DOCSLIB.ORG

Normal Modes and Their Dispersion in \Alpha Form of Nylon-6

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Normal Modes and Their Dispersion in \Alpha Form of Nylon-6 Polymer Journal, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 359–368 (2007) #2007 The Society of Polymer Science, Japan Normal Modes and Their Dispersion in Form of Nylon-6 ( NY6) Sandeep Kumar SHUKLA, Naresh KUMAR, Abhishek Kumar MISHRA, y Poonam TANDON , and Vishwambhar Dayal GUPTA Physics Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow 226 007, India (Received August 28, 2006; Accepted January 12, 2007; Published March 5, 2007) ABSTRACT: Nylon-6 [-(CH2)5–NHCO-]n ( NY6) is a synthetic polymer widely used in industrial applications. It has a planar zigzag conformation. A comprehensive study of the normal modes and their dispersion in NY6 using Urey Bradley force field is being reported. Crossing between the various pairs of modes of dispersion curves have been explained as arising due to internal symmetry in the energy momentum space. The heat capacity derived from the dis- persion curves via the density-of-states, is in good agreement with the experimental measurements obtained from the Athas data bank. [doi:10.1295/polymj.PJ2006103] KEY WORDS Nylon-6 / -Form / Phonon Dispersion / Heat Capacity / Density-of-States / The word Nylon has been accepted as generic term the microscopic behaviour of the long chain molecule for synthetic polyamides, Nylon-6 [-(CH2)5–NHCO-]n with the macroscopic properties such as entropy, en- is one of the most important members of this family. It thalpy, specific heat etc. is highly useful for industrial applications because of We present here a complete normal mode analysis its high tensile and impact strength, firm stability at of NY6 with phonon dispersion in the first Brillouin high temperature, good abrasion resistance and self- Zone using Urey Bradley force field (UBFF).3,4 This lubricating properties. It also retains both tough and polymer has been subjected to several spectroscopic flexible at low temperatures. Commercially it can be studies (IR, Raman and INS)5–12 by several workers. processed by conventional processing methods such Tadokoro et al.11 have reported normal mode analysis as injection molding, extrusion blow molding, and of NY6 considering methylene group as a point mass special grade of Nylon-6 are available for rotational thereby neglecting the interaction between carbon and molding and thermoforming. hydrogen atoms where as Jakes and Krimm5 have Nylon-6 crystallizes in two different forms namely used simple valence force field in their normal mode and forms.1,2 Thermodynamically stable form calculations. Our calculations are based on UBFF, takes on planar zigzag conformation and the molecu- which in addition to valence force field accounts for lar chains are arranged in sheets by means of hydro- the non-bonded interactions in the gem and cis config- gen bonding between antiparallel chains, while the uration and the tension terms. In this force field the form takes a helical symmetry with the secondary potential energy expression does not have quadratic amide group at 66 with respect to the plane of CH2 cross terms. The force constants are supplemented zigzag and sheets of parallel chains are joined by hy- by the repulsive forces between non-bonded atoms, drogen bonds. In both the forms the neighbouring which simulate the van der Waals force13 between chains are arranged in sheets of parallel but oppo- them. It gives a better description of intra and inter sitely directed molecules. Lattice parameters along unit interactions, and arbitrariness in choosing the the polymer axis are slightly shorter (b ¼ 16:88 A˚ )2 force constants is reduced, thereby enabling us to ar- in the form as comparison to that of the form rive at a better unique force field. (b ¼ 17:24 A˚ ).1 Vibrational spectroscopy plays an important role in THEORY the elucidation of polymeric structure. Normal mode analysis besides identification of various modes pro- Calculation of Normal Mode Frequencies vides an insight into Infrared absorption (IR), Raman Normal mode calculation for a polymeric chain spectra and Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS). An was carried out using Wilson’s GF matrix method14 overall understanding of vibrational dynamics in a as modified by Higgs15 for an infinite polymeric chain. polymer involves calculation of the dispersion curves. The vibrational secular equation to be solved is These curves provide knowledge of degree of uninter- jGðÞFðÞÀðÞIj¼00 ð1Þ rupted sequence lengths in an ordered conformation. The dispersion curves also facilitate correlation of where is the phase difference between the modes of yTo whom correspondence should be addressed (E-mail: poonam [email protected]). 359 S. K. SHUKLA et al. adjacent chemical units, GðÞ is the inverse kinetic Table I. Internal coordinates and force energy matrix and FðÞ is the force field matrix for a constants for NY6 (mydn/A˚ ) À1 certain phase value. The wavenumber viðÞ in cm Internal Force Internal Force 2 2 2 are related to eigen values by iðÞ¼4 c ½viðÞ . Coordinates Constants Coordinates Constants A plot of viðÞ versus gives the dispersion curve (C=O) 7.85 ’ (C4-C5-C6) 0.470 (.600) for the ith mode. The use of the type of force field (C1-C2) 2.85 ’ (H-C5-C6) 0.470 (.220) is generally a matter of one’s chemical experience (C2-H) 4.18 ’ (C5-C6-N) 0.150 (.600) 16 and intuition. In the present work, we have used (C2-C3) 3.24 ’ (C5-C6-H) 0.440 (.220) Urey-Bradley force field as it is more comprehensive (C-H) 4.18 ’ (H-C6-H) 0.362 (.360) then valence force field. The Urey-Bradley takes into (C-C) 2.98 ’ (H-C-N) 0.245 (.780) account both bonded and non-bonded interactions as (C5-C6) 3.28 ’ (C6-N-H) 0.292 (.520) (C -H) 3.91 ’ (C-N-C) 0.440 (.540) well as internal tensions. Potential energy for this 6 (C -N) 2.35 ’ (H-N-C ) 0.453 (.520) force field can be written as 6 1 X (N-H) 5.38 ’ (N-C=O) 0.890 (.900) 0 ðmÞ ðmÞ ðmÞ 2 (N-C1) 5.75 ’ (N-C1-C2) 0.400 (.600) V ¼ Kj;krj;k ðÁrj;k ÞþKj;kðÁrj;k Þ =2 ’ (O=C -C ) 0.890 (.900) ! (N-H) 0.165 m;j;Xk 1 2 ’ (C1-C2-H) 0.406 (.215) ! (C=O) 0.519 þ H0 rðmÞrðmÞðÁ ðmÞ Þ i;j;k i;j j;k i;j;k ’ (H-C2-H) 0.389 (.340) (C1-C2) 0.010 m;i;j;k ’ (H-C2-C3) 0.410 (.215) (C2-C3) 0.011 ðmÞ ðmÞ 2 þ H r ðÁ Þ =2 ’ (C1-C2-C3) 0.750 (.500) (C3-C4) 0.009 Xi;j;k j;k i;j;k 0 ðmÞ ðmÞ ðmÞ 2 ’ (C2-C3-H) 0.440 (.230) (C4-C5) 0.019 þ F q ðÁq ÞþFi;kðÁq Þ =2 i;k i;k i;k i;k ’ (H-C-C) 0.458 (.230) (C5-C6) 0.032 m;i;j;k X X ’ (C2-C3-C4) 0.480 (.500) (C6-N) 0.011 2 ! 2 þ Kj ðÁjÞ þ Kj ðÁ!jÞ ð2Þ ’ (H-C-H) 0.392 (.340) (N-C1) 0.030 j j ’ (C3-C4-C5) 0.470 (.600) where the symbols have their usual meaning. The Note: 1. , ’, ! and denote stretch, angle bend, wag and torsion primed quantities are introduced as internal tensions. respectively. 2. Non-bonded force constants are given in parentheses. Non-bonded interactions involve attraction and repul- sion of atoms due to the overlap of their electron shells. These effects are usually expressed by the 6- the corrections to F0 so that the errors Á are mini- exp or 6-12 type potentials. The tension terms are as- mized. We used the theory of least squares and calcu- sumed to be all zero. late Recently, spectroscopically effective molecular me- J0PÁ ¼ðJ0PJÞÁF ð5Þ chanics models have been used for inter and intra mo- lecular interactions consisting of charges, atomic di- where P is the weighting matrix and J0 is the transpo- poles and van der Waals (non bonded) interactions.13 sition of J. The solution of this equation is obtained by The force constants, including those for the interac- inverting J0PJ to give tion of first and third non-bonded atoms, which give ÁF ¼ðJ0PJÞÀ1J0PÁ ð6Þ the ‘‘best fit’’, are given in the Table I and have been obtained by least squares fitting. In order to obtain the If the number of frequencies is greater than the ‘‘best fit’’ with the observed wave numbers the follow- number of F matrix elements, the matrix J0PJ should ing procedure is adopted. be non-singular and be obtain the corrections ÁF, Force constants were initially transferred from the which will minimize the sum of the weighted squares molecules (PCL17 and poly (L-valine)18 in the pres- of the residuals. This minimum sum provides the ent case) having similar groups placed in the similar ‘‘best fit’’. If the corrections ÁF are fairly large, the environment. Thus starting with the approximate F linear relation between force constant and frequency matrix Fo and observed frequencies obs (related term in the matrix eq 3 breaks down. In such a situa- through a constant), one can solve the secular matrix tion, further refinement using higher order terms in equation: the Taylor’s series expansion of Ái is needed. King et al.19 developed this procedure. GF0L0 ¼ L00 ð3Þ Let Ái ¼ iobs À i0 in the above equation. It can be Calculation of Specific Heat shown that in the direct order of approximation Dispersion curves can be used to calculate the spe- cific heat of a polymeric system. For a one-dimension- Á ¼ JÁF ð4Þ al system the density of state function or the frequency where J is computed from L0.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CHAPTER 8 HB 1129 - FINAL VERSION 11Mar2020
    CHAPTER 8 HB 1129 - FINAL VERSION 11Mar2020... 0696h 06/16/2020 1480s 06/16/2020 1524s 2020 SESSION 20-2107 11/06 HOUSE BILL 1129 AN ACT relative to notice requirements for certain municipal public hearings, providing for optional town meeting procedures during the state of emergency declared in response to the novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19), and relative to online reporting of CARES Act disbursements. SPONSORS: Rep. Coursin, Rock. 1; Rep. Barnes, Rock. 8; Rep. Ladd, Graf. 4; Rep. Gilman, Rock. 18; Rep. Dutzy, Hills. 30 COMMITTEE: Municipal and County Government ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── AMENDED ANALYSIS This bill changes the notice requirements for certain municipal public hearings by allowing notice of the hearing to be posted on the municipal website. The bill also temporarily permits legislative bodies with a fiscal year ending in June to make certain expenditures prior to the adoption of an official budget, temporarily provides for a virtual annual meeting procedure, and requires online reporting of CARES Act disbursements. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Explanation: Matter added to current law appears in bold italics. Matter removed from current law appears [in brackets and struckthrough.] Matter which is either (a) all new or (b) repealed and reenacted appears in regular type. CHAPTER 8 HB 1129 - FINAL VERSION 11Mar2020... 0696h 06/16/2020 1480s 06/16/2020 1524s 20-2107 11/06 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE In the Year of Our Lord Two Thousand Twenty AN ACT relative to notice requirements for certain municipal public hearings, providing for optional town meeting procedures during the state of emergency declared in response to the novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19), and relative to online reporting of CARES Act disbursements.
    [Show full text]
  • Putting Down Roots
    Biweekly $7.95 August 15, 2018 Thinking Critically, Living Faithfully PUTTING DOWN ROOTS Small-town pastors who stay THE ANNUAL CHRISTIAN CENTURY LECTURE 7 p.m. | November 8 A THEOLOGY OF Reception to follow Arts Club of Chicago ACCOMPANIMENT $35.00 “I was a middle-aged lady, set in my ways, when I decided to be baptized. And when that water poured over my head, I realized the big problem with my new religion: God actually lives in other people. I couldn’t be a Christian by myself. I couldn’t choose who else was my brother or sister. “That’s a really different story from the one that’s sold to us every day, which insists each one of us is individually of Miles Sara courtesy Photo responsible for managing our own economic and political salvation.” SARA MILES Journalist and author Sara Miles served as director of ministry at St. Gregory of Nyssa Episcopal Church in San Francisco for ten years. She is an organizer for Faith in Action Bay Area, training congregations to accompany immigrants at risk of deporta- tion. Her books include Take This Bread, the story of her adult conversion to Christianity and her involvement in food min- istry at St. Gregory’s, and City of God: Faith in the Streets. To register, visit christiancentury.org/event From the publisher Peter W. Marty California law permits anyone to apply for a The wedding experience one-day permit to become a deputy commis- sioner of marriage. In states like Colorado and ear Pastor Marty: I have been asked by my Wisconsin, a couple can solemnize their own Dfriend to become ordained so I could marry wedding, which sounds plenty efficient.
    [Show full text]
  • SCOTTISH BLACK MONEY in the LOW COUNTRIES C.1484–1506
    SCOTTISH BLACK MONEY IN THE LOW COUNTRIES c.1484–1506 PETER SPUFFORD THERE seem to me to be two main problems arising from the previous article by Nicholas Holmes and Hendrik van Caelenberghe.1 How far did the areas to which Scots black money penetrate relate to Scots trade with the Low Countries? Why were the Crux Pellit pieces used so widely that it was worth imitating them? I would therefore like to expand this marvellous set of new findings by looking at the context, both geographically and in terms of what denominations the Scottish 3d. and ½d. pieces might have been used for in the Low Countries. I am controversially following up the text cited by Joan Murray by not calling these pieces pennies and farthings, but instead calling the Crux Pellit coins ‘3d. pieces’, and the smaller pieces ‘halfpennies’: ‘for thir was blak cunyhe in the realme strikkin and ordinyt be king James the thred, half pennys and three penny pennys innumerabill of coppir’ in a short anonymous chronicle ending in autumn 1482, and therefore contemporary.2 Some of the smaller pieces were probably ‘farthings’ and ‘halfpennies’ at different times. The latest ones seem to have been regarded as ‘halfpennies’ in 1482. As will be apparent from the second section of this paper, it helps to think of these pieces in Joan Murray’s terms. How far did the circulation of Scottish Black Money correlate with Scottish trade? I would like to present the work of Nicholas Holmes and Hendrik van Caelenberghe geo- graphically in the context of a map of the principalities of the Netherlands in the late fifteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Population Dynamics to 1500
    Medieval Population Dynamics to 1500 Part C: the major population changes and demographic trends from 1250 to ca. 1520 European Population, 1000 - 1300 • (1) From the ‘Birth of Europe’ in the 10th century, Europe’s population more than doubled: from about 40 million to at least 80 million – and perhaps to as much as 100 million, by 1300 • (2) Since Europe was then very much underpopulated, such demographic growth was entirely positive: Law of Eventually Diminishing Returns • (3) Era of the ‘Commercial Revolution’, in which all sectors of the economy, led by commerce, expanded -- with significant urbanization and rising real incomes. Demographic Crises, 1300 – 1500 • From some time in the early 14th century, Europe’s population not only ceased to grow, but may have begun its long two-century downswing • Evidence of early 14th century decline • (i) Tuscany (Italy): best documented – 30% -40% population decline before the Black Death • (ii) Normandy (NW France) • (iii) Provence (SE France) • (iv) Essex, in East Anglia (eastern England) The Estimated Populations of Later Medieval and Early Modern Europe Estimates by J. C. Russell (red) and Jan de Vries (blue) Population of Florence (Tuscany) Date Estimated Urban Population 1300 120,000 1349 36,000? 1352 41, 600 1390 60,000 1427 37,144 1459 37,369 1469 40,332 1488 42,000 1526 (plague year) 70,000 Evidence of pre-Plague population decline in 14th century ESSEX Population Trends on Essex Manors The Great Famine: Malthusian Crisis? • (1) The ‘Great Famine’ of 1315-22 • (if we include the sheep
    [Show full text]
  • Cologne, Germany) Book of Hours
    Special Collections and University Archives : University Libraries Dominikanerinnenkloster St. Gertrud (Cologne, Germany) Book of Hours 1481-1488 1 vol (0.2 linear foot) Call no.: MS 1057 Collection overview The Dominikanerinnenkloster St. Gertud (Dominican Convent of Saint Gertrude) operated in Cologne, Germany, for nearly five and half centuries. An important center in connection with German mysticism in the 13th and 14th centuries, the Kloster survived the Reformation, however persistently poor finances led to its decline in the 18th century. After it was abolished during a wave of secularization on October 14, 1802. This diminutive book of hours was prepared by Dominican nuns at the Kloster St. Gertrud during the 1480s. Like some other German books of hours it lacks the calendar, Gospel lessons, and the two prayers to the Virgin, Obsecro te and O intemerata, however it includes additional liturgical texts, such as Offices for major feasts, as well as music for the funeral service. This copy may have been made for or by the prioress Magdalena Frankengruenerin (1481-1488), and remained in the convent until the eighteenth century. See similar SCUA collections: Books and book history Germany Religion Background on Dominikanerinnenkloster St. Gertrud The Dominikanerinnenkloster St. Gertud (Dominican Convent of Saint Gertrude) and its associated church operated for nearly five and half centuries in the Neumarkt in Cologne, Germany. Led by the recluse Helwigis, the community was founded in 1257 and was affiliated with the Dominican order beginning in 1286/1287, becoming known for housing relics of the 7th century Gertud of Nivelles, a saint who was associated with the Benedictine Abbeys of Nivelles and Karlburg.
    [Show full text]
  • News from the Getty
    The J. Paul Getty Trust 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 403 Tel 310 440 7360 Communications Department Los Angeles, California 90049-1681 Fax 310 440 7722 www.getty.edu [email protected] NEWS FROM THE GETTY DATE: January 25, 2012 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM ANNOUNCES ACQUISITION OF RARE EARLY RENAISSANCE DRAWING ATTRIBUTED TO PIERO DEL POLLAIUOLO Portrait of a Young Man, Head and Shoulders, Wearing a Cap, will complement Museum’s Renaissance drawings collection LOS ANGELES—The J. Paul Getty Museum today announced the acquisition at auction of Portrait of a Young Man, Head and Shoulders, Wearing a Cap, drawn about 1470, attributed to Piero del Pollaiuolo (c. 1443–1496). The drawing, from the early Florence Renaissance, is extremely rare, and is the first portrait drawing of this period to be included in the Getty’s permanent collection. Its acquisition by the Getty will allow it to be put on public display for likely the first time in its long history. “This acquisition anchors and provides context for the Museum’s Italian Renaissance drawings collection, one of the strongest of any U.S. museum,” explains Lee Hendrix, senior curator of drawings at the Getty Museum. Portrait of a Young Man, Head and Shoulders, Wearing a Cap, about 1470. Attributed to Piero del Pollaiuolo “This is the first major drawing from this pivotal early (Italian, c. 1443-1496). Pen and brown ink over black chalk. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Renaissance period to come on the market for many years, which, paired with its extraordinary condition, makes this a very significant acquisition.” -more- Page 2 The drawing belongs to a crucial moment in the Renaissance when the independent portrait emerged as a genre and gained wide popularity.
    [Show full text]
  • And Early Modern Europe
    Genderand Emotions in Medieval and EarlyModern Europe: DestroyingOrder, StructuringDisorder In mernoryof PhilippaMaddern (t 952-2014) Edited by Scholarleader rnentor,friend. SUSANBROOMHALL The Uniuers ity of Western Áustralia ASHGATE @Susan Broomhall20l5 AII righm reserved.No parc of rhis publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval Contents systemor transmictedin any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, phorocopying, recordingor otherwisewithour cheprior permissionof the publisher. SusanBroomhall has asserted her right under rhe Copyright,Designs and ParenrcAct, 1988, to be identified asthe ediror of rhis work. List of Figures uii Ácknowledgem.ents ix Publishedby Notes on Contributors xi AshgarePublishing Limired AshgatePublishing Company l7ey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite3-1 Farnham Burlingron,VT 05401-38 1 8 Introduction: Destroying Order, Structuring Disorder: Surrey,GU9 7PT USA Gender and Emotions England SusanBroomhall www.ashgate.com PART I: STRUCTURING EMOT.IONS OF TTARAND PEACE British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A cataloguerecord for this book is availablefrom rhe British Library 'Now I evil deedsarise': Evaluating Cgurage and Fear in Early English Fight Narrative 17 ïhe Library of Congresshas cataloged the printed edition as follows: Ándrew Lynch Genderand emotionsin medievaland earlymodern Europe : destroyingorder, strucruring disorder/ editedby SusanBroomhall. Pagescm Z Order, Emotion, and Gender in the CrusadeLetters of Includesbibliographical references and index. Jacquesde Vitry 35 ISBN 978 - I -47 24- 5327 -3 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978 - | -4724- 69 I 4-4 (e-book)-- Megan Cassidy-Welch ISBN 978-I-4724-6915-1(epub)1. Emotions--History.2. Sexrole--Europe--Hisrory. 3. Social structure--Flistory.4. Civil society--History.5. Europe--Civilizarion.6. Civilization,Medieval. 3 Married Noblewomen asDiplomars: Affective 7.
    [Show full text]
  • 8Was Richard III Defeated
    Take a look at this sample chapter from The Wars of the Roses England 1450‐1485… Was Richard III defeated because of the disappearance 8 of the Princes? It was the fate of the Princes in the Tower that first got me interested in the Wars of the Roses. Many years ago my eye was caught by a book cover showing a face that turned out to be Richard III. The book was Josephine Tey’s The Daughter of Time, a ‘whodunit’ exploring whether the Princes were really murdered by Richard III. The sense of mystery is created because there are no trustworthy sources telling us directly what happened to the Princes. At best, writers imply what happened. Take Dominic Mancini, an Italian in London in 1483, who seems to have information from Edward V’s doctor: Edward V and his … all the King’s servants were barred from access to him. He and his brother, Richard of brother were withdrawn into the inner rooms of the Tower and day by York, were aged 12 and day began to be seen more rarely behind the windows and bars, until 9 in June 1483 they ceased to be seen altogether. The physician, Argentine, the last of his attendants, reported that the young king, like a victim prepared for sacrifice, made daily confession and penance because he believed that death was facing him. The inference is that the boys died in summer 1483 but there’s no detail of how they died. In addition, Mancini spoke no English, so was dependent on what others told him, and he wrote several months later, when it was widely believed the boys were dead.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynastic Marriage in England, Castile and Aragon, 11Th – 16Th Centuries
    Dynastic Marriage in England, Castile and Aragon, 11th – 16th Centuries Lisa Joseph A Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Masters of Philosophy The University of Adelaide Department of History February 2015 1 Contents Abstract 3 Statement of Originality 4 Acknowledgements 5 Abbreviations 6 Introduction 7 I. Literature Review: Dynastic Marriage 8 II. Literature Review: Anglo-Spanish Relations 12 III. English and Iberian Politics and Diplomacy, 14 – 15th Centuries 17 IV. Sources, Methodology and Outline 21 Chapter I: Dynastic Marriage in Aragon, Castile and England: 11th – 16th Centuries I. Dynastic Marriage as a Tool of Diplomacy 24 II. Arranging Dynastic Marriages 45 III. The Failure of Dynastic Marriage 50 Chapter II: The Marriages of Catherine of Aragon I. The Marriages of the Tudor and Trastámara Siblings 58 II. The Marriages of Catherine of Aragon and Arthur and Henry Tudor 69 Conclusion 81 Appendices: I. England 84 II. Castile 90 III. Aragon 96 Bibliography 102 2 Abstract Dynastic marriages were an important tool of diplomacy utilised by monarchs throughout medieval and early modern Europe. Despite this, no consensus has been reached among historians as to the reason for their continued use, with the notable exception of ensuring the production of a legitimate heir. This thesis will argue that the creation and maintenance of alliances was the most important motivating factor for English, Castilian and Aragonese monarchs. Territorial concerns, such as the protection and acquisition of lands, as well as attempts to secure peace between warring kingdoms, were also influential elements considered when arranging dynastic marriages. Other less common motives which were specific to individual marriages depended upon the political, economic, social and dynastic priorities of the time in which they were contracted.
    [Show full text]
  • APWH “Must-Know” Dates Name ______Foundations (8000 B.C.E
    APWH “Must-Know” Dates Name _________________________ Foundations (8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.) Hour ___ September 21, 2012 1. ____ c. 8000 B.C.E. A. Alexander the Great 2. ____ c. 3000 B.C.E. B. BegJapanese invasion of (rest of) Chinainning of Trans- Saharan Trade Routes 3. ____ c. 1300 B.C.E. C. Beginnings of Christianity 4. ____ 6th century B.C.E. D. Beginnings of agriculture 5. ____ 5th century B.C.E. E. Beginnings of Bronze Age - and early civilizations 6. ____ 323 B.C.E. F. end of Han Dynasty 7. ____ 221 B.C.E. G. end of Pax Romana 8. ____ 184 B.C.E. H. Fall of Gupta Dynasty/Empire – – – – – – – – 0 – – – – – – – – – – – I. Fall of Mauryan Dynasty 9. ____ 32 C.E. J. Fall of Rome 10. ____ 180 C.E. K. Greek Golden Age - philosophers, etc. 11. ____ 220 C.E. L. Iron Age 12. ____ 312 C.E. M. Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire 13. ____ 333 C.E. N. life of Buddha, Confucius, Laozi (beginnings of 14. ____ 4th century C.E. Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism/Taosim) 15. ____ 476 C.E. O. Qin unified China 16. ____ 527 C.E. P. Roman capital moved to Constantinople 17. ____ 550 C.E. Monica Bond-Lamberty, Northwood HS http://moodle.egrps.org/course/view.php?id=136 APWH “Must-Know” Dates Name _________________________ 600-1450 Hour ___ September 21, 2012 1. ____ 622 A. Great Schism in Christian Church (Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox) 2. ____ c. 730 B. 1st Crusade 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Love in Control by HEIDI J
    68 © 2016 The Institute for Faith and Learning at Baylor University Due to copyright restrictions, this image is only available in the print version of Christian Reflection. Botticelli draws freely from mythological figures to create a moral allegory of chaste and pure love controlling the sensual passions. Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510), PALLAS AND THE CENTAUR (c. 1482). Tempera on canvas. 81½“ x 58¼”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Photo: Scala / Art Resource, NY. Used by permission. © 2016 The Institute for Faith and Learning at Baylor University 69 Love in Control BY HEIDI J. HORNIK y the 1480s, Sandro Botticelli was one of the leading painters of the Renaissance and was working for the Medici family. Many works of Bthis period, often considered his masterpieces, use mythological sub- jects to blend contemporary historical references and moral instruction. Pallas and the Centaur, which is recorded in the 1498-1499 inventory as “Camilla and a Satyr,” originally was hung in the “old house” of the Medici family in a ground floor room alongside the chamber of Lorenzo, together with the Primavera.1 The old palace on Via Larga was owned by Lorenzo and Pierfrancesco de’ Medici, cousins of Lorenzo the Magnificent. The female figure with long blonde hair wears a wreath of olive branches with a diamond at the top. Her white, transparent gown is decorated with linked balls or circles, perhaps a symbol of the Medici family crest. She wears leather boots and bears defensive weapons—a diamond-crusted halberd (combined spear and battle axe) and a shield on her back.2 The centaur submits to her, despite his having a bow and quiver of arrows.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Art of Sandro Botticelli And
    CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE ANTIQUITY AND THE SISTINE SOJOURN (1481-1482) IN THE ART OF SANDRO BOTTICELLI AND DOMENICO GHIRLANDAIO Volume 1 A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Art by Max Calvin Marmor May, 1982 ~ • I The Thesis of Max Calvin Marmor is approved: anne L. Trabold, Ph.D. California State University, Northridge i i This thesis is dedicated to the immortal words of Ibn Abad Sina "Seek not gold in shallow vessels!" (Contra Alchemia, Praefatio) iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due my thesis committee for allowing a maverick to go his own way. Without their contributions, this experience would not have been what it has been. More could be said on this score but, to quote the Devil (whose advice I should have followed from the outset): "Mach es kurz! Am Juengsten Tag ist's nur ein F--z!" So I'll "make it short." I owe special thanks to Dr. Birgitta Wohl, who initially persuaded me that higher education is worthwhile; who expressed unfailing interest in my ideas and progress; and who, throughout, has provided a unique living example of wide learning and humanistic scholarship. Finally, this thesis could not have been written without the ever prompt, ever courteous services of the CSUN Library Inter-Library Loan Department. Thanks to Charlotte (in her many roles}, to Misha and their myriad elves, who, for an unconscionably long time, made every day Christmas! iv CONTENTS Page LIST 01'' FIGURES . vii ABSTRACT . ix Chapter INTRODUCTION: CONTEXT AND CRISIS IN THE REVIVAL OF ANTIQUITY.
    [Show full text]