists ( J ly , 3 ) by Tr ty rasco (1 63 1 ) Charles is acknowl edged but Savoy gets part of
fe a Mont rr t .
u of uas a a u a a VII . D chy G t ll D ke Ferdin nd Gonzag I a a ua 1 6 2 ue e of a an d he m r cl ims M nt 7) infl nc Sp in t E pero .
“ u o a h x VIII . D chy f Mil n t e Spanish governm ent its e a ctions .
' R e I li c of e e he e e of IX . p Lb V nic : t d clin its comm erce : its political importance in t he Levant and in Italy t he govern m ent of t he R epubli c its intern al policy its foreign policy t he quarrel with Pope Paul V : Fra PaoloSarpi : struggl e with t he Turks t he war in Cret e (1 645
e u of e a ea e u e w X . R p blic G no its w kn ss its tro bl s ith Corsica : wealth of its bankers : t he city bombarded by t he French
e u of u a e a e XI . R p blic L cc its comm rci l prosp rity .
u of av t he a e of XII . D chy S oy import nc its position hold ing t he keys of Italy Ch arles Emman uel fi (1 58 0 — 1 630 ) a fa fu a of e au e he had a e ith l lly Philip II , whos d ght r m rri d he ced ed Bresse to H enry IV (1 60 1 ) in exchange for Saluzzo
’ H enry I V s dream of a kingdom of t he Alps : t he M antuan succession (1 6 2 7) S avoy gets part of Montferrat (1 63 1 ) t he
French alliance of Victor Am adeus I (1 6 30 — 3 7) m arried to a daughter of H enry IV cession of Pi gn erol reign of Charles Emm anuel II (1 6 38 his policy : sch em es on
h o of a o o a a a n o Genoa t e H use S v ”y lo ks t It ly s a artich ke b ea e u eaf eaf to e t n p l by l .
Au horit i es : A mon M O I N E G or a sl a e n o t g S ALL BO KS N LISH , tr n t d i t q,
t’ n l s ma b e n ot edO T r olloe aul t h e oe an d a ul t h e a E g i h , y p , P P p P Fri r, r ow n en i fi V all on ud es ifl i s 9 p H . F . B V ce es S C e oes e H , W f , t i n
o a n d for M as a elloa n d a le s u n s e o Von R en mon t t ry , , ni N p d ri g thi p ri d , ,
h ra f s f M a d al a l s u n s m n Am n T e C a a o d oni N p e der Sp ani h Do i ion . og ’ R osul t Bot t a oa ell al a ls — E E S vo . 8 S CONDA Y HISTORI S c n , t ri d It i , 5 , a n ke D i e romi s ch en Péi st e i m 1 6t en un d e a un d e vols R , p I 7t n J hrh rt , 3 . ,
l b Aus v l Br ose/z s e d s en s aa an s a e o. e e es tr t d y tin , 3 , , G chicht Kirch t t ,
sa e d u D u e d e C ré ui I 6 2 vols. d q ( , * l e o a ol Ba ld aeclz i n i S oa R gn di N p i , , t ri ’ * a ol a n a d ell an n o1 6 H er ve de Sa i n t - D en i s n su e o d e N p it 47 , y , I rr cti n
ra sl a f om i a 2 v l oi sel ur M az a n e a les en 1 6 e R v s os . L e t N p 47 , t n t d r , , ri
l e D uc d e u se i n hi s ues on s hi st ori ue d u V I I e si éc le Von R ea G i Q ti q g , * s os a n as un e di e M 2 v l s n i i M lan o mon t G e e e o . Ca t e , chicht T c t r dici , , , i T ‘ an d fl i a i n am n t ul a - om a dodel s e olo8 i l s uot erritorio g o e i s l S t oria . L b r c ‘ i r fi a fr l D r n e s l s B o a d a a aoo a s oe d V e e vo . g P , , Hi t ir ni ,
1m A M amas g , m
re a d Mémoi res h i st ori ues sur la M a so oal g g r , q i n r y e * ' Bél i 0 oso s oe d e l a M a sod e Savoe “ g 7 , Hi t ir i n i , m 9 ella lomaz a d ella oe di a oa l S v vos . an d dip i c rt i , 4. , S oa d el e odi C a lo man uel e m 2 vols . T h e R m t ri r gn r E II , P I M ARY AUTHORITI ES are t ob e found i n M urat ori an d t heA r c/zi vi o
St or i coI t a li a n ow le for t h e a em of Gu se on a les ma , hi tt pt i N p y b e r an d Bag uen an lt de P n cnesse
“ d e u se a a les an d for t he ua el b G i N p , q rr etween i Sar O e e . p , p r
“ mar e w h a 4 are n ot i n t h e n ers t rar k d it U iv i y Lib y . "
fl a
L E C T U R E X V .
I N T H M OF T H 1 T H C EUROPE E IDDLE E 7 ENTURY .
ND 8 A G . . SPAIN PORTU AL
T he extent of t he dominions of Spain at t he commence
of t he 1 e u a e t he a e e u m ent 7th c nt ry N pl s , Sicily , Mil n s , Ro s
a e t he a e e a e a sillon , Fr nch Comté , C tholic N th rl nds , C ntr l
h a d e a t e e . an South Am ric , Philippin Isl nds T he policy of Philip II an d its effect on t he strengt h of
an d a oa Spain at hom e br d . T he weakn ess of Spain at home bad internal administra tion sterilizing effect of South Am erican gold colonial
administration . T he weakn ess of Spain abroad : t he war with England an d t he Protestant Netherlands t he attitude of France an d
t he Empire . Yet t he seeming power of Spain overshadowed Protestant
e o of e of a e a e of 11 Christ ndom p licy H nry IV Fr nc , J m s I E
d a a a e eu a a an e . gl nd , Rich li , M z rin , Cromw ll tow rd Sp in Reign of Philip III (1 59 8 t he administration of t he Duke of Lerma (1 59 8 his internal policy : t he expulsion of t he Moriscoes (1 609 ) his foreign policy peace with England (1 604 ) truce with t he Protestant Netherl ands t he French alliance an d m arriages (1 6 1 2 ) Lerm a becomes a cardin al an d is dismissed (1 6 1 8 ) succeeded by hi s
h uk of e Son t e e . , D Uc do
Reign of Philip I V (1 62 1 — 65) administration of t he Count
’ Duke Olivares (1 6 2 1 — 43) Spain in t he Thirty Years War Spinola occupies t he Palatinate (1 6 2 1 ) renewal of w ar with t he Dutch (1 6 2 1 ) Spain struggles with France for suprem acy in Northern Italy an d i s three times worsted (I ) in t he affair
‘ of t he V alt elli n e (1 6 2 (2 ) in t he Mantuan succession (1 6 2 7 (3) in t he V alt elli n e (1 63 5) Rich elieu determines to overthrowt he power of Spai n : t he revolt of Catalonia
u a 1 6 0 a of a e an d of Port g l ( 4 ) dismiss l Oliv r s . Admini stration of Don Luis d e H aro (1 64 3 — 65) t he Span i ard s invade France an d are defeated at R ocroi (1 643) an d again at Lens (1 64 8) Spain recognizes t he ind epend ence . of t he Protestant Netherlands at Mii n st er Spain tri es to take advantage of t he Fronde in France Cromwell assists Mazarin : defeat of Spain : conclusion of t he Treaty of t he
1 6 1 a e u an d r Pyrenees (7 Nov . , 59 ) Sp in los s Ro ssillon A tois Louis XIV m arri es M ari e Th erese of Spain t he question of
a u e 3 ea of 1 e t he Sp nish S cc ssion d th Philip IV ( 7 S pt . ,
’ Condition of Portugal during t he Sixty Years Captivity to Spain (1 58 0 ruin of her Comm erce : loss of her monopoly of t he Asiatic trade : t he Dutch seize t he Spice Islands an d establi sh themselves in Brazil discontent felt i n Portugal preparations for revolt n egoti ations with R ich e
eu li . T heR evolution of 1 640 : t he Duke of Braganza hailed as John IV : independence of Portugal recognized by France an d Hollan d help sent t he Asiatic possessions an d Brazil rise against Spain : comm encem ent of t he w ar of i n d epen dence di fli cult i es of John IV his death (1 6 R eign of Affonso VI (1 656 — 6 7) governm ent of t he queen moth er 1 656 Schomberg organizes t he Portuguese army by t heTreaty of t he Pyren ees M azarin promises to abandon his support of Portugal : but he brings about t he
35 “ m arriage of Charles II of England with Catherin e of Bra ganza (1 66 2 ) importance of t he English alliance admi n i s t rat i on of Castel Melhor (1 6 6 2 — 6 7) continuation of t he w ar of ind ep endence : victori es of Schomberg : court revolution 1 66 7) Dom P edro declared R egent an d Affonso VI sent to t he Azores : treaty of peace with Spain signed at Lisbon
1 Feb 1 668 an d e e e e of r u a e e ( 3 . , ) ind p nd nc Po t g l r cogniz d . Significance of t he Portuguese revolution : condition of
u a an d a e as an a of a Port g l its import nc lly Engl nd .
Aut hori t i es : As M L ma b e oed D n n lza m s o of S AL BOOKS y n t , Hi t ry
n d u al l s i s ld - fas b u fa l oe S a a o vo . w o oe t p in P rt g , 3 , 4 , hich hi n d ir y c rr ct f r a n an h n f u al As o S d Morse St e e s S o o o . R p i , p , t ry P rt g SECONDA Y I E osul for S a t h e volumes on s e o i n L AUTHORIT S c n t , p in , thi p ri d a 9 uen t e an d o e ose u ve s oes of S a n W T s a n e f , th r c n c ti hi t ri p i , E p g é ’ ’ e u s l e e e d e l e us u a l av n emen t dé s ou bos 2 d p i r gn Phi ipp II j q e B r n , M w ’ o vols M lo ue a e l at al u a t ran slat d b d ave e . e d a C n e eo e , , G rr gl y L nc L rgn ,
"X“ * Wat son s o of t h e e n of hi li I I a n d D n n lo. emos of , Hi t ry R ig p I , p , M ir S ai d u h f l n d C a l s 2 vols b old t e e s o a e . o p n ring r ign Phi ip IV h r II , th “ fas l m: oe b ut o a mu a i s val ua l e for ou a hi n d c nt ining ch th t b ; P rt g , e bellod a Si lva s oa d e ou al u a e os seculos et , Hi t ri P rt g d r nt XVI XVII ,
i M 4 3 1 Vert ot R evolut i on s d e o al a n d f2T essi er e 4 , , P rtug , j , L C eval e d e a el a os d e la a e ave le ou al au e m s h i r J nt , R ti n Fr nc c P rt g t p d e M az a n Amo M for a s s o d ur ri . ng PRI ARY AUTHORITIES Sp ni h hi t ry i n t h e e u ma b e oe i n a d on t o e e al olle os g c nt ry y n t d d iti g n r c cti n , ’ e e - M orel - F a t i o s a n e au XV I et XV I I S e l e : oume s s o , L E p g i c D c nt hi t * ri ues et l a es D en an s d e Court net et s oe d es n e oci at 1 on s q ittér ir , , Hi t ir g e t d u a d e a d e e ees an d M i n et oa os el a ve a tr ité p ix Pyr n , g , Nég ci ti n r ti ’ * l a su es s l for ou al or es o d s a n e sous ou s vo. cc i n E p g L i XIV , i ; P rt g , B g d e Cast roan d n d i ee Bi ker Colleccaodos a os ubli cos eleb a os j , ct p c r d e n e a Cooa d e ou l e as ma s oe as es e 1 6 0 n d Car t e tr r P rt ga i p t nci d d 4 , e , s o of t he evolu os of ou al w t h e e s of r Hi t ry R ti n P rt g ith L tt r Si R .
ou ell h n M 4 "l ft /i u éwi S thw t ot e D uke of Ormod A N t i w ”, W fi (
m n t n h n ers rar [Books arked w ith a are oi t e U iv ity Lib y . L E C T U R E X V I .
FRANC E UN DER LOUIS XI V A N D C OLBERT : T O T H E CAT OF T H C O F A S 1 6 8 REVO ION E EDI T N NTE , 5
Louis XIV assum es t he actual governm ent of France on t he death of Mazarin his p ersonality : his political aims : how far he continued t he work of Richelieu an d Ma
a far he w as an a z rin , how origin tor .
’ His first ministers t he Chancellors Ségui er d Ali
gre (1 6 7 2 an d Le Tellier (1 6 77 — 8 5) H ugues d e Lionn e
— — 1 67 Pomponn e 1 6 7 1 an d Colbert - Croissy (1 67 9 9 6) foreign affairs : Le Tellier — 1 666) an d Louvois (1 6 66— 9 1 ) w ar : Fouquet — 1 6 6 1 ) an d Colbert (1 66 1 — 8 3) fin ances : Col
— — e 1 668 6 an d e - e e a 1 6 6 0 a e b rt ( 7 ) Colb rt S ign l y ( 7 9 ) m rin . T he work of Colb ert he arranges t he finances of France he builds up manufactures by a protective policy he en cour ages comm erce a n d occupies San Domingo : he creates t he
" French navy : his p erson al probity : his h atred of w ar his love of public works Riquet m akes t he great canal of
a ue L ng doc . Louvois an d his work : he organiz es t he army : his mili
a f f a of u f e e t c t he e : e e . t ry r orms orm tion ni orm d r gim nts ,
ea e e e a u e e an d u e u gr t Fr nch g n r ls , T r nn Condé , L x mbo rg
an d au a V b n . T he intern al policy of Louis XIV he attracts t he nobility to court an d keeps them out of politics : he builds up t he administ rative system t he inten dants of t he provinces t he official n ew nobility : t he police system : t he suppression of local liberties an d municipal government : t he King an d his
e t he of t he e a e minist rs pivot highly c ntr lized governm nt . T he position of t he Parlem ents : especially t he Parl ement
f a a e of he d la e o P ris growing import nc t noblesse e rob . T he splendour of Louis XIV : he establishes himself at Versailles : importance given by him t ot he Court influence of society an d social Observances effect of t he removal from
a a i n as e as P ris his bsolutism society w ll in politics .
Louis XIV an d t he Catholic Church his quarrel with Pope Alexander VII (1 664 his quarrel with Pope I n nocent XI t he claims of t he Gallican Church t he assembly of 1 68 2 t he attitude of Louis XIV to t he Papacy t he Jan sen i st s an d their doctrin es : t he position of t he Huguenots t he n ew policy adopted by t he King t he dragonn ad es rev
ocat i on of t he of a e 2 2 . Edict N nt s ( Oct , Condition of t he French provinces under Louis XIV con t i n uan ce of provincial life among t he petite noblesse an d t he
e of t he e an d u e e of bourgeois prosp rity citi s , , nd r Colb rt ,
d e e industry an comm rc . Louis XIV an d literature t he classic age French tragedy an d o e ea e e e a e an d e e : t he c m dy cr t d by Corn ill , R cin Moli r
a e ea e ue a a léchi er an d gre t Fr nch pr ch rs , Boss t , M sc ron , F
Bourd aloue t he e e a a an d a u e e pros writ rs , P sc l L Br y r Boileau an d t he canons of poetry history an d Mez eray t he
an d o of t he a e ran ai se work p sition Ac démi F c .
u an d art : t he a e u e ueu an d Lo is XIV p int rs , Po ssin , L S r
e u t he a e a ar an d e au t he a e e L Br n rchit cts , M ns t P rr lt g rd n r , Le N Ot re : foundation of t he Academies of Sciences an d of
an d of t he of e Inscriptions School Rom .
a e fe of u a es e e Priv t li Lo is XIV his princip l mistr s s , Mdll . d e a a e e a a e d e e a an d e d e L V lli r , M d m Mont sp n Mdll . Fontanges death of t he Queen (1 68 3) he marries privately M adame d e M aintenon T he year of t he R evocation of t he Edict of Nantes (1 68 5) marks a change in t he character an d policy of LouI S XIV he is h enceforth guid ed by Madam e d e M aintenon an d his
fe e e a a e an d e e e e e : con ssors P r L Ch is , P r L T lli r Colbert is
ea an d t he a u e e e on e ai m d d Sp nish S cc ssion b com s his . Impression which t he days of t he glory of Louis XIV m ade on Europe t he imitators of his ideas an d of his Splen u do r .
Aut horit i es olt ai re Si é cl e d e ou s i s s ll t he es V , L i XIV ti b t LITTLE n t he e d Am BOOK o p rio. ong SECONDARY AUTH O RITIES may b e not ed s oe d u e e d e ou s ol s ‘ L . L ai r Lou se Hi t ir r gn i XIV , V ”, i d e La all e e et la eu esse d e ou s an d Ni olas F L c ou ue 2 V i r j n i XIV . q t , — 1 3 8 i ” ’ os zl l i v l . ; C/zér el D e ad mi n st rat i on d e Louis XIV (1 66 1 2 ) a n d " i ’ moes sur s hr é da n ou 2 os l men t i s e t e v l . o M C e ifi . i n n t. u , é ir F q t , , H t ir
d e Col e d n ad n s a 2 ls * ouve eme d e et e s o m o vo. e b rt i i tr ti n, , L G rn nt ’ Lou s ou la ou l admi n i st rat i on l es fi n a es e t l e omme e i XIV , c r, , nc c rc I ' d é I B a ol e sous ou s a n d W ad ame d e Mon es a W L P c L XIV , t p ; ( i i n ‘N e ma rek Col e et son e m s 2 vols ousset s oe d e od y , , ”R L T b rt t p Hi t ir vos vols Ker vi ler e a el e e e Sé ui er Gaz i er es i , 4 , L ch nc i r Pi rr g ; , L ’ ’ d ern i é res a es d u C a d n al d e e z oson L Assemblee d u nné r i R t ; y ,
' le d e a e d e 1 68 2 (M i c/l aud ou s XI V et I n n ocen t X I c rgé Fr nc ; , L i , 4 ' l e d ssu ls n d s d e n lo os Ba us t s o e o e vo . a oe e v . se e , Hi t ir B t , 4 , Hi t ir F n ,
’ ’ l s P a a ux et Sa bat i er u e Sur l a r vocat i on d l d i t d e vo . e e 4 ; , Et d E * a es an d M a r t i n La Moa e au X V I I éme s e l e essa sur l e N nt , , n rchi i c ; i ’ s s eme et l i n ue n ce e so elle d e ou s T he M y t fl p r nn L i XIV . PRI ARY O I for t he a m n s a o of ou s are Clemen t et AUTH RIT ES d i i tr ti n L i XIV , L n u s t m m es l Boi li l s es s o e é o d e Co e vol s . s s e Coe o tr , i tr cti n ir b rt , 7 , , rr p nd
anc e d es con t rol eurs - généraux d es financ es ave c l es int en dan t s d es ov es 2 vols an d D e i n Co es o an e a m s a ve sous pr inc , , pp g , rr p nd c d ini tr ti l e e e d e ou s w h le a mo t he vas um e of memos r gn L i XIV , i ng t n b r ir , ’ ma b e oe t he ou al of L efevre d r m s on t he M moes e t c . O e s , y n t d J rn , é ir of M ada me de Mot t ez 'i lle Mademoi selle d e M on t en si er L a F are , p , ,
an d Fouca ult fiCosn ae Souven s d a e e d e ou s 8 , , ir r gn L i XIV , l an d a ove al l t h e e s of M ad am d n vos . e L e e Sev é , b tt r i g X
oos mar e w t a are n ot i n t h e n ers r ar [B k k d i h U iv ity Lib y , "
L E C T U R E X V I I .
T H E FO REIGN POLI CY O F LOUI S x1 v : T O T H E T R EAT I Es
O F MW E 1 6 8 . NY EG N , 7
o of t he e of u e oa ea e e Positi n pow rs E rop t w rds ch oth r , wh n Louis XIV assum ed t he governm ent of France (1 66 1 ) effect
of t he e a of a e a 1 6 60 ea of r stor tion Ch rl s II in Engl nd , ( ) id s religious unity give way to t he conception of n ation al unity concentrated in t he p erson of t he Mon arch exceptions, t he
e a e e a u e a u e a c a an d Prot st nt N th rl nds , r l d by b rgh r risto r cy , England extinction of feudal relics in England an d develop m ent of comm ercialism t he contest for t he commerce of t he
e ee a and t he u world b tw n Engl nd D tch .
39
Advantages possessed by France in t he n ew era of diplo mat i st s an d standing armies : Louis XIV und erstands an d
a e t he n ew era f e f e an d a domin t s his or ign , o fic diplom tists
a a a an d e e a a his rmy , its org niz tion its g n r ls his n vy . Louis XIV resolves to use th ese advan tages to enlarge t he
e of a e an d for e a an d e e a ea d e bord rs Fr nc , , int rn l xt rn l r sons ,
e o a w ar cid s n policy . Louis XIV an d diplomatic pri vileges t he case of D ES trad es at London an d Of Créqui at Rom e Louis XIV an d England : m arriage of H enrietta of En
a e of a e t he u e of O ea o e gl nd , sist r Ch rl s II , to D k rl ns , br th r of u 1 66 1 u a e of u Lo is XIV ( ) p rch s D nkirk (Nov . , Louis XIV an d Spain : his hop es of t he succession : his
a for a e e e e a e cl ims diplom tic pr c d nc gr nt d . Louis XIV an d Germany he s ends help to t he Emperor against t he Turks (1 664) his influence with t he League of t he e an d t he e e a e Rhin w st G rm n princ s . Louis XIV an d t he Turks : he defeats t he B arbary Cor
a 1 66 an d e e t he e e a a a s irs ( s nds h lp to V n ti ns in C ndi . Louis XIV an d t he D utch : his relations with John d e
’ eff of e o t he u Witt ect Colb rt s p licy on D tch .
T he n aval war b etween England an d t he D utch (1 664 - 6 7) causes of t he w ar in commerci al rivalry t he republican party an d t he House of Orange capture of N ew Amsterd am bat ‘ t le of e f u e t he of u e at Low sto t (3 J n , bishop M nst r tacks t he Dutch Louis XIV d eclares war against England
a e of t he 1 — u e ou a e b ttl Downs ( 4 J n , L is XIV m k s
ea e a a 1 66 t he u t he Med p c with Engl nd (M rch , 7 ) D tch in wa : ea of e a 1 u a a a y Tr ty Br d (3 J ly , Engl nd b ndons t he a e of t he e a but ee t he N ew e er: tr d Spic Isl nds , k ps N th la e a nds in North Am ric .
T he War of e u 1 6 6 — 6 8 e e for t he war D vol tion ( 7 ) pr t xt , (see Appendix V) isolation of Spain Louis XIV takes t he
e f e e of t he a e e a an d u e bord r ortr ss s C tholic N th rl nds , occ pi s Franch e Comté t he Triple Alliance 3 by t he treaty of Aix la - a e e 2 Ma a e ee e a e Ch p ll ( y , Fr nc k ps Fr nch Fl nd rs
o a but rest res Franche Comté to Sp in . T he T e Al a e be ee a e e an d t he ripl li nc tw n Engl nd , Sw d n ,
u 2 an 1 668 a t h r of h . e e e t e D tch ( 3 J , ) its import nc p incipl
a a e of e on e of t he e e of u ea B l nc Pow r , which is k ynot s E rop n
for e a a e ur e e t he a policy mor th n c nt y , invok d to ch ck mbi of u tion Lo is XIV .
T he position in t he - Protestant Neth erlands t he policy of John d e Witt Perpetual Edict against t he House of Orange
of a character Willi m III . Louis XIV breaks up t he Triple Alliance by t he Treaty of
e a 1 u e an d e a Sw e Dov r with Engl nd ( J n , by d t ching d en 1 6 2 se e rea t he e for (April , 7 ) cr t t ty with Emp ror divid ing t he Spanish Succession (M A Louis XIV attacks t he Dutch their sole ally t he
ea e e er a of a e u : a a e Gr t El ctor , Fr d ick Willi m Br nd nb rg p ss g of t he e 1 2 u e 1 6 2 t he u cut e e Rhin ( J n , 7 ) D tch th ir dyk s (1 8 June) : murder of John d e Witt (2 0 Aug ) : William III elected Stadtholder : t he Great Elector forced to m ake
a e pe c . T he n aval war England joins France t he battle of Sole
“ b a u e 1 6 2 t he u u e fu 1 6 ea e b e y (7 J n , 7 ) D tch s cc ss l in 73 p c
a an d t he u 1 Feb ee . tw n Engl nd D tch ( 9 , T he continental War coalition form ed against Louis XI V
h e an d t he ea e 1 6 2 o t e E . e by mp ror Gr t El ctor (Oct , 7 ) j in d
e a an d t he u e of a e Au . D en n xt by Sp in D k Lorr in ( g ,
d h an d h a an t e e a a e . an a t e m rk El ctor P l tin (J M rch ,
e Ma an d t he ea e u 1 6 :1 t he Empir ( y , Gr t El ctor (J ly , 74) Electors of Treves an d Cologne forced to abandon France
e e e a her a (1 6 73) Sw d n r m ins only lly .
a a of 1 6 a u e of ae 2 u e 1 6 C mp ign 7 3 c pt r M stricht ( 9 J n , 73)
’ T uren n e s strategy campaign of 1 6 74 Louis XIV occupies
o W t he a e of en ef 1 1 Au a e S . Fr nch C mté Condé ins b ttl ( g , 1 6 74 ) Turenn e cross es t he Rhine an d ravages t he Palatin at e : a a of 1 6 u e e e u e a e an d c mp ign 75 T r nn r occ pi s Als c , is killed (2 6 July) naval victori es of D u Quesn e in t he Medi t er ran ean d eath of D e Ruyter (1 6 76) subsequent campaigns
a f h e f e e c pture ot e bord r ortr ss s .
ea e of e e Ni mé uen e 1 0 Au Tr ti s Nymw g n ( g ) sign d ( g ,
eb 1 6 a e a e f a a e 5 F . , 79 ) Fr nc obt in d rom Sp in Fr nch
a e e e an d e o e l a e Comté , V l nci nn s oth r t wns in Fr nch F nd rs , an d recognition of rights in Alsace : t he Dutch ceded nothing
t he treaty supplemented by that of Saint Germain - en - Lay e
e a e u an d e a re (7 S pt . , by which Br nd nb rg D nm rk
o e e stored all conquests t Sw d n .
Aut hori t i es ; Amon g SECONDARY WORKS dealing with t he diplo
ma an d m l a s o of t h e e o fou e on d oume s ma tic i it ry hi t ry p ri d , nd d c nt , y
* ’ e ‘ ’ b e oe Fi lo7z a a e et l Aut ri che au XV I I S e l e L e ew e n t d, , L Fr nc i c ; f
Pon t ali s e a d e W 2 vols a n sla e o l s M a illoii Herb , J n itt , , tr t d int Eng i h , , . ’ ’ r i et t e An e d Aii l eterre d t ich esse d O rlé an s War aeron Lou s e d e n g , ; , i
Ké ouall e d u esse d e osmou “Rousset s oe d e Lou vos r , ch P rt th Hi t ir i , 4 ls fi et er D er e d es Grosseii Kurfii rst en e e a n e M 1 5 vo . , Kri g g g n Fr kr ich ; 7 7 — ‘ m B‘W ‘W w ht e d es Krieges d er Mii n st erer 1 i n d KOl n eIZfi g fi * 2 ols oll a ¥ 9 fl E 7me72 an re t i n d d er ed e e v . H nd ; , Fr k ich Ni rrh in , l u ion d e . e s oe d e a pap , Hi t ir ré n 9Q
compagme
i e f M A O a re M n et oa chi PRI ARY UTH RITIES ig , Nég ci
' ’ * l Gr i t ue l s al a su essi o d ES a n e vos . e e d e cc n p g , 4 fi , R c i ’ l s ou se v a l hi s t oi re m l a e d e ou s 8 vos . an d t h e l ettre p r r ir i it ir L i XIV , , Mémoires of T a ren n e, an d t h e Marée/zal d e Gr a mon t
‘ i a * ar n l i n h n v rs b r ar [Books mark ed w t h e fia t e U i e ity Li y . ) \
I L E C T U R E X V I I .
PRUSSI A UNDER T H E GRE AT ELECT oR .
T he scattered nature an d diverse character of t he domin
o u e re e W a e of ra e u an d i ns r l d by F d rick illi m , El ctor B nd nb rg
u e of u a kn ovvn as t he ea e o 1 6 8 : D k Pr ssi , Gr t El ct r , in 4 his
e e a e u et e e e a ua e t he c ntr in Br nd nb rg , not y ntir ly v c t d by
' Swedish troops : Eastern Pom erania still full of Swed es
‘ Prussia only held in feudal subj ection to Poland an d Cleves
he u garrisoned by t D tch . Contrast between t he policy pursued in Brandenburg an d i n t he rest of Germany during t he latter h alf of t he 1 7t h century t he importance of t he reign of t he Great Elector : he pre pares t he w ay for t he future greatness of t he House of
oe e H h nzoll rn .
’ T he Great Elector s n ational policy : his desire to hold Prussia free from Polish suzerainty t he motive for his actions in t he North er n War of 1 656 — 60 (see Lecture XI ) that re lief granted by t he Treaty of Wehlau (1 6 57) confirmed by " t he Treaty of Oliva (1 660) his d esire t oget t he D utch gar rison out of Cleves t he motive for aiding t he D utch in 1 6 7 2 his d esire to conquer Western Pomerani a t he motive for join
h a a a u g t e co lition g inst Lo is XIV .
' To a out e es t he ea e e u c rry his sch m Gr t El ctor , lik Lo is
XI V ea e an d a e a a a an d oe , cr t s org niz s st nding rmy , looks s l ly
a e e t on ation l int r sts .
1 666 he a e t he u e - e e In fin lly divid s J li rs Cl v s dominions , an d a e e e a e e an d a : t he a e ea t k s Cl v s , R v nsb rg M rk in s m y r he u e a e u fa t he ea e occ pi s M gd b rg , which lls to him by Tr ti s of Wes a a t he ea of n u u of a 1 6 8 0 tph li on d th A g st s S xony in . Part taken by t he Great Elector in t he wars against Louis
2 1 6 2 he a t he u but a e ea e 1 6 XIV in 7 ids D tch , m k s p c in 73
1 6 he t he a a a a e an d a a e in 74 j oins co lition g inst Fr nc , is tt ck d
e e i he defea t he e e at e r e 1 8 u e by Sw d n ts Sw d s F h b llin ( J n , 1 6 7 takes Stettin an d Stralsund 1 6 78 ) but at t he
f a - e a - eu - a e 1 e 1 6 ha o ea o . s t Tr ty S int G rm in L y ( 7 S pt , 79 )
all e e eran a e e a a restore W st rn Pom i xc pt sm ll district . T he Great Elector an d t he Emp eror his G erman policy he j oins t he League of t he Rhin e strives for t he l eadership of t he Protestant princes with Saxony : his fri endship with
' D enmark his attitud e towards Poland his claim to Jagern s
f e a n a e e a 1 6 2 an d dor in Sil si , co fisc t d by F rdin nd II in 3 , to Liegn itz 011 death of t he last duke (1 6 75) compromised in ’ 1 68 6 by t he Emp eror Leopold s ceding to him Schwebus in
a Silesi . T he intern al policy of t he Great Elector his struggl e for a olu an d e a e a a o t he bs tism c ntr liz d dministr ti n with nobility ,
4 3 “
u e e a a e an d t he u a nit d in th ir provinci l Est t s , with m nicip l
of t he e oa ea u of ff e e v e rights citi s l c l j lo sy his di r nt pro inc s . (I ) In Brandenburg : t he Estates were enfeebled an d could
ee u e e a e of t he o e not m t witho t b ing convok d no Est t s pr vinc ,
t he an d N 2 v a a e ew a . only pro inci l Est t s in Old , , M rk ( ) In Cleves : t he nobility Lutheran an d oppos ed to t he Calvinist Elector : their alliance with t he D utch : t he administration in t he hands of t he Estates : t he resistance of t he nobility overthrown by t he use of troops in 1 651 an d 1 654 : t he ad
a a e t he a of t e e o ministr tion t k n into h nds h El ct r . (3 ) In Prussia t he nobility with full feud al power taxing an d rul ing their dominions : th eir fri endship with an d imitation of t he o : e e e a u e of t he s a e P lish nobility ind p nd nt ttit d E t t s ,
’ supported by t he city of KOn i gsb erg : t he Great Elector s struggle for t he recognition of hi s Sovereignty (1 6 60 63 ) t he execution of Kalkstein T he keynote of t he struggle t he d efinition of t he position of t he Elector an d t he Estates t he m ain battle over taxation in Brandenburg in Cleves in Prussia (1 66 3) t he right of self- taxation of t he Estates is acknowledged but
e e f 1 6 0 a e u f m 1 6 8 u a in Cl v s rom 7 , in Br nd n b rg ro 7 , in Pr ssi an d in Magdeburg from 1 68 2 t he direct taxes are recognized as e a e an d fu u e a e are e u a p rm n nt , t r t x s impos d witho t sking t he Estates excise introduced by Grumbkow
e u for t he u a of t he o e t e ea In r t rn s bordin tion n bl s , h Gr t
e e e e f e e e n re - e a El ctor r cogniz s s r dom on th ir prop rti s , a d st b
e a lish s it in Prussi .
a out a u oe for u e t he ea To c rry his mbitio s h p s his H o s , Gr t
e saw a a e u u b e a a oe
El ctor , th t Br nd nb rg m st milit ry p w r his efforts to create a standing army : at his accession it
e of 1 2 00 men at ea of consist d , his d th Materi al progress encouraged by t he Great Elector agri
' culture improved ; marshes drain ed ; canal m ade from the
Elbe to t he Oder ; B erlin b ecom es a city welcom e of more . than Huguenots after t he R evocation of t he Edict of
a e N nt s . ea of t he ea e 2 8 a i o D th Gr t El ctor ( April , comp r s n
e ee a an d met hod s ' an d e of u b tw n his ims thos Lo is XIV . A ut hori t i es : I n n l s see Ca r l le H s o of e d e i k t h e E g i h y , i t ry Fr r c ea ls 1 2 t l s f o. a n d T a t e o uss ol 1 v o a v . . Amo Gr t , , , Hi t ry Pr i ng SEC
‘ O N D A R Y HISTORIES consult Ber n er , G es chichte d es preussischen S aa s St en l s e d s euss s e aa s ols 1 2 D r z e e e S v . o t t , , G chicht pr i ch n t t , , , y sea ol l a n k Z lf es h e d es euss s e vo. R e w O Bii cher , G chic t pr i ch n P itik , 3 , , reussi s h r T rei t se/zlee eu s e esc e ol 1 c e Ges e v . p chicht , , D t ch G hicht , , P/zi li son s reussi s h r t aat s sen s l 1 e amed/é es e d e c e S w e vo. pp , G chicht p , , s , es u ss s al u s s l 1 [saaes lz e e d es e e e w e vo. o G G chicht pr i ch n V r t ng r cht , , m s s B a m e n hums l 2 Ca va i n a c es e d es euss e e t t vo. chicht pr i ch n , , g , L Ori 9“ es d e la Pr sse m a e v ol a n d fP t er o e u u o e o . e w d e gin c nt p r in , I , , rk cit d n r
e u e h M i s t he olle o e b L . T e R O e ct r XVII PRI A Y AUTH RITY c cti n , dit d y
' E rd ma n n sdoer a n d o e s of t he un d e n un d A ct en st ii ck e z ur Ge rf th r , Urk s e d es Kurfu rst en ed W l elmvon a e bu chicht Fri rich i h Br nd n rg .
[Book s marked w it h a are n ot i n t h e U n iv ers ity Lib rary "
L E C T U R E X I X .
T H E FOREIGN POLI CY O F LOUIS x1 v : T oT H E TREATIE S F W 1 6 O S C . RY I K , 97
T he a of a e of a e an d u riv lry Willi m III , Princ Or ng , Lo is XIV t hecharacter of Willi am III his adh erence to t he doctrin e of t he B alance of Power t he question of t he Sp an
e i sh Succ ssion . T he position of Louis XIV after t he Treati es of Nymwegen his friendship with Charles II an d Jam es II of England t he ” ' a e of eu an d Alsace an d a e h e ch mb rs r nion , Fr nch Comté
d a a 1 68 1 e e e e a u an u e a e e . s iz s Str sbo rg p rch s s C s l (S pt , ) s cr t a a e e wee t he e a a an d Swe lli nc b t n Emp ror , Willi m III , Sp in d en (1 6 8 1 ) to preserve t he arrangem ents m ade at Nymwegen in 1 6 78 prevented from acting by t he invasion of t he Turks an d t he siege of Vi enn a (1 68 3) t he Imp erial Di et m akes a
u e of e ea u an d e t he tr c tw nty y rs with Lo is XIV , cons nts to
eu Au 1 68 t he ue of t he a a e u e r nions ( g , 4) q stion P l tin S cc s sion (1 6 8 5) pretensions of Louis XIV formation of t he
ea ue of u u u 1 68 6 e e e t he a e of 1 68 1 L g A gsb rg (9 J ly , ) b tw n lli s ,
45
o e a eu u e of av t he e oof j in d by Victor Am d s II , D k S oy , El ct r d a a a an e . B v ri , oth rs Louis XIV an d t he M editerran ean D u Quesn e bomb ards
an d l e an d e a 1 68 e e a ve Tripoli , A gi rs , G no ( 4) S ign l y impro s
h a t e French n vy .
’ Louis XIV an d Pop e Innocent XI t he ambassador s right of asylum occupation of Avignon Louis XIV an d t h e administration Colb ert succeed ed by
Le Peletier (1 6 8 3 an d Pontchartrain (1 6 8 9 7 9 9 ) Lou
i L vois by B arbezi eux (1 69 1 1 7 0 1 ) Colb ert — Croissy assi sted by Colbert — Torcy an d succeed ed by him Effect of t he R evocation of t he Edict of N antes 1 68 5) in
u e e e a la an d e a E rop , sp ci lly in Eng nd G rm ny . Outbreak of w ar (1 6 8 8 ) its causes (1 ) t he Palatine Suc
e 2 t he e e oa e of e a e u o Car c ssion ( ) l ct r t Cologn , Fr nc s pp rting
a Fii rst en b er an d t he e e e e of din l von g Emp ror , Jos ph Cl m nt
a a a o e a a h B v ri L uis XIV d v st tes t e Palatinate , occupies
e a e e an d e e an d a e Bonn , Cologn , M y nc Tr v s , t k s Philipps burg T he position changed by t he Revolution of 1 68 8 in Eu
a a e a e of a effe gl nd , by which Willi m III b c m King Engl nd ct of this change on t he position of Louis XIV : he sends an a an d a ee t ou a e e a rmy fl t s pport J m s II in Ir l nd . Campaign of 1 69 0 D e Tourville defeats t he English an d t he u off ea ea 1 0 u but a e efea D tch B chy H d ( J ly) , J m s II is d t ed at t he a e of t he e 1 I u an d ea e e a b ttl Boyn ( J ly) , l v s Ir l nd Luxembourg defeats t he Prince of Waldeck at Fleurus (1
ul an d a a t he u e of a at St afi ard a 1 J y , C tin t D k S voy ( 7 Au g , T he campaign of 1 6 9 1 Louis XIV prepares t oinvad e England : he takes Mons (9 April) : Catin at takes Nice (2
a e a e e ea of u April) No ill s t k s Urg l d th Lo vois . T he campaign of 1 69 2 Russell defeats D e Tourville at t he battle of La Hogue (2 9 May ) en d of t he Fr ench supremacy in t he Channel regular n aval w ar ab andon ed for privat eer ing D uguay - Trouin an d Jean Bart t he invasion of En gland abandoned Louis XIV tak es Namur (5 June) Lux embourg d efeats Willi am III at Steenkirk (3 Aug ) :
u e of a a e au D k S voy inv d s D phine.
‘ T h a 1 ou fea l a e c mpaign of 69 3 Luxemb rg d e ts Wil i m III at a e or ee en 2 u an d a e a e I I L nd n N rwind ( 9 J ly) , t k s Ch rl roi (
a a efea t he u e of a an d e u e e Oct . ) C tin t d ts D k S voy Princ E g n at a a oa l e a es a a . M rs gli (4 Oct . ) N i l s t k Ros s Exhaustion of France feebl en ess of t he mini sters d epre c i at i on of t h u e e c rr ncy . D efen sive camp aign of 1 6 94 d eath of Luxembourg (4
an a e a u e a u u s J . , Willi m III r c pt r s N m r Lo i
a e ea e o a eu of a XIV m k s p c with Vict r Am d s II S voy , who
e oe Pi n erol an d a a e an d e au e a e r c v rs g C s l , whos d ght r m rri s h a of u he e a e lf h al of a e t e gr ndson Lo is d cl r s hims e t e ly Fr nc .
e a o for ea e e e at Ma N goti ti ns p c op n d Ryswick ( y ,
’ a e e e en d m a u of a a 1 0 Au p e c d cid d by V O e s c pt re B rcelon ( g) .
T he ea e of e 2 0 e an d 0 1 6 tr ti s Ryswick sign d S pt . 3 Oct . , 9 7 , by which (i ) Louis XIV recogniz ed Willi am III as King of
a but efu e e e a e t he u Engl nd , r s d to xp l J m s II (ii) D tch allowed to garrison t he frontier towns of Belgium as barrier fortresses (iii ) Louis XIV r estored to t he Empire Philipps
ur e a an d e u an d all a e a u e b g , Br is ch Fr ib rg , pl c s dj dg d to him
e t he ea e of e e e e as ou sinc tr ti s Nymw g n , xc pt Str b rg , Longwy ,
' Sarreloui s an d a au eoo u e of a e re L nd (iv) L p ld , D k Lorr in ,
’ fa o all f a e e e e e . stor d to his th r s d minions , with ortr ss s dism ntl d Position of t he powers of E urop e at t he Treaties of Ryswick
he e e of t h e a u awaiting t s ettl m nt Sp nish S ccession .
Aut hori ti es O f t he S EC O NDARY HISTORIES cited for Lectures XVI a n d olt ai re Ga i llard i u fi Clémeut e XVII , V , f , , L * * ou s d e 1 68 — 8 Rousset U ll i cli aud Ba usset M a r t i u Fi lon L i XIV 3 9 , , , , , , ' ' * Vou E uueu R O / M i chel a n d O a l are s ll val ua le an d of t he fi J J j ti b , M E Boi sli sle D e i n Fouca ult QCosn ac L a PRI ARY AUTHORITI S , , pp”g , , , * m d z r n a n d T o h A F a re M ad a e e Sev é Gr i et . t e E R U , lg , fi S CONDA Y T H O R I T I ES s oul b e ad d e for s e o M aca ula s o of E u h d d thi p ri d, y , Hi t ry
l 1 — l a n vos . g d , 4 ;
8 vol s.
H ISI O I
o M a am d M a n en on “l ei e e d e ou s vols . Ge r e e r gn L i XIV , 4 , fl y , d i t ; ‘ ’ I relle L ou s et S as ou r i a g , i XIV tr b rg J e n i s - X I L Schult e M a a f Lu wi von ad e u n d d er e s L ; , rkgr d g B n R ich
J ’ k 2 ls % ar ut t i oa d el e o k e e e a e vo. S d i oo ri g g g n Fr n r ich , , t ri r gn Vitt ri ’ Amedi o a n d fiD H aussou vi lle s oe d e l a u o d e la or II , , Hi t ir ré ni n L
ols T ot he M a ra e a l a a e v . U R dd L oui s in Fr nc , 4 PRI ARY A THO ITIES
’ ‘ l an d M moes ou l i -n st ru t i on XI V ( uvres 6 vos. c d a au E , , é ir p r D phin , d D r 2 ls an /z ei m ela o s ur la ou d e a vo. S e n 1 e . e ss e 6 0 y , ; p , R ti n c r Fr nc 9 ; M ada m d M ai n t en on Co es oda e ale an d ( uvr es b e e rr p n nc génér E ed . y
’ l l s he a ous olle os of e e e s f e i fi L a va lee I 2 vo . t v o i lz sse , ; ri c cti n th tt r th lc é
’ ’ d Orlea n s ow n as t h e ess ala n e Cat i n dt M émoi res et Ia Princ P ti ; , ls h M m es o l n o f M d le . d L a Co es o a e vo . e e a et t e M a rr p d nc , 3 ; é ir f y , d a me de Ca lus t h e A 65 C/zoi s an d T ore an d t h e ou n al of D a n y , y , y , J r
’ ls 1 — 6 o . ea u v . g ,
oos mar e w a n a re n ot i n t h e n rs t rar [B k k d ith U ive i y Lib y . "
U xx L EC T R E .
T H E S O F A BY T H E S 1 68 : A IEGE VIENN TURK , 3 POL ND
UNDER JOHN SOBIESKI .
Emp eror Leopold I an d Hungary : his efforts (I ) to
a 2 t o e oa e e e e t he C lvinism , ( ) d stroy l c l ind p nd nc , in Hungary left t ohim : t he Situation after t he Vasvar (1 664 ) t he conspiracy of 1 6 70 t he Pal atine Office abolished an d a policy of religious persecution an d Germaniz ation adopted : t he insurrection of Tokoli (1 6 75— 79 ) encouraged by Louis XIV to embarrass t he Em peror : effect of Western on Eastern Europ ean politics : t he Treaty of Nymwegen (1 6 78 ) followed by t he Diet of (Edens
e 1 68 1 t he a a e as e oa w e a b rg ( ) by which P l tin r st r d , rbitr ry
axe a e all ffi e a e a a an d e t s bolish d , o c s gr nt d to M gy rs , lib rty
of o e t ot he e a worship pr mis d Prot st nts . T he Emp eror Leopold an d Transylvania attitude of that
v e t he u see e u e pro inc to T rks ( L ct r XIII) .
T he u e e T OkOli as e of u a an d T rks r cogniz Princ H ng ry , under t he command of Kara Mustaph a Ki upri li march on
e a t he e e of e a a — e 1 68 Vi nn si g Vi nn (M rch S pt . , 3) its signi ficance i n history help sen t to t he Emp eror by other states : heroic d efence of Vi enn a : appeal for t he help of
e of oa : a e of oui XI John Sobi ski , King P l nd tt mpt L s V to
a e t he e isol t Emp ror .
“ e of a e e e 2 1 Ma 1 6 : t he John Sobi ski , King Pol nd , l ct d y , 74 disastrous reign of John Casimir Vasa t he feeble reign of Michael Koribut h V i chn evet ski (1 669 — 74 ) ’ Sobi eski s difficulties in Poland since t he Treaty of Zuraw n a
2 ea e u a an d t he . u ( 7 Oct , his tr ti s with R ssi D tch his fame as a gen eral his desire for a crusade against t h e Turks his friendship with Pop e Innocent XI his differences with Louis XIV : he resolves to com e t ot he h elp of t he
e o Emp r r .
b e a e u e of o a e efea John So i ski with Ch rl s V , D k L rr in , d ts h u e a 1 2 e 1 6 8 an d a e h t e . t e e e T rks in th ir c mp ( S pt , 3) r is s si g of Vi enna : pursuit of t he Turks : capture of Gran : execu
f a a u t a a Ki u ri li tion o K r M s ph p . War with t h e Turks : fi rst pha se (1 6 84 excitem ent “ caus ed in Christen dom by t he siege of Vi enn a : t he Holy L eague t he Ven eti ans und er Morosini conquer t he Mor ea
(1 68 4 — 8 7) t h e Poles in Moldavia (1 68 6) t he D uke of L or
B h an d of a a e a es u a e . e u e r in t k d (3 S pt , Lo is B d n
efea t he u at a 1 2 Au 1 68 t he a a es d t T rks Moh cs ( g , 7) J niss ri depos e M uh ammad IV an d pl ace Sulaim an I I on t he thron e
t he e of ra va a e a es e f (Nov . , Princ T nsyl ni d cl r hims l
f a : a ure of e ra e e t 1 688 a a a O u . v ss l H ng ry c pt B lg d (S p , ) Louis of Baden invad es S ervi a : t he Russians attack t he Turks : Mustapha Ki uprili appointed Grand Vizi er ’ T he Emp eror Leopold S action on t he conquest of Hungary
' he punish es t he friends of Tokoli executions at Eperi es t he
of u a a e e e a ea of e e e t he crown H ng ry m d h r dit ry , inst d l ctiv , in Hous e of H ap sburg : ab olition of t he coron ation oath : p er
n of he e a s ecut i o t Prot st nts . War with t he Turks secoud pfiase (1 68 9 — 9 1 ) t he Emp eror has to detach t he D uke of Lorrain e to fight Louis XIV on t he Rhin e : Louis of Bad en comm ands against t he Turks : M ustaph a Ki upri li appoints Tokoli Prince of Tran sylvani a
an d recaptures B elgrad e (1 69 0) accession of . Ahmad II
of Ba e efea t he u at a a e e 1 Au Louis d n d ts T rks Sz l nk m n ( 9 g ,
‘ 1 69 1 ) Mustapha Ki uprili killed Transylvani a conquered
e as e of a a a D ec t he Hapsburgs recogniz d Princ s Tr nsylv ni ( .
’ 1 6 9 1 ) John Sobi eski s last campaign he extends t he fron ti er of Poland t ot he Pruth (1 6 9 1 ) Louis of Baden sent to t he e Rhin . War with t he Turks t /zi rd p/za se (1 69 1 — 9 8 ) unimportant Operations (1 69 1 — 9 5) accession of Mustapha II (1 6 9 5) he takes command of t he Turkish army he invad es Hungary an d takes many fortresses confusion caus ed by t he d eath of
e e e t he ea a e z 2 8 u 1 6 6 John Sobi ski P t r Gr t t k s A ov ( J ly , 9 )
e u e e e t he u a at Ze a 1 1 e Princ E g n d stroys T rkish rmy nt ( S pt .
h u for ea 1 69 7 ) t e T rks sue p ce . Reasons which induc ed t he Emp eror Leopold to make p eace with t he Turks t he immin ence of t he falling in Of t he
a u e e e oof t he an d u Sp nish S cc ssion int rv nti n English D tch .
of a 2 6 an 1 6 :i t he ea . e ob Tr ty C rlowitz ( J , 9 9 ) (i ) Emp ror t ai n ed u a e t he a a of e e a t he e H ng ry , exc pt B n t T m sv r , whol of a a a C a a an d av a t he a e Tr nsylv ni , ro ti Sl oni to S v (ii )
-Venice obtain ed Dalm atia an d t he Morea (iii ) Poland recov
' e a a e u a ot er d Podoli with K mini tz (iv) R ssi g Azov . Since t he si ege of Vi en na t he Turks have reced ed ' i n Eu rop e t he Treat y of Carlowitz marks t hefirst stage of th eir
e d eclin . T he condition of Poland under John Sobieski rivalry b e tween t he Poles an d Lithuanians t he fact i on s nobility Sobie ’ Ski s sch em es for reform rej ected he finds himself without subsidies or support attitude of foreign powers : Sobieski
’ wishes to abdicate : approach Of civil war : Sobi eski s ad vancement of civiliz ation in Poland death of John Sobieski
1 u e 1 6 6 e e of t he e u u u of a ( 7 J n , 9 ) l ction El ctor A g st s S xony
b e of oa 1 u e 1 6 to King P l nd ( J n , 9 7 )
Aut hori t i es : Amon M L e er Au t ri che - H on ri e g S ALL BOOKS g , g Cr eas oman u s a n d Molll St o of ol an as e foe w y , Ott T rk rf , ry P d , b r , ith
”ld i z s o a n d on s e uen es of t h efea h M a e C e of t e u s efoe , Hi t ry q c D t T rk b r
e a i n 1 68 . As R T T see Coxe s o of Vi nn 3 SECONDA Y AU HORI IES , Hi t ry t he H onse of Aus a vols T eut sc/z Gesc e der Si eb ei i b ur er ' tri , 4 , hicht g ’ t f Sfi chsen fi Klo D as a 1 68 u n d d er fol en e oss e T ii rken k ri e , pp , J hr 3 g d gr g * m d en on a lo z T /i i2rlz i m l ma l bi s z u e v C w i al . e e s a l Fri r it , r s , F d r ch " * s R ii di er af St ah remb er R 0der van D i ersbur D es a k Ern t g , Gr g ; g , M r
af u l elmvon ade Feldz ii e w d e d i e T ii rken 2 vols e w W . gr n L d ig i h B n g i r ,
on avoe vol s ammer s oe d e A ruet /z z u e v S . ozzv l , Prin E g n y n 3 ; Z i , Hi t ir f ' “ ’ m n ls 1 2 d e a 1 I m i re o a vo. e 9 3 s E p Ott , J n 3 : d ol n e a a et s us a es l s an d Salua ud s oe e o v o e So vo. y , Hi t ir P g nt J n bi ki , 3 ,
- o ve s ou es bu i s n e i are old fas oe a n d don t t e e . e s hi n d gi rc , nt r ti g Th r
mu a i s useful i n Fa r es e ue l d es s u os on es a ux ch th t g , R c i in tr cti n d n é t m s es d e a e e n ol e a mb assadeurs e ini tr Fr nc P ogn .
11 [Books mar ked with a a re n ot i n t h e U n iversity Library "
T X X I L E C U R E .
SS A D P T H A RU I UN ER ETER E GRE T .
Condition of Russia under t he first Roma-novs : intern al
an d f e of t he a see e u e or ign policy Ts rs ( L ct r XII ) . T he reign of Alexis Romanov (1 645— 7 5) autocracy l egal i z ed : t he ' govern men t of t he boyars : disorganization of t he
administration : popular ri sings : Stenka Razin (1 666 — 7 1 )
’ ' Nikon s reform of t he Russ1 an liturgy t he code of Alexis his wars with Poland an d Sweden he accepts t he suzerainty
of t he a of e u i a an d t he U a e an d of t he Coss cks Littl R ss , kr in , Zaporogues : by truce of An d roussovowith Poland
e ve e an d e he rec i s Smol nsk Ki v . T he reign of Feodor Alexi evi t ch (1 6 75
es of e e t he ea u e of e n Acc sion P t r Gr t , yo ng st son Al xis , bor
u e 1 6 2 t he of t he e at 9 J n , 7 rising Str ltsi Moscow Ivan V proclaimed j oint Tsar with Peter : Princess Sophi a m ade
Regent .
T he government of Sophia an d Vasili Gali t z i n (1 68 2 — 8 9 ) th ey confirm t he p eace of Kardis with Sweden an d t he treaty ’ of An d roussovo: Gali t z i n s expedition against t he Crim ean
Tartars (1 68 7 — 8 9 ) overthrow of Sophia (1 6 8 9 ) Peter t he
ea a u e t he e e Gr t ss m s gov rnm nt .
T he boyhood of Peter t he Great his ed ucation his char ~ acter his passion for boat - building his foreign frien ds Le fort his amusements an d occup ations his longing for a navy condition of R ussian comm erce Archangel t he Baltic : t he government of t he boyars : by death of I van V
8 Feb e e e e e a . P t r b com s sol Ts r ( ,
’ e e t he ea war t he a u e of 2 8 u P t r Gr t s first c pt r Azov ( J ly ,
1 6 6 ea i t he u A a e t o u a 9 ) by tr ty w th T rks , zov gr nt d R ssi
’ Peter t he Great s visit to Western Europ e (1 69 7 — 9 8 ) its ’ a e u effe e e a a e politic l r s lts its ct on P t r s ch r ct r . D estruction of t he Streltsi (1 69 8 ) first steps taken for t he formation of a regular army an d navy forcibl e introduction of e e u a e W st rn s g s . First appearance of Russia in European politics n egot i a e ee u u u e of a an d K of tions b tw n A g st s I , El ctor S xony ing
a e e e of a e u e e Pol nd , Fr d rick , El ctor Br nd nb rg , Fr d rick IV ,
of e a an d e e t he ea for an a a Swe King D nm rk , P t r Gr t tt ck on d en : motives of t he attack : Brandenburg also suggests the
’ a Of a e e e e for a o t he p rtition Pol nd P t r s d sir p rt on Baltic . Peter t he Great invades Ingria t he Russians d efeat ed by
a at t e a e of v I o 1 00 a e h a N v . e Ch rl s XII b ttl N r a ( 3 , 7 ) Ch rl s
oe a a a XII m v s g inst Pol nd .
T he u a a e N ot ebur 2 2 an d e e R ssi ns t k g ( Oct . , P t r h a f u e e u : u of n a an d t e Gre t o nds St . P t rsb rg occ pation I gri
a e a : a u e of a a 2 0 u C r li c pt r N rv ( A g , T he Empress Cath erine : private marriage (1 70 7 ) public
a a e 1 1 2 her ue e e e e e m rri g ( 7 ) infl nc ov r P t r M nshikov . Clos eness of t he alliance b etween P eter an d Augustus I t he devastation of Livonia t he Swed es defeated at Kalisch (2 9
u u u a e ea e a e at Nov . , A g st s m k s p c with Ch rl s XII Altranstadt (1 706 ) Peter left without allies t he w ar in ua a f a of Lith ni : ortific tion Moscow . Charles XI I i n vades t he U krain e (1 708 ) treachery of Ma
ot he t e e Of i sn a e a e man f h a e . z pp , H t Cossacks b ttl L (9 Oct , 52
1 7 08 ) t he winter of 1 708 — 9 destruction of t he Swedish army at a a 1 1 u e a e of a e : a e Polt v ( J ly , sc p Ch rl s XII import nc of t he victory : Russia takes rank with Europ ean n ations t he result of a train ed an d disciplin ed army immedi ate effe t of t he v u u u a e e e e e c s ictory A g st s , id d by P t r , r solv s to recover t he Polish thron e an d t oconquer Livonia t he R us
a a e afe a an d a e a an u e t ot he si ns m d s in Ingri C r li , with o tl t
a t he m e ffe e t he a ev e B ltic E p ror o rs his sist r to Ts r itch Al xis , who m arries Princess Charlotte of Brunswick - Wolfen bii t t el
2 1 1 1 ea ue of u e a an d u a ( 5 Oct . 7 ) l g R ssia, D nm rk Pr ssi f e a e e ea of a e e e 1 a . orm d g inst Sw d n by tr ty M ri nw rd r ( Nov ,
1 0 e u a 7 9 ) Elbing promis d to Pr ssi . Early suggestion s of a partition of Poland by Prussia an d
a e e t he ea S xony to P t r Gr t . Intern al reforms t he n ew administration t he Privy Council takes t he place of t he Council of Boyars : t he n ew d epartments : formation of t he eight governments : t he taxes an d fin anci al system Commerce an d monopolies encourage m ent of foreigners : ecclesiastical reforms reform ation of t he monasteries : t he S enate unpopularity of these c hanges
a u an d e loc l ins rrections discont nt . Continuance of t he war with Sweden : capture of Viborg
2 1 u e of u n d of e e e e e ( J n , Riga (J ly ) a R v l (S pt mb r) ’ occupation Of Livonia an d Esthoni a marriage Of P eter s niece Ann e to t he D uke Of Courland ; occupation of Cour
a l nd .
T h e a e w ar a a e e t e ea 1 D ec e u . T rks d cl r g inst P t r h Gr t ( , 1 7 1 0 ) Peter t he Great invades Moldavi a he is surrounded
t he u t he u an d ea of 1 1 u 1 1 1 by T rks on Pr th by tr ty J ly , 7 , a ee u e e w as e u t he u gr s to s rr nd r Azov , which giv n p to T rks
1 1 2 in 7 . T he campaigns in Pom erani a (1 7 1 1 — 1 3 ) sequestration of
e St ttin . ’ Peter t he Great s position at t he tim e of t he Treaties of
e Utr cht . h had f r u a T he greatn ess of t e work Peter don e oR ssi .
“ 53
u horit i es : f M O t he mos ead a l e i s s ll d es e A t O S ALL B OKS t r b ti , pit ’ m m s s a n d m s o e os Volt a i re s oe d e l em e d e s o e i tak e i c nc pti n , , Hi t ir pir
s s ous e e l e a d w s oul b e e ed b t he a e s Ru s i e Pi rr Gr n , hich h d ch ck y ch pt r
0 1 1 hi s e n i n M a i ll S o of uss a a n d Ra mba ud s oe d e l a r ig r/ , t ry R i , , Hi t ir ols T h e es AU u ss e an sla e b . . L an 2 v . E R i , tr t d y L B g , b t S CONDARY u n r e d e r T H R I T I S are Schu ler e e t he G ea 2 vols . Br ck e e O E y , P t r r t , , , P t r
osse a n d H er r ma mz R u ssl a11 d u e e e de r oss e . T h e U n i G , t P t G r , n r r r u l of hi s val ve s b a ow n t ot he ft b M r. u e e S e r ity Li r ry , i g gi y E g n ch y r in n a l e olle o i s i n boos on s sub e : mos of ese vol b c cti n , rich k thi j ct t th u mes are i n Russ ian b ut a mon g those of historic al a n d biographical i n o e l a ua es ma b e oe Oboleus/ei a n d Posselt a e i n t erest th r ng g y n t d , T g l s n Posselt D er e e al u d es e e ale n a od o vo . a d b ch G n r P trick G r n , 3 , , G n r
u n d Adm al a z efo se Le e u n d se e Ze 2 vols . ir Fr n L rt , in b n in it ,
L E C T U R E X X I I .
F D C H ARLES XII O SWE EN .
T he reign of Charles XI of Sweden (1 6 60 during
an d t he e e of e e a his minority gov rnm nt his moth r , H dwig ,
ea e was a e a e a an d u a see p c m d with Pol nd , D nm rk R ssi [ Lecture XI"an d Sweden j oined t he Triple Alliance [see Lecture XVII"t he political position of Sweden : t he gov ern men t of t he nobles : they grant t oth emselves t he crown
a l nds . Charles XI assum es t he government (1 67 2 ) his alliance with France : he invad es Brandenburg : he is attacked b y D enmark an d t he Dutch : his navy is defeated by Corn elis van 1 1 u e 1 6 an d a t he ea e Tromp ( J n , 75) his rmy by Gr t El c
at e e 1 8 u e 1 6 he efea t he a e at tor F hrb llin ( J n , 75) d ts D n s
u 1 1 D ec 1 6 but e all e a a an d ee L nd ( . , 7 5) los s Pom r ni his fl t
e e a ue I 1 u e 1 6 8 t he ea is d stroy d by Admir l J l ( J n , 7 ) by Tr ty of a - e a — en - a e 1 e 1 6 he e e all S int G rm in L y ( 7 S pt . , 79 ) r cov rs his lost territory by t he influence of Louis XIV his alliance with t he D utch (1 68 1 ) he s ends th em 6000 men (1 68 8 54
T he R evolution of 1 68 2 absolute power placed i n ' t he h ands of t he king by t he Estates he attacks t he nobility by resuming all lands granted to th em since 1 6 09 his excellent administration economy an d large savings encouragem ent of e s e Sw di h comm erc .
s a of e a 1 6 0 — t he admi n i s Chri ti n V , King D nm rk ( 7 9 9 ) t rat i on of Gri ffen feld (1 6 70 — 76 ) result of t he w ar with
Sweden his troubles with Holstein - Gottorp t he Convention of Altona (1 69 1 ) his attempts to imitate Louis XIV : his creation Of a privileged nobility excellence of his n avy an d comm erce his administrat ion he invades Schleswig (1 6 9 8 ) an d u ee e e e t he f o ea is s cc d d by Fr d rick IV in oll wing y r .
Charles XII of Sweden (1 69 7 — 1 7 1 8 ) his education an d character : he is declared of ag e (1 6 9 9 ) dang er threaten ed
e e t he a a e a a her of e a a en to Sw d n by lli nc g inst D nm rk , Br nd d u u a an a . b rg , S xony R ssi T he first campaign of C harles XII hecom es to t he help of t he Duke of Holstein — Gottorp (1 700 ) he attacks Cop en hagen : Frederick I V m akes t he Treaty of T ravan dahl (1 8
Au a ra a e e t he u e g , gr nting p ctic l sov r ignty to D k in
e Schl swig . T he second campaign of Charles XII he d efeats t he R us
0 1 an d t he a at Kli ssow a at a a . 00 . si ns N rv 3 Nov , 7 ) S xons Charles XII despis es Russia an d resolves to drive Augus t us I out - Of Poland : t he Polish Di et d eclares t he thron e of Poland vacant : el ection of Stanislas Lecz i n ski as King of
a 1 2 u 1 0 a e a e a : Pol nd ( J ly , 7 4 ) Ch rl s XII inv d s S xony by
' of a 2 e 1 06 u u u e t he ea a . Tr ty Altr nst dt ( 4 S pt , 7 ) A g st s r cog n i z es Stanislas as king commanding position of Charles XII
‘ in European poli t i cs : exp ectation of his intervention in t he
h u f a u War Of t e Spanish S ccession visit oM rlboro gh to him . Charles XII invad es t he Ukrain e hi s army d e
e a u e e e t he ea at a a 1 1 u stroy d or c pt r d by P t r Gr t Polt v ( J ly , 1 709 ) he escapes to B ender his efforts to induce t he Turks to attack Russia he is arrested by t he Turks an d imprisoned at Adrianopl e T he r e n W r u n t he e e e of a e at h a , No t r , d ri g r sid nc Ch rl s XII
' B en der Augustus I tears up t he T reat y of Altranstadt and with Peter t he Great recoonquers Poland Stanislas Lecz i n ski escapes to Sweden (1 7 1 0 ) an d goes to B ender (1 71 3) t he Russians conquer Esthoni a an d all the shores of t he Gulf of
a e e of e a i a e e e but Finl nd : Fr d rick IV D nm rk nv d s Sw d n , is
fea e t en bock at e 1 0 a 1 1 0 d e t d by S H lsingborg ( M rch , 7 )
t en bock efea t he Da e at a e u 2 0 D ec . 1 1 2 S d ts n s G d b sch ( , 7 ) " an d burns Altona : he is joined by t he Duke of Holstein
o t en bock fo e su e e at n Ma G ttorp S rc d to rr nd r To ning ( y , 1 7 1 3 ) t he Danes conquer Bremen an d Verden : campaign
‘ of t he u a u a Saxon s an d a e e a a R ssi ns , Pr ssi ns , D n s in Pom r ni
h e u e ex e a u t e e . whol provinc occ pi d , c pt Str ls nd Position of t he northern powers at t he Treaties of Utrecht exhausted condition of Sweden triumphant attitude of
u a u a an d e a e e ea e b e a ea R ssi , Pr ssi D nm rk Sw d n c s s to gr t power t he position given her by t he Treaties of Westphalia too great for her to hold sources of her strength an d weak n ess .
T h ara r an d a ee of C a e e ch cte c r r h rl s XII .
hori i es : T he b St M A O i s s ll Volt a i r Aut e .S LL e C a l es XI I t BO K ti , h r ,
' b ut t he summa of fa s i n Ot t é S an a v an s o a n d Ge ro ry ct , c din i Hi t ry , fi y ,
es i s s f l or moe d e a le f m Les a s s an n av u e u . F o a o see Et t c di , r t i d in r ti n ' l s lf n 2 l B k L un dblaa es e Ka s d e ZwO t e vos . es ow a l d er , G chicht r , , , K r
T ol ft e an d Sa ra uw D i e Feldz ii e Ka ls w le Schu ler e e t he , g r XII , hi y , P t r
' G ea Mor ll S o of olan an d T ut t le H i st or of uss a can b e r t , fi , t ry P d , , y Pr i , s u e for t he uss a ol s an d uss a s d es of t h e oh e t di d R i n , P i h Pr i n i N rt rn
T he e n e al s oes of Swe e b F r xell an d War . b Gei er g r hi t ri d n y y y j ,
a sla e o e ma a n d on n u e b Car lson d evoe mu s a e tr n t d int G r n c ti d y , t ch p c a l s X n a l I t ot he reigns of Ch r e I a d Ch r es XI .
L E C T U R E X X I I I .
WAR S A SH S CC SS 1 0 1 — 1 TH E OF THE P NI U E ION , 7 4 .
Causes of t he War of t he Spanish Succession : t he reign of Charles II of Spain (1 665 his feeble h ealth : in t ri gues for t he succession to t he Spanish dominions impor tance of t he question to Europ ean n ations : t he doctrine of t he a a e of e B l nc Pow r . a 74;a 14 . l en i 6 - / : 0 1 3 ic . l/ 6 3 , We“ W ,
T he Secret Pa 11 Louis XI V an d t he / e L eo an . 1 66 a e t he N et her [t ofe Emp ror , is to h v l at ‘ an d Cat n i a Sicily d p t m h ‘ / t he Mil an ese thes e
T he claimants to t he Spanish Succession an d th eir claims
u e of u a of ou XI V t he Philip , D k Anj o , gr ndson L is , Arch ' d t d e a es u e of t he me e an d t he t Ch rl , yo ng r son E p ror L opold , of a a e a e a . See e El ctor l Princ B v ri ( App ndix V) . T he First Partition Treaty b etween William III an d Louis
1 1 1 6 8 t he e ra e a h . e a t e XIV ( Oct , 9 ) El cto l Princ to h v Sp in ,
e a n d t he e e a a e a e t he a e e Indi s N th rl nds , Ch rl s to h v Mil n s ,
a e a e t he u a r an d Gui oscoa Philip to h v N pl s , Sicily , T sc n po ts p arrangement accepted by Spain death of t he El ectoral Prince
6 Feb of a a a . B v ri ( , T he S econd Partition Treaty b etween William III an d
u 1 Ma 1 00 a e a e ai t he I h Lo is XIV ( 5 y , 7 ) Ch rl s to h v Sp n ,
e t he e e a an d a a a e t he a e di s , N th rl nds S rdini , Philip to h v s m as ef e t he a of t he M a e e was b or with ddition il n s , which to b
for a e exch anged Lorr in . Intrigues at Madrid Charles II m akes a will in favour of d t 1 00 an e 1 . Oc . Philip (7 , 7 ) di s ( Nov , Louis XI V accepts t he will an d acknowl edges his grand
of all t he a 1 6 N o as u e v . 1 00 son r l r Sp nish dominions ( , 7 ) William III an d t he Dutch reluctantly recognize Philip V of Spain : diplom atic precautions of Louis XI V : his first mis a e e u O f t he u f o t he ar e f r e e t k , xp lsion D tch r m b ri r o tr ss s
of t he a a e e 1 0 1 e ee t h f a . e orm tion Gr nd Alli nc (7 S pt , 7 ) b tw n
me a t he u an d t he of u a E p ror , Willi m III , D tch King Pr ssi second mistake of Louis XIV : he recognizes t he Pretender
a h a f a of 1 e . 1 0 1 t e e o e as King Engl nd ( 7 S pt , 7 ) on d th J m s
ea of a 1 a 1 0 2 an d a e of II d th Willi m III ( 9 M rch , 7 ) cc ssion Queen Ann e t he Grand Alliance against Louis XIV
t he a an e of t he e 0 e 1 02 strength en ed by ssist c Empir 3 S pt . 7 )
ea t he u e of Ma or u e u e e its l ding spirits D k rlb o gh , Princ E g n an d t he Grand P ension ary H ei n si us : t he allies of France
" e t he u e of e a a ua ua a a an d a wer D k s Mod n , M nt , G st ll S voy ,
a a a an d e an d t he Electors of B v ri Cologn .
War of t he Spanish Succession : campaign of 1 70 1 Eu gene turns t he position of C atinat in Lombardy an d defeats V i lleroi at Chiari (1 Campaign of 1 70 2 Eugen e surprises V i lleroi at Cremona (1 t he D ukes of Modena an d Guastalla abandon
efea u e e at u a a 1 Au France : Vendome d ts E g n L zz r ( 5 g . ) Louis of B aden invades Alsace an d s eizes Landau : Bavaria
ar d 8 e a efea d eclares w an seizes Ulm ( S pt . ) Vill rs d ts Louis
a a e 1 a oou a e e e of B d en t Friedling n ( 4 Oct . ) M rlb r gh t k s Li g an d fo e e on t he eu e other rtr ss s M s . Campaign of 1 703 French plan of marching on Vienna Francis Rakoczy raises an insurrection in Hungary critical position of t he Emperor : Villars enters Bavaria : Vendom e enters t he Tyrol : Vendome has to retir e owing t ot he con
u of a eu of a o o t he a e d ct Victor Am d s S v y , who j ins lli s
8 a e of eve t he u e e e e f o ( Nov . ) import nc this nt D k r c iv s r m t he e o e a a a e a t he V al e a an d t he Emp r r Al ss ndri , V l nz , S si Lomelli n e failure Of t he invasion of t he Tyrol Villars d e
' fea t he u a at a 2 1 e a a e a ts A stri ns Hochst dt ( S pt . ) T ll rd r c p u e a au 1 a u a e Ma t r s L nd ( 7 Nov . ) M rlboro gh t k s Bonn ( y ) an d occupies t he electorate of Cologne : insurrection of t he
e a h Prot st nts in t e Cevenn es . Campaign of 1 704 : Vendome conquers Pi edmont : suc cesses of R akoczy : Marlborough joins Eugen e in B avari a an d u e al a at le e 1 Au u of a e cr sh s T l rd B nh im ( 3 g . ) Lo is B d n takes Landau an d Marlborough Treves : importance of t he battle of Blenh eim Sir G eorge Rooke seiz es Gibraltar (4 Aug ) : Portugal recognizes t he Archduke Charles as
of a King Sp in . Campaign of 1 705 Jos eph I succeeds Leopold as Emp eror (May ) he pursues a concili atory policy towards H ungary
la u t he e t he e e e a e Wi ssem Vil rs p ts down r volt in C v nn s , t k s bourg an d invades Baden Vendom e b esi eges Turin an d d e feats Eugen e at Cassano (1 6 Aug ) : M arlborough in t he Netherlands : Galw ay invades Spain from Portugal : P eter
u a e a e a 1 e an d a a a e a e boro gh t k s B rc lon ( 3 S pt . ) C t loni d cl r s for t he e a Archduk Ch rles . C ampaign of 1 706 Galway occup1 es Madrid (2 July) but t he Spaniards rise for Philip V an d drive him out (Aug ) Peterborough takes Valencia an d relieves Barcelon a Eugen e
e e e u efea ea an d e t he e out of r li v s T rin , d ts Orl ns driv s Fr nch
I a e a e a e au e u an d a uen a t ly (7 S pt . ) Vill rs r t k s L t rbo rg H g u M arlborough crush es V i lleroi at Ramillies 23 May ) an d
u h a e e a occ pies t e C tholic N th rl nds . Campaign of 1 7 0 7 : B erwick defeats Galway at Almanza
1 all a ex e a a a u ( 5 April) Sp in , c pt C t loni , s pports Philip V Naples acknowledges t he Archduke Charles : t he Emp eror con fiscat es t he duchy of Mantua he grants Montferrat an d
a a e t he u e of av but a a ua t he a C s l to D k S oy , dds M nt to Mil
‘ n ese : Eugene an d t he Duke of Savoy invade France an d
e e e u a St olhofen 2 Ma a e b si g To lon Vill rs storms ( 3 y ) , inv d s Germ any an d invites Charles XII of Swed en to j oin him
a u u e a e mi lit ai e a but ee M rlboro gh nd rt k s no y op r tions , k ps
a e fr e ve Ch rl s XII om int r ning .
a a of 1 08 a u e efea e e a e C mp ign 7 R koczy , tt rly d t d , sc p s to Poland Stanhop e takes Port M ahon in Minorca t he Aus t ri an s u e au u a e an d a a e , nd r D n , occ py N pl s S rdini Pop Clement XI prepares to resist Vendom e conquers t he Cath
e e a but efea e a u an d u e e olic N th rl nds , is d t d by M rlboro gh E g n
‘ at Ouden arde (1 1 July) : t he allies invade France : capture of Lille (2 2 Louis XIV n egotiates for p eace t he demands of t he alli es
a ea ra e an d ue t he ar Louis pp ls to F nc contin s w . Campaign of 1 709 t he Pope by t he approach of Austrian troops is forced to recognize t he Archduke Charles as King
f a 1 an a u an d u e e a e u a oSp in ( 5 J . ) M rlboro gh E g n t k To rn y
2 e t he a e of a a ue 1 1 ( S pt . ) b ttl M lpl q t (
e a of ert ru d en bur N goti tions G y g . Campaign of 1 7 1 0 : St ahremb erg an d Stanhope d efeat
at e a a 2 ul an d a a a 2 0 Au Philip V Alm n r ( 7 J y) S r goss ( g . )
h e a e u e a 2 1 e e e t e Archduk Ch rl s occ pi s M drid S pt . ) V ndom
a e a e e at ue a D ec an d efea m k s St nhop prison r Brih g (9 . ) d ts St ahremb erg at Villa Viciosa (1 0 M arlborough an d
a D a 2 u e 2 A an d e u e e e u u e e u . E g n t k o i ( 5 J n ) , B th n ( 9 g ) Air (8
General weariness of t he war ch ange of ministry in En
a t he u e a e u ee e e gl nd Archd k Ch rl s s cc ds his broth r , Jos ph I
1 he e e e er r as a e : ( 7 April , is l ct d Emp o Ch rl s VI
effe of a e ct this ch ng . Campaign of 1 7 1 1 M arlborough takes Bouchain 1 2
e t : o an d e t e e an d S p ) T rcy Bolingbrok , h Fr nch English
e e e a a e e a e of ea e : minist rs , s cr tly rr ng pr limin ri s p c Ormond succeeds Marlborough in command of t he army : D uguay Trouin takes Rio d e Jan eiro (2 3 T he congress of plenipotentiari es to decide on terms of
ea e ee at e an p c m ts Utr cht (J . , Campaign of 1 7 1 2 t he English m ake a truce (1 7 July) Villars d efeats Eugen e at D en ain (2 4 July) an d retakes
d a a e e ua an u . M rchi nn s , Do i Bo ch in T he Emp eror refuses to accept t he Treaties of Utrecht
e 1 1 1 1 an d ue t he w ar sign d April , 7 3 , contin s .
a a e e a au an d u Vill rs t k s Spir s , Worms , L nd Fribo rg .
T he e a e ea e a e at a a a Emp ror m k s p c with Fr nc R st dt (4 M rch,
1 1 an d t h a a e e t e e . 7 4) Empir B d n (7 S pt , Contrast b etween t he War of t he Spanish S uccession an d
’ he ea War t Thirty Y rs .
Aut hori ti es For a short accou n t of t h e War of t he Sp an ish Suc ‘ ess on se e St a n hoe s o O f lan d d u t he e of ueen c i p , Hi t ry Eng ring R ign Q l Amo e e al A T H R I A n n e 2 vos . O U O , ng g n r SEC NDARY T s o of ea a n u t h e e n of uee A e 2 vol s Hi t ry Gr t Brit i d ring R ig Q n nn , . , oxe M mos of t he n s of ai n of t he ouse of ourbo v ls C e S o . , ir Ki g p H B n ,
1 2 XR e n ald ou s et Gu l laume I a n d q e e d e l a , , y , L i XIV i II , W , rr ’ ’ l * s u ess on d Es a n e Moret u z e An s d a n e d e Lou s cc i p g , , Q in reg i XIV , 3
d e M a ame d e a e n on vols . Von d M int , 4 ,
oorden uroai sche es h e i m A z e en a u e vols A N . , E G c c t c t t t , p i h h hn J hrh nd r “ ‘ " I L— D i e l e z e n Leb en s ah L u w s I V W fi fi fi eé 3 , t t j re d ig X , f ‘ ‘ an i s ché E— rb fol ek ri e u n d d er Churfii rs t ose C le ens von COln Afip g g J ph m , \ afifi L a n d a u Kai ser Karl V I als on von S an i en Amo di , g K ig p z ng p ' lomat i c SEC O N iJ A R Y AUTHOR ITI ES see 011 23 7 1211 coalition 1 70
l a an e 2 v ls L ll l m e a a se l o e o. e re e a o a et c ntr Fr c , , g , L Dip ti Fr nc i a ’ ss d s a n v ls an d G deke D i ol ( st errei chs i n su e o E e o. a cc i n p g , 4 , j , e P itik E n f f A m l d er sp an ische Erb olge rage . mong i itary SECONDARY AUTH O R
* ‘ oxe M mos f he u f l u ls l on T see C e ot e oM a boo 6 vo . A i s I IES , ir D k r r gh, , , M l a fe of t h e uk e of M arlborou h i slan /zoe s o of t he ' i it ry Li D g / p , Hi t ry ( 1 ’ War of t he Su ess on i n n 3 Par n ll T he War of t he Su ess on cc i Sp ai , e , cc i _ 60 _
i n ai u lla n /i n z u en on a ols S Vo e s A r et v S voe v . p n , g , Vi r , , Pri E g y n , 3 , * ' an d Le e d es el ma s alls a f u doSt a emb er an d Roder b n F d r ch Gr G i ffi g , won D i ersbur e s u n d St aat sch ri ft en d es M ark afe u w g , Kri g gr n L d ig W l lm n f l e e T h ef i he von B ad en ii b er d e n sp ani sche Erb og kri g . e chi R M O I i s Pelet M moes m l a es ela fs al a su es P I ARY AUTH R TY , é ir i it ir r ti cc
’ s o d s a n 1 1 l ol le o l es oume n s d s b ut s ee E e vos . C ( i n p g , ( cti n D c t iné it ) , alsoGr i mblot e e s of W ll a m an d Lou s 1 6 - 1 00 , L tt r i i III i XIV , 97 7 , ’ Sfl z ea u Ave n emen t d es ou on s au on e s a n e : ores on i pp , B rb tr d E p g c r p d ’ l Ba ud r i ll r t l a e n d e d a M a u s d a ou 2 vos . a e nc i é it rq i H rc rt , , , Phi ipp V ’ l M n d D e d Es a n e e t l a Cou d e an e 2 vos . ur ra e e s a p g r Fr c , , y , L tt r l m u a u e es d u M a h al s at c hes of M a l oou vos . R a b t e L p r b r gh , 5 , , ttr réc ’ d e Tesse Mémoires pour servir a l histoire d a XV I I I i eme ’ s l e 1 l s 7L ou i ll M moes se e s sur l é t abli ssemen t d e la e vo . v e i c , 4 , é ir cr t
rb n en s a n e 2 l s an d t h e M m es Ber ma so d e ou o vo . o i n B E p g , , é ir o wi ck Vi llars D u ua - T r oui n For bi n a n d T or c w h t h e ou al , , g y , , y , it J rn
‘ - of T d i e b M a n d 1 0 1 1 1 ore e sso. iné it , 7 9 7 , y , t d y
[Books mark ed w it h a are n ot i n t h e U n iv er sity Lib r ary "
L E C T U R E X X I V .
A F - THE TRE TIES O UTRECHT .
T he first n egotiations m ade by Louis XIV after Ramillies (1 706 ) he tries to d etach t he D utch from t he Grand Alli a e : efu a of t he a e a H ei n si us ea nc r s l Gr nd P nsion ry , , to tr t separately (1 9 S econd n egotiations at t he H ague with t he allies after
u e a e an d t he of e Ma — u e a O d n rd loss Lill ( y J n , h rd terms offered to Louis XIV (2 8 May ) he refuses t oaccept
2 u e them ( J n ) . Conference at G ert ruyd en burg after M alplaquet (M arch
u 1 1 0 u a e t he e offe e J ly , 7 ) Lo is XIV willing to cc pt t rms r d at t he a ue t he fe e e e u 2 u H g con r nc brok n p ( 5 J ly) . Effect on t he Situation of t he accession of t he Tories to
e a 1 1 1 an d of t he e a of a oou pow r in Engl nd ( 7 ) r c ll M rlb r gh.
ea of t he au 1 1 1 I D th D phin ( 4 April , 7 ) .
t 1 2 an t he res for ea e e e a e . Cong s p c op n d Utr cht ( J ,
ef le e a e o for a e l e for chi p nipot nti ri s , T rcy Fr nc , Bo ingbrok
a H ei n si us for t he e a e e la es Engl nd , Prot st nt N th r nds progr s of t he e a ea e Of ea e i e e ee a e n goti tions tr ti s p c S gn d b tw n Fr nc ,
u a a e c at e a t he e e a v y t . Engl nd , N th rl nds , Pr ssi , S o , , Utr cht
1 1 1 1 t he e a e o ue at w ar ( April , 7 3) Emp ror Ch rl s VI c ntin s
a with Fr nce . Treati es signed b etween France an d t he Emp eror at
a a a o e t he e at a e R st dt (4 M rch , c nfirm d by Empir B d n
e 1 1 an d e ee a an d u a at a (7 S pt . , 7 4) b tw n Sp in Port g l M drid
. 6 Feb b ut t he e o a e ea e ( . , Emp r r m k s no p c with
a an d efu e t oa o e e Sp in r s s ckn wl dg Philip V . T he whole Series may b e consid ered togeth er as t he
ea e of e Tr ti s Utr cht .
ef o T h a u o i e e . Chi provisi ns . A . Sp nish s cc ssi n . Philip
e o e as of a an d t h e e V r c gniz d King Sp in Indi s , on condition that t he crowns of Spain an d Franc e should n ever b e united
au e of e i i a e e e e t he c s s this d cision . . Ch rl s VI r c iv d
d h a a e e a e a a an t e a e e . Mil n s , N pl s , S rdini C tholic N th rl nds i i i a eu e e e y i v a re . Victor Am d s II r c iv d Sicil . . Engl nd c ei ved a a an d o a Gibr lt r Min rc .
u of a e a a e o e as e B . Lo is XIV Fr nc m int in d his b rd rs settl d by t he ea e of but u e e e e e ue Tr ti s Ryswick , s rr nd r d r c nt conq sts in
e a he e e a a ova a a G rm ny c d d Ac di (N Scoti ) to Engl nd ,
e e t he e a u e an d e t oe e r cogniz d Prot st nt S cc ssion , promis d xp l t he ua e e e an d t o a e u St rt Pr t nd r dism ntl D nkirk .
a a d C . Engl nd received Gibr ltar an Minorca from Spain an d Acadia from France her sovereignty in Newfoundland
’ (subj ect t ocertain fishing rights) an d Hudson s Bay recog n i z ed : t he Protestant succession in t he lin e of H anover acknowledged an d by an Assi ento She Obtain ed certain
of e e a s u e a rights comm rc with Sp ni h So th Am ric .
T he e h D . Emp ror Charles VI received t e Catholic Neth er
a u e t oan a a e e t he u a le l nds , s bj ct rr ng m nt with D tch , N p s ,
a a an d t he a e e oe e a ua e S rdini Mil n s , t g th r with M nt , whos
a a a u e had e 1 08 l st Gonz g d k di d in 7 .
T he ea of h a f E . cr tion t e Elector te o Hanover (1 69 2 ) rec on i z ed t he e g by pow rs . 6 2
F T he e of a a a an d t he e b f . El ctor B v ri El ctor Arch ishop o
e e e e e of a a a es e e Cologn , Princ Jos ph Cl m nt B v ri , r tor d to th ir
dominions .
T he of t he of u a e e a d h . e n e re G titl King Pr ssi r cogniz d ,
cei ved e e e a as e of t he e of a e Upp r G ld rl nd h ir Princ Or ng .
T he u ave t he of t he e H . D tch h closing Sch ldt to com “ m erce an d th eir right to garrison t he eight barri er fort
resses t he a o e e a — a e u e in C th lic N th rl nds Ch rl roi , F rn s ,
e e a u u a an d e — Gh nt , M nin , Mons , N m r , To rn y Ypr s con
firm ed .
V i ct oH Amad eus had t he e of e a a I . II c ssions Al ss ndri ,
a e a t he V al e a an d t he omelli n e a e 1 0 V l nz , S si L , gr nt d in 7 3 ,
an d of a a e an d fe a a e 1 0 f t he C s l Mont rr t , gr nt d in 7 7 rom
u of a ua e and e e e t he d chy M nt , confirm d , r c iv d Sicily , with f of title oKing Sicily .
T h a a a a a e e . J . C t l ns b ndon d Importance of t he Treati es of Utrecht : comparison with t he Treaties of Westph alia its most notable points France
ef u t he e an d e a a e a l t pon Rhin in clos lli nc with Sp in , England shows further d evelopm ent in t he direction of com
e e an d e t he O f t he ou e of a u m rc coloni s , dominions H s H psb rg b ecom e nominally larger but really more unwieldy an d l ess G erm an , Prussi a takes a step in advan ce among t he n ations
e a an d t he u e of a a e o e in b coming kingdom , Ho s S voy lso b c m s
t he o e fu e e a a kingdom with m st pow r l int r sts in It ly . T he doctrin e of t he Balance of Power in t he Treaties of
e e of t he e Of a a Utrecht n gl ct Principl N tion lity .
Aut hori t i es : Most of t h e gen eral an d diplomatic S ECO NDARY A U T H O R I T I ES ci t ed u n d er Lect ure XXIII devote much s p ac e t ot h e ’ al v lu me h a Tre aties of Utrecht . Good sp eci o s ve b een written by ’ * Gi ra ud e a d U t rec ht an d fi Weber D er e e von e , L tr ité , Fri d Utr cht , M of m oa e i s T orc M moes a n d a PRI ARY AUTHORITY i p rt nc y é ir .
[Books mark ed w ith a are n ot i n t he U n ivers ity Lib rary
L E C T U R E X X V
1 1 GERM ANY I N 7 5.
Comparison between t he condition of G ermany after t he
an d h rea e of e a a Treati es Of Utrecht t e T ti s W stph li . T he Holy Roman Empire : con stant election of t he chi ef of t he House of Austri a tob e Emperor owing to t he votes he commanded as t he leading Catholic power d ecreasing i n flu ence of t he Emp erors in German affairs t he perpetual capit
lat i on a he u oof t he e i R c u e t . e ch ng s in constit ti n Empir . ogn i t i on of Prussia as a kingdom : t he Emperor Leopold agrees to give t he Elector Frederick of Brand enburg t he title of of ru s a as ru a a a e e e e of t he King P s i , P ssi is st t ind p nd nt
e re u for a a e t he War of t he a Empir , in t rn ssist nc in Sp nish Succession : t he other powers of Europe recogniz e t he title by t he Treat ies of Utrecht as a m emb er of t he Empire he
e a a u i i e e Of e r m ins El ector of Br ndenb rg : . Coll g El ctors t he Emp eror Leopold makes t he Duke of Hanover an Elec tor at t he sam e tim e restoring t he full electoral powers to t he kingdom Of Bohemia opposition of t he other Electors an d of t he Princes of t he Empire : league form ed against t he n ew electorate (1 700) t he Emperor promises t o mak e no further electorates without t he consent O f t he Empire (1 706) electorate of Hanover accepted by t he Diet
’ 1 1 0 i i i oe e of e : t he e ( 7 ) . C ll g Princ s Emp ror s right to create n ew princes limited (1 654 ) settl em ent of t he col legi at e votes creation of n ew princes m ade still more di f
ficult an d e e e t he e of t he e a e e d p nd nt on cons nt El ctor l Coll g , t he e Colle e an d e 1 1 1 of t he Princ ly g , , his B nch ( 7 ) growth custom of primogeniture an d its effect on t he votes which a u a e f ax i n e e of ee cc mul t : exception o S ony . Coll g Fr Cities its d ecay owing to t he falling off in t he prosp erity of t he cities : only t he three Hansa citi es remain ed powerful conquest of Mii n st er by Bishop Galen Of Erfurt by t he Elector of Mayence of Magdeburg by t he Elector of Brandenburg of Brunswick by t he Duke of Bruns wick (1 6 7 1 ) an d seizure of Strasburg by Louis XI V (1 68 1 ) general tendency of t he Free Citi es t od eclin e in import ance v T he e al e : o af e e es e e ua . Imp ri Di t its p licy t r it b com p rp t l an d occupied only by envoys disputes about preced ence its
u e effi e of a a vi cumbrous proced r in ci ncy its milit ry ction .
T he e a a e ea e f e af e t he Imp ri l Ch mb r its s t mov d rom Spir s , t r burning of that city by t he French in t he devastation of t he
a a a e 1 68 e a 1 6 1 ua e a t he P l tin t in 9 , to W tzl r in 9 q rr ls mong assessors t he Chamb er dissolves (1 700 ) its reorganization vi i T he u ou a t o ea a e o e . A lic C ncil its cl im d l with c s s c nc rn
vi i i T he e u ue t he a a o of ing States . r ligio s q stion pplic ti n
he e cu us re i oe us rel i o fa u eof t he t doctrin j g , j ig il r mod i ficat ion s arranged by t he Treati es of Westphalia t he
u of t he e a t he a a a e i x T he p ers ec tion Prot st nts in P l tin t .
ue n O f a e a ee e a e e ee a q stio Coin g gr m nt m d b tw n S xony , Brandenburg an d Brunswick at Zinn a (1 66 7 ) an d at Leipzig
1 0 x T he e a a e a a o e t he ( 69 ) . Gr gori n C l nd r d pt d by Pro testant States by a D ecree of t he Diet T he Hous e of Austri a additional dominions gain ed by t he
ea e of e a al e t he oe valua Tr ti s Utr cht , no ddition str ngth m r ble gains of t he Tr eaty Of Carlowitz in Hungary an d Tran sylvania tend to turn its policy still more towards t he East internal administration t he reb ellion of Francis Rakoczy
(1 7 03 ) t he short reign of Joseph I (1 705— 1 7 1 1 ) his con c essions to t he H ungarians an d consequent overthrow of R akoczy ? his concessions to t he Protestants of Silesia at t he request of Ch arl es XII of Swed en : his penal code an d t he promises of his reign t he Emp eror Charles VI an d his
e a e e views on int rn l gov rnm nt .
T he u e of u s a t he ai of e e e Ho s Pr s i ms Fr d rick III , El ctor of Brandenburg (1 68 8 — 1 7 1 3 ) to b ecome a king an d to increase
a a e i foe his dominions his ch r ct r his policy . . His r ign policy he pursues t he id eas of t he Great Elector he j oins t he League of Augsburg (1 68 8 ) an d s ends men to serve under William III against France (1 69 1 — 9 9 ) he sends 6 000 men to assist t he Emp eror against t he Turks (1 69
he sends men to serve through t he War of t he Span ish Succession (1 70 2 — 1 3 ) his conduct i n t he North ern War (see Lecture XXII ) his propositions to Peter t he Great for
a i i a a e e for the e of a partition of Pol nd . His rr ng m nts titl
he e ai d t he War of a u e king promis s in Sp nish S cc ssion , to ’ e u e t he e e e for an u a xc s Emp ror s d bts to him , to vot A stri n
e for e an d l use e as e princ Emp ror , on y to his titl El ctor in t he Imperial Diet : he crowns h imself at Konigsberg as
of s a 1 8 an 1 0 1 a e e u . e of Fr d rick I , King Pr si ( J , 7 ) import nc this step for t he future of his House t he title recognized by t he ea e of e i i i e oa o h r Tr ti s Utr cht : . His t rrit ri l p licy : e e
ch b u a see e stores S w e us to A stri ( L cture XVIII ) without . abandoning his claims on Silesi a he buys Nord hausen of t he Elector of S axony (1 69 7 ) he takes possession of Elbing in Polish Prussi a he seiz es Moeurs an d Lingen as heir of William III (1 702 ) an d takes possession of e e a e ru a t he ea e of G ld rs , which is gr nt d to P ssi by Tr ti s Utrecht instead of Orange he is elected Prince of N eufchét el
1 0 an d u a e t he u of e en u : i v ( 7 7 ) p rch s s co nty T ckl b rg . His intern al policy he follows t he lin es of t he Great Elector an d
e a e he w a for e er l a pr p r s t y Fr d ick Wi li m I .
f e e W a 2 b 1 1 e o e . Acc ssion Fr d rick illi m I ( 5 F , 7 3 ) by Treaties of Utrecht his royal title is recogni zed an d his pos session of Neufchatel an d Gelders : he inherits t he county of Limburg he occupies Stettin an d Wism ar in sequestration
h ar a a e e during t e w g inst Sw d n .
f a : i e oa a o Oth er states o Germ ny . El ct r l S x ny : division m ade on t he d eath of John George I (1 656 ) its prosperity sacrificed to t he Polish policy of Augustus I (see Lecture XXII) : wh en elected King of Poland (1 69 7) he becam e a
a o but w as et a e e a t he e of t he C th lic , y llow d to r m in Dir ctor
e a a t he e a e of fa e er Prot st nt p rty in Di t , his ch ng ith b ing p sonal an d not political : by a convention (1 7 00) religious
f t he u e of a e - e f i i a e e e e e e . m tt rs w r l t to D k S x W iss n ls . D ucal Saxony t he rule of D uke Ern est t he Pious of S axe Gotha : great division made (1 68 0) but no more votes al
h e i i i a a a e a a e t e u . . a e low d to Ho s B v ri F rdin nd M ri , El ct or (1 651 he refuses to b e a candidate for t he Empire (1 657) quarrels with t he Elector Palatin e about t he Vicari at e of t he e a i a a ue e 1 6 Empir M x mili n Emm n l , El ctor ( 79
1 2 6 a at u e of hi s t he le a r n e for t he 7 ) c ndid r son , E ctor l P i c , thron e of Spain he j oins Louis XIV in t he War of t he Spanish Succession his campaigns in t he Tyrol he is put t ot he b an of t he re an d f mt he a e of e e Empi , ro b ttl Bl nh im in 1 704 to 1 7 1 4 Bavari a i s administered by t he Emperors : he acts as Governor — Gen eral of t heSpanish Neth erlands under Charles II from 1 69 2 to an d again under Phili p V from 1 702 until he is dri ven Oll t after t he battle of Ramillies (1 706) restored to his dominions by t he treaty of Rastadt
' of a a a u e u i a u e i v T he a a a e condition B v ri nd r A str n r l . . P l tin t
' t he a e a e of t he H ouSe of Si mmern Charles l st Prot st nt El ctors ,
‘ Louis I (1 648 - 8 0 ) an d Charles Louis II 1 68 0— 8 5) : Ch arles i Louis I joins t he league against Louis XIV (1 6 7 2 ) devasta tion of t he Palatin ate by Turenn e (1 675) t he question Of t he succession (1 68 5) t he claims of Louis XIV Philip William
' of N euburg succeeds fresh d evastation of t he Palatin ate by
u as 1 68 e ru of e e e a e e D r ( 9 ) d st ction H id lb rg , M nnh im , Spir s , et c : accession of John William (1 69 1 ) his ardent Cat holi ~ ci sm persecution of t he Protestan ts extensive emigration
Philip William pays scudi (a scudo at this - tim e al most equalled a dollar) to Louis XIV to compensate for his claims his intern al governm ent he moves hi s capital from
e e e a e v a e a a e H id lb rg to M nnh im . H nov r ch r ct r an d a ee of e u u u t h of t he Du e of c r r Ern st A g st s , 4 son k
u — ii h ebhr an d e o of a e Br nswick L g , first El ct r H nov r his reputation as a Statesman an d a soldi er he makes peace be tween England an d t he Dutch (1 66 7 ) he becom es William
’ I I I s ef e a al an d e e ar a e chi G rm n ly , his int rm di y with Br nd n burg an d t he Emp eror he takes t he title of Duk e of H ano ver (1 6 79 ) he h elps to form t he League of Augsburg an d is m ade Elector of H an over (1 69 2 ) his share in t he Treaty of Ryswick he establish es primogeniture in his family his d eath (1 69 7 ) t he Elector George I his i n c reased import ance in Germ an affairs after being recogn ized
as h eir to t he crown of England (1 70 1 ) he unites t he D uchyof Zell (1 705) his policy his territorial import ance between Brandenburg an d t he United Provinces his attitud e to France an d t he Emp eror : admitted to t he Diet as an Elector (1 7 1 0 ) acknowledged as heir to England by t he Treati es of Utrecht d eath of t he Electress Sophia
8 u e he u ee uee e a 1 ( J n , s cc ds Q n Ann in Engl nd (
Au vi T he e e a a e e an d e of g , . ccl si stic l l ctors princ s t he Empire : m ethods of their governm ent : restrain ed by
’ t he capitulations made with th em at th eir election by t he chapters t he power of t he chapters large sums paid t ot he
e pop s .
' T he petty princes of Germ any : their imitation Of Louis
e a u efu u u XIV in th ir bsol tism , in r sing to s mmon or cons lt
e a e e e e a a e an n e th ir Est t s or Di ts , in th ir xtr v gan c , d i th ir
ou cererrron i als c rt .
Aut hori t i es : For t he con dition of Germany i n 1 7 1 5 i n addition t o wo s l ke ose of L e er e u e e u e I d e l n w en rk i th g , cit d nd r L ct r X a i g ith g e al hi st or see Bi eder man n eu s l a i ma z e e a u n er r y , D t ch nd cht hnt n J hrh d t
V ol u s l n d s l s ma ll u n s l us e for . e a o e e e e d o a e Z a i , D t ch p iti ch , t ri ci t nd ;
t he m e see P ut t er s o al evelome of t he Cos u on of E pir , Hi t ric D p nt n tit ti
t he e ma m a l b D or n or d ol i i : for Aus r a e s a e v . G r nic E pir , tr n t d y f , t i fKr on es a u d r ls b e es e ( st errei c hs vo . , H nd ch G chicht E , 5 , * s o of t h e ouse of Aus a ols an d Bi der man n es e v . G Hi t ry H tri , 4 , chicht
d er ( st errei chi sche n Gesammt - S aa s - ee for uss a i n ad o E t t Id ; Pr i , diti n t ot h e e e al wo s e u e Le u e L edebur o g n r rk cit d nd r ct r XVIII , , K nig ’ ed von eusse Wadd i n t on Ac ui si t i on d e l a Cou o e Fri rich I Pr n , g , L q r nn
oale d e Prusse ar l es oe n z olle Va r n /z en von E se e e n d e r r y p H h rn , ag n , L b KOn i i n o e a lo ls ‘Bour oi s uf h t el et la oT i S C e vo. f e N e c fit g phi h r tt , 3 g , p " ’ ue uss e n e e an d ' L a vi sse u es sur 1 s oe d e 3 tiq pr i n M g , Et d hi t ir
' / se for le oal Sa o Bot t i er Ges e d es u s aa es un d ; E ct r x ny g , chicht K r t t 9k un i /( [wt 1 01 15 P c e. a t {7 ) KOn i rei chs Sa se ls for u al a n Gel ne e z o s vo. S o o g ch n , 3 ; D c x y , H r g Ern t ’ ” d er s e e a d er omme an d fiBeck ns d e r omme f ? 23 Er t g n nnt Fr , Er t Fr , ava a Sc/zrei ber G es a ove B ri , H n r
' Kocli er M emoe n d er oe L ei bn i t z , ir n v r , , ’ Cor es o a e ave l el e t ri e ls — of hi s We ke a n d c ce So vo . r p nd nc c phi , 7 9 r , S i t t ler es e d es F rs n hu s ls 6 an f i t e t over i n vo . o p , G chicht i m H ann d 7 hi s Sammt li che We rk e.
[Book s marked w ith a are n ot i n t h e U n iversity Library }
I
l p ‘ I a t ’ l a J " _ H L ‘L C a o I I 7: ‘ - ‘ L r d t \ w d p 4 1 01 — 6 8
L E C T U R E X X V I .
I 1 1 T H E SOUTH ERN C OUNTRIE S O F EUROPE N 7 5.
D ecreasing n aval import ance of t he M editerran ean coun tri es : t he comm erce oi t he Levant passes to t he D utch an d t he : af e t he o of a a e e e e an English t r l ss C ndi , V nic b com s Adri atic instead of a M editerran ean power : inj ury inflicted by t he Barbary corsairs : efforts of Louis XIV to b ecom e m aster of t he M editerranean : t he D utch an d English fleets
‘ in that sea : significance of t he capture of Gibraltar by t he English (1 7 04 ) t he English b ecom e t he preponderating n aval power in t he M editerran ean by t he cession of Gibraltar an d Minorca T he Turkish power after t he Treaty of Carlowitz (1 6 9 9 ) (see Lecture XX ) t he reign of Mustapha II (1 6 9 5— 1 70 3 ) his military disasters compensated by his n aval successes over t he Ven etians : while surrendering t he Adriatic to Venice an d u a e e t he a a t ot he e t he u H ng ry , xc pt B n t , Emp ror , T rks
e a e t he a of t he e a : u a Ki u rili r t in d isl nds Archip l go H ss in p ,
Grand Vizier (1 6 9 7 — 1 702 ) he endeavors to reorganiz e t he
u a an d a he e u e u a aci fies o T rkish rmy n vy r d c s B ssor , p N rth
f a an d e u a e u au a a t he A ric , r g l t s T rkish thority in Ar bi Turks b egin to b e influenced by European ideas an d to trans late Europ ean books revolt of t he Janissaries an d overthrow of Mustapha II (1 70 3 ) early y ears of t he reign of Ahm ad III (1 70 3 — 30 ) he announces his accession to t he Christian powers Charles XII of Sweden induces t he Sultan t oattack Russia (see Lecture XXI ) : t he Treaty of t he Pruth (1 1
u t he e e of t he a u a es J ly , gov rnm nt D n bi n Provinc ,
a a a an d av a W ll chi Mold i .
a u t he a f e u ef e t he ea e of e It ly d ring h l c nt ry b or Tr ti s Utr cht .
e u e (See L ct r XIV . )
T he e a a t he e a a a e I . Pop s b ndon t rritori l ggr ndis ment of t he States of t he Church : their attitude towards t he Catholic
e an d a u a a u a a e an d a pow rs , p rtic l rly tow rds A stri , Fr nc Sp in
loss of th eir political influence : Clem ent IX— R ospi gli osi
1 6 67 — 70 : his friendly relations with France : Clem ent X
Altieri — 1 6 7O — 76 he m akes Queb ec a bishopric (1 6 76 ) Innocent XI — Od escalchi — 1 6 7 6 — 8 9 his end eavors t oreform abuses : his abandonm ent of n epotism : his quarrels with
u see e u e e a e Lo is XIV ( L ct r s XVI , XIX) Al x nd r VIII
Ot t obon i — 1 6 8 9 — 9 I he m akes p eace with Louis XIV : I n noc ent XII — Pignatelli — 1 69 1 — 1 7oo: his ec onomy an d up rightn ess his attitud e towards Franc e Clem ent XI — Albani
— 1 7oo— 2 1 : his attitud e 011 t he Spanish S uccession : he is forced to recogniz e t he Archduke Charles he issues t he bull “ ” U n i gen i t us action of t he Pap acy during this
h n d h e e a t he a e t e e u a t e u . p riod tow rds J ns nists , J s its Q i tists
See e u e ( L ct r XXVII ) .
o of a e e o e t ot he u e II . Kingd m N pl s : its w lc m Archd k Charles he promises to Obs erve its local rights separated from Sicily by t he Treaties of Utrecht (1 7 1 3 ) an d
ve t ot he u e of u a gi n Ho s A stri .
of ve a eu . : III Kingdom Sicily gi n to Victor Am d s II ,
u e of a t he ea e of e he e D k S voy , by Tr ti s Utr cht is crown d at a er 2 D ec 1 1 t he a a e of Ama P l mo ( 4 . , 7 3 ) ch r ct r Victor d eus II growth of t he House of Savoy by his policy he ac
u e e a i a et c fe a an d asa e q ir s Al ss ndr , . , Mont rr t C l (1 7 0 7 ) an d t he restoration of S avoy an d Nice he
a e au e a of u m rri s his two d ght rs to two gr ndsons Lo is XIV ,
t he u e of u u fa e of u an d to D k B rg ndy , th r Lo is XV , to Philip V of Spain his internal policy his encouragement of pub lic works his code of l aws his quarrel with Pop e Clem ent
he a es e e a a e XI t x ccl si stic l prop rty . h . e u e : t e e of t he a IV North rn D chi s r ign Cosmo III , l st
Grand D uke of Tuscany of t he lin e of Medici (1 6 70 — 1 7 2 3 ) he pays l arge Sums to remain n eutral during t he War of t he Spanish Succession : bad managem ent of his duchy an d
e of e e : a e u e of a a e a mis ry his p opl Fr nc sco , D k P rm , r m ins
eu a u t he War of t he a u e s but n tr l d ring Sp nish S cc s ion ,
a a u e of oe a a e a an d a h R in ldo , D k M d n , t k s p rt in it obt ins t e Duchy of Mirandola from t he Emperor t he Duchy of Man — 70 t ua is divid ed by adding M antua to Milan an d giving Mont fe a t o a 1 0 t he e e ause a e rr t S voy in 7 7 by Emp ror , b c Ch rl s IV Gonzaga supported Louis XIV in t he War of t he Spanish
u ess o ut a a s e t ot he u e of ua S cc i n , b sm ll di trict is giv n D k G s talla : Milan an d M antua granted to t he Emperor by t he Treati es of Utrecht (1 7 1 3 )
e e her u e u e t he w ar a a V . V nic s cc ss nd r Morosini in g inst t he Turks by t he Treaty of C arlowitz t he R epublic obtains t he oea t he a a an d a a a an d e e M r , Ioni n Isl nds D lm ti , b com s t he prepond erant power on t he coasts of t he Ad ri at i c close a a e f e e ee t h e e an d t he e e a lli nc orm d b tw n Emp ror V n ti ns . Spain t he reign of Charles II (1 665— 1 700 ) t he regency
— of t he uee - e a a a a 1 66 t he q n moth r , Donn M ri nn ( 5 75) gov ern men t of Pere N i t hard (1 6 65— 69 ) he is forced to retire by Don John : t he king declared of age t he gov ern men t of Don John (1 6 75— 7 9 ) Spain los es French Flan ders an d Franch e Comté by t he Treaty of Nymwegen
1 6 8 t he ue e of t he fe of a e a ( 7 ) infl nc first wi Ch rl s II , M rie
Louise of Orl eans (1 6 79 — 8 9 ) her quarrels with her moth er i n - law ue e of e fe a a a of eu u infl nc his s cond wi , M ri nn N b rg , exercised in favor of Austria Sp ain is invad ed by t he French (1 69 4 but loses nothing by t he Treaty of Rys
1 6 ue for t he a u e an d t h wy ck ( 9 7 ) intrig s Sp nish S cc ssion , e p artition treaties : part played by Charles II : t he influence of a e u e a of t he uee an d t he Porto C rr ro o tw ighs th t q n , king
ea e u e of u : ea d l v s his dominions to Philip , D k Anj o st dy e
of a e an d s e clin e Sp nish pow r pro p rity . T he reign of Philip V : his reception in Spain : he falls u e t he ue e of fe a e a e e of a nd r infl nc his wi M ri G bri ll S voy ,
e t he e D es U rsi n s t he who is controll d by Princ ss, Orsini or War of t he Spanish Succession in Spain : Philip V twice driven from M adrid : t he Sp aniards rally around him : he devotes himself to his n ew country : by t he Treaties of Utrecht Spain loses her contin ental possessions as well as
a a an d a of t he u e 1 F b 1 1 a e e e . Gibr lt r Minorc d th q n ( 4 , 7 4 )
ue e an d a a of a a e d es rsi n s infl nc ch r cter M d m U .
Portugal : t he reign of Pedro II (1 6 8 5— 1 706 ) t he sign a
7 1
D ec 1 0 a of t he e ue ea 2 . ture M th n Tr ty ( 7 , 7 3 ) with Engl nd its results part taken by Portugal i n t he War of t he Span i sh u e s a e n of V S cc s ion cc ssio John ,
Aut hori t i es For t h e Turk s see t he b ooks cited for L ecture XIII for al t he b ooks e for Le u e I w fi ll i cfia ud Lou s XI V It y , cit d ct r X V ith , i * * et oe XI vols for S a D un nam Wei ss D un -lo an d Inn c nt , 4 "; p in , , , p Mi n et e u n d e Le u e XV fif e n a ld QL an dau L e relle @H i g , cit d r ct r , y , , g , p
‘ ea u Baud ri llar t St an /zoe f Pa r n ell R a méut eau L ouvi lle an d Ber p , fi p , , , wi ck w Coxe M emos of t he s of S a of t he ouse of ou , ith , ir King p in H B r
l 1 2 A lexan der St an hoe S a ti n d e Charl es I I 1 6 0- b on vos . , , , p , p in r O , 9 99 , " t he Correspondenc e w M ad ame ' es é es of t he P r i n cesse aes U rsi n s an d in dit ,
i n t - i mon MémoI res of Sa S .
2 M “ i a are n ot i n t h e n rs i b r r 1 [Books marked w th U ive ity L a y .J
X I L E C T U R E X V I .
T H E PAPACY I N T H E 1 71 1 1 C ENTURY : T H E JESUITS AN D T H ‘ A S E J N ENISTS.
T he ua er of t he a a t he 1 e ur as spirit l pow P p cy in 7th c nt y ,
a an d e a oe opposed to its politic l t rritori l p w r . Gradual declin e in t he spiritual power to be observed in t he a f of t he 1 e u t he A e of t he first h l 7th c nt ry , g Thirty
’ ea War en a e a ere e Y rs , wh politic l consid r tions w b coming paramount over religious considerations more rapid decline
u t he a e a f of t he e u e a d ring l tt r h l c nt ry , wh n C tholic mon
' a li ke oui s e ua e e t he e an d rchs , L XIV op nly q rr ll d with Pop ,
e e ua au tri d to ch ck his spirit l thority .
T he effect of t he Counter- Reformation on t he position of t he Papacy its chief agents t he Jesuits with t he declin e of t he Jesuits from their origin al energy t he Counter - Reform a
' e a a tion di s w y .
T he a e of t he of t he e ui i u a m in lin s work J s ts . Ed c tion success of their method of teaching their colleges an d un i versi t i es they control higher education in Catholic countri es i i T he fe a e e e t he of . Con ssion l : th y b com c n essors of ki ngs an d a e e : e e a a e an d e e e e e z zz st t sm n P r L Ch is P r L T lli r . h . t e e a e Missions A . Among Prot st nts : th ir work in Eng
a a d a h e e n . t e ea l nd , Sw d n Pol nd B . Among h th en : in
a a an d a : e a a a a an d a a Asi , in Indi Chin in Am ric , in C n d P r
a gu y . T he d eclin e in Jesuit en ergy after t he death of Gen eral Acquaviva (1 6 1 5) t he gen eralship of Muzio Vitelleschi (1 6 1 5— 4 5) professed m embers begin to accept offi ces of pow er f education ceases t ob e gen erally free : devotion to t he prosp erity of t he Society takes t he place of d evotion to
’ t he Papacy : limitation of t he gen eral s power (1 66 1 ) t he Society becom es interested in comm erce : its comm ercial centre at Lisbon t he Soci ety supports absolutism against t he Papacy : it supports Louis XIV against Innocent XI : it opposes t he Jansenist influence : Pere La Chaise an d Arch bishop H arlay of Paris : Innocent XI an d Alexander VIII endeavor to ch eck t he power of t he Society an d even forbid its admitting novices Clem ent XI condemns its practices in foreign missions in Asi a ” T he Jesuit th eology : t he adoption of free will doc trin es t he Dominicans quarrel with them for diff ering from
oa u a of causi st r a a St . Th m s Aq in s growth y its pplic tion to politics an d t he result t oprivate life t he L et t res P rovi n ci a les of Pascal an d its effect it kills schol astic morality t he th eo
. logical distinction b etw een t he Jesuits an d t he Jansenists Pere Le Tellier an d Archbishop Noailles of Paris after t he issue of t he bn ll U n igen i t us t he Jesuits rally to t he Papacy
a a e an d b ecom e Ultr mont n . T he Jansenists their doctrines a reaction against t he t he ology of t he Jesuits : th eir nickn ame Of Catholic Puritans t he A u ust i n us of e u a e of e ub g Corn li s J ns n , Bishop Ypr s , p li shed after his d eath in 1 640 : its theological views : t he
e of a e an d f i e e : a u e doctrin s gr c , sin org v n ss its r pid s cc ss ,
e a e an d but oe a o t he ev n mong pri sts bishops , still m r m ng e u a e a of a e an d t he a e e a D u d c t d l ity , Fr nc C tholic N th rl nds ver i er d e a - a : a a o of a e g , Abbé S int Cyr n his pplic ti n J ns nist vi ews to life his influence on An geli que Arnauld Port Roy
al z his impr isonment by Richelieu (1 6 38 - 4 2 ) t he Jan sen i st s implicated in t he Frond e their quarrel with t he Jesuits Port Royal becomes t he hom e of moral an d intellectual France
u e e e e au e e a e d e a t he infl enc x rt d by Arn ld , Nicol , L m itr S cy , Pascal an d Racin e t he publication of t he Port Royal educa
ue e e e t he a e a e t i on al works infl nc poss ss d by J ns nists in Fr nc . First struggle with t he Papacy (1 64 2 — 69 ) Urban VIII condemns gen erally t he A ug ust i n us (1 64 2 ) t he five prop osi t i on s e a e e e al t he u [n Occa si on e ue d cl r d h r tic by b ll , iss d
e 1 Ma au e e a t he by Innoc nt X 3”y , Arn ld d ni s th t “ five proposition s are contain ed in t he book by Jansen Al exander VII declared that th ey were t he Jansenist writ ers d eny t he infallibility of t he Pope in d ealing with matters of fact : Louis XIV imprisons D e Sacy an d persecutes t he
a e u t he u of a e e J ns nists , incl ding n ns Port Roy l Cl m nt IX
of e e 1 668 e h m akes t he Peace Cl m nt IX ( ) wh n t ”e Jansen i st s agreed to condemn t he fi ve propositions without
’ acknowledging wh eth er th ey w ere contain ed in Jansen s book or not .
’ In spite of t he King s dislike of th em t he Jan senists be
e e e fu a e e e a u e an d com mor pow r l in Fr nc , sp ci lly in bo rg ois l egal circles .
’ S econd struggl e with t he Papacy (1 702 — 1 5) t he R ed exi on s mora les of Quesnel an d t he Ca s de con sci en ce : Archbishop Noailles exhibits moderate Jansenist opinions : he distin
’ gui shes between human an d divine faith i n t he Pope s i n fal li bili t ue of fa : of e e e e e y on q stions ct opposition P r L T lli r , ’ t he fe an d t he e u e a ea t o o e King s con ssor , J s its th y pp l R m Clem ent XI tri es to settle t he question by t he bull Vi n ea m
D omi n i 1 u t he u of o a efu e ( 5 J ly , n ns P rt Roy l r s to a e t he u : t he u u e e 1 1 u 1 0 cc pt b ll comm nity s ppr ss d ( J ly , 7 9 ) an d a e e b e e e 2 2 an 1 1 0 Port Roy l ord r d to d stroy d ( J . , 7 ) p ersecution of t he Jansenists : us e of let t res de ca c/zet : 1 0 1
’ propositions from Quesn el s book condemn ed by t he bull
n en i t us 8 e 1 1 t he Parlemen t f a l d U . e ig ( S pt , 7 3 ) oP ris , by
’ D Aguesseau d eclin es to register t he bull as law without modifications Noailles an d fifteen bishops refuse to accept i t : a council summon ed to depose th em : wh en they were
a e t he ea of u s v d by d th Lo is XIV . T he Quietists Molin os an d his doctrines condemn ed by Pope Innocent XII (1 68 7 ) Madam e Guyon her mysticism her rel ations with Fen elon controversy b etween Bossuet
’ an d Fen elon Innocent XII cond emns Fen elon s Expli ca t i on s
' dcs Maxi mes des Sa i n t s 1 69 9 ) Louis XIV an d his attitud e
a he u et tow rds t Q i ists . Marie Alacoque (1 64 7— 9 0 ) an d t he worshi p of t he Sacred
H ea t he d e a e an d t he a er of a T a e rt Abbé R nc mon st y L r pp .
Authori t i es : For an a ccount i n English of t h e J ansenist movemen t oal 2 vols Amo N see Bea r d o . SECO D AR Y A U T H OR I T I S on sul , P rt R y , ng E c t
Cr et i n ea u ol H 1 st 01 re el euse ol ue et l é a e d e l a com j y , x r igi , p itiq itt r ir ’ ‘ l a n i e d e esus 6 vols l Sai n t e- Ben ve o oal ols R u /i li n v . e c p g J , g , P rt R y , 7 , , u al 2 v l s Sor s h es e vo o o o . e T e ov al e e s f G chicht P rt R y , , y Pr inci L tt r o
as al Vi ct or Cousi n a uel n e as al L a t a u s oe d e l a Con P c , , J cq i P c , fi , Hi t ir s t i t ut i on U n i en i t us Bi elozv Mol n os t h e ui et i st % Guer r i er M ad ame g , g , i Q , ,
u o s a vi e sa do n e et son n fl u en e M at t er e M s s me G y n , , ctri i c , , L y tici e n a e au emp s de e elon Bausset s oe d e ossue vols Fr nc t F n , , Hi t ir B t , 4 . , an d s oe deFén elon vols Reaume s oe d e ossue vols Hi t ir , 4 , Hi t ir B t , 3 . , ’ el a o d e l ori i n e d u rores et d e la o am a o R ti n g , p g c nd n ti n f d a u s me w t he woks of A r n a uld Pascal Bossuet an d Fen Q iéti , ith r , , l n e o. Boos mar ed w a n a re n ot i n t h e n ver s L rar [ k k ith U i ity ib y . "
xx 1 1 1 L E C T U R E v .
T H E LAST YEARS O F T H E REIGN O F LOUIS x1 v A I N 1 1 FR N C E 7 5.
T he government of France during t he last thirty y ears of t he reign of Louis XIV influenced by M adame d e Maintenon but carried on by t he King in spite of his decreasing powers an d increasing beli ef in himself : he devotes himself more an d more to foreign politics an d t he question of Spanish Suc
e ea e a a a e c ssion , l ving int rn l dministr tion to his minist rs who
a d a inh erit t he offi ces of Colbert n Louvois without their bility .
’ T he change in t he King s character between t he Treaty of
75 “
Nymwegen an d t he outbreak of war with t he League of Augs burg: Louis XIV becomes moral an d religious : t he gaiety of t he Court disapp ears it becomes more ceremonious fall ing off in t he ton e of Parisian soci ety t he poisoning affairs Madame d e Bri n villi erSZt he king is govern ed by M ad am e d e M aintenon an d his confessors t he great result of this
a e of a a e t he e a of t he of a e ch ng ch r ct r , R voc tion Edict N nt s
’ a a e an d o o Of a e d Aubi né a Ch r ct r p siti n Fr ncois g , M dam e d e Maintenon : her previous career : her rivalry with Mad ame d e Montespan she brings t he king an d queen together after t he d eath of t he queen (1 68 3 ) She is s ecretly m arried to Louis XIV n ature of her influence at court her ardent
a for t he a e an d u e her ffi z e l C tholic r ligion , pr d ry di cult posi f oof tion her oundati n Saint Cyr . Character an d influence of Pere La Chaise confessor of
ou 1 6 — 1 0 an d of u e e e e e ~ L is XIV ( 75 7 9 ) his s cc ssor , P r L T llier
(1 709 — 1 5) they control t he ecclesiastical policy of t he king in favour Of t he Jesuits th ey d emand t he p ers ecution of t he
an d t he a e Huguenots J ns nists . T he ministers of t he l ast years of Louis XIV : their i n a bi li t y to control or oppose t he King they act as head cl erks an d fear responsibility t he typical minister Mi chel d e Cham i llart t he l ast ministers Boucherat (1 68 5 Louis Phe l eaux e d e a a 1 6 — 1 1 an d a e yp , Comt Pontch rtr in ( 9 9 7 4 ) D ni l V oy si n (1 7 1 4 Chancellors Torcy (1 69 6 affa e e e e 1 68 u e d e a a irs L P l ti r ( 4 Lo is , Comt Pontch rtr in (1 6 89 Chami llart (1 69 9 — 1 708 ) an d Desmarets (1 708 finances Barbezieux (1 69 1 Chami llart (1 7 0 1 — 1 709 ) an d a e V osi n 1 0 — I w ar u me d e D ni l y ( 7 9 4 ) , ; Lo is , Co t Pont chart rai n 1 6 0 — and e e e d e a a ( 9 9 J rom , Comt Pontch rtr in
— a e (1 69 3 1 7 m rin .
T he French nation approves t he sup cessful war of 1 6 8 8 — 9 7 a a t he ea ue of u u but e e t he ea e g inst L g A gsb rg , w lcom s Tr ti s of Ryswick gen eral d elight at t he acceptance of t he Sp anish Succession for t he D uke of Anj ou t he Pyren ees have ceased to exist confidence felt by t he p eople in t he success of ou L is XIV . S urprise felt at t he defeats of Blenh eim an d Ramillies gen eral discontent at t he mism anagem ent of Chami llart his financial methods t he creation an d sal e of sin ecure offi ces
Chami llart a e t he a e a an d u ee e e a e m d sc p go t s cc d d by D sm r ts , t he n ephew of Colb ert (1 708 ) improvement of credit D es m arets raises loans t he armies thus raised defeat ed despair of he o e at t he efea of u e a e t French p e pl d t O d n rd . T he terribl e winter of 1 708 — 1 7 09 : gen eral misery of t he p eople t he loss of Lille l eaves t he way open to Paris t he app eal of Louis XIV t ohis p eople on t he advice of Torcy France rallies round t he king : voluntary gifts to t he royal treasury m elting down of t he royal plate ladies contribute their j ewelry : result of t he wave of enthusiasm to m ake Louis XIV p ersist in his resistanc e : effect of t he defeat of Malplaquet : t he rising of Spain an d t he accession of t he T ory mi n i st ry in England en able Louis XIV to get much b etter terms at Utrecht an d Rastadt than had ever b een ex pect ed by him his position at t he close of t he w ar France retains t he towns she had gain ed at Ryswick (1 69 7 ) in Eu
e an d oe a a a a r e a rop , only l s s Ac di (Nov Scoti ) in No th Am ric . Religious p ersecution increased in France during t he War of t he Spanish S uccession t he suppression of t he Camisards
' ’ in t he Cevenn es I 7 03 — 1 705) Le Tellier increases t he King s ardour against t he Jansenists d estruction of Port Royal
’ (1 7 1 0) Louis XI V s indignation at t he opposition m ade by
’ t he a e e of a led D A uesseau e e P rl m nt P ris , by g , to r gist ring
' t he b ull U n en i t us : e of e t he o ig his int ntion d posing bish ps ,
fa u e a e s ue e of e e e who vo r d J ns ni m infl nc L T lli r .
’ Last year of Louis XI V S foreign policy : his intrigues
t he e e u e h a of h with English Tor”i s to s c r t e ccession t e C ath olic Old Pretender in England : he prepares a . fleet for he u or of t he e e e t s pp t Pr t nd r . Bad effect of t he fin ancial maladministration : declin e of
’ a u u a u a an d e a e V auban gric lt r l , ind stri l comm rci l prosp rity s
D i me R oa le y . Gloom of t he Court during t he last years of t he life of Louis XIV : contrast with its gay opening years : death of t he au of u 1 1 i 1 : D phin , only son Lo is XIV ( 4 April , 7 ) his
e u a ue ee 1 ou u e of d c tion by Boss t his thr sons ( ) L is , D k
F b 1 1 2 a u u e u a e e e e 1 8 e . e B rg ndy , d c t d by F n lon , di d , 7 , l ving an o u ee e as u 2 u e nly child , who s cc d d Lo is XV ( ) Philip , D k of Anj ou b ecam e King of Spain as Philip V in 1 700 ; (3)
a e u e of e e Ma 1 1 : t he le a e Ch rl s , D k B rry , di d 4 y , 7 4 il gitim t children of Louis XIV : his fondn ess for them : their posi tion .
of u 1 e effe of e ea . D th Lo is XIV ( S pt , ct his r ign on a e an d u e e oa a a e Fr nc E rop his p rs n l ch r ct r . Louis XIV an d Asia : t he French East Indi a Company foundation of Pondich erry (1 6 74 ) embassy to Siam (1 68 5) Louis XIV an d America t he d evelopm ent of Can ada t he work of t he Jesuits t he governm ent of Fronten ac occupa
of u a a tion Lo isi n .
Aut hori t i es O f t h e SECONDARY AUTH O RITIES cited u n der Le ct ure * ‘ Volt a i r e F a usset M a rt i n a n d lll i clzel of ose t e u n d e XVI , , , , th ci d r * ' ' L e u e X I X N oa i lles a n d Ge ro of ose ed u n e e u e ct r fi y , th cit d r L ct r * * Moret an d Kr o/z n a re s ll u seful a n d ma b e su l eme e XXIII ti , y pp nt d for t he light throw n 0 1 1 t h e charact er of M a d ame d e M ainten on b y * ' L a vallee s o d e la ma son oale d e Sa n C r ai , Hi t ire i r y i t y , V i e d a au i n e e d e Lou s X V 2 vols b fif an D ph , p r i , ? y t ori que s ur les rela tion s d e l a Fran ce e t d u roy a ume d e Sia md e i 662 a
1 0 an d b P arkma n Coun on en a a n d N e w a n e u d e Lou s 7 3 , y , t Fr t c Fr c n r i
T h e esu s i n Ame a i n t he 1 t h e u a n d Lasal le a n d t h e XIV , J it ric 7 c nt ry ,
f h ea s A mon M O 1 Discovery ot e Gr t We t . g PRI ARY AUTH RITI ES 0 1 ad m n s a on a n d fi n an e D e i n Boi sli sle an d Fouca ult e u n e i i tr ti c pp g , , cit d d r r e u e s ould b e su leme e b i M el Chami llar L ct r XVI , h pp nt d y M ich t ; ’ * ’ o es on d an e et a e s n e b D esmaret s M moe s ur l ad c rr p c p pi r i dit y , é ir ’ ministra tion d es fi n ance s d epuis le 2 0 fé vrier 1 708 jus qu a u 1 s ept em b re 1 1 an d b Va uba n L e Di me roal e w le for t h e ou of ou 7 5 y , y ; hi c rt L i s XIV an d hi s p ersonality d uri n g t h e l att er y ears of hi s reign t ot he ‘ Co es o a e of M ad a me de M a i n t en on t h e e e s of t he fiD zTEfi Es rr p nd nc , L tt r se
’ d Or lea n s a n d t he M moes of Mad a me de Ca lus C/zoi s a n d T orc , é ir y , y y , ; * e u n d e L e u re mu s b e ad e t h e e e s of t he D uc cit d r ct XIX , t d d L tt r }zesse
ur n t he u n al of D a n ea u vols — 1 a n d a d e Bo o e o . ove a ll t h g g , J r g , 7 5, b e
M moes of t he D ue d e Sai n t - Si mon e i e b C e n el 2 1 vols : t h é ir , d t d y h r , . e famous wo of Sa - S mo oweve mus b e ea w au on a n rk int i n , h r , t r d ith c ti d g 11 s su e efe en e ma b e ma e t o C/z ér uel Sa - S mon 0 thi bj ct r r c y . d int i con
SI dé ré omme s oe d e Lou s a n d t oW ax/wt Le D uc d e f c hi t ri n i XIV , , F
Sa i - S mo son a n e nt i n , c bi t
oos mar e w e n ers t ra r [B k k d U iv i y Lib y . " X L E C T U R E X I X .
T A AN D L I ER TURE PHILO SOPHY IN THE I 7TH C ENTURY .
Importance of t he 1 7t h century literature t he literary l anguages of Europe created : d evelopm ent from t he study of t he a s a t e e t he e a a e o cl s ics , which ch rac riz d R n iss nc , int t he use of t he vern aculars effect of this literary movem ent
‘ on t he growt h of n ationaliti es : t he study of t he classics as models continued literature ceases to concern itself mainly . e o an ea of u a e with r ligi n d d ls with more sides h m n inter st . Spain produces t he first man of l etters of genius of t he
1 e u t he fe a a e an d of e a e 7th c nt ry li , ch r ct r works C rv nt s (1 54 7 — 1 6 1 6 ) D on Qui xole an d its effects t he Spanish dram a Lop e d e Vega (1 56 2 — 1 6 3 5) an d Calderon (1 600 T he Elizab ethan p eriod of English literature Shakesp eare
(1 564 — 1 6 1 4) an d his contemporari es an d successors t he Em glish drama : t he g rowth of English prose : B acon (1 56 1
D evelopm ent of French literature under Rich elieu an d M azarin t he Academie Francaise founded 1 6 35 Malherb e { 1 555 La Roch efoucauld (1 6 1 3 t he application of literature to politics : t he . Mazarin ades : journ alism : t he rise of the French drama Pi erre Corn eille (1 606 — 8 4) T he Age of Louis XIV t he classic or golden age of
e e a u e : W a e a u e e u at Fr nch lit r t r h t lit r t r ow d to Lo is XIV , p ron age but not inspiration : t he greatest writers of t he tim e w ere born an d had b egun t owrit e before Louis XIV i m ‘ pressed his p erson ality ou France : tragedy : Racin e (1 6 3 9 9 9 ) com edy Moliere (1 6 2 2 — 73 ) poetry influence of clas si ci sm : correctness takes t he place of inspiration : Boileau
1 6 6 t he an d ue e : e e e of ( 3 critic , his infl nc d v lopm nt
a 2 — 2 h i f a French prose P scal (1 6 3, 6 ) t e nfluence oPort Roy l
La Fontain e (1 6 2 1 — 9 5) an d his Fa bles La B ruyere (1 644 — 9 6) an d Cha ra ct ers e d e u e 1 60 — 1 0 1 his fiction Mdll . Sc d ry ( 7 7 ) Fen elon (1 651 T elema que theology an d history
ue 1 6 2 t he ea F e ea e ue Boss t ( 7 gr t r nch pr ch rs , Boss t , Bourd aloue (1 6 3 2 — 1 704) an d Flé chi er (1 63 2 — 1 7 1 0) m emoir writers Madam e de Motteville (1 6 2 1 Cardinal d e Retz
— — - (1 6 1 4 79 ) an d Saint - Simon (1 6 75 1 755) letter writers Mad am e d e Sevigne (1 6 2 6 Growth of taste for literature in France t he H Ot el d e
u e an d t he e e e u e o Rambo ill t préci us s th ir s cc ss rs . Tendency of later writers of t he Age of Louis XIV to ful e a u a of t he som d l tion king . English literature of t he Puritan p eriod Milton (1 608 Influence of t he Age of Louis XIV on t he literature of o e u e e a e e e t he a ua e th r co ntri s in G rm ny , Fr nch b com s l ng g of t he courts an d educated p eople 1 consequent sterility of Germ an literature in Italy much poetry on classical lines is produced Tassoni (1 565 Guidi (1 650 an d
Fi li caja (1 64 2 — 1 70 7) in Spain imitation of French style also produces sterility in England t he literature of t he reign of Charles I I shows French influence Dryd en (1 6 3 1 — 1 70 1 ) Congreve (1 6 70
e a of h u R l tion literature to philosophy in t e 1 7th cent ry . Revolution effected in philosophical m ethod by Bacon
1 6 1 — 1 6 2 6 e a e e he oa e 1 6 ( 5 ) D sc rt s d stroys t sch l stic m thods 59 t hespeculations of Spinoza (1 6 3 2 t he th eories of e 1 6 6 — 1 1 6 t he a L ibnitz ( 4 7 ) Mon ds . In political philosophy France produced no great thinkers but Hobbes (1 58 8 — 1 68 0 ) an d Locke (1 6 3 2 — 1 704 ) start t he lines of thought which were to lead t ogreat results i n t he
1 8 e u th c nt ry .
Fin ally Grotius (1 58 3— 1 646 ) an d Pufl en dorf (1 63 2
ea e an d e e n t e a a la cr t d v lop i rn tion l w . Variety of t he literary an d philosophical movements of t he
1 t h e 7 c ntury th eir diverse characteristics . X X X L E C T U R E .
AR T AN D SC C I N T H 1 T H Y IEN E E 7 CENTUR .
T he revolution in thought an d method effected by Bacon an d Descartes creates a n ew era i n sci ence exp eri m ents take t he place of theori es : an d t he 1 7th century is marked by many important scien tific discoveries on t he other hand art
e e an d e e a e of e u t nds to los its virility , d spit two p int rs g ni s , t he art of t he 1 7th century is govern ed by classical con ven tions an d is thus on an inferior l evel to i ts con dition during
a a e t he R en iss nc . T he Spanish school of painting Velasquez (1 59 9 — 1 660 )
1 6 1 — 8 2 t he ea e of ela ue Murillo ( 7 ) gr tn ss V sq z .
T he Flemi sh school of painting Rubens (1 577 — 1 640 )
V an Dyck (1 59 9 — 1 64 1 ) Teni ers t he elder (1 58 2 — 1 649 ) Teniers t he younger (1 6 1 0 T he Dutch school of painting : t he i solated greatn ess of
Rembrandt van Ryn (1 608 — 6 9) charact eristics of t he D utch school G erard Douw (1 6 1 3 — 8 0 ) Jan Steen (1 6 2 6— 79 ) Paul Potter (1 6 2 5— 54) Ruysdael (1 630 — 8 1 ) Cuyp (1 606 6 2 ) Wouverman (1 6 2 0 — 68 ) V an d er Veld e (1 6 3 3 T he Itali an school of painting its decline from t he great days of Italian - art intosentim entalism Guido Reni (1 574
1 64 2 ) Sassoferrato (1 605- 8 5) Salvator Rosa (1 6 1 5 T he French school of painting i t s convention ality Pous sin (1 59 3 — 1 6 7 2 ) Le Brun (1 6 1 9 — 9 0) 5 Claude Lorrain e (1 600 T he English school of pai nti n g : devoted to portraits i n
fl uen ce of V an Dyck Lely (1 6 1 8 — 8 0) Kneller (1 64 8 Architecture domin ated by classic ideals an d styl es th eir in appropriat en ess : t he forms patroniz ed by Louis XIV are
e u ea ou e adopted in oth r E rop n c ntri s . T he oth er arts : absence of great sculptors : improvem ent
a a a i in engr ving cl ssical st yle of d ecor t on .
— 8 1
Commencem ent of classical gardening t he gardens of
au an d e e e V x Versaill s L Notr . Music in t he 1 7th century t he developm ent of t he opera in Italy its popularity : m elody cultivated as well as har mony t he Rom an school Carissimi (1 58 2 — 1 6 7 2 ) his church music he introd uces t he orchestra into t he churches his cantatas an d songs : Scarlatti (1 659 — 1 7 2 founder of t he Neapolitan school : his songs an d operas : Lully develops t he music written for masques : he becomes t he ef u a u : e a a e an d chi m sici n to Lo is XIV his op r s , b ll ts musical com edies his services to theatrical music in France association with Moliere an d Quin ault ' music in England
u e 1 6 8 — e u P rc ll ( 5 9 his g ni s .
a an d e a e e h e o of B con D sc rt s , by ov rt rowing old m th ds
an d a u e a e t he w a for e e e a thinking rg ing , pr p r y xp rim nt l sci . ence scientific experim ents becom e fashionabl e science not y et divided an d differenti ated : attempts at universality of scientific knowledge Leibnitz (1 646
T he ea a e a a : a e t he e of oa gr t m th m tici ns N pi r , inv ntor l g ri t hms (1 550 D escartes (1 59 6 — 1 650) an d t he appli
a of a a a 1 6 2 — 2 c tion num eric l expon ents to geom etry P sc l ( 3, 6 ) an d conic sections : Newton (1 64 2 - 1 7 2 7) an d t he i n fin i t esi mal calculus an d m ath ematical optics : t he P r i n cipal : Ber n oui lli 1 6 — 1 0 an d t he a a of t he a u ( 54 7 5) pplic tion c lc lus . T he great biologists : Harvey an d t he d emonstration of t he circulation of t he blood (1 578 — 1 657) Sydenham (1 6 2 4 8 9 ) Boerhaave (1 66 8
— T he great . astronom ers Galileo(1 546 1 64 2 ) an d t he demonstration that t he eart h moves round t he sun : Kepler (1 57 1 — 1 6 3 1 ) an d t he laws of plan etar y motion Cassini (1 6 2 5— 1 7 1 2 ) an d t he m easurement of t he earth : Huyghens (1 6 2 9 — 9 5) an d t he discovery of t he satellites of Saturn Newton (1 64 2 — 1 7 2 7) an d t he lun ar theory Gregory (1 633 7 5) an d t he invention of t he reflecting telescope Halley
1 6 6 — 1 2 an d e e ( 5 74 ) clips s .
T he great physicists Galileo (1 546— 1 64 2 ) t he inventor of t he th ermom eter an d t he pendulum Torricelli (1 608 — 4 7 ) t he inventor of t he barometer D escartes an d t he law of re fraction his theory of whorls Boyl e (1 6 2 6 — 9 1 ) an d t he ai r pump Huyghens an d t he pendulum clock Newton
1 6 2 — 1 2 an d h eo of a i a ( 4 7 7) t e th ry gr v t tion . These n am es an d discoveri es only indicate t he progress an d first gains of exp erim ental science t he 1 7t h century w as
e a t he e e e of oe in this r spect lso comm nc m nt m d rn history .
“ Effect on t he materi al conditions of life of t he discoveri es of men of science contrast between t he intellectual an d material conditions of life at t he beginning an d t he en d of
h 1 u t e 7th cent ry .