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Κρητική Διάλεκτος Cretan Dialect

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Κρητική Διάλεκτος Cretan Dialect Κρητική διάλεκτος Cretan Dialect 1. Ιστορικά και γεωγραφικά στοιχεία κατανομής της διαλέκτου Κρητική διάλεκτος ονομάζεται η μορφή της νεοελληνικής που μιλιέται στην Κρήτη. Προέρχεται από την ελληνιστική κοινή. Σύμφωνα με τον Browning (1991, 172), η Κρήτη καταλήφθηκε από Άραβες μετανάστες που προέρχονταν από την Ισπανία και οι οποίοι εγκαταστάθηκαν για λίγο στην Αίγυπτο το 823 μ.Χ. ή το 825 μ.Χ. Παρέμεινε στα χέρια των Αράβων μέχρι την ανακατάληψή της από τον Νικηφόρο Φωκά το 967 μ.Χ. Για το διάστημα του ενάμιση αιώνα που μεσολάβησε δεν είναι γνωστά πολλά στοιχεία σχετικά με τη ζωή των Κρητών, σίγουρα όμως δεν είχαν ιδιαίτερη επικοινωνία με τον υπόλοιπο ελληνικό κόσμο. Ο ίδιος συγγραφέας υποστηρίζει ότι, μολονότι δεν υπάρχει αμφιβολία ότι η γλώσσα της Κρήτης είχε αρχίσει να αναπτύσσει τα ιδιαίτερα γνωρίσματά της ήδη πριν το 823 μ.Χ., το διάστημα αυτό ίσως να ήταν κρίσιμο για την καθιέρωση των χαρακτηριστικών που διαφοροποιούν την κρητική από τις υπόλοιπες ελληνικές διαλέκτους και τα ιδιώματα. Η κρητική διάλεκτος απαντά σε γραπτή μορφή ήδη από τον 14ο αιώνα και κυρίως κατά την ακμή της κρητικής λογοτεχνικής παραγωγής (16ος αιώνας μέχρι τα μέσα του 17ου). Από το 1669 και εξής όμως, όταν δηλαδή το νησί κατακτήθηκε από τους Τούρκους, δεν υπάρχουν γραπτές μαρτυρίες μέχρι τον 19ο αιώνα, οπότε λόγιοι άρχισαν να εκδίδουν συλλογές με προφορικό υλικό (κυρίως δημοτικά τραγούδια, δηλαδή ρίμες). 1. Historical and geographical data Cretan dialect is called the form of Modern Greek spoken in Crete. It comes from the Hellenistic common. According to Browning (1991, 172), Crete was captured by Arab immigrants that came from Spain, who settled for a while in Egypt in 823 AC or 825 AC. 4 It remained in the hands of the Arabs until its recapture by Nikiforos Fokas in 967 AC. For over a half century that has elapsed, there are not known many details about the life of the Cretans, but certainly did not have special communication with the rest of the Greek world. The same author argues that, although there is no doubt that the language of Crete had begun to develop the spe- cific traits even before 823 AC, this period may be crucial for the establishment of the characteris- tics that distinguish the Cretan from other Greek dialects and idioms. The Cretan dialect can be found in written form as early as the 14th century and especially at the edge of the Cretan literary production (16th century to mid 17th). From 1669 onwards, however, ie when the island was conquered by the Turks, there are no written records until the 19th century, when scholars began issuing collections of spoken material (mainly folk songs, eg. rhymes). 2. Γλωσσική περιγραφή της διαλέκτου Παρά την έντονη διαφοροποίηση που διαπιστώνεται ανάμεσα στις διαφορετικές περιοχές της Κρήτης, τα κύρια γνωρίσματα της διαλέκτου αυτής είναι τα εξής: α. Φωνητική-φωνολογία * Δασεία προφορά των /k/, /γ/, /x/, /g/ μπροστά από [i] και [e]. * Συριστική προφορά του [s]. * Το /t/ προφέρεται ως [θ] και το /d/ ως [δ] μπροστά από ημίφωνο /j/: [máθça] (μάτια), [arxoδjá] (αρχοντιά). * Σιγάται το τελικό /n/ στη γενική πληθυντικού: [to jermanό] (των Γερμανών) [to spiθçό] (των σπιτιών). * Τα /b/, /d/, /g/ προφέρονται χωρίς έρρινο στοιχείο: [to gopeliό] (των κοπελλιών), [to betinό] (των πετεινών), [to durkό] (των Τούρκων). * Τα συμφωνικά συμπλέγματα συχνά απλοποιούνται: [áθropοs] (άνθρωπος), [ftaménos] (φτασμένος), [aθόs] (ανθός). 5 β. Μορφολογία * Το άρθρο εμφανίζει τύπους όπως τση (της) και τσι (τους/τις). * Σε αρκετές λέξεις προστίθεται το πρόθημα α- ή ο-: αζώντανος (ζωντανός), αμοναχός (μοναχός), αδυνατός (δυνατός), οφέτος (φέτος), οπέρσις (πέρσι), ογλήγορα (γρήγορα). * Απαντά η ρηματική κατάληξη σε -ομε: κάνομε (κάνουμε), έχομε (έχουμε). * Απαντούν ρήματα με την κατάληξη -εύγω (ΚΝΕ -εύω): χορεύγω, δουλεύγω. * Ο μέλλοντας σχηματίζεται συχνά με το μόριο να + ρήμα + ρ. θέλω (ως γραμματικοποιημένο δείκτη): να πάω θέλω «θα πάω», να φάμε θέλει «θα φάμε». * Σε πολλά ρήματα η συντελεσμένη όψη δηλώνεται με -ξ-: θα τραγουδήξω (θα τραγουδήσω), τραγούδηξα (τραγούδησα). γ. Σύνταξη Παρατηρείται επίταξη του εγκλιτικού τύπου της αντωνυμίας (ρωτώ σε: σε ρωτάω), έχουμε όμως πρόταξη της αντωνυμίας στην προστακτική, όταν προηγείται το αντικείμενο (ένα gαφέ μου κάμε: κάνε μου έναν καφέ). δ. Λεξιλόγιο Πολλές λέξεις είναι χαρακτηριστικές της κρητικής διαλέκτου: κοπέλλι (παιδί), κουζουλός (τρελός), κουράδι (κοπάδι), κουτσούνα (κούκλα), εδά (τώρα), επαέ (εδώ)∙ άλλες διαθέτουν διαφορετική σημασία στην κρητική από ό,τι στην κοινή νέα ελληνική ή σε άλλες διαλέκτους: πράμα (τίποτα), θέτω (πλαγιάζω, κοιμάμαι), χτήμα (γάιδαρος), πυροβόλος (αναπτήρας, τσακμάκι). Άλλες πάλι λέξεις θεωρούνται ότι έχουν αρχαία ελληνική ή βυζαντινή προέλευση, ενώ άλλες προέρχονται από τη λατινική, την ιταλική, την τουρκική κ.λπ. 2. Linguistic description of the dialect Despite the marked difference found between the different regions of Crete, the main features of this dialect are: 6 a. Voice-phonology * Rough breathing pronunciation of / k /, / c /, / x /, / g / in front of [i] and [e]. * Sibilant pronunciation of [s]. * The / t / is pronounced as [i] and the / d / as [d] in front of semivowel / j /: [μάτια] (eyes), [αρχοντιά] (nobility). * It doesn’t sound final / n / in plural genitive: [to jermanό] (των Γερμανών) [to spiθçό] (των σπιτιών). * The / b /, / d /, / g / are pronounced without a nasal element: : [to gopeliό] (των κοπελλιών), [to betinό] (των πετεινών), [to durkό] (των Τούρκων). * The symphonic complexes often get simplified: [áθropοs] (άνθρωπος), [ftaménos] (φτασμένος), [aθόs] (ανθός). b. Morphology * This article can have types like τση (her) and τσι (their / its). * In several words added the prefix a- or o: ) αζώντανος (alive), amonachos (alone), αδυνατός (strong), ), οφέτος (this year), οπέρσις (last year), ογλήγορα (fast), * Responds to verbal suffix in -ομε: κάνομε (we do), έχομε (we have). * They answer verbs ending in -εύγω (ΚΝΕ -εύω): χορεύγω, δουλεύγω. * The future often formed with the molecule να + verb + ρ. like: να πάω θέλω «θα πάω», να φάμε θέλει «θα φάμε». * Many verbs in perfect tenses use -ξ-: θα τραγουδήξω (will sing), τραγούδηξα (sang). c. Editors We note a requisition of mood type of pronoun (ρωτώ σε: σε ρωτάω), but we have preceded the pronoun in the imperative, when the object precedes ((ένα gαφέ μου κάμε: κάνε μου έναν καφέ)). 7 d. Vocabulary Many words are characteristic of the Cretan dialect: κοπέλλι (child), κουζουλός (crazy), κουράδι (flock), κουτσούνα (doll), εδά (now), επαέ (here)∙ others have different meanings in Cretan than in common new Greek or in other dialects: πράμα (nothing), θέτω (recline, sleep), χτήμα (donkey), πυροβόλος (lighter, lighter). Other words are considered to have ancient Greek or Byzantine ori- gin, while others come from the Latin, Italian, Turkish, etc. 3. Σύγχρονη κοινωνιογλωσσική κατάσταση Όπως ισχύει για μεγάλο μέρος των νεοελληνικών διαλέκτων (Τζιτζιλής 2000), οι μελέτες που αφορούν την κρητική διάλεκτο είναι ιστορικού προσανατολισμού και αποτελούν κυρίως συλλογές διαλεκτικού υλικού, με στόχο όχι τη διερεύνηση της σύγχρονης διαλεκτικής χρήσης, αλλά κυρίως τον εντοπισμό των αποκλίσεων (κυρίως σε φωνητικό-φωνολογικό, μορφολογικό και λεξιλογικό επίπεδο) από τη νεοελληνική κοινή, καθώς και τη σύνδεση των διαλέκτων με παλαιότερες φάσεις της ελληνικής (αρχαία, ελληνιστική κοινή, βυζαντινή βλ. σχετικά Χαραλαμπάκης 2001). Είναι αναμφισβήτητη η ανάγκη συλλογής σύγχρονου υλικού για τη μελέτη της διαλέκτου αυτής με βάση τις σύγχρονες μεθοδολογικές προσεγγίσεις της διαλεκτολογίας και της κοινωνιογλωσσολογίας. Γενικά υποστηρίζεται ότι, όπως και οι υπόλοιπες νεοελληνικές διάλεκτοι και ιδιώματα, έτσι και η κρητική -όπως τουλάχιστον είναι καταγεγραμμένη και γίνεται αντιληπτή από τις σχετικές μελέτες-βρίσκεται σε υποχώρηση λόγω της επικράτησης της κοινής νεοελληνικής. Οι ομιλητές της τη χρησιμοποιούν συνήθως για ανεπίσημη επικοινωνία και η χρήση της περιορίζεται κυρίως στα χωριά. Αξιοσημείωτη είναι, τέλος, η χρήση της κρητικής διαλέκτου από ελληνόφωνους μουσουλμανικούς πληθυσμούς στις παραλιακές περιοχές της Τρίπολης του βορείου Λιβάνου και στο χωριό Χαμεντίγιε της νότιας Συρίας. Πρόκειται για περίπου 7.000 άτομα, μετανάστες τρίτης έως και πέμπτης γενιάς, που χρησιμοποιούν την κρητική κυρίως στον προφορικό τους λόγο. Είναι απόγονοι των μουσουλμάνων της Κρήτης που εγκατέλειψαν το νησί κατά το διάστημα 1866-1897, δηλαδή από το ξέσπασμα της τελευταίας κρητικής επανάστασης κατά της οθωμανικής αυτοκρατορίας μέχρι την έναρξη του ελληνοτουρκικού πολέμου. 8 Σύμφωνα με την προαναφερθείσα μελέτη, οι πληθυσμοί αυτοί εξακολουθούν να διατηρούν την εθνοτική τους συνείδηση, τα έθιμα και της παραδόσεις της Κρήτης και επιθυμούν σχέσεις τόσο με το νησί όσο και με τη μητροπολιτική Ελλάδα εν γένει. Επίσης, εκτός ελλαδικού χώρου, η κρητική διάλεκτος μιλιέται από μουσουλμάνους κρητικούς, οι οποίοι αναγκάστηκαν να εγκαταλείψουν το νησί το 1923 με την ανταλλαγή πληθυσμών και εγκαταστάθηκαν σε άλλα μέρη της Μεσογείου, όπως είναι η Σμύρνη, τα Μοσχονήσια, το Αδραμύτι και τα Άδανα της Τουρκίας (Κοντοσόπουλος 2000, 30). 3. Modern sociolinguistic situation As with many of the Modern Greek dialects, the studies on the Cretan dialect is historically ori- ented and there are mainly collections of dialectal material in order not to investigate the use of modern dialectics, but mainly detect deviations (mainly phonetic, morphological and lexical level) of the common Modern Greek, and the association of dialects in earlier phases of the Greek (ancient, common Hellenistic, Byzantine). It is undeniable the need to collect contemporary
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