9/26/13 Teleosts III: Advanced Teleosts Order: Perciformes - lots of them! (20 suborders, 160 families, 10,000 spp.) Division: Teleostei Subdivision: Euteleostei 7 important SUBORDERS for our purposes: Series: Percomorpha Percoidei (perches & relatives) Gobioidei (gobies & relatives) Order: Perciformes Pleuronectiformes Tetraodontiformes Labroidei (wrasses & relatives) Acanthuroidei (surgeonfishes and relatives) Blennoidei (blennies & relatives) Scombroidei (barracudas, mackerels, tunas, & billfishes) Stromateioidei (butterfishes, driftfishes & relatives) Order Perciformes Perciformes: • biggest vertebrate order: 10,000+ spp Massive • mainly in shallow marine habitats, but many in shallow Diversification! freshwater – coral reefs: gobies, wrasses, sea basses, blennies, damselfish, cardinalfish, & many others – shallow freshwater: cichlids, centrarchids, & percids Characteristics of Perciforms lower teleosts Perciformes spines absent in fins in D, A, P2 scales cycloid ctenoid D fin 1, often w/ adipose fin 2, no adipose fin P2 abdominal thoracic P2 rays 6+ 1 spine, 5 rays swimbladder physotomous physoclistous principal C fin rays often 18-19 not more than 17 Suborder Percoidei (79 families, 3000+ spp.) Families: • Polyprionidae • Serranidae • Centrarchidae • Apogonidae • Sciaenidae • Kyphosidae • Chaetodontidae • Pomacanthidae • Carangidae 1 9/26/13 Suborder Percoidei: basal members Polyprionidae (wreckfishes) (5 spp.) perches (Percidae) temperate basses (Moronidae) giant sea bass Serranidae (sea basses & groupers) Apogonidae (cardinalfishes) (475 spp.) (DNA studies indicate there actually (273 spp.) 2 families: Serranidae (sea basses) & Epinephelidae (groupers) Centrarchidae (sunfishes & black basses) Big money: $250,000 for (31 spp.) most largemouth bass! 2 9/26/13 Sciaenidae (croakers, drums) (270 spp.) Kyphosidae (sea chubs) (45 spp.) Carangidae (jacks) (140 spp.) Carangidae (jacks) continued… Pomacanthidae (angelfishes) (82 spp.) Chaetodontidae (butterflyfishes) (122 spp.) 3 9/26/13 other interesting Percoidei Suborder Labroidei remoras (Echeneidae) • Labridae (wrasses) tilefishes (Malacanthidae) • Scaridae (parrotfishes) • Cichlidae (cichlids) • Pomacentridae (damselfishes) dolphinfishes (Coryphaenidae) • Embiotocidae (surfperches) • Stichaeidae (pricklebacks) • Pholidae (gunnels) Labridae (wrasses) (453 spp.) Labridae (wrasses) giant humphead wrasse 400+ pounds! cleaner wrasse: 10 cm Scaridae (parrotfishes) (88 spp.) 4 9/26/13 Cichlidae (cichlids) (1350 spp.) Embiotocidae (surfperches) Pomacentridae (damselfishes) (23 spp.) (348 spp.) Stichaeidae (pricklebacks) (76 spp.) Pholidae (gunnels) (15 spp.) 5 9/26/13 Zoarcidae (eelpouts) (230 spp.) wolf eel (Anarhichadidae) Suborder Blennioidei (6 families, 818 spp.) Blenniidae (blennies) (360 spp.) Clinididae (kelpfishes) (74 spp.) Suborder Icosteodei (140 spp.) Gobiesocidae (clingfishes) 6 9/26/13 Suborder Callionymoidei (182 spp.) Suborder Gobioidei (9 families) Callionymidae (dragonets) • Gobiidae (gobies) -- world’s largest family of fishes: 2,000 spp.! Gobiidae (gobies) (1950 spp.) Suborder Acanthuroidei (6 familes, 129 spp.) • Acanthuridae (surgeonfishes) (80 spp.) 7 9/26/13 other Acanthuroidei rabbitfishes (Siganidae) Suborder Scombroidei (6 families) • Scombridae (tunas & mackerels) (147 spp.) Moorish idol (Zanclidae) • Istiophoridae (billfishes) • Xiphiidae (swordfish) louvar (luvaridae) barracudas (21 spp.) Scombridae (tunas & mackerels) (51 spp.) (Sphyraenidae) Scombridae (tunas & mackerels) Scombridae 8 9/26/13 Scombridae (tunas & mackerels) Istiophoridae (billfishes) Istiophoridae (billfishes) (11 spp.) 9 9/26/13 Xiphiiidae (swordfish) (1 sp.) Suborder Stromateioidei (6 families, 70 spp.) • Stromateidae (butterfishes) (15 spp.) Xiphias gladius man-of-war fish (Nomeidae) medusafishes (Centrolophidae) Perciform derivatives – representative families Order Pleuronectiformes (14 families, 678 spp.) Order Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) • adults asymmetrical, w/ both eyes on one side Paralichthyidae Pleuronectidae Cynoglossidae Paralichthyidae (sand flounders) Pleuronectidae (righteye flounders) Cynoglossidae (tonguefishes) Order Tetraodontiformes (puffers, triggerfishes, & relatives) Balistidae (triggerfishes) Tetraodontidae (pufferfishes) Diodontidae (porcupinefishes) 10 9/26/13 Pleuronectidae Paralichthyidae Pleuronectidae (60 spp.) Pacific halibut Pleuronectidae Paralichthyidae (105 spp.) diamond turbot Cynoglossidae (tonguefish) (127 spp.) Order Tetraodontiformes - puffers, triggerfishes & relatives (9 families, 357 spp.) Balistidae – triggerfishes Tetraodontidae – pufferfishes Diodontidae – porcupinefishes Ostraciidae – trunkfishes Molidae – ocean sunfishes (Molas) 11 9/26/13 Balistidae (triggerfishes) (40 spp.) Tetraodontidae (puffers) (98 spp.) Diodontidae (porcupinefishes) (19 spp.) boxfishes (Ostracidae) (154 spp.) molas (Molidae) (4 spp.) Now you know them all! Right?? 12 9/26/13 Now comes a brand new paper based on 10 DNA markers !!! 13 .