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TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Vegetative Description Of Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 36 (S): 287 - 294 (2013) TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Vegetative Description of Three Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) Saplings in Malaysia Lee, S. Y., Faridah-Hanum, I. and Mohamed, R.* Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Plants’ reproductive parts are most important for species identification. However, trees such as Aquilaria species take many years to mature and produce flowers and fruits. Inconsistent and infrequent flowering periods may cause additional hindrance to classical identification. In this study, descriptions were made based on vegetative parts such as leaf, branch and bark for saplings of three Aquilaria species found in Malaysia. It was found that A. hirta sapling can be recognized through the densely hairy twigs, young shoots and axillary buds, undersurface of leaf, margin, petiole and midrib besides the strongly raised midrib, and usually unbranched habit; A. malaccensis through the many branches and white spots along main axis, entire leaf margin, slightly hairy leaf undersurface and midrib, and glabrous petiole; Aquilaria sp.1 from the lower branches that are nearly perpendicular to the stem and wavy leaf margin. These vegetative characters can serve as a basis for the correct identification ofAquilaria saplings when growers need to confirm their planting materials. Keywords: Aquilaria, identification, sapling, vegetative characteristics INTRODUCTION sought for its uses in perfumery, incense Aquilaria Lam., a genus from the family and religious purposes (Barden et al., 2000). Thymelaeaceae, is endangered tree taxa Aquilaria species are listed in the IUCN Red endemic to the Indo-Malesia regions List Appendix II, and regarded as highly (Mabberley, 2008). Aquilaria produces endangered (IUCN 2011). Demand for ‘gaharu’, a valuable forest product that is conservation is increasing to restore their diversity in nature. In Malaysia, Aquilaria ARTICLE INFO Article history: has attracted a great number of local Received: 13 August 2012 Accepted: 20 September 2012 planters, entrepreneurs, and individuals who E-mail address: planted the trees on a large scale (Lok et al., [email protected] (Mohamed, R.) * Corresponding author 1999). Many of these plantations cultivated ISSN: 1511-3701 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Lee, S. Y., Faridah-Hanum, I. and Mohamed, R. Aquilaria species of foreign origins because of different Aquilaria species in Malaysia they are believed to be of better in producing were also undertaken by Faridah-Hanum quality ‘gaharu’ (Nor Azah et al., 2008; et al. (2009), while Lau and Chua (2012) Rompoei et al., 2009). The genetic diversity carried out conservation assessments of of Aquilaria species in the country at present Aquilaria for Peninsular Malaysia. has been greatly multiplied with cultivated This work was undertaken to provide Aquilaria trees. With the introduction of a vegetative description of three Aquilaria foreign species from the neighbouring saplings, which is deemed necessary for countries, there is a risk of losing the native individuals or growers to confirm their genetic diversity (Adams, 1997). planting materials before establishing Information on the taxonomy and Aquilaria plantations. morphology of mature Aquilaria trees in the wild is currently available. However, MATERIALS AND METHODS descriptions of saplings are lacking. Tropical Plant Materials trees are usually identified together with Three selected local Aquilaria species were their reproductive parts, which are the brought back as wildings from the following flowers and fruits. Aquilaria, however, places viz. A. malaccensis (Lentang Seed takes several years to bear flowers and Centre, Karak, Pahang), A. hirta (forest fruits (Kumeto & Ito, 2011). Hence, in near Ladang Merchang, Terengganu) the absence of their reproductive parts, and Aquilaria sp. 1 from Semenggoh identification of saplings can only be done Forest, Sarawak. They were planted in through their vegetative parts, including polybags in a mixture of soil forest and red leaves, branches and bark (Whitmore, 1973; soil (1:1) and grown in the shade house at Keller, 2004). The first description of the the Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra genus Aquilaria was done by Lamarck in Malaysia (UPM). Saplings were watered 1783 based on A. malaccensis. Following and fertilized periodically with organic works on Aquilaria include Ridley and compound fertilizer (HumicFert+) to ensure Hutchinson (1924), and the revision by Hou the growth of leaves and branches. (1960). To date, fiveAquilaria species have been found in Malaysia, viz., A. malaccensis Herbarium Specimens Lam., A. hirta Ridl., A. beccariana Van Teigh., A. rostrata Ridl. and A. microcarpa Two specimens were taken after the saplings Baill (Chua, 2008), and Aquilaria sp.1 were planted for one year. All the specimens (Tawan, 2004). The two former species are were pressed, dried and mounted, and kept vulnerable to over-exploitation and habitat as voucher specimens in the Herbarium, loss while the remaining species are known Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra from single herbarium specimens (Lau & Malaysia. Comparisons were made with Chua, 2012). The distribution and ecology the following specimens from matured trees: 288 Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 36 (S) 287 - 294 (2013) Vegetative Description of Three Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) Saplings in Malaysia Aquilaria malaccensis UPM 8871, UPM RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8872, UPM 8873, UPM 17460, KEP 37142, The saplings of the Aquilaria species KEP 40707, KEP 37045, KEP 34553, KEP examined are herein described by 31387; A. hirta KEP1679, KEP 71521, KEP distinguishing the characters highlighted in 1188, KEP 26898, KEP 23836, KEP 69910, bold as follows: KEP 10542, KEP 2397, KEP 16972, KEP Aquilaria sp.1 (Fig.1a, Fig.2a-f) 8298, KEP10673, KEP 8330, KEP 25030, KEP 59689, KEP 59692, KEP 59675, KEP Sapling with lower branches nearly 59602, KEP 58682, KEP 59691, KEP perpendicular to the stem. Twigs slender, 59601; Aquilaria sp. 1 S34204. slightly hairy. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, The vegetative parts of the saplings 6.0-10.4 x 2.2-3.4 cm, base obtuse, apex were photographed using Leitz MZ8 Low- acuminate, acumen 0.9-1.6 cm; texture range Microscope (Leica, Germany). A scale chartaceous, slightly hairy below; midrib was then added into the photo to provide channelled above, raised and hairy below; measurement references. The software Leica lateral veins conspicuous, 12-20 pairs; leaf QWin Standard Y 2.8 was used to operate margin wavy. Petiole hairy, 0.3cm long. the microscope and to analyze the images. Young shoots and axillary buds hairy, light green, 0.4-1.0 cm long. Fig.1: Representatives of Aquilaria saplings used in this study; (a) Aquilaria sp.1 sapling from Semenggoh, Sarawak, (b) A. hirta sapling from Merchang, Terengganu, and (c) A. malaccensis sapling from Karak, Pahang. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 36 (S): 287 - 294 (2013) 289 Lee, S. Y., Faridah-Hanum, I. and Mohamed, R. Fig.2: Vegetative characteristics of Aquilaria sp.1.; (a) young branch, (b) leaf surface, (c) lateral veins, (d) margin, (e) petiole and (f) young shoot. Reference scale as provided. Fig.3: Vegetative characteristics of Aquilaria hirta: (a) young branch, (b) midrib, (c) petiole, (d) margin, (e) young shoot and (f) axillary bud. Reference scale as provided. Aquilaria hirta Ridl (Fig.1b, Fig.3 a-f) coriaceous, glabrous above, densely hairy Sapling rarely branching. Twigs densely below; midrib strongly raised, densely hairy. Leaves acuminate-lanceolate, hairy below. Lateral veins conspicuous 8.5-13.8 x 3.7-6.5 cm, base acute, apex below, 14-23 pairs; leaf margin entire, acuminate, acumen of 1.5cm long; texture densely hairy. Petiole densely hairy, 0.4- 290 Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 36 (S) 287 - 294 (2013) Vegetative Description of Three Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) Saplings in Malaysia Fig.4: Vegetative characteristics of Aquilaria malaccensis: (a) leaf surface, (b) leaf bottom, (c) midrib, (d) petiole, (e) young shoot and (f) axillary bud. Reference scale as provided. 0.7cm long. Young shoots and axillary besides the strongly raised leaf midrib. buds densely hairy, light green, 1.5-3.0 These characters differ remarkably from cm long. the saplings of the two other species. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. (Fig.1c, Fig. Meanwhile, the observations showed 4a-f) that matured A. hirta specimens differ from the saplings by having soft velvety Sapling often branching with white spots hairs on the leaf undersurface, margin, along the main axis. Twigs greenish, petiole and midrib. Aquilaria sp.1 was glabrous. Leaf elliptic-lanceolate, 8.5-11.5 reported as an incomplete species by Tawan x 3.0-4.1cm, base acute, apex acuminate, (2004), who noted that it closely resembles acumen of 1.8-1.9cm long; texture thinly A. beccariana through its vegetative coriaceous, shiny green above, slightly characteristics. However, its taxonomic hairy below; midrib slightly hairy; lateral status is not confirmed as the reproductive veins conspicuous, 19-26 pairs; leaf margin characteristics of Aquilaria sp.1 tree do not entire. Petiole glabrous, 0.3-0.4cm long. match the reproductive characteristics of A. Young shoots and axillary buds hairy, light beccariana tree. Despite this, the Aquilaria green, 0.5-0.7cm long. sp. 1 sapling is easily recognisable from From the above descriptions, the the wavy leaves and lower branches that distinguishing characters were
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