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Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Responses of Different Barley Varieties To Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of different barley varieties to drought and salinity Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Muhammad Tauhid Iqbal aus Vehari, Pakistan Bonn, 2018 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dorothea Bartels 2. Gutachter: PD Dr. Ali Ahmad Naz Tag der Promotion: 21.02.2018 Erscheinungsjahr: 2018 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the whole PhD thesis is my own work, except where explicitly stated otherwise in the text or in the bibliography. Bonn, 2018 ------------------------------------ Muhammad Tauhid Iqbal III Contents ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................. VII FIGURES AND TABLES ........................................................................................................ X SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Barley- Hordeum vulgare as experimental plant .............................................................. 3 1.2 Stress ................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2.1 Relationship between global warming and abiotic stress .......................................... 4 1.2.2 Drought Stress ............................................................................................................ 5 1.2.3 Salt stress ................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.4 Effect of Stress on Morphology of Plant ................................................................... 7 1.3 Stress Tolerance ................................................................................................................ 8 1.3.1 Regulatory Mechanism .............................................................................................. 8 1.4 Objectives of the studies ................................................................................................. 16 1.5 Varieties of Barley .......................................................................................................... 17 2. Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Materials ......................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.1 Plant material ........................................................................................................... 19 2.1.2 Chemicals ................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.3 Kits ........................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.4 Enzymes and DNA-marker ...................................................................................... 20 2.1.5 Microorganisms ....................................................................................................... 20 2.1.6 Vector ....................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.7 Machines and other devices ..................................................................................... 21 2.1.8 Buffers and Solutions ............................................................................................... 22 2.1.9 Primers ..................................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Methods .......................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Growth Conditions ................................................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Morphological Analysis ........................................................................................... 26 2.2.3 Plant Material Storage .............................................................................................. 26 2.2.4. Water loss rate ......................................................................................................... 26 2.2.5 Leaf relative water contents of leaves ...................................................................... 27 2.2.6 Extraction of Nucleic Acids ..................................................................................... 28 2.2.7 First strand cDNA synthesis .................................................................................... 30 IV 2.2.8 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ............................................................................ 30 2.2.9 Semi quantitative gene expression level determination ........................................... 31 2.2.10 DNA extraction from an agarose gel/PCR product purification ............................ 31 2.2.11 Subcellular localization of Protein ......................................................................... 32 2.2.12 Protein analysis ...................................................................................................... 34 2.2.13 Physiological and Biochemical Assays ................................................................. 36 3. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................. 41 3.1 Growth of the plant ......................................................................................................... 42 3.1.1 Number of leaves ..................................................................................................... 42 3.1.2 Shoot length ............................................................................................................. 43 3.1.3 Root length ............................................................................................................... 44 3.2 Water Loss Rate (WLR) ................................................................................................. 44 3.3 Leaf Relative water content (RWC) ............................................................................... 45 3.4 Total chlorophyll content ................................................................................................ 46 3.5 Proline Determination Assay .......................................................................................... 47 3.6 Lipid peroxidation assay ................................................................................................. 49 3.7 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Measurement ...................................................................... 50 3.8 Anti-oxidative enzymes activities in different barley varieties after drought and salt stress ..................................................................................................................................... 52 3.8.1 Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity .................................................................. 52 3.8.2 Catalase Activity ...................................................................................................... 53 3.8.3 Glutathione Reductase Activity ............................................................................... 54 3.8.4 Peroxidase Acitvity .................................................................................................. 55 3.9 Dehydrins ........................................................................................................................ 57 3.9.1 Physico-chemical Analysis of different barley dehydrins ....................................... 57 3.9.2 Barley dehydrin transcript analysis .......................................................................... 59 3.9.3 Immuno Blots Analysis ............................................................................................ 70 3.9.4 Sub-cellular Localization of dehydrin proteins ........................................................ 73 4. DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................... 76 4.1 Growth parameters ......................................................................................................... 76 4.2 Water retaining capability .............................................................................................. 77 4.3 Total chlorophyll contents .............................................................................................. 77 4.4 Proline contents .............................................................................................................. 78 4.5 MDA level and Hydrogen peroxide ............................................................................... 78 V 4.6 Activity of Antioxidative enzymes ................................................................................ 79 4.8 Dehydrins in barley ........................................................................................................ 81 4.8.1 Sub cellular localization of Dehydrin in barley
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