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Accumulation Dynamics of Transcripts and Proteins of Cold-Responsive Genes in Fragaria Vesca Genotypes of Differing Cold Tolerance

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Accumulation Dynamics of Transcripts and Proteins of Cold-Responsive Genes in Fragaria Vesca Genotypes of Differing Cold Tolerance International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Accumulation Dynamics of Transcripts and Proteins of Cold-Responsive Genes in Fragaria vesca Genotypes of Differing Cold Tolerance Isam Fattash 1,*, Zachary Deitch 2, Relindis Njah 3, Nelson Osuagwu 4 , Vera Mageney 5, Robert C. Wilson 3, Jahn Davik 6, Muath Alsheikh 7,8 and Stephen Randall 2 1 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, Jordan 2 Biology Department 723 W Michigan Street IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; [email protected] (Z.D.); [email protected] (S.R.) 3 Department of Biotechnology, INN University, 2318 Hamar, Norway; [email protected] (R.N.); [email protected] (R.C.W.) 4 Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postboks 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; [email protected] 5 Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences (IBU), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany; [email protected] 6 Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien 8, N-1433 Ås, Norway; [email protected] 7 Graminor Breeding Ltd., Hommelstadveien 60, N-2322 Ridabu, Norway; [email protected] 8 Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway * Correspondence: [email protected] Citation: Fattash, I.; Deitch, Z.; Njah, R.; Osuagwu, N.; Mageney, V.; Abstract: Identifying and characterizing cold responsive genes in Fragaria vesca associated with or Wilson, R.C.; Davik, J.; Alsheikh, M.; responsible for low temperature tolerance is a vital part of strawberry cultivar development. In this Randall, S. Accumulation Dynamics study we have investigated the transcript levels of eight genes, two dehydrin genes, three putative of Transcripts and Proteins of ABA-regulated genes, two cold–inducible CBF genes and the alcohol dehydrogenase gene, extracted Cold-Responsive Genes in from leaf and crown tissues of three F. vesca genotypes that vary in cold tolerance. Transcript levels of Fragaria vesca Genotypes of Differing the CBF/DREB1 transcription factor FvCBF1E exhibited stronger cold up-regulation in comparison Cold Tolerance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, to FvCBF1B.1 in all genotypes. Transcripts of FvADH were highly up-regulated in both crown and 22, 6124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ leaf tissues from all three genotypes. In the ‘ALTA’ genotype, FvADH transcripts were significantly ijms22116124 higher in leaf than crown tissues and more than 10 to 20-fold greater than in the less cold-tolerant ‘NCGR1363’ and ‘FDP817’ genotypes. FvGEM, containing the conserved ABRE promoter element, Academic Editor: Achim Aigner transcript was found to be cold-regulated in crowns. Direct comparison of the kinetics of transcript and protein accumulation of dehydrins was scrutinized. In all genotypes and organs, the changes Received: 9 April 2021 Accepted: 27 May 2021 of XERO2 transcript levels generally preceded protein changes, while levels of COR47 protein Published: 7 June 2021 accumulation preceded the increases in COR47 RNA in ‘ALTA’ crowns. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral Keywords: dehydrins; ABA-regulated genes; CBF genes; alcohol dehydrogenase with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction Abiotic stress such as cold is a serious threat to the sustainability of agricultural pro- ductivity, causing crop loss worldwide, significantly reducing average yields for most major Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. crops [1]. The diploid woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) is an herbaceous perennial plant Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. that grows naturally in most regions of the northern hemisphere. F. vesca (2n = 2x = 14), This article is an open access article is a versatile experimental plant with a small genome (240 Mb). It has a robust genetic distributed under the terms and transformation system [2] and shares high sequence similarity with the cultivated straw- conditions of the Creative Commons berry (Fragaria × ananassa) and other members of the Rosaceae family. F. vesca was selected Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// for sequencing as a reference genome for the Rosaceae because of its advantages over creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ other family members, including a short generation time for a perennial, ease of vegetative 4.0/). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116124 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6124 2 of 21 propagation and small herbaceous stature compared with tree species such as peach or apple [3]. The strawberry plant is highly variable in susceptibility to freezing injury, one of the largest factors affecting crop yield and quality in temperate regions. Winter damage to strawberry plants can result in losses of up to 50% annual yield in production in Scandi- navia [4]. Overwintering success relies on the crown to remain unaffected not only by the physical damage induced by freezing but also to survive for extensive periods of time at low sub-zero temperatures, and to be optimally resistant to fungal and bacterial invasion favored by freezing induced damage [5]. Thus, one of the major objectives of a strawberry breeding program is to develop cultivars that are winter hardened and highly cold and freezing tolerant. Identification of molecular markers associated with, or responsible for, low temperature tolerance could be employed in strawberry breeding programs [6]. Low temperature (LT) causes oxidative stress, which affects both photosynthetic and respiratory mechanisms in plants. It slows down enzymatic reactions which affect the demand for ATP, leading to an overflow of electrons and an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen per- oxide [7]. Oxidative stress that results from extreme low temperature (freezing) inhibits the activities of the enzymes glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and mon- odehydroascorbate reductase that protect the plants against ROS [8]. Cold stress in plants triggers the activity of a number of genes, which alter the level of metabolites and proteins that are responsible for providing protection against the stress. Cold stress signals are transduced through ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways [9–11]. In addition to the role of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in vari- ous plant developmental processes, such as leaf abscission and initiation of fruit ripening; it is also an important contributor to responses to abiotic stresses. ABA-induced gene expression is mediated by the presence of cis-acting elements known as ABA responsive elements (ABREs) [12,13]. The ABA-dependent cold pathway activates genes with ABREs in their promoters, while an ABA-independent (CBF/DREB1) cold pathway activates genes with CRE/DREs in their promoters [14,15]. Transcription factors called the C-repeat bind- ing factors (CBFs) or dehydration-responsive element-binding factors (DREBs) have been identified as major contributors to responses leading to cold/freezing tolerance in Arabidop- sis thaliana [16] and are indeed essential to develop optimal cold/freezing tolerance [17]. The signaling pathway by which CBFs become activated has been extensively character- ized [9,18–20]. It is clear that other transcription factors have important contributory roles in the cold response [11,21]. The downstream targets that are coordinately regulated by CBFs include hundreds of genes [22]. Among those are alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) and dehydrins. Interestingly, these genes can be regulated by both ABREs and CRE/DREs. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a Zn-binding oxidoreductase that depends on NAD(P)H for interconversion of ethanol and acetaldehyde. ADH is thus associated with alcoholic fermentation where it produces a relatively nontoxic end product of anaerobiotic glycolysis contributing ATP and a small amount of NAD+ that can support glycolysis. Chilling tolerant species are induced towards anaerobic metabolism during LT, which results in increased ADH expression [23]. Increases in ADH protein levels also occur in response to cold in both diploid [24] and octoploid species of strawberry [5]. In other species, expression of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is known to increase under various stresses, including low temperature, drought, abscisic acid (ABA) and salinity [25–31]. In particular, ADH genes are among the most commonly found cold-induced genes in cereal crops and Arabidopsis [30]. However, knockout experiments suggest that the single ADH gene in Arabidopsis is not required for freezing tolerance [26]. Dehydrins (DHNs) belong to a large group of highly hydrophilic proteins known as late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins. A unique feature of all DHNs is a con- served, lysine-rich 15-amino acid domain, EKKGIMDKIKEKLPG [32], the K-segment, which is usually located at the C-terminus with a putative ability to form an amphipathic helix structure that can interact with membrane proteins [33]. Other common features of DHNs are a tract of serine residues (the S-segment), which is part of a conserved motif Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6124 3 of 21 (LHRSGS4-10(E/D)3) that undergoes phosphorylation and may regulate ion-binding and protein conformation [34,35]. The consensus motif DEYGNP (the Y-segment) found in some dehydrins is located near the N-terminus [36]. DHNs are often classified according to the number and arrangements of these conserved K-, Y- and S- segments
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