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Teleosts III: Advanced Teleosts Order: Perciformes - lots of them! (20 suborders, 160 families, 10,000 spp.) Division: Teleostei Subdivision: Euteleostei 7 important SUBORDERS for our purposes: Series: Percomorpha Percoidei (perches & relatives) Gobioidei (gobies & relatives) Order: Perciformes Pleuronectiformes Tetraodontiformes Labroidei (wrasses & relatives) Acanthuroidei (surgeonfishes and relatives)

Blennoidei (blennies & relatives) Scombroidei (barracudas, mackerels, tunas, & billfishes)

Stromateioidei (butterfishes, driftfishes & relatives)

Order Perciformes Perciformes: • biggest vertebrate order: 10,000+ spp Massive • mainly in shallow marine habitats, but many in shallow Diversification! freshwater – coral reefs: gobies, wrasses, sea basses, blennies, damselfish, cardinalfish, & many others – shallow freshwater: cichlids, centrarchids, & percids

Characteristics of Perciforms lower teleosts Perciformes

spines absent in fins in D, A, P2 scales cycloid ctenoid D fin 1, often w/ adipose fin 2, no adipose fin

P2 abdominal thoracic P2 rays 6+ 1 spine, 5 rays swimbladder physotomous physoclistous principal C fin rays often 18-19 not more than 17

Suborder Percoidei (79 families, 3000+ spp.)

Families: • Polyprionidae • Serranidae • Centrarchidae • Apogonidae • Sciaenidae • Kyphosidae • Chaetodontidae • Pomacanthidae • Carangidae

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Suborder Percoidei: basal members Polyprionidae (wreckfishes) (5 spp.)

perches (Percidae)

temperate basses (Moronidae)

giant sea bass

Serranidae (sea basses & groupers) Apogonidae (cardinalfishes) (475 spp.) (DNA studies indicate there actually (273 spp.) 2 families: Serranidae (sea basses) & Epinephelidae (groupers)

Centrarchidae (sunfishes & black basses) Big money: $250,000 for (31 spp.) most largemouth bass!

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Sciaenidae (croakers, drums) (270 spp.) Kyphosidae (sea chubs) (45 spp.)

Carangidae (jacks) (140 spp.) Carangidae (jacks) continued…

Pomacanthidae (angelfishes) (82 spp.) Chaetodontidae (butterflyfishes) (122 spp.)

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other interesting Percoidei Suborder Labroidei

remoras (Echeneidae) • Labridae (wrasses) tilefishes (Malacanthidae)

• Scaridae (parrotfishes)

• Cichlidae (cichlids)

• Pomacentridae (damselfishes) dolphinfishes (Coryphaenidae) • Embiotocidae (surfperches)

• Stichaeidae (pricklebacks)

• Pholidae (gunnels)

Labridae (wrasses) (453 spp.) Labridae (wrasses)

giant humphead wrasse 400+ pounds!

cleaner wrasse: 10 cm

Scaridae (parrotfishes) (88 spp.)

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Cichlidae (cichlids) (1350 spp.)

Embiotocidae (surfperches) Pomacentridae (damselfishes) (23 spp.) (348 spp.)

Stichaeidae (pricklebacks) (76 spp.) Pholidae (gunnels) (15 spp.)

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Zoarcidae (eelpouts) (230 spp.) wolf eel (Anarhichadidae)

Suborder Blennioidei (6 families, 818 spp.) Blenniidae (blennies) (360 spp.)

Clinididae (kelpfishes) (74 spp.) Suborder Icosteodei (140 spp.) Gobiesocidae (clingfishes)

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Suborder Callionymoidei (182 spp.) Suborder Gobioidei (9 families) Callionymidae (dragonets) • Gobiidae (gobies) -- world’s largest family of fishes: 2,000 spp.!

Gobiidae (gobies) (1950 spp.) Suborder Acanthuroidei (6 familes, 129 spp.)

• Acanthuridae (surgeonfishes) (80 spp.)

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other Acanthuroidei rabbitfishes (Siganidae) Suborder Scombroidei (6 families) • Scombridae (tunas & mackerels) (147 spp.) Moorish idol (Zanclidae) • Istiophoridae (billfishes) • Xiphiidae (swordfish)

louvar (luvaridae)

barracudas (21 spp.) Scombridae (tunas & mackerels) (51 spp.) (Sphyraenidae)

Scombridae (tunas & mackerels) Scombridae

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Scombridae (tunas & mackerels)

Istiophoridae (billfishes) Istiophoridae (billfishes) (11 spp.)

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Xiphiiidae (swordfish) (1 sp.) Suborder Stromateioidei (6 families, 70 spp.)

• Stromateidae (butterfishes) (15 spp.)

Xiphias gladius

man-of-war fish (Nomeidae) medusafishes (Centrolophidae)

Perciform derivatives – representative families Order Pleuronectiformes (14 families, 678 spp.) Order Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) • adults asymmetrical, w/ both eyes on one side

Paralichthyidae Pleuronectidae Cynoglossidae Paralichthyidae (sand flounders) Pleuronectidae (righteye flounders)

Cynoglossidae (tonguefishes) Order Tetraodontiformes (puffers, triggerfishes, & relatives)

Balistidae (triggerfishes) Tetraodontidae (pufferfishes)

Diodontidae (porcupinefishes)

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Pleuronectidae Paralichthyidae Pleuronectidae (60 spp.)

Pacific halibut

Pleuronectidae Paralichthyidae (105 spp.) diamond turbot

Cynoglossidae (tonguefish) (127 spp.) Order Tetraodontiformes - puffers, triggerfishes & relatives (9 families, 357 spp.)

Balistidae – triggerfishes Tetraodontidae – pufferfishes

Diodontidae – porcupinefishes Ostraciidae – trunkfishes

Molidae – ocean sunfishes (Molas)

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Balistidae (triggerfishes) (40 spp.) Tetraodontidae (puffers) (98 spp.)

Diodontidae (porcupinefishes) (19 spp.) boxfishes (Ostracidae) (154 spp.)

molas (Molidae) (4 spp.)

Now you know them all! Right??

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Now comes a brand new paper based on 10 DNA markers !!!

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