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In the Art of Sandro Botticelli And CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE ANTIQUITY AND THE SISTINE SOJOURN (1481-1482) IN THE ART OF SANDRO BOTTICELLI AND DOMENICO GHIRLANDAIO Volume 1 A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Art by Max Calvin Marmor May, 1982 ~ • I The Thesis of Max Calvin Marmor is approved: anne L. Trabold, Ph.D. California State University, Northridge i i This thesis is dedicated to the immortal words of Ibn Abad Sina "Seek not gold in shallow vessels!" (Contra Alchemia, Praefatio) iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due my thesis committee for allowing a maverick to go his own way. Without their contributions, this experience would not have been what it has been. More could be said on this score but, to quote the Devil (whose advice I should have followed from the outset): "Mach es kurz! Am Juengsten Tag ist's nur ein F--z!" So I'll "make it short." I owe special thanks to Dr. Birgitta Wohl, who initially persuaded me that higher education is worthwhile; who expressed unfailing interest in my ideas and progress; and who, throughout, has provided a unique living example of wide learning and humanistic scholarship. Finally, this thesis could not have been written without the ever prompt, ever courteous services of the CSUN Library Inter-Library Loan Department. Thanks to Charlotte (in her many roles}, to Misha and their myriad elves, who, for an unconscionably long time, made every day Christmas! iv CONTENTS Page LIST 01'' FIGURES . vii ABSTRACT . ix Chapter INTRODUCTION: CONTEXT AND CRISIS IN THE REVIVAL OF ANTIQUITY. • ••• 1 1. TWO FLORENTINES • • • • • • • 5 The Ognissanti Frescoes . 5 Ghirlandaio to 1480: Securing a Style 9 Botticelli to 1480: An Albertian Apprentice ship. • • • • • • • . 17 2. TWO FACES OF ROME • • . 39 Sistine Rome: From Politics to Patronage • • • • • • • • • • . 39 The Second Face of Rome: Artists as Antiquaries • • • . • • 63 3. THE SISTINE SOJOURN • . 71 Ghirlandaio in Rome • . 71 Botticelli in Rome. 85 4. GHIRLANDAIO AND THE IMPACT OF ROME. 100 The Florentine Synthesis •• . 100 v Chapter Page The Sassetti Chapel: . 104 The Tornabuoni Chapel: . 121 5. BOTTICELLI AND THE IMPACT OF ROME • 142 Continuity and Discontinuity. • . 142 Botticelli's Mythologies Reconsidered 151 From Narrative to Vision. • . 165 CONCLUSION. • . • • . 182 The Primacy of Patronage •• 182 The Triumph of Bacchus •• . 184 APPENDIXES A. SISTINE t4AENADS: MEANING AND ~mNNER •• 194 B. FROM PURGATORY TO THE PRIMAVERA • • • . 211 c. THE PRIMAVERA: ITS CLASSICAL LITERARY SOURCES • • • • • • • • • . 252 FIGURES • • . 260 WORKS CITED • . 345 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Botticelli, St. Augustine, Florence, Ognissanti, fresco • • • • • • •• . • 260 2. Ghirlandaio, St. Jerome, Florence Ognissanti, fresco • • • •••••••• 261 3. Ghirlandaio, St. Jerome, St. Barbara and St. Anthony, Cercina, Church, fresco • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 262 4. Ghirlandaio, Madonna della Misericordia, Florence, Ognissanti, fresco • • • • •• 263 5. Ghirlandaio, Lamentation of Christ, Florence, Ognissanti, fresco •••••••• 264 6. Ghirlandaio, Death of St. Fina, San Gimignano, Collegiata, fresco ••••••• 265 7. Ghirlandaio, Last Supper, Florence Ognissanti, fresco ••••••••••••• 266 8. Botticelli, Judith and her Maid, panel •••• 267 9. Botticelli, Discovery of the Body of ~olofernes, panel ••••••••••••• 268 10. Botticelli, First Adoration of the Magi, panel • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 269 11. Botticelli, Second Adoration of the Magi, panel • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 270 12. Botticelli, Third Adoration of the Magi, panel • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 271 13. Sistine Chapel, Interior Decoration, Vatican, Rome (after Tognetti) • • • • • • • 272 14. Botticelli, Trials of Moses, Sistine Chapel, fresco ••••••••••••••• 273 vii Figure Page 15. Botticelli, Trials of Christ, Sistine Chapel, fresco ••••••••••••••• 274 16. Ghirlandaio, Calling of the Apostles, Sistine Chapel, fresco ••••••••••• 275 17. Botticelli, Punishment of the Rebellion Against Aaron, Sistine Chapel, fresco • • • 276 18. Perugino, Delivery of the Keys to St. Peter, Sistine Chapel, fresco ••••••• 277 19. Thorn-puller (spinario), antique statue Rome, Capitoline t-1useum •••••••••• 278 20. Rosselli, Last Acts of Moses, Sistine Chapel, fresco ••••••••••••••• 279 21. Judgement of Paris sarcophagus, drawing, Codex Escurialensis, fol. 8v • • • • • • • • 280 22. Triton and Nereid relief, drawing, Codex Escurialensis, fol. 34r, v . • • • 281 23. Nile River-god, antique statue, drawing, Codex Escurialensis, fol. 85v • • • • • 282 24. Relaxing Hercules, antique statue, drawing, Codex Escurialensis, fol. 37r • 282 25. Botticelli, Fourth (Roman) Adoration of ~he Magi, panel • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 283 26. Horse-tamers (Dioscuri), antique statues, Rome, Quirinal Hill (after Lafreri) •••• 284 27. Ghirlandaio, Sassetti Chapel, Interior Decoration, Florence, s. Trinita • • • • 285 28. Ghirlandaio, Apparition of St. Francis at Arles, drawing • . • . • . 286 29. Ghirlandaio, Apparition of St. Francis at Arles, drawing . • . • . • • . 286 30. Ghirlandaio, St. Francis Reviving the Roman Notary's Son, Sassetti Chapel, fresco • 287 viii Figure Page 31. Ghirlandaio, Confirmation of the Franciscan Rule, Sassetti Chapel, fresco ••••••• 288 32. Ghirlandaio, Death of St. Francis, Sassetti Chapel, fresco • • ••••••••••• 289 33. Ghirlandaio, Vision of Augustus, Sassetti Chapel, fresco ••••••••••••••• 290 34. Ghirlandaio, David, Sassetti Chapel fresco • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 291 35. Ghirlandaio, Adoration of the Shepherds Sassetti Chapel, fresco •••••••••• 292 36. Caffarelli sarcophagus, drawing, Codex Escurialensis, fol. 36v . • • 293 37. G. da Sangallo, Tomb of Francesco Sassetti (Detail), Sassetti Chapel ••••••••• 294 38. Meleager sarcophagus (Detail) . • 294 39. Ghirlandaio, Grisailles above Sassetti tomb, Sassetti Chapel, fresco ••••• 295 40. Ghirlandaio, Grisaille above Tomb of Nera Corsi, Sassetti Chapel, fresco ••••••• 295 41. Ghirlandaio, Grisaille above Tomb of Nera ,Corsi, Sassetti Chapel, fresco ••••••• 295 42. Ghirlandaio, Expulsion of Joachim from the Temple, Tornabuoni Chapel, Florence, s. M. Novella, fresco ••••••••••• 296 43. Triton and Nereid sarcophagus, drawing, Codex Escurialensis, fol. 5rv • • ••••• 297 44. Ghirlandaio, Birth of the Virgin, Tornabuoni Chapel, fresco ••• . • • • 298 45. Ghirlandaio, Annunciation to Zacharias, Tornabuoni Chapel, fresco • • • • • •• 299 46. Ghirlandaio, Visitation, Tornabuoni Chapel, fresco ••••••••••••••• 300 ix Figure Page 47. Grotesques, drawing, Codex Escurialensis, fol. 32v • . • • . • . 301 48. Grotesques, drawing, Codex Escurialensis, fol. 13r . • . • • . • . 301 49. Grotesques, drawing, Codex Escurialensis, fol. SBr •••••••••••••••••• 302 50. Ghirlandaio, Preaching of St. John, Tornabuoni Chapel, fresco ••••• 303 51. Putto, antique statue, Florence, Uffizzi Gallery • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 304 52. Ghirlandaio, Baptism of Christ, Tornabuoni Chapel, fresco •• • • • • 305 53. Scythian Executioner, antique statue, Florence, Uffizzi Gallery ••••••••• 306 54. Ghirlandaio, Presentation of the Virgin, Tornabuoni Chapel, fresco • • • • • • • 307 55. Belvedere 'Torso, antique Statue, Vatican Museum • • • • • • • • • • • • • 308 56. Davide Ghirlandaio, Belvedere Torso, drawing • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 309 57. Ghirlandaio, Birth of the Baptist, 'Tornabuoni Chapel, fresco ••• • • w 310 58. Canephor, drawing, Codex Escurialensis, fol. Slv •••••••••••••••••• 311 59. a-b) Botticelli, Episodes from the Tale of Nostagio degli Onesti, panel • • • • • • 312 59. c-d) Botticelli, Further Episodes from the Tale of Nostagio degli Onesti, panel • • 313 60. Botticelli, Story of Lucretia, panel ••••• 314 61. Botticelli, Story of Virginia, panel •• • 315 X Figure Page 62. a-b) Botticelli, Episodes from the Legend of St Zenobius, panel • • • • • • • 316 62. c-d) Botticelli, Further Episodes from the Legend of St. Zenobius, panel • • • • • • • 317 63. Botticelli, Primavera, panel . • • 318 64. Priamo della Quercia(?), The Earthly Paradise, miniature to Cantos xxvii-xxviii of Dante's Purgatorio, Sienese Codex of Dante • • • • • 319 65. Endymion Sarcophagus (after Reinach) . • • 320 66. Siena Graces, antique statue group, Siena Cathedral, Piccolimini Library • • • • • 320 67. Pomona, antique statue, Uffizi Gallery •• 320 68. Gozzoli, Angels (Detail from Adoration), panel • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 321 69. Botticelli, Birth of Venus, panel . • • 3 22 70. Medici Verius, antique statue, Florence, Uffizi Gallery • • • • • • • • • •• • 3 23 71. Birth of Venus, antique gem . • 323 72. Tazza Farnese, antique cameo • . • 324 73. Botticelli, Pallas and the Centaur, panel •• 325 74. Judgement of Paris sarcophagus, Rome, Villa Medici • • • • • • • • • • • . • 326 75. Botticelli, Mars and Venus, panel . • 326 76. Bacchus and Ariadne sarcophagus, Rome, Vatican Museum • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 327 77. Verrocchio, Baptism of Christ, panel . • 328 78. Venus Cytherea, woodcut from Poliziano, Stanze per la Giostra • • • • • • • • • • • 329 79. Ghirlandio, Massacre of the Innocents, Tornabuoni Chapel, fresco ••••••••• 330 xi Figure Page 80. Column of Marcus Aurelius (Detail), Rome ••• 331 81. Arch of Constantine (Detail), Rome . • 331 82. Maenad, Neo-Attic relief, Rome, Villa Medici • • • • • • • • • • . • 331 83. Botticelli, Calumny of Apelles, panel . • • 332 84. Ghiberti, Gates of Paradise (Detail), Florence, Baptistery •••••••••••• 333 85. Maenad, Neo-Attic relief, Rome, Villa Medici • • • • • • • • • • . • • 334
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