Hazardous Air Pollutants' Fact Sheet Chemical Cross Reference (Pdf)
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Pre-Validation of an Acute Inhalation Toxicity Assay Using the Epiairway in Vitro Human Airway Model
Pre-Validation of an Acute Inhalation Toxicity Assay Using the EpiAirway In Vitro Human Airway Model George R. Jackson, Jr., Michelle Debatis, Anna G. Maione, Patrick J. Hayden Exposure to potentially dangerous chemicals can occur through inhalation. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BIOLOGY IN DIMENSIONS3 2 Regulatory systems for classifying the acute inhalation toxicity of chemicals ≤ 0.05 mg/l > 0.05 ≤ 0.5 mg/l > 0.5 ≤ 2 mg/l > 2 mg/l Respirator Use Required 3 Regulatory systems for classifying the acute inhalation toxicity of chemicals 4 OECD 403/436 is the currently accepted test method for determining acute inhalation toxicity OECD Test Guidelines 403/436: In vivo rat LD50 test (dose at which 50% of the animals die) 4 hour exposure 14 Days Examination: - Death -Signs of toxicity -Necropsy should be performed (not always reported) Nose/Head only (preferred) Whole body Repeat stepwise with additional concentrations as necessary 5 Our goal is to develop & validate an in vitro test for acute inhalation toxicity UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BIOLOGY IN DIMENSIONS3 6 The EpiAirway Model EpiAirway is an in vitro 3D organotypic model of human tracheal/bronchial tissue. - Constructed from primary cells - Highly reproducible - Differentiated epithelium at the air-liquid interface - Beating cilia - Mucus secretion - Barrier function - Physiologically relevant & predictive of the human outcome Air Cilia Differentiated epithelium Microporous membrane Media 7 EpiAirwayTM acute inhalation toxicity test method Prepare 4-point dose Apply chemical to Incubate for 3 hours Examination: curve of chemical in the apical surface - Tissue viability (MTT) dH2O or corn oil Advantages of using the in vitro EpiAirway test: 1. -
Chapter Four – TRPA1 Channels: Chemical and Temperature Sensitivity
CHAPTER FOUR TRPA1 Channels: Chemical and Temperature Sensitivity Willem J. Laursen1,2, Sviatoslav N. Bagriantsev1,* and Elena O. Gracheva1,2,* 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA 2Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 90 2. Activation and Regulation of TRPA1 by Chemical Compounds 91 2.1 Chemical activation of TRPA1 by covalent modification 91 2.2 Noncovalent activation of TRPA1 97 2.3 Receptor-operated activation of TRPA1 99 3. Temperature Sensitivity of TRPA1 101 3.1 TRPA1 in mammals 101 3.2 TRPA1 in insects and worms 103 3.3 TRPA1 in fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians 103 3.4 TRPA1: Molecular mechanism of temperature sensitivity 104 Acknowledgments 107 References 107 Abstract Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a polymodal excitatory ion channel found in sensory neurons of different organisms, ranging from worms to humans. Since its discovery as an uncharacterized transmembrane protein in human fibroblasts, TRPA1 has become one of the most intensively studied ion channels. Its function has been linked to regulation of heat and cold perception, mechanosensitivity, hearing, inflam- mation, pain, circadian rhythms, chemoreception, and other processes. Some of these proposed functions remain controversial, while others have gathered considerable experimental support. A truly polymodal ion channel, TRPA1 is activated by various stimuli, including electrophilic chemicals, oxygen, temperature, and mechanical force, yet the molecular mechanism of TRPA1 gating remains obscure. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of TRPA1 physiology, pharmacology, and molecular function. -
The Emerging Role of Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Chronic Lung Disease
BACK TO BASICS | TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNELS IN CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE The emerging role of transient receptor potential channels in chronic lung disease Maria G. Belvisi and Mark A. Birrell Affiliation: Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK. Correspondence: Maria G. Belvisi, Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK. E-mail: [email protected] @ERSpublications Transient receptor potential channels are emerging as novel targets for chronic lung diseases with a high unmet need http://ow.ly/GHeR30b3hIy Cite this article as: Belvisi MG, Birrell MA. The emerging role of transient receptor potential channels in chronic lung disease. Eur Respir J 2017; 50: 1601357 [https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01357-2016]. ABSTRACT Chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are a major and increasing global health burden with a high unmet need. Drug discovery efforts in this area have been largely disappointing and so new therapeutic targets are needed. Transient receptor potential ion channels are emerging as possible therapeutic targets, given their widespread expression in the lung, their role in the modulation of inflammatory and structural changes and in the production of respiratory symptoms, such as bronchospasm and cough, seen in chronic lung disease. Received: Jan 08 2017 | Accepted after revision: April 14 2017 Conflict of interest: Disclosures can be found alongside this article at erj.ersjournals.com Copyright ©ERS 2017 https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01357-2016 Eur Respir J 2017; 50: 1601357 TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNELS IN CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE | M.G. -
Nerve Agent - Lntellipedia Page 1 Of9 Doc ID : 6637155 (U) Nerve Agent
This document is made available through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: The Black Vault The Black Vault is the largest online Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of MILLIONS of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth at: http://www.theblackvault.com Nerve Agent - lntellipedia Page 1 of9 Doc ID : 6637155 (U) Nerve Agent UNCLASSIFIED From lntellipedia Nerve Agents (also known as nerve gases, though these chemicals are liquid at room temperature) are a class of phosphorus-containing organic chemicals (organophosphates) that disrupt the mechanism by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by blocking acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that normally relaxes the activity of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. ...--------- --- -·---- - --- -·-- --- --- Contents • 1 Overview • 2 Biological Effects • 2.1 Mechanism of Action • 2.2 Antidotes • 3 Classes • 3.1 G-Series • 3.2 V-Series • 3.3 Novichok Agents • 3.4 Insecticides • 4 History • 4.1 The Discovery ofNerve Agents • 4.2 The Nazi Mass Production ofTabun • 4.3 Nerve Agents in Nazi Germany • 4.4 The Secret Gets Out • 4.5 Since World War II • 4.6 Ocean Disposal of Chemical Weapons • 5 Popular Culture • 6 References and External Links --------------- ----·-- - Overview As chemical weapons, they are classified as weapons of mass destruction by the United Nations according to UN Resolution 687, and their production and stockpiling was outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993; the Chemical Weapons Convention officially took effect on April 291997. Poisoning by a nerve agent leads to contraction of pupils, profuse salivation, convulsions, involuntary urination and defecation, and eventual death by asphyxiation as control is lost over respiratory muscles. -
1997-11-12 Acrolein As Federal Hazardous Air Pollutant
ACROLEIN Acrolein is a federal hazardous air pollutant and was identified as a toxic air contaminant in April 1993 under AB 2728. CAS Registry Number: 107-02-8 H2C=CHCHO Molecular Formula: C3H4O Acrolein is a colorless or yellowish, flammable liquid with an unpleasant, extremely pungent odor. It is soluble in petroleum ether, water, and alcohol and miscible with hydrocarbons, acetone, and benzene (Sax, 1989). Acrolein polymerizes (especially in the presence of light, alkali, or strong acid) forming disacryl, a plastic solid (Merck, 1989). Physical Properties of Acrolein Synonyms: acraldehyde; allyl aldehyde; acrylic aldehyde; Biocide; 2-propenal Molecular Weight: 56.06 Boiling Point: 52.5 oC Melting Point: -88.0 oC Flash Point: -18 oC (< 0 oF) (open cup) Vapor Density: 1.94 (air = 1) Vapor Pressure: 210 mm Hg at 20 oC Density/Specific Gravity: 0.8389 at 20/4 oC Log Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: -0.09 Water Solubility: 208,000 mg/L at 20 oC Henry's Law Constant: 4.4 x 10-6 atm-m3/mole Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.29 mg/m3 (Howard, 1990; HSDB, 1991; Merck, 1989; U.S. EPA, 1994a) SOURCES AND EMISSIONS A. Sources Acrolein is emitted from sources where it is manufactured and used as an intermediate for glycerine, methionine, glutaraldehyde, and other organic chemicals. It is also found in tobacco smoke, forest fire emissions, and gasoline and diesel exhaust. Acrolein is also a photooxidation product of various hydrocarbons including 1,3-butadiene (Howard, 1990). Toxic Air Contaminant Identification List Summaries - ARB/SSD/SES September 1997 23 Acrolein The primary stationary sources that have reported emissions of acrolein in California are paper mills, and abrasive, asbestos, miscellaneous non-metallic mineral, and wood products (ARB, 1997b). -
The Asymmetric Synthesis of Styrene-Oxide and Its Reactions with Dialkylmagnesium Reagents and Boron Hydrides
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Summer 1971 THE ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF STYRENE-OXIDE AND ITS REACTIONS WITH DIALKYLMAGNESIUM REAGENTS AND BORON HYDRIDES RONALD LEROY ATKINS Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation ATKINS, RONALD LEROY, "THE ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF STYRENE-OXIDE AND ITS REACTIONS WITH DIALKYLMAGNESIUM REAGENTS AND BORON HYDRIDES" (1971). Doctoral Dissertations. 964. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/964 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 72-3736 ATKINS, Ronald Leroy, 1939- THE ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF STYRENE OXIDE AND ITS REACTIONS WITH DIALKYLMAGNESIUM REAGENTS AND BORON HYDRIDES. University of New Hampshire, Ph.D., 1971 Chemistry, organic University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1971 Ronald LeRoy Atkina ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF STYRENE OXIDE AND ITS REACTIONS WITH DIALKYLMAGNESIUM REAGENTS AND BORON HYDRIDES by RONALD L. ATKINS B. S., The University of Wyoming, 1966 M. S., The University of Wyoming, 1968 A THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Graduate School Department of Chemistry August, 1971 This thesis has been examined and approved. f b w < M & > YUffvyido— The^js Director, James D. Morrison Asspaiate Professor of Chemistry & L DJitdsh-iU. _____ Colin D. -
* * * Chemical Agent * * * Instructor's Manual
If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. · --. -----;-:-.. -----:-~------ '~~~v:~r.·t..~ ._.,.. ~Q" .._L_~ •.• ~,,,,,.'.,J-· .. f.\...('.1..-":I- f1 tn\. ~ L. " .:,"."~ .. ,. • ~ \::'J\.,;;)\ rl~ lL/{PS-'1 J National Institute of Corrections Community Corrections Division * * * CHEMICAL AGENT * * * INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL J. RICHARD FAULKNER, JR. CORRECTIONAL PROGRAM SPECIALIST NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CORRECTIONS WASIHNGTON, DC 20534 202-307-3106 - ext.138 , ' • 146592 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated In tl]!::; document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this "'"P 'J' ... material has been granted by Public Domain/NrC u.s. Department of Justice to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). • Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system reqllires permission of the f ._kt owner, • . : . , u.s. Deparbnent of Justice • National mstimte of Corrections Wtulringttm, DC 20534 CHEMICAL AGENTS Dangerous conditions that are present in communities have raised the level of awareness of officers. In many jurisdictions, officers have demanded more training in self protection and the authority to carry lethal weapons. This concern is a real one and administrators are having to address issues of officer safety. The problem is not a simple one that can be solved with a new policy. Because this involves safety, in fact the very lives of staff, the matter is extremely serious. Training must be adopted to fit policy and not violate the goals, scope and mission of the agency. -
Filter Chart
Filter Chart Chemical Filter Chemical Filter Chemical Filter Abate FFP1 tert-Butyl acetate A1 Copper fume FFP1 Acetaldehyde A1 Butyl acrylate A1 Dusts & mist (as Cu) FFP1 Acetic acid E1 n-Butyl alcohol A1 Cotton dust, raw FFP1 Acetic anhydride B1 sec-Butyl alcohol R A1 Crag herbicide FFP1 Acetonitrile A1 Butylamine B1 Cresol, all isomers FFP1 Acetylene dichloride A1 tert-Butyl chromate (as Cro3) FFP1 Cumene FFP1 Acetylene tetrabromide A1 n-Butyl glycidyl ether(BGE) A1 Cyanamide A1 P1 Acetylsalicylic acid FFP2 n-Butyl lactate A1 Cyanogen B1 Acrolein A1 o-sec Butyl phenol A1 Acrylamide A1 P2 p-tert Butyltoluene A1 Cyanogen chloride (CK) B1 Acrylonitrile A1 Cadmium, dust & salts (as Cd) FFP1 Cyclohexane A1 Aldrin A1 P2 Cadmium oxide fume (as Cd) FFP1 Cyclohexnol A1 Allyl alcohol A1 Calcium cyanamide FFP1 Cyclohexanone A1 Allyl chloride A1 Calcium hydroxide FFP1 Cyclohexene Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) A1 Calcium oxide FFP1 A1 Allyl propyl disulfide B1 Camphor, synthetic A1 Cyclohexylamine A1 Aluminium metal and oxide FFP2 Caprolactam Dust FFP1 Cyclonite B1 Aluminium pyro powders FFP2 Vapor A1 1.3 Cyclopentadiene A1 Aluminium welding fumes A1 P2 Captafol(DifolatanR) FFP1 2.4-D (2.4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) FFP1 Aluminium soluble salts FFP2 Captan FFP1 Aluminium, alkyls A1 R Carbary (Seven ) FFP1 D.D.T. (Dichlorodiphenyl A1 P1 4-Aminodiphenyl FFP1 Carbofuran (FuradanR) FFP1 trichloroethane) A1 P1 2- Aminoethanol A1 Carbon black FFP1 DDVP Decaborane B1 P1 2- Aminopyridine K1 Carbon dusulfide B1 DemetonR B1 P1 Ammonia A1 Carbon tetrabromide -
Acrolein Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: a Synoptic Review
Biological Report 23 Contaminant Hazard Reviews June 1994 Report 28 Acrolein Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review By Ronald Eisler U.S. Department of the Interior National Biological Survey Patuxent Environmental Science Center Washington, D.C. 20240 Abstract Sources and Uses General Sources Uses Environmental Chemistry General Chemical Properties Persistence Metabolism Lethal and Sublethal Effects General Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates Aquatic Organisms Birds Mammals Recommendations Acknowledgments Cited Literature TABLES Number 1 Chemical and other properties of acrolein 2 Acrolein effects on representative aquatic organisms 3 Acrolein effects on birds 4 Acrolein effects on selected mammals 5 Proposed acrolein criteria for the protection of living resources and human health FIGURE Proposed scheme for in vitro mammalian metabolism of acrolein and allyl alcohol, a precursor of acrolein Suggested citation: Eisler, R. 1994. Acrolein hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review. U. S. National Biological Survey Biological Report 23. 2 Acrolein Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review by Ronald Eisler U.S. Department of the Interior National Biological Survey Patuxent Environmental Science Center Washington, D.C. 20240 Abstract. Acrolein (CH2=CHCHO) is the simplest member of the unsaturated aldehydes and enters the environment from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, industrial discharges, herbicides, chemical control agents of fouling organisms, and normal metabolic processes of animals. Acrolein is volatile, flammable, and explosive. Biochemical and toxic effects of acrolein are caused by its reaction with sulfhydryl compounds to form a stable thiol ether. Acrolein metabolites under certain conditions are reportedly mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic. Acrolein degrades quickly in soils and in plant tissues; in water the half-time persistence is usually less than 50 h and in the atmosphere, less than 3 h. -
Acrolein Is Absorbed; Have Been Identified for Acrolein
TM The ToxGuide is developed to be used as a pocket guide. Tear off at perforation and fold along lines. Toxicokinetics and Biomarkers/Environmental Sources of Exposure Normal Human Levels Levels ToxGuideTM General Populations Toxicokinetics Biomarkers Exposure may occur through inhalation, Based on animal data, approximately No biomarkers of exposure or effect for ingestion, and dermal contact. 80–90% of inhaled acrolein is absorbed; have been identified for acrolein. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is most in the upper respiratory tract. the primary source of exposure for many In vitro studies suggest that acrolein will Environmental Levels individuals. form conjugates with glutathione. Air Acrolein Widespread exposure occurs due to the Following oral exposure in animals, formation of acrolein during the heating approximately 30% of the initial dose is Acrolein levels in outdoor air averaged from 0.5 to 3.186 ppb. of fats. expired as carbon dioxide and 50-60% is CH2=CH-CHO The general population may also be excreted in the urine. Acrolein in indoor air ranged from <0.02 to 12 ppb in residential homes. exposed to high concentrations from CAS# 107-02-8 vehicle exhaust (for example, parking Normal Human Levels Sediment and Soil October 2007 garages and/or heavy traffic). No data available No data are available on actual Acrolein is also present in certain foods measurements of acrolein in soil. such as raw cocoa beans, chocolate Water U.S. Department of Health and liquor, fried potatoes and onions, raw and Acrolein has not been found as a Human Services cooked turkey, heated animal fats and contaminant of drinking water. -
A Study for Health Hazard Evaluation of Methylene Chloride Evaporated from the Tear Gas Mixture
Saf Health Work 2010;1:98-101 | DOI:10.5491/SHAW.2010.1.1.98 pISSN : 2093-7911 eISSN : 2093-7997 Case Report A Study for Health Hazard Evaluation of Methylene Chloride Evaporated from the Tear Gas Mixture Seung-Hyun PARK, Eun-Kyo CHUNG, Gwang-Yong YI, Kwang-Jae CHUNG, Jung-Ah SHIN and In-Seop LEE Department of Occupational Environment Research, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Incheon, Korea This study explored the health hazard of those exposed to methylene chloride by assessing its atmospheric concentration when a tear gas mixture was aerially dispersed. The concentration of methylene chloride ranged from 311.1–980.3 ppm (geometric mean, 555.8 ppm), 30 seconds after the dispersion started. However, the concentration fell rapidly to below 10 ppm after dispersion was completed. The concentration during the dispersion did not surpass the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ‘immediately dangerous to life or health’ value of 2,300 ppm, but did exceed the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists excursion limit of 250 ppm. Since methylene chloride is highly volatile (vapor pressure, 349 mmHg at 20oC), the post- dispersion atmospheric concentration can rise instantaneously. Moreover, the o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile formulation of tear gas (CS gas) is an acute upper respiratory tract irritant. Therefore, tear gas mixtures should be handled with delicate care. Key Words: Methylene chloride, CS tear gas, Tear gas mixture, Health hazard evaluation Introduction Despite this long history of use, CS gas has recently come under greater scrutiny since it can be applied as a mixture that Tear gases such as o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS), contains a suspected human carcinogen, methylene chloride. -
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Isotopic Composition in the Troposphere: Instrumentation, Observations at Mace Head, Ireland, and Regional Modeling
Nitrous oxide (N2O) isotopic composition in the troposphere: instrumentation, observations at Mace Head, Ireland, and regional modeling by Katherine Ellison Potter B.S. Chemistry & Environmental Science College of William and Mary, 2004 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFULLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CLIMATE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2011 © 2011 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of Author: _____________________________________________________________ Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences 19 August 2011 Certified by: ___________________________________________________________________ Ronald G. Prinn TEPCO Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry Thesis Supervisor Certified by: ___________________________________________________________________ Shuhei Ono Assistant Professor Thesis Co-Supervisor Accepted by: ___________________________________________________________________ Maria T. Zuber E.A. Griswold Professor of Geophysics and Planetary Science Department Head 2 Nitrous oxide (N2O) isotopic composition in the troposphere: instrumentation, observations at Mace Head, Ireland, and regional modeling by Katherine Ellison Potter Submitted to the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences on 19 August 2011 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Climate Physics and Chemistry Abstract Nitrous