658 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ·January 14, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS THE CUBAN MISSil..E CRISIS four-part cable that Chairman Khrushchev broadcast from Moscow, and a U-2 was shot sent the afternoon of Friday, Oct. 26. This down over Cuba, killing the pilot, Major An cable marked the turning point in the Soviet derson. There seemed no alternative to bomb HON. FRANK CHURCH attitude and was the basis of the agreement ing the missiles sites, and following this with OF mAHO that resolved the crisis. Kennedy also docu an invasion. ments what had only been deduced before But it was Robert Kennedy who conceived IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES about the course events would probably have a brilliant diplomatic maneuver-later dub Tuesday, January 14, 1969 taken if the Soviets had not backed down bed the "Trollope ploy," after the recurrent the United States would have been forced to scene in Anthony Trollope's novels in which Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, several take out the Soviet anti-aircraft SAM sites, the girl interprets a squeeze of her hand as a weeks ago, there appeared in the maga and, then, if the Soviets still persisted, to proposal of marriage. His suggestion was to zine Commonweal an article comment launch an invasion. deal with Friday's package of signals ing upon the book "13 Days," authored Many other details are also new, -but one Khrushchev's cable and the approach by our late colleague, Senator Robert F. is particularly significant-the account of through the Soviet intelligence agent-as Kennedy, concerning the 1962 Cuban Robert Kennedy's meeting with Ambassador if the reneging message of Saturday simply Dobrynin, the details of which supply a miss did not exist. Picking out of the various missile crisis-a crisis in which he played ing link that has puzzled historians. There signals those items which the United States a central role as adviser and confidant of has long been speculation that something found acceptable, Robert Kennedy drafted his brother, the late President Kennedy. happened Saturady Oct. 27, that finally con a message to Khrushchev. At the President's Written by former State Department vinced the Soviets just how dete.rmined the direction, he then had his crucial conversa official Roger Hilsman, the Commonweal Americans were and caused them to recog tion with Dobrynin, as described above. And article deals with an analysis of the book nize the full gravity of the situation. Ken the crisis was resolved. from an "insiders" point of view, for Mr. nedy's account of his meeting with Dobrynin There is no doubt of the debt that Amer provides the explanation. For Robert Ken ica-and all of humankind-owes to Robert Hilsman has an active part in the Ken nedy was able to make it clear how events F. Kennedy. nedy administration at the time of the must inevitably proceed, how short time was 1962 Cuban confrontation. before events took command, and yet to do I recommend Mr. Hilsman's article to so without threats or posturing. NEW HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT REG all Senators as a worthy contribution to The final section of Thirteen Days is de voted to reflections on the crisis and on the ULATIONS MAY SLOW DOWN CON our better understanding of one of the STRUCTION most crucial events in the history of the lessons learned. Here, Robert Kennedy ls speaking to future Presidents and other of Nation. I ask that it be printed in the ficials who will sit around that same table Extensions of Remarks of the CONGRES making other fateful decisions. And what HON. JOHN M. ZWACH SIONAL RECORD. he has to say is worthy of their attention. OF MINNESOTA There being no objection, the article It is at this point, however, that a criticism IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, must be made. Once during- the crisis, a as follows: member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said Tuesday, January 14, 1969 that he believed in a preventive attack on R. F. K. ON CUBA: AN INSIDER'S ANALYSIS Mr. ZWACH. Mr. Speaker, during this the Soviet Union. Others advocated attacks past month, I was beseiged by calls from (By Roger Hilsman) on Cuba without warning. "They seemed al Robert Kennedy's Thirteen Days is ways to assume," Kennedy writes, "that the county commissioners and State orga unique-an account of the world's first Russians and the Cubans would not respond nizations and officials regarding the pro nuclear crisis by a man who shared presi or, if they did, that a war was in our national posed change in Federal or interstate dential responsibility. For of all of the men interest." There ls no question that these highway location regulations. around John F. Kennedy in those fateful remarks were made, but it is also clear that Upon checking with these and other days, only Robert F. Kennedy, his brother, the deliberated positions taken by the Joint authorities, I then submitted a state could feel the personal sense that John Ken Chiefs of Staff were more responsible and ment to the Department urging them to nedy did of responsibility for all of mankind took greater account of the proper limita extend the hearing or to delay such hear and for generations yet unborn. It is the tions of military advice. The inability to look closest thing we will ever have to the reflec beyond the limited military field illustrated ings in order that all segments of admin tions of John F . Kennedy himself. by these remarks appalled Robert Kennedy istrative agencies dealing with highway Th& awesome drama of those thirteen days, and led him to the sharp judgment given location and construction become the tension, the clashing wills of patriotic, in the manuscript. But had he lived to go thoroughly aware of the drastic changes intelligent, but overwrought men of deeply over it once more, he might well have made being proposed. differing convictions is all here. This manu some changes. For he quotes John Kennedy I also received a copy of the state script was a first-draft, and Robert Kennedy in a different vein: "When we talked about ment made at the Department of Trans had intended to polish and edit it. But, in this later, he said we had to remember that a way, the first-draft roughness, contributes they were trained to fight and to wage war portation hearing by the president of the to the drama of the account, conveying some that was their life. Perhaps we would feel Minnesota Good Roads Association thing of the striving for deliberateness in even more concerned if they were always op which I believe point up the ramifica the midst of overwhelming pressure for posed to using arms or mmtary means-for tions of these broad proposals. The presi speed. if they would not be willing, who would be?" dent, Mr. Frank Marzitelli, was formerly Some commentators have said that there One final observation must be made. Be deputy highway commissioner in Min is nothing in Robert Kennedy's account that cause Robert Kennedy is the author of this nesota, and is able to speak authorita had not already appeared. But as one who account, his own role is played down. But was himself involved in those events as the the truth of the matter is that Robert Ken tively on this subject. I commend the Director of the State Department's Bureau nedy's role was central, second only to that reading and study of his statement of Intelligence and Research, I believe that of his brother. And on two occasions his con which follows: judgment is unfair. There are no "now-it tribution was the higher. On Friday night, Mr. Chairman, my name is Frank D. Mar can-be-told" state secrets revealed, but there Oct. 19, support in the ExCom for blockading zitelli, and I have ventured here from St. is stlll much that is new. Cuba as the first step began to fall apart, Paul, Minnesota. Formerly I served as Deputy First, of course, is the account of how with more and more members shifting to the Commissioner of the Minnesota Department John Kennedy felt, how he saw the crisis, idea of opening with a bombing strike of Highways. Currently I am Executive Vice and both his and Robert Kennedy's joint re against the missile sites. It was Robert Ken President of the Port Authority of the City fiections on the lessons to be learned. This is nedy who eloquently, even passionately, of St. Paul. I also am President of Minnesota new. John Kennedy was determined to avoid argued against an "American Pearl Harbor" Good Roads, Incorporated, and I primarily recrimination or exultation in his dealing and who won the day. appear before you in the latter capacity. with the Soviet Union and to take the op The second occasion was on Saturday, Oct. Minnesota Good Roads, Incorporated is an portunity to move to achieve agreements, 27, the blackest day of the crisis. The night organization composed of interested and such as the limited nuclear test ban agree before Khrushchev's long cable seemed to concerned citizens who urgenty believe that ment, that would help to end the Oold War, open the door to a resolution. This was re Minnesota's industrial and economic devel and he refrained from confiding his feelings inforced by a very specific set of proposals opment hinges upon a growing transporta aibout the crisis to anyone but his brother. delivered informally by the representative tion system that can effectively and expedi Other details are also new. Robert Ken of Soviet intelligence in their Washington tiously move goods and people. For 75 years nedy gives a much fuller account than has embassy to an American newsman. Then on our organization has been a leader in efforts ever before appeared in print of the long, Saturday, the Soviets reneged in a message to improve Minnesota's highway transporta- tion .ilununicll>al.., Count.Y and.State,govei:n stru.ctian denied; ..it Js trans,Por.taJ;imn denied; .and JP.ersonnel .became mor.e ~enced mental areas. 'Our organization nas "1.0ia.sist .it ls social. .Justic..e denied; lt 1s econom.Y de An guidling theilr yauthf.xil C"ll.BJ(ges .J.n:to ently and actively supported the "Minneso'ta "Iftett; 'it \s _p:tfblic "Sa're't.Y demed'! projects 'benefitt1ng 'Che host communl:ties Il>epm11Jmen t cdf Ht~hways n ts yoUoy o'f "Yet "'tine -a.wei1a:te ·pro\iisions 'o! ~:17 Vir ugly Jncidents declined and resen.'tment ·dua:l ipuoliic hearings and teal'l~ pnib'Iic in tually seek ou!t fOb]:e-Ctficms 'll!rrd td-elays b..Y per 'l:ras -many 'tlimes turned to ap.Preciation. volvement. 'llllre 11ecord proves iconolusiv:ely lmi:tffiing :but OE.e rdisgm1n-'t1'.ed person 'fto halt Not cmg ago 1flhe 'mltyor and O.ity tha.t .\Mpanes.ata GODd .Roa
ACT TWO-SCENE ONE ACT THREE-SCENE ONE with Marie Dressler, who had started. her It was now July, 1919, six years since the In the days that followed, the managers care.er as an $8 a week chorus girl, as its fl.rat first Equity meeting had been called, and countered with a flood of advertisements. president. battle lines were hardening. In August, the presenting their cause in the press with Ethel Barrymore, although she was not Producing Managers Association, the pro alluring contract offers and at least one suit, then, and never had been, a member of the tective organization formed to fight Equity initiated by Lee Shubert, against almost chorus, came to the meeting to pledge her. called a meeting of virtually every manage every member of Equity, whether they were support. "I am with you heart and soul,.. she ment group in show business. striking him or not. said to the young chorus members that day, The National Association of the Motion But nothing helped. A notice that they "and more than that. Don't be discouraged. Picture Industry, the Columbia Amusement were restrained from picketing brought cries Stick! It's all coming out just the way it and Burlesque Interests and the Vaudeville of, "Who wants to get arrested? Let's go ought to for us." Protective Managers Association all sent rep picketing!" When the producers threatened Miss Barrymore's words proved to be resentatives to the meeting in New York. a blacklist, 600 new applications were re prophetic. Equity's tacticians had managed From there they issued a resolution to act in ceived at Equity headquarters in one day. the strike so that each day brought a new concert to "protect the actors of the stage One management ploy, however, did hurt pressure to bear on the opposition. When the and screen from inequitable contracts and the strikers-not so much in their back first few days went by with no results, the assure the employers thereof a continuance bone, but in their hearts. This was the es strike was spread from the legitimate theatre of the privilege to deal with them individually tablishment of a counter-union, the Actors' to vaudeville. Then the offered support of the as artists." Fidelity League, headed by no less a per stagehands (International Alliance of The Boiled down and retranslated, it meant sonality than George M. Cohan. atrical Stage Employees) and musicians simply this: not only would Equity not be Though Cohan was a prosperous pro (American Federation of Musicians) was ac recognized in New York, but any member ducer by this time, the actors still counted cepted, and more shows closed. who insisted on any of the small gains Equity him as one of their own. In the early days of ACT THREE--SCENE TWO had made so far would have a hard time find the strike, his fellow performers had begged Equity staged benefits to raise money, pre ing a job in any theatre, motion picture him to join with them, but he turned them senting all the stars denied to the managers, studio or vaudeville house any place in the down. with W. C. Fields acting as Master of Cere country. It was a lock-out. LYRIC BY GEORGE M. monies, and found its strike fund bulging. On August 7, 1919, Equity's members voted As the walk-out threatened to be suc The strike spread from New York to Boston to strike all the theatres of the Producing cessful, Cohan angrily declared "Before I and Chicago, also important theatre centers. Managers Association. will do business with the Actors' Equity As Finally, on September 5, after a last break The gesture was brave enough; actors have sociation, I will lose every dollar I have, down in the talks that had gone on con a sense of the drama.tic, but would it work? even if I have to run an elevator to make a tinuously between the union and the man Nobody, including Equity's officers was sure. living." agers, Equity played its trump card; as a Though Equity had 2700 members at that To prove that he meant it, Cohan offered member of AFL it called on organized labor point, their loyalty (when asked to actually to donate $100,000 to a new union, or rather for national support. defy the producers and walk out of their jobs) a non-union-an "association" of actors, not Letters and telegrams were sent out to had not yet been put to the test, and actors affiliated with organized labor. the 969 locals of IATSE calling for a close being what they are--were unpredictable. His offer, and the prospect of his prestigi down of all the Shubert chain of theatres ACT TWO-SCENE TWO ous support, spurred on those who had op around the country. Nevertheless, at 7:15 on August 7, 1919, posed Equity's affiliation with the AFL. In That move proved to be the straw that :fifteen minutes after the last deadline set by the middle of the strike, while some of their broke the camel's back. The managers asked Equity for a truce, the strike call went out. brother actors were struggling to feed their for peace the same afternoon that the na There were more than twenty shows on families, these dissenters organized a rival tional call went out, and Equity's strike was Broadway that night, but Equity's expecta association to fight them. over almost as fast as it had begun. tiont were so mixed that when reporters It, too, marshaled some impressive names By the evening of September 5, Frances asked its officers how many shows they on its roster. Aside from Cohan, there were Wilson, Marie Dressler, Ethel Barrymore, and thought would go out, they merely shrugged such luminaries as Fay Bainter, Otis Skin Lillian Russell, an all-star cast if there ever and said, "Maybe seven." ner and the young Helen Hayes (who joined was one, were meeting with the managers. The first to go was "Lightnin' " mentioned out of loyalty to her manager but later At 3 A.M. on the morning of September 6, earlier. Then-in quick succession cant resigned and fought wholeheartedly for they had an agreement, and that evening came into strike headquarters saying that Equity's cause in subsequent battles). some of the closed plays reopened. the cast of a dozen other productions had In the long run, the Actors' Fidelity EPILOGUE walked out as well. League served little purpose. Most of its One of the first to see the lights of Broad Lightning struck, not only at the Gaiety, members had already declared themselves way, and play to a capacity audience, was but all up and down Broadway. At the New opposed to the strike, and it never succeeded Frank Bacon's "Lightnin' ". He'd won his Amsterdam Theatre on 42nd Street, Eddie in drawing any significant support away gamble. Cantor walked out of the Ziegfeld Follies from Equity. The most important gain in that first while the chorus congregated on the fire By 1924, after Equity had fought and won agreement was the recognition of Equity as ~cape, replete in their Follies costumes, to its first round, and was deep in negotiating the representative of its members. This did watch the strikers from other shows march its second contract, the League could only not imply an all Equity cast-that would ing on the street below. attest to 83 members in good standing. take more long meetings, court suits and Ed Wynn stationed himself in front of the However, it did cause a bitter rift between strike threats. 44th Street Theatre, where the Shuberts' actor and actor, wounds that took years to The managers did not become instantly "Gaities of 1919" had been playing, and ex heal. George M. Cohan, who had declared he docile. Many believed that Equity's victory plained Equity's cause to the audience lined would never again produce on Broadway if was a fluke. It would take yea.rs of defeats up to collect their money back. The crowd Equity won, kept his word. in arbitration decisions and failure to woo was so carried away by the wordt of the In 1921 he transferred all his interests to stars from the union before the producers "Perfect Fool" that they hoisted him up on England, and didn't appear on Broadway were to become convinced that the tide had their shoulders and paraded up and down again until 1937 when he starred in, but did turned. Broadway with him. not produce, "I'd Rather Be Right." But with that strike Equity made his The streets were jammed with the striking But back to 1919. As the weeks wore on, tory. For the first time, the actors had actors and audiences with no place to go. the strike, rather than losing impetus as the presented a united front to the managers, The managers had apparently been caught managers had predicted, gained momentum. and managed to maintain it until they won. by surprise, and had made no arrangementt; Huge blocks of performers, 300 members of And they strengthened their organization in to fill in for the striking actors. Nobody the Happy Times chorus at the Hippodrome, the bargain. knows how many thousands of dollars they the entire chorus of the Wintergarden, Equity started the strike with 2700 mem had to return that night. marched into strike headquarters to the bers and $13,500 in its treasury. A month Producer Sam Harris o! (George M.) rousing cheers of their fellow performers and later, at the strike's el;ld, it had 14,000 mem Cohan and Harris sighed "I didn't think the a jubilant "Hail, Hail, The Gang's All Here!" bers and $120,000. Perhaps most important, boys would go that far." Producer David from one of the many bands in residence it had learned that the producers were not Belasco, on the other hand, tmarled that 1! there. invincible. necessary the producers would "starve the ENTER THE LADIES Within the following decade Equity had. actors out." The chorus girls, in fact, were not members pla~ted itself.firmly on Broadway and proved,, Not all of the theatres were struck. Those of Equity. In the struggle to organize the once and for all, that a union of actors could ~hose m.a.nagers didn't belong to the P .M;.A. a.~tor, no one had. gotten around to formally_ survive. · were allowed to continue their perform, organizing Broadway's choruses. HOLLYWOOD NEXT ances. But by and large, :what Equity called In the middle of the strike, this oversight Meanwhile, another form of entertainment. out-went. The new organization had scored was remedied. The chorus Equity was for was rising-the screen. Far away from Broacl beyond 1UJ most optimistic hopes. mally vote~ into existence on August 12, 1919, way, in Hollywood, California, new stars w~re January 14, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 663 being born, new producers were making for picture actors to gain fair economic condi no. It was all wrong, and it had to be· made tunes and a different set of situations was tions was formed. right." cropping up. In June of 1933, articles of incorporation In the months following the first public Equity made several attempts to organize for the new group, by now known as the reading of the NRA Code, SAG launched a the screen stars, but never succeeded. The Screen Actors Guild, were quietly filed far massive campaign against it. They bom Broadway union was considered an intruder away from Hollywood in Sacramento, Cali barded Washington with telegrams, issued in Hollywood, a representative of New York fornia with Alan Mowbray writing the check spirited press releases and finally threatened and the legitimate stage. Equity withdrew to cover the incorporation expenses. to strike. Washington listened. from HollywoOd in 1929 to mend some of its Ralph Morgan was elected the first presi Eddie Cantor, who succeeded Ralph Mor fences back home on Broadway and leave dent of the group that numbered, at that gan as president of SAG, was invited to the screen stars t;) their own organization. time, eighteen members. Warm Springs, Ga., to present the actors' "It's hard to imagine what Hollywood was Through the rest of that summer, the case directly to President Roosevelt. Banjo like in those days," says Conrad Nagel, the Guild did nothing. Almost by instinct, its Eyes must have had a silver tongue too, courtly gentleman of many a stage and founders had recognized the need for such because when the final version of the NRA screen hit. Nagel, now president of the Four an organization. But now that they had it, Code appeared in November of 1933, the A's, is a charter member of both Equity and they also knew that the time was not right actors had managed to nullify its most ob the Screen Actors Guild and remembers those to press it. The pay cut was a fact; no sense jectionable clauses. early organizing days well. pressing that. The whole NRA Code was held unconstitu "It was not only an open shop town, it To exercise any influence in Hollywood, tional in 1934, but from this preliminary was almost anti-union," he says. "The old SAG would have to rally the powerful and skirmish several things had been made clear. Los Angeles Times used to run editorial after prominent s'tars whose good will the pro The clauses the actors considered important editorial extolling the virtues of the open ducers had to have. To do that, it needed a had been rectified, the stars had demon shop, and many of the people in the town powerful issue, one that would unite every strated that they could launch a united cam absorbed this philosophy. They were very performer in HollywoOd. paign, and most important, the need for suspicious of unions." an independent bargaining agent to repre But the screen actors were not exactly un SEGUE TO NRA sent the actors had been demonstrated be organized. Perhaps partly because of Equity's It came in September of 1933 when the yond the shadow of a doubt. SAG now turned efforts, the Hollywood producers and studio final draft of the National Recovery Act was its efforts to being recognized as that bar owners had joined with the actors in estab published. The motion picture code it con gaining agent. lishing the Academy of Motion Picture Arts tained was the fuse that lit the fire. GROWING PAINS and Sciences in 1927. Among other things, the Code severely weakened the actor's right to negotiate their One of its first moves was to join the THE ACADEMY Four A's, thus affiliating itself with the AFL. The Academy was to represent all branches salaries. It set maximum wages for perform ers and provided a heavy fine for any pro There was no voice raised in protest this of the motion picture industry-producers, time, and SAG was recognized by labor as directors, writers, actors and technicians. ducer who paid a wage considered "exces sive." the representative of the screen actors. In the five years of its existence it did man Now began the long haul for recognition age to draw up a standard contract that It also contained an "anti-raiding" clause under which an actor under contract could from the producers, marked, as it had been eliminated some of the abuses that had on Broadway, by circumlocutions and delays. raised . Equity's ire, most notably the hated only negotiate for a new contract at a higher salary during the last 30 days of his SAG elected a negotiating comlnittee of "satisfaction clause", and set up a structure four: Aubrey Blair, Robert Montgomery, for fair, and impartial arbitration of disputes. existing contract. Simply put-this meant that an actor who was in a particularly good Franchot Tone and Kenneth Thomson. These But membership in the Academy was men literally took their careers in their gained only by invitation, on the basis of bargaining position because he'd just played in a box-office smash might have to wait hands to press SAG's cause with the pro "distinguished accomplishment" in the pro ducers. Montgomery remembers more than duction of films. This invitation-only policy years before he could try to translate his popularity into a higher salary. In Holly one threat that he'd "never work in the insured that the membership, and the poli motion picture industry again." cies, could be controlled by a select few. wood where fame is often fleeting, this would add up to missing the chance of a lifetime. In 1937, SAG seemed no closer to recog Moreover, the Academy included prOducers nition than it had been in 1933. Like Equity in its membership and on its board of direc But the real provocation was that the though, the new union had used its time tors. This was too cozy for Equity, who de actors knew that J. T. Reed, the producer well. By now virtually every top star was a nounced the Academy as a company union. who was the current president of the Acad emy, had had a hand in drafting that NRA member. The only question was would their Whatever its original intentions had been, top stars, who made thousands of dollars a the Academy was by 1933, "completely em Code. In theory, Reed should have repre week join the extras, the bit players, the ployer-controlled," according to Robert sented the interests of both the actors and the producers. The actors' position was that struggling newcomers, and walk out on the Montgomery who was a member of the Acad producers? emy at that time and one of the founders of he had represented only the producers to the Once again came the secret meetings, the the union that was to succeed it--the Screen Code Authority. impromptu conversations on movie sets or Actors Guild. Any lingering doubt as to whose side the in dressing rooms. The question was always The year 1933 dawned on a world sunk deep power machinery of the Academy was on the same: Will you support a strike by the into the Great Depression. In March, Presi was now dispelled. For the performers the Screen Actors Guild if it is necessary to win dent Roosevelt declared a nation-wide bank Academy represented the producers. The a contract with the motion picture industry? moratorium that sounded the death knell artists would have to build their own, in More than 98 percent answered "Yes!" for. among many businesses and institu dependent organization. On May 7, 1937, the Hollywood Reporter, tions, the Academy. EXODUS AND GENESIS a trade publication, used Us largest type to The producers decided to absorb the shock They resigned from the Academy en masse, headline Stars in Strike Pact. "Ninety-two of the moratorium by cutting the actors' and the Guild signed up some of the big stars and featured players," the story ran, salaries, and the Academy decided to help gest names in Hollywood. Among the stars "with combined weekly salaries of more than them do it. With both their "union" and who joined were Groucho Marx, Ralph Bel $200,000 have agreed to strike if SAG calls their employers talking pay cut, the actors lamy, George Raft, Eddie Cantor, Gary it." had no choice. Cooper, Spencer Tracy, Otto Kruger, Paul Who were those stars? "There wasn't one of They took the cut, but many, including Muni and Robert Montgomery, to name a them who wasn't with us," Nagel remembers. Nagel who was then president of the Acad few. "Or if there was, they kept quiet about it. emy, resigned, and the actors began looking Most of these stars were big enough to get All the big ones were with us, and that's around for a new organization. any terms they wanted from the producers, what mattered." CLOAK AND DAGGER STUFF NRA Code or no code. Why then did they PRODUCERS CAPITULATE Quietly, in fact secretly, they began to hold decide to take up the cudgels for the per The producers saw that SAG meant busi informal meetings in each other's homes. formers who could not protect themselves? ness. Negotiations went on round-the-clock Some of the stars drove their Cadillacs or Robert Montgomery, now a prosperous in those final, hectic hours and all the big Rolls Royces to sumptuous mansions in Bel communications consultant who numbers studios signed, or agreed to sign agreements Air or Santa Monica, but parked them blocks John D, Rockefeller III among his clients, recognizing SAG. All that is, except Metro away and walked to the meeting place. They explains: "I came to Hollywood like every Goldwyn-Mayer. But SAG's position was that remembered the blacklist that had followed other kid, believing all the myths. The unless it got agreements from all the major Equity's last attempt to organize an inde streets were paved with gold and everybody studios, it still intended to strike. pendent union, and they weren't ready to made at least $50 a day. It didn't take long A mass membership meeting had been set come out in the open yet. to find out that the average wage was about for the evening of Sunday May 9, 1937. On Among the first of these meetings was one $2 a day, and the performer earned that, Sunday morning, Robert Montgomery, then held in the home of Kenneth Thomson and maybe 45 days out of the year. The producers president of the union received a call ask attended by Ralph Morgan, Grant Mitchell, said they couldn't afford any more than ing if he would meet with Louis B. Mayer at Berton Churchill, Charles Miller, and Alden that. But if you offered to gamble on your Mayer's beach house in Santa Monica. Gay Thomson, It was here that the idea of talent, to take a small percentage of the "Mayer was a flamboyant, dramatic kind a self-governing organization of all motion profit from a fil~, they very quickly said of guy, always the· grand-stand player," 664 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 14, 1969 Montgomery says now. "He knew he was former's whole career. He secures engage seems, was putting shows together-net standing alone, and that he'd have to sign. ments, works out contracts, keeps the per works, advertising agencies, individual com He could've told me over the telephone, but former's accounts, and, of course, collects panies a.nd individual entrepreneurs. instead he insisted on this meeting. a fee. "We were treated very civilly," Mrs. Holt "When we got there, he carried on for a But until AGMA's intervention, there were remembers. "Nevertheless the answer was while about what a great industry this was; no rules governing this relationship. The go away. The networks said we'd have to what a great tradition we had, how the show manager might charge high fees for his speak to the sponsors. The sponsors said they must go on. That was always the line they services, negotiate poor contracts, prevent couldn't talk because there was no one em used when their backs were to the walls. the performer from looking at his accounts powered to negotiate for all of them. They When I got tired of listening, I asked him for months, spend his money for "expenses" had nothing like a bargaining committee." what he was going to do about this agree without restraint and sometimes even collect But AFRA, taking its cue from SAG's ex ment. 'Well,' he said, 'I guess we'll have to a fee for securing an appearance for which perience, went to its stars and asked for their go along.'" the artist was never paid. AGMA's basic support in a walk-out and got it. Jack Benny, Montgomery hurried to the Hollywood agreement eliminated most of these practices Gene Hersholt, Fred Allen--all of the names Legion Stadium where several thousand mo by setting up safeguards. Today, AGMA, rallied around once more. tion picture actors were waiting. The turn with its 2,000 members, though one of the "When the word got out there was a little out included every star and prominent player smallest unions in the country, represents scurrying around, you can be sure," Mrs. in the industry. Three hundred autograph the most prestigious names in the concert Holt remembers. "They got a committee to hunters waited outside, and because of the and opera fields. gether fast enough, and agreed to talk if emotional atmosphere present in Hollywood RADIO MAKES IT BIG we'd ·postpone the strike. We agreed to hold in those days, police guarded the door. off for a week." When Kenneth Thomson, then executive It was little AGMA, along with SAG and Heller and Holt, backed by Henry Jaffe, secretary, announced that all of the major Equity that joined to sponsor still another another attorney, Alex McGee, a singer, and motion picture studios had agreed to recog organization, the Radio Performers' AF'RA. Mark Smith, president of the New York local, nize SAG, the meeting went wild. Bit players (Later, when television developed into a met with that committee for four days and and stars hugged each other, some cried, and comm ercial success, AFRA became AFTRA, nights. the American Federation of Radio and Tele the Legion Hall rained down the hats that DAILY REWRITES had been thrown into the air by the exult vision Artists) . By the late 1930's radio had come into AFRA's committee walked into that first ant SAG members. Then Ralph Morgan took meeting with a printed contract. ("People the floor and opened his speech with his own its own as a big business. Advertisers were discovering that the little boxes that sat have great regard for the printed word,'' Mrs. interpretation of a quotation from Victor Holt explains). Every evening, when negoti Hugo: in almost every home were an ideal way to sell their products, and they were willing to ations were finished, a member of the com "You can stop, maybe, an army of a million mittee would be designated to ride downtown men,'' Morgan quoted, "But you can't stop a pay the networks handsomely for air time. Yet wages and working conditions of the per to a printer, and have a new contract, in right idea when its time has come." corporating the changes that had been made Even while the actors were fighting their formers reflected little of this new affluence. Payments ranged from $75 for a half-hour that day, printed up. battle, other branches of the ent ertainment The next day, the new, official-looking con field were joining the wave of organization show on prime time, to as little as $5 for a fifteen minutes spot on some of the soap tract confronted the producers. Their con that swept the country with the passage cessions were immediately set down in black of the Wagner Act in 1935. operas. To make matters worse, the per former, in those faceless days of radio, some and white and they were never allowed to TWO GROWS TO FIVE times played two or three parts in the same bring them up again. In quick succession opera and concert per show. But got paid for only one. Rehearsal Within four days, AFRA had negotiated formers organized the American Guild of time was free, and unlimited. the first collectively bargained agreement on Musical Artists (AGMA), radio announcers How did performers survive on those a national scale in broadcasting. and performers organized the American Fed wages? "You hustled," says Bud Collyer, who The last group of performers to join the eration of Radio Artists (AFRA} and perform was the M. C. on Cavalcade of America and Four A's were the descendants of the vaude ers on the night club circuit organized the also performed on a dozen or so of the soap villians-the night club performers. American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA). operas in those early, unorganized days. "It Night club performers are a large, diversi Each, in turn, applied for, and received its was common for an actor to do fifteen or fied group that includes such luminaries as charter from the Four A's. twenty shows a week. We had the com Tony Bennett, Sammy Davis, Danny Thomas It is interesting to note that the problems muting time from one studio to the next (Thomas is the current president of AGVA) prevalent in each of these fields were almost measured down to the last minute. I re as well as every young newcomer facing his identical to the problems that had led to the member one season when I was doing 34 first audience in out-of-the-way roadhouses founding of Equity almost a quarter of a shows a week. It was brutal, but it was the across the country. This diversity made or century before. only way to make a living." ganizing difficult and policing agreements In the unorganized sectors of show busi It is difficult to say exactly who founded even tougher. ness, many performers still worked for ex the radio performers union. Radio artists had Life was not a bowl Of cherries in this area cessively low wages, or none at all if busi been talking about organizing as far back of show-biz. Smaller clubs had no such thing ness was bad. They worked without any con as 1930, and many had a hand in putting as a contract. Talent was hired and fired at tract or if they had one, it was favorable to together what eventually turned out to be will. Payment was at the whim of the club the employer. Rehearsal time was usually not AFRA. owner. Female talent had other problems. A paid for, and often stretched hours or days The three existing performing arts unions girl was never sure just how far she would beyond the time necessary to get a show in all loaned it money to get started, and its be expected to go in "co-operating" with the shape. early officers were veterans of other organi owner or "mixing" with the customers. Not even stars were protected. Lawrence zational fights. The American Guild· of Variety Artists re Tibbett, one of the greats of the Metropolitan ceived their charter from the Four A's in Eddie Cantor was AFRA's first president, 1939. Since then, AGVA has made significant Opera, was under contract to the Met during Lawrence Tibbett its first vice-president. the late thirties. He had what was known gains. Most recently, under the guidance of Jack Benny, Rudy Vallee, Edgar· Bergen and Vice-President Penny Singleton, it succeeded as an "exclusive contract", meaning that if Bing Crosby ·all served on its early Council, he performed any place other than the Opera in raising the pay scales and instituting re and Collyer was a member of its first Board hearsal pay for the Rockettes at New York's House, he had to pay the Met a percentage of of Directors. But when it came to the actual his fees. Radio City Music Hall. toe-to-toe negotiations with the networks With the night club performers, the last One year, in going over his accounts, Tib and sponsors one name keeps coming up bett discovered that he had paid the Met group in show business was brought into the more in percentages than they had paid him George Heller. fold of organized labor. Their story is one of for their own performances. Heller was a young actor-singer who was the most colorful chapters in the history of appearing on Broadway in "You Can't Take It was Tibbett, along with other promi labor, not only because of the great names It With You" while AFRA was fighting for nent stars, who founded AGMA in 1936. In involved, but because of the altruism they less than two years, they were able to gain recognition in 1938. Also ·a radio performer, displayed. recognition from the Met by proving that he immersed himself in the struggle to or Probably in no other time have so many they represented over 75 percent of its em ganize the people in front of the mike. of the rich and famous united together, as ployes. It was Heller, along with Emily Holt, a Eddie Cantor once said, "to help the little lawyer and veteran of Equity's battle on guy who can't help himself." AGMA's most important victory in those Broadway, who led the negotiations. early days though, was the establishment of THE 4A'S ARE UNIQUE a basic agreement with the Oolumbia Con SAME STORY-DIFFERENT CAST Compared to other Internationals, the As certs Corporation and the NBC Artists serv The pattern was the same. Networks and sociated Actors and Artistes Of America are ice. These two were large organizations of sponsors stalled, or refused outright to dis a tiny group. With all its member locals managers or agents for the performers. cuss any grievances or to recognize AFRA the five already mentioned and three others, A performer's agent is usually his only as a bargaining agent. The situation was the Hebrew Actors' Union, the Italian Actors' line to employment. With varying degrees, made even more difilcult by the diffusion Union and the Screen Extras' Guild, it has a the manager truly "manages" the per- of the producers in those days. Everyone, it total membership Of only 64,500. January_ 14, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 665 But !n ma.ny ways, it exemplifies the In addition the office of the Deputy Post trolman. He remained a patrolman for a "unity" of the labor movement. Its elected master General shall be filled by Presi period of years, or until such time as a officers, important personalities with hand sergeant vacancy occurred. Then the patrol some incomes, serve without pay, but give dential appointment with advice and man would be required to compete with other unstintingly of their time. consent of the Senate, and his term of patrolmen for this particular position. Charlton Heston, national president of office shall be for 6 years. We believe that the man who does the work SAG, ls just as likely to be found at a union The bill also creates six Assistant Post out in the field, the so-called patrolman, ls meeting as on a film set. Conrad Nagel is at masters General for a 6-year term, ex the backbone of the police operation and we his Four A's office every day, · keeping track cept that none of the terms shall expire must retain this man in the department. We of the unions under his dominion. simultaneously. These positions would can no longer afford to lose his valuable It is interesting to note, too, that the asso allow and bring to the Post Office Depart training and experience. ciated groups have done ~n almost complete ment the needed efficiency and admin Under our new organization, we have a about-face in their attitudes toward labor. median classification. This professional Gone are the early suspicions that the per istration that is so sorely lacking. classification enables an officer, after com formers were somehow above the electricians, I have also stipulated that the duties pleting basic training, to advance in respon carpenters and other wage earners who make of these men shall be entirely that of sibility and compensation without becom up the work force. conducting their work in the Depart ing a supervisor. We feel that a properly The performer's pride in his profession is ment. It further states that no more trained police officer does most of his work undiminished. And it exists now along the than three Assistant Postmasters Gen without supervision anyway. Why make it recognition that organization and a united eral shall be appointed from the same impossible to progress in responsibility and front are the best means of maintaining what compensation without advancing to a super political party, in a great sense nullify visory position? is good in show business, and eliminating ing what is bad. this agency as a home for political The long-range aim of our new organiza During the recent Equity strike on Broad activists. tion is to provide administrative mechanics way, Equity president Frederick O'Neal, who I urge your consideration of this through which officers with proven ability has been in the theatre for 25 years and is recommendation. and preparation can achieve greater respon one of the founders of the American Negro sibility and increased income. These were not, Theatre, led the union negotiators in their in all instances, possible under the old sys demands for higher wages and shorter con tem. tract lengths, and got them. LAW ENFORCEMENT AS A This new organization plan was not con "I don't feel any conflict between my role BUSINESS ceived by the head of the department alone, as president of this union and my role as an nor was it instigated or instituted just for artist," Mr. O'Neal said during the srtike. the sake of change. After the report of the "Actors have to eat too, in spite of the ro HON. JOHN G. TOWER President's Commission on Law Enforcement mantic image the public has of them. They and Administration of Justice was released, OF TEXAS don't realize that 80 or 85 percent of the the staff and I studied it very carefully, people in our jurisdiction earn less than IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES analyzed the thoughts and ideas, and found $5,000 a year." Tuesday, January 14, 1969 some things we did noj; agree with and many Or take Mel Brandt, announcer on the things that we did agree with. We then NBC soap opera, "The Doctors" and presi Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, Mr. John started sending the higher ranking officers, dent of AFTRA. At a reoent interview, Mr. L. Guseman, director of the police de the captains and lieutenants, to business Brandt sat in his television-blue shirt and partment in Victoria, Tex., has recently management school. The captains, lieuten spoke in the deep, well-modulated tones written an article for the January 1969, ants, and I completed a short course in busi that are the trademarks of his profession. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin entitled ness management at the University of Texas. But what he was saying was: "There's a new We also completed a course in police admin militancy in AFTRA, a willingness to fight "Law Enforcement as a Business." The istration sponsored by the Texas Depart for what we have to have. The broadcasting article shows that Mr. Guseman has a ment of Public Safety and the Texas Police unions, all of them, the engineers, the actors, keen insight into what it takes not only Association and a comprehensive course in the writers, are in a powerful bargaining posi to train policemen, but perhaps more im police administration conducted by the FBI tion when they cooperate with each other. portantly, how to keep them interested here in Victoria. The companies are going to have to realize in their most important jobs and make CONFERENCES HELD this." them even more active and vital parts of Following this training and research, the And this is the essence of the change. Ac their community. With the ever-increas captains, lieutenants, and I held many staff tors still look and dress like actors, but at ing emphasis on the training and vitali conferences. After we discussed the situation the bargaining table--though the tonal qual and talked to other employees in the de ities may be richer, they talk like labor zation of our Nation's police depart ments, I believe that Mr. Guseman has partment, we devised a tentative plan for leaders. reorganization. Our plan was that a new em They now know that a bundle of straws some important words for us. I therefore ployee would come into the department at a ls a lot harder to break than one. commend this article to my colleagues position, at that time unnamed, and. after and those others interestea in improv a period of probation and basic training, ing law enforcement and ask unanimous would advance one step. In the second step consent that this article be included at the employee would still be on probation but REORGANIZATION OF POST OFFICE the appropriate place in the Extensions would have more responsibility. We wanted of Remarks. to see what he could do on his own initia tive with minlmal supervision. If, after a HON. JOHN M. ZWACH There being no objection, the article period of 6 months, the employee had shown OF :MINNESOTA was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, considerable self-improvement, and his serv as follows: IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ices were satisfactory for the amount of LAW ENFORCEMENT AS A BUSINESS training and experience he had acquired, he Tuesday, January 14, 1969 (By John L. Guseman, director of police, would advance another step and the same Victoria, Tex.) evaluation would be made. Mr. ZWACH. Mr. Speaker I have in After a period of 18 months of satisfac troduced a bill today designed to im "OUR BUSINESS IS PEOPLE" tory service, which included selected train prove our post office and mail service. Someone once said that progress is not ing and three minor advancements, the em This great Department has become a possible without change. ployee would advance to the first position in multibillion-dollar industry and the We of the Victoria Police Department be the "professional corps" of the police de volume of mail handled by this Depart lieve that we made tremendous progress partment. This position would be the end of ment increases yearly. The Post Office when we reorganized the department on Jan changing titles or changing of position uary 1, 1968. To us, it is an entirely new con names. Department is one of the largest em cept of police organization. Military ranks ployers in Government and we should within the department were phased out, and We decided that the professional grade not waste any time in providing the same the department was organized on a basis of should have eight pay levels. The profession care and qualification yardsticks to the business management. One reason we did al police officer, we felt, should be able to selection of the administrators of this this was to pl"event the continued loss of advance in pay grade by self-improvement, political borough. officers to other police departments because satisfactory service, and completion of a re quired number of police training hours plus My bill would remove the Postmaster of the lack of advancement opportunities General from the President's Cabinet, and the loss of officers to higher paying jobs college semester hours. in industry and business. One of the problems we faced was selecting and give him a term of up to 12 years. Under the old system, a man would go to proper titles for the new position created by The bill specifically limits the Post work as a probationary patrolman. After 6 the reorganization. We were particularly master's duties to that directly affecting months of training and probation, he would anxious to get a.way from "military" ranks the efficient conduct of postal business. advance automatically to the rank of pa- since we believed that position descriptions 666 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 14, 1969 similar to those in the business community two semesters of college as he can in one full badge as the Probationary Employee. The would be more consistent with our goal. year of police service. If the man ls ambi Public Safety Technician wears the same Many names and titles were brought into tious and wants to get ahead, he ls going uniform and a two-tone badge with · the the discussion, but most were discarded. to get semester hours. He also knows that wording "Technician-Victoria Police." The Since the beginning officer is on probation for each 20 classroom hours of police train Assistant Division Manager and the Division for a time, the position was finally named ing, he can get one point. Manager wear the same blue unform and Probationary Employee (PE). At the end of TRAINING INITIATIVE badge as they did under the old system. a 6-month period of training and satisfac Currently, we are surveying and evaluating tory service, the Probationary Employee ad The classroom training ls conducted by our reorganization. We have found that the vances one step. Since our business is public our own police academy. We believe training, · public as a whole, especially those of the safety, the second position, or the step just except for basic and operational training, business community, are all for the new sys above PE, was named Public Safety Officer should be on a voluntary basis rather than tem. They understand we are in a business (PSO). The Public Safety Officer has some compulsory. Consequently, all advanced and our business is people. We are better training and experience, but is st111 actually training is voluntary. If a man wants to ad able to relate to them and they are better on probation with much to learn and ex vance to a certain position, the training nec able to understand our problems. We believe perience to gain. essary to obtain that level is available to him. that public acceptance of our reorganization In this new system we can hire individ PST will mean renewed interest and support of uals with 60 college hours directly from the our department and its responsibilities. After a period of 18 months' satisfactory outside and give them a higher salary to service and extensive training, the Public Our department is not covered by police start-the same compensation that they civil service. We operate under a merit sys Safety Officer advances to the grade of Pub would receive if they had been in the police lic Safety Technician (PST). This position tem. New employees are brought into the department for a period of 2 years. This does department after the completion of a very too was named with our utmost concern not mean that they would immediately be public safety-in mind. We felt that Public complicated and extensive application. The come Public Safety Technicians, nor does applicant is also submitted to a rigorous and Safety Technician would be the proper title it mean that they would not have to serve for a police officer who requires little super thorough background investigation, and a a probationary period. Applicants with col physical examination. After he enters the vision and who is proficient in his work. lege training start as Probationary Em Once the officer attains the Public Safety department, his compensation and respon ployees, advance to Public Safety Officers, sibility are increased as he proves himself. Technician position, he has opportunity for and then to Public Safety Technicians. Dur higher salary and more responsibility. PST The department is operated m a very ing this time we pay them to take police flexible manner as opposed to military rigid is the highest position available outside the training and gain police experience because "management" level; however, a PST may ity. All changes of policy are thoroughly dis we believe they have greater potential. cussed in staff meetings and any alternatives serve as a supervisor when needed. The requirements of law enforcement to In the management area of the depart are considered. The department is not oper day, particularly in the technical and legal ated by majority vote, but the Director of ment, we again borrowed from the business fields, are most demanding. We go along with world. We believe that an officer responsible Police receives and considers the combined the theory that a good educational back ideas of his staff and then makes his decision for a division of the department is, in truth, ground, other things being equal, enables a managing the division. Consequently, we based on the proposals brought out in the police officer to better serve his community. staff meetings. There is no way for the Direc selected the title of Division Manager for this The question is asked for our department, position. The assistant to this position is tor of Police to transfer his responsibility "What happened to the individuals already in to the staff; consequently, he must make the called Assistant Division Manager. These two the department who cannot compete with positions replace the Captain and Lieutenant final decision. the new appointees who have 2 or 3 years After working under our reorganization ranks in our old setup. The Division Man of college or a college degree?" Our entrance agers are also staff officers to the Director, for the past year, we are of the opinion that standards are very high and we have very few it is a workable structure and that we wish which, of course, is the new position title people in the department who did not meet for Chief of Police. to continue the plan with modifications as these standards on entering. These persons they are needed. This method of organization has been in have been in the department for 15 years operation for a number of months. Even or more, and we have been able to assign though we still have separations from the them to positions compatible with their edu department, under this new plan we have cation and training. These men are still valu been able to retain those officers who are able to our department because their experi A LESSON FOR LIBERALS better trained and more experienced. I think ence cannot be replaced, and we have no in the redeeming factor of the Public Safety tention of phasing them out. Technician position is that there does not have to be a vacancy in a higher position be POSITION FOR WOMEN HON. CHESTER L. MIZE fore a man can advance in salary and re We have established still another position OF KANSAS sponsibility. Within our allotted manpower, within the department that is open to per IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES we may have, by the authority of the city sons who meet all our standards, except pos council, any number of Probationary Em sibly that of education, age, or physical con Tuesday, January 14, 1969 ployees, Public Safety Officers, or Public dition. In this group are certain key female Safety Technicians without regard to the employees of-the department who are unable Mr. MIZE. Mr. Speaker, everyone number of personnel in each position or in to function as full-time Public Safety Tech knows that riot and resentment have each pay grade within each position. In nicians. The position has been designated followed the greatest outpouring of theory, every officer outside of management Police Agent. There are five salary steps in the governmental assistance to the poor in could hold the position of Public Safety Police Agent position, and the fifth ls im our Nation's history. This deeply tragic Technician. Consequently, the Probationary mediately below that of a Probationary Em condition has threatened to destroy Employee knows that he is going to become ployee. what significant social progress the a Public Safety Officer if he meets all the The Police Agents work primarily in United States has made, under five criteria, and a Public Safety Officer knows civilian clothes. Most of the female Police that he will advance to the position of Pub Agents are assigned to work within the sta Presidents, since the early 1930's. lic Safety Technician after he has met the tion house, such as interviewing females, Republicans, in assuming the burdens requirements. He also knows that to do this, matron duty, typing, clerical work, radio of the Executive, cannot and will not he does not have to wait for someone to re dispatching, and assisting in the identifica return blindly to the economics of pre tire, to be promoted, to be demoted, or for tion section. F. D. R. days. Just as Apollo flight con the department to increase in size. We do not anticipate that all our female trasts sharply with Charles Lindberg's ADVANCES IN PAY employees will become Police Agents. Police historic Spirit of St. Louis, so also do the We have devised a point system of meas Agents must take the same classroom in responsibilities and functions of the urement to advance the men within grade struction as other police officers, as well American Presidency today provide to increase their income. We believe that as defensive tactics and firearms training, marked contrast to Calvin Coolidge's 1 year's experience as a police officer teaches be able to pass all examinations satisfac a man something that he cannot possibly torily, and be available for outside work appreciation of his duties. learn any other way. Consequently, we give when necessary. A number of our female The opportunities for Richard Nixon 30 points for 1 year of police service. We employees have already had the basic train and his administration are unparalleled. know that college training Ls very important, ing phase. The new administration may synthesize so we give 30 points for 30 semester hours New insignia to designate the various posi and innova~mbrace the challenge of of college. Knowing also that pollce training tions within the department are still under the future armed with the lessons of the is important, we have related police training consideration. At present the Probatonary past. The challenge could not be greater. to semester hours of college work and have Employee's uniform consists of Khakl trou given 1 point for 20 classroom hours of police sers and shirt, and his badge and cap piece Mr. Speaker, in his Newsweek column training. Thus, an officer knows in advance have the wording, "Police-Victoria, Texas." of January 13, Stewart Alsop has stated how he can accumulate points. He knows The Public Safety Officer wears the regular Mr. Nixon's opportunity quite well. Be that he can accumulate as many points 1D blue uniform with sidearm and the same cause its message will be of value to January 14·, 1969 EXTENSIONS op· REMARKS 667 Members, I · insert the column at, this some sort ·of wasting disease. All the major as State commissioner of a.grtculture and point in the RECORD.: rtots occurred during the five Johnson -years will bring the same background knowl .of unprecedented prosperity, while spending edge, incisive logic, and forthrightness A LEssoN J'OR LmJ!:aALS ·for the poor was doubled, and 40 per cent of (By Stewart Alsop) the Negro poor were escaping from poverty. to the national problems. WASHINGTON.--One deeply important les The major symptom of the American dis As a matter of fact, his work with the son of the Johnson era, now so soon to end, ease is the alienation between the races. The State commissioners of agriculture 1n all seems to be this: American liberalism, New gap of suspicion and fear that divides white 50 States caused the first suggestions of Deal-style, doesn't work very well any more. from black has grown even more rapidly than his suitability to come from outside Oddly enough, a lot of the evidence sup the gross national product. But racism is not Georgia. porting this conclusion has been supplied by the only symptom-everywhere, even in the Georgians are pleased, as will be seen a great New Deal-style liberal, Wilbur Cohen, afliuent suburbs, there is a restlessness and from sample editorials from Georgia. the outgoing Secretary of Health, Education discontent such as this country has not known before, and for the first time large newspapers: and Welfare. Cohen is a small, bouncy and numbers of people question the validity of wholly admirable man-he is the kind of [From the Atlanta (Ga.) Journal] the country's basic institutions. It could be PHIL CAMPBELL liberal who really does want to help other argued, however speciously, from Wilbur people to be better and happier people. Cohen's statistics, that national unhappiness Phil Campbell is leaving the post of Cohen is also the very achetype of the increases in direct proportion to increases in Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia to New Deal liberal-as a young man, he played become Number Two man in the U.S. De funds spent ~or social purposes. an important part in Franklin Roosevelt's Wilbur Cohen is quite aware of this partment of Agriculture.. New DeaL Cohen's kind of liberalism is the anomaly. To explain it, he quotes de Mr. Campbell is a fine forthright man who liberalism of a whole generation. Its basic Tocqueville: "The evils which are endured knows his job and is goOd at it. He also is one thesis is that social problems are essentially with patience so long as they are incurable, of the Georgia Democrats who turned Re economic; and that therefore social problems seem intolerable as soon as hope can be en publican after the Democratic convention. can be solved by the vast economic power of tertained of escaping from them." Maybe so, There is no inconsistency in this decision, the Federal government. but it will be a long time before mankind's though some political observers wonder why This theory has been tested as never be ancient evils are escaped from. Meanwhile, it he did it. fore during the Kennedy-Johnson years. The is t.ime for a searching new look at the whole We suggest one reason which has nothing to results are outlined in a chart-filled and Federal social-spending program, and a lot do with self-seeking or self-serving. Agricul statistic-crammed booklet which Wilbur of rethinking of priori'ties. ture is Mr. Campbell's life and it may be he Cohen has had prepared as a going-away In the Nixon Administration, the chief thinks he has done all he can as Commis present for President Johnson. The statistics new looker and rethinker will be Cohen's sioner of Agriculture in a state which is con are impressive-so impressive that, if the successor, Robert Finch, who will be Presi verting lts fields into forests and pastures. basic thesis of American liberalism were cor dent Nixon's chief of staff for domestic The national ·field is broader, much broad rect, this country's major social problems affairs. Finch, handsome, cool-mannered and er, and if everything we read about the fed ought to be just about solved. reserved, is a very different sort of man from eral agricultural program needing reform is true, then Hercules himself is needed in GOODBY TO POVERTY? the ebullient Cohen. Finch is no New Dealer, but he is no orthodox, old-school "real Washington. For example, to judge from Wilbur Cohen's Republican" either-it is significant that he It is possible, even probable, that Mr. booklet, poverty should fairly soon be a thing tried hard to persuade New Dealer Cohen Campbell is looking for broad.er fields and of the past. When President Kennedy took to stay on in some capacity at HEW. Finch more of a challenge than he ·currently has at office, 22 per cent of the American people is what Nixon calls a "pragmatic centrist,'' home. We hope so, anyhow, for the farm pro were poor. Now, just half that percentage-- and his new look at the social programs will gram does need :::eforming and Mr. Campbell 11 per cent--are poor. Negroes have moved be coolly non-ideological. has the talent and experience which can be above the poverty line in greater proportions helpful. than whites-in the last five years, 40 per PLEASANT SURPRISE? cent of the poor Negroes have ceased to be Finch starts with a big advantage of which (From the Albany (Ga.) Herald] poor, as against 36 per cent of the poor he himself is well aware--since the new PHIL CAMPBELL TO WASHINGTON whites. Administration owes little to the Negroes Funds spent specifically to help the poor, politically, the Negroes expect little, and President-elect Nixon's appointment of J. according to Secretary Cohen's figures, have they may be pleasantly surprised. If, for Phil Campbell as Under-Secretary of Agricul doubled in the five Johnson years, and they example, Finch succeeds in making sense out ture will be h&iled in all quarters of Georgia. have tripled-from around $8 billion to of the welfare mess, which is his first objec Such widespread approbation lies aibove the around $25 billion-since John Kennedy was tive, he will deserve the wholehearted thanks realm of politics. It comes to him as much for elected. Funds spent by HEW for social pur of the Negro community. For the welfare his ability as for his strong personality. poses of all sorts have shown an equally system, by making the ghetto poor furiously Mr. Campbell has put together an exem startling increase. resentful wards of big-daddy government, plary career in public service in this State. In the Johnson era alone, over-all HEW has had a lot to do with the alienation be He was a member of the Georgia Legislature spending, including social-security outlays, tween the races. for six years, acting as chairman of the House has risen from $20 billion to $50 billion. Finch is certainly sensible enough not Agriculture Committee for four years. In Spending on health has gone from $1.6 bil to try to turn any clocks back. If he can 1955, he was elected Commissioner of Agri lion to $12.3 billion; on education, from a deal pragmatically and reasonably success culture for the State, a tenure which has measly $700 million to $3.8 billion, on wel fully with the vast social problems which been long and fruitful. The experience gained fare from $3 billion to $4.4 billion. As a per confront the Nixon Administration, that in that capacity will serve him well in Wash centage of the ever-climbing gross national could mean the end of the long era of ington, as he moves into one of the most prOdnct, spending by HEW (by no means the New Deal liberalism, which has also been sensitive areas of Governmental function only government agency spending money for the era of the Democratic Party's dominance, not only commercially but politically. We social purposes) has climbed sharply, from 3.7 and the beginning of an era in which the Re have no doubt of his capabilities in either per cent to 4.8 per cent. publican Party will again be the majority direction. For, over the years, he has dem<>n party in the nation. strated his astuteness, intelligence and vigor EVERYTHING JIM-DANDY? along lines that went beyond his ordinary Moreover, the Keynesian theories which are duties. an integral part of New Deal-style economic Mr. Campbell is a warm and human person, liberalism have clearly worked and worked THE NEW UNDER SECRETARY OF whom success has not dissuaded from genu very well. While the government has been ine concern and affection for the whole spending money at a rate undreamed of by AGRICULTURE PHIL CAMPBELL human family. He has given his zeal and his the Keynesians of Franklin Roosevelt's day, resources of every kind generously, not only average personal incomes measured in real to "good causes" broadly but also to many dollars have increased dramatically, while HON. MASTON O'NEAL individuals. He has a deep and abiding love unemployment has been held fairly close to OF GEORGIA for his home State, and it was this feeling, the vanishing point. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES more than any other, that prompted his re So everything ought to be just jim-dandy, Tuesday, January 14, 1969 cent political switch-over to the Republican and American society ought to be blooming Party af,ter the unfortunate events at the with exurberant health. Instead, American Mr.. O'NEAL of Georgia. Mr. Speaker, Democratic National Convention where the society has rarely, if ever, been sicker. Georgians generally are delighted that only established Democratic Party in the There is no thermometer to measure a so the new Under Secretary of Agriculture State was set down rudely for inside political ciety's sickness, of course. But there are deals in which it had no part. plenty of statistics, like the appalling crime will be the Honorable Phil Campbell. As the No. 2 man in the nation's agricul rates, or the figures of lives lost and prop All political considerations are for tural department, Mr. Crunpbell will face erty destroyed in the big-city riots, to sug gotten. Georgians only remember that many problems. In particular is the plight of gest that American society is suffering from he served the State well for many years · the small farmer a cause for concern, to say 668 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 14, 1969 ·nothing of supplying food for American im There is anger in your letter but it is right readily associate with the spiritual poverished. That he will rise to the occasion for it so to be. But beyond the anger is a preachings from the pulpit. It was found, is beyond question. He has the talent and confidence that cannot be hidden bespeak organizational ability to make an outstand ing your conviction that our cause on the however, to be applied to the conduct of ing administrator. We wish him well. battlefield is just and that victory must faculty and paid speakers at one of our surely be seized and held. You back that con large Midwestern universities. Even more viction with your life and because you do, I interesting is the fact that it was the believe America will live. result of a grand jury investigation which GI'S ARE PUZZLED AT STATESIDE It isn't the first time our countrymen have claimed, "There is a need for increased NEWS been committed to battle and then denied emphasis at all levels of education of the loyal support of their own people. While the American ideal." Washington camped at Valley Forge, Tories sold food to the Redcoats for British gold. It is strange, indeed, that academic HON. ROY A. TAYLOR But America lived. She lived because the freedom has been allowed to justify the OF NORTH CAROLINA love of her Patriots was greater than the con conduct of those who would pollute and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tempt of her traitors. You and your men corrupt the minds of our young citizens; stand where gallant men of your nation have Tuesday, January 14, 1969 that "militant activists" and "student always stood-and prevailed. radicals" be permitted the "freedom" to Mr. TAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, it is my Your letter brought me hope, too, Corporal. infringe upon the ambitions of those who privilege to submit for my colleague's The hope is that your love of country will not waver. I don't believe it will for I see in your responsibly seek an education imbued consideration the following "letter to the words that which will never indulge your with the spirit of our American heritage editor" which appeared in the Asheville nation's faults and weaknesses but which and love of God and country. I am heart Citizen in Asheville, N.C. on December 9, will never abandon her dream. That dream ened in some quarters that there are 1968, from Cpl. J. H. Gibson. has led us on for nearly two hundred years. those among the educational administra Also enclosed is a copy of response It is a dream woven of freedom and liberty, tors who are dealing forthrightly with which I would like to submit from the equal justice under law, genuine peace, and these alien and destructive forces at the Reverend Jimmy Lyons, of Swannanoa, the right to worship God as each man woul<;l behest of an aroused public which sees N.C., one of my constituents: choose for himself. It is a dream robed in honesty and industry of her people un the survival of a free society at stake. [From the Asheville (N.C.) Citizen, Dec. 9, ashamed to demand integrity and honor of The American ideal, embodied in the 1968] her national life despite the sneers of her spirit and words of the Declaration of Gl'S ARE PuZZLED AT STATESIDE NEWS detractors. Independence and the Constitution of In a combat zone in Vietnam a black man Thank you for that shame, Corporal. I the United States, is being constantly holds his wounded white buddy and weeps needed to feel it. Thank you for that pride, challenged. Our educational institutions in sorrow, while b ack in the States the white too, for without it I would despair. Thank must teach and enhance it rather than and black men preach "hate" against each you for that hope. It is the mandate for fall to the hands of those who would sub other. renewed dedication to the greatest country A Marine in Hue crawls up a flagpole, blood on earth. vert and destroy it. on his hands, to rip down a Communist flag. God love and keep you, soldier, and all who At this point in the RECORD, Mr. Speak In the States, a student wraps a Communist fight for us there. We pray for the day when er, and with the permission of the House, flag around him to show defiance against his you can all come marching home again. the full text of the news article, as re country. II Corinthians 13: 14. ported in the December 29, 1968, issue of A Company on sweep near the D.M.Z. takes Kept with you in His Love, the Philadelphia Inquirer, follows: SO per cent casualties from North Vietnam JIMMY LYONS. fire. In Washington they halt the bombing of PROBERS CITE MORAL POLLUTION AT IOWA North Vietnam. SCHOOL On a hospital ship off the coast of Vietnam, AMES, lowA, December 28.-A grand jury a Navy medical man works nine hours to save in Story County, Ia., wants "moral pollution the life of a wounded soldier. On a campus in MORAL POLLUTION IN EDUCATION by faculty and paid speakers" at Iowa State Berkeley, California, a student lies on a dirty University discouraged by changes in the cot, donating blood to my enemy. humanities curriculum. The Armed Forces of the United States has HON. JOHN E. HUNT "The militant radical activist, both teacher lost over 28,000 men in Vietnam since 1965. OF NEW JERSEY and student, is involved in the humanities," The protestors, hippies, yippies, and "power" IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES said the jury after a three-month investiga leaders have lost relatively few. tion. Now we Ask America, "Why?" Tuesday, January 14, 1969 The jury said it was up to the State Board Cpl. J . H . GIBSON. of Regents to make "corrective" policy Mr. HUNT. Mr. Speaker, the academic changes, and said regents' membership THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, upheaval on our college and university should be changed if the public is not satis Swannanoa, N.C., December 9, 1968. campuses over the last half of the pres fied with what it does. Cpl. J. H. GIBSON, ent decade has no precedent in the 193- REPORTS CITED FPO, San Francisco, Calif. year history of our Republic. DEAR CORPORAL: Your letter was published The perpetrators of this "revolution" "There is a need for increased emphasis in the Asheville Citizen today. I read it with at all levels of education of the American justify their ill-defined cause in the name ideal," the jury report said. "Our soldier shame-and pride-and hope. of academic and intellectual freedom and There was shame because you wrote of a boys have been dying for this ideal. Educa paradox that is mercilessly imposed on all claim in their defense the cherished free tion as never before should clearly teach it." Americans today. The paradox of black and doms guaranteed by the Constitution. The jury said it began the investigation white fighting together for all of us in Viet when cited as the framework within after frequent reports of "student radicals nam while pariahs of hate seek division of which our society conducts its affairs, and other activists using campus media to the races at home; the Communist banner however, these same individuals deride pulpiteer, sensationalize and otherwise pro of our enemies flaunted by students who mote illicit sex, drug use, draft evasion and the Constitution as an outmoded docu defamation of our country." have been beguiled by artless sophistication ment conceived in an age whose princi to parade their foolish treachery as if it were Iowa State, with an enrollment around virtue; rivers of armament unleashed against ples defy application to present-day life. 18,000 is one of three state universities gov you from the North while our own govern As the times change, Mr. Speaker, the erned by the nine regents. ment stops the bombing; . . . pitiless por pendulum swings, and I feel the emer DOING ITS BEST tions of the paradox that bids you ask, "Why, gence of a new awareness of and rededi "Is it unreasonable to expect the Board America, Why?" cation to the Amerioan ideal from among of Regents through definitive delegation of I am shamed, Corporal, for I do not know the masses. As recalcitrant minorities responsibility to school executives to discon the answer to your question. I don't believe encroach upon the rights of society taken tinue speakers who are liars, who blaspheme there is one. as a whole, the dangers inherent in the our Flag, our heritage, our moral scruples on But your letter brought pride, too. Pride in unrestricted abuse of Olli" constitution the ground of academic freedom?" the jury you and your fellow Marines. Pride because ally guaranteed freedoms must not be asked. I know what you are going through. Many of The jury said it concluded that having us went through the same thing in Korea allowed to prevail. radicals centered in the humanities was not in the fifties. A recent news article caught my atten a problem "peculiar" to this university, and You're up against the same enemy-relent tion in the use of the phrase "moral the administration was doing its "level best" less, crazed, and deadly. Yet you fight on. pollution," a. phrase one might more to meet it. January 14, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 669 A related item, addressed to the sub "If they do not like some of the rules and "I was manager of the mill and elevator ject of campus violence, appeared in the regulations, traditions and policies of Wor company and it took a lot of time. I didn't January 9, 1969, issue of the Evening cester Tech, they do not have to enter. But have any time to electioneer and it didn't pay let it be understood that having been ac enough to work hard to get it," he says of his Star in a column written by James J. cepted, and having decided to enter, they campaign for the post in the latter race. Kilpatrick. I call your attention to the are expected to abide by the laws of our Tahlequah's several bonds and "figuring heart of the issue which, I believe, is nation and comply with the rules and poli all those different rates of interest" takes - plainly stated by Mr. Kilpatrick when cies of Worcester Tech. Criticisms and sug more of McSpadden's book work time than : he says: gestions are always in order and will con any other single phase of the accounting The campus of a college or university is tinue to be welcomed, but threats, disturb project. like any other community. In the presence ances or force of any kind-whether by a He says he just works on the books in his of violence, the rights of the law-abiding single student, a minority or a majority spare time. He keeps the records at his home residents-the sudents who want to learn, will not be tolerated." and makes two or three trips a week to the the teachers who want to teach-have to be The Worcester statement concludes with city clerk's office or to the bank. defended at any cost. These come first. Any an explicit warning that the college offers "I'm too old for hobbies," Mcspadden says compromise with this principle is an invita no sanctuary to any person who condones when asked how he fills the rest of his days tion to anarchy. advocates, or exercises the seizure of pri in the rambling two-story house built on vate property or the use of intimidation. Bluff Street in Tahlequah 79 years ago by I commend to your reading Mr. Kil "Any who engage in such activities will be his father. patrick's column which follows: held fully responsible, and punishment at He first became city treasurer in 1917, REAGAN HAILED FOR GETTING TOUGH ON this college for such acts will be prompt and when he was appointed to the position CAMPUS sufficient to the cause, including expulsion." vacated by H. B. Upton, who is now a Worcester Tech hasn't had the first breath Tahlequah bank vice president. Those who undertake to read the currents of trouble. Prior to his appointment, Mcspadden had of public opinion are engaged in a difficult This is the sound approach. It is right in served on the city council, school board and art. Such tides never can be predicted to principle; it is right politically, too. The library board. the fraction of an inch. Mostly it's guess tides of permissiveness are running out. work or just plain hunch. But it's a good During those first years as treasurer, he From San Francisco to Worcester, the new also served as Tahlequah's first tag agent, bet that California's Governor Reagan has year sees a determination among free men to sensed public attitudes exactly in his res a position he held 14 years. restore the order on which freedom itself For several years Mcspadden operated the olute statement on campus violence. depends. The governor ran into newsmen this past flour mill begun in Tahlequah by his father, Sunday at the Sacramento airport. It was the who came to Indian Territory as a child with day before San Francisco State College was McSpadden's grandfather, a Methodist min scheduled to reopen. Reagan was asked for J. W. McSPADDEN COMPILES OUT ister from Alabama. comment. He paused deliberately; then he STANDING RECORD He took over the Tahlequah Mill and laid it on the line. Elevator in 1915 and operated it until 1962, "Those who want to get an education, when he retired because of his wife's illness those who want to teach, should be pro HON. ED EDMONDSON Mrs. Mcspadden (Callie) a native of Tah~ tected in that at the point of bayonet if OF OKLAHOMA lequah, was frequently cited by the Chero kee Tribe for her work with the Cherokees. necessary. The college has to be kept open. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES I don't care what force it takes. That force Shortly after her death in 1964, W. W. must be applied." Tuesday, January 14, 1969 "Bill" Keeler, principal chief of the Chero kees, wrote :1.er family a letter praising Mrs. Hallelujah I That is precisely what should Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I have been said and done all along. It is amaz Mcspadden. The framed letter is a treasure ing, in retrospect, that such eminent men as have in my district a remarkable public of the McSpadden's and hangs in his home Grayson Kirk of Columbia ever could have servant. He is Mr. J. W. Mcspadden, of alongside other mementos of a colorful fam lost track of the truth that Reagan stated Tahlequah, who is contemplating, at age ily history. so bluntly. The campus of a college or uni 84, seeking his 26th term as Tahlequah Mcspadden has eight children-four versity is like any other community. In the city treasurer. daughters, Mary Layton of Collinsville, Caro presence of violence, the rights of the law During the 51 years Mr. Mcspadden line Crawford of Tulsa, and Cora Ann abiding residents-the students who want to O'Reilly and Nancy Grimes, both of Musko learn, the teachers who want to teach-have has held this job, he has earned the honor gee, and four sons, Tom and Vance, both to be defended at any cost. These come first. and respect of.the people of his city. A of Muskogee, J. A. of Tahlequah and Ray Any compromise with this principle is an measure of their respect for him can be of Bartlesville. He has 18 grandchildren and invitation to anarchy. seen in the fact that only twice in 25 six great-grandchildren. A year or so ago, Reagan's statement would elections has Mr. McSpadden been op have provoked moans, groans and gasps from posed. This is a record almost without the intellectual community. No more. The parallel in Oklahoma. professors and presidents who have condoned COMMISSION ON AFRO-AMERICAN the outrages, and sought to appease the fire I know and admire Mr. Mcspadden, brands, have gone out of style. Increasingly, and I was pleased to see that Liz Gilbert, HISTORY AND CULTURE the public demand is to expel the fascist stu a fine writer for the Muskogee (Okla.) dents and to fire the faculty members who Phoenix & Times-Democrat, had recently enter into conspiracy with them. These mili visited and talked with Mr. Mcspadden. HON. JAMES H. SCHEUER tants can respect the rights of others, or Her report of this interview in the Mus OF NEW YORK they can get out. It's as simple as that, and kogee Sunday Phoenix & Times-Demo IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES no phony invocations of "tenure" or "aca crat on January 12 under the heading, Tuesday, January 14, 1969 demic freedom" or "the right to dissent" "He'll Decide When It's Time." should be heeded any longer. Mr. SCHEUER. Mr. Speaker, I have The firmness voiced in California by Rea I would like to have Miss Gilbert's gan is not unique. Other responsible admin excellent story about this outstanding the pleasure to introduce today for my istrators have taken the same high-principled public servant appear in the RECORD. self and Messrs. ADDABBO, BINGHAM, BUR TON of California, Mrs. CHISHOLM, Messrs. view. The trustees of Worcester Polytechnic HE'LL DECIDE WHEN IT'S TIME-AT 84, TAHLE Institute adopted a statement of policy last QUAH TREASURER HAS HELD POSITION 51 YEARS COHELAN, EDWARDS of California, FARB June-a copy has just come across my desk STEIN, FRIEDEL, GILBERT, HALPERN, HATH that provides a model for every college in the (By Liz Gilbert) AWAY, HAWKINS, KOCH, McCARTHY, land. TAHLEQUAH.-Tahlequah's city treasurer MIKVA, MOORHEAD, MORSE, NIX, PODELL, The Worcester statement opens by affirm hasn't yet decided whether he will file for REID, REUSS, ROSENTHAL, RYAN, TIER ing the institute's belief in individual free re-election this May. Oddly enough however, dom. But "academic freedom is not academic his indecision on the matter does not arise NAN, and WHALEN a bill providing for the license, and the right to criticize and pro from local politics. establishment of a Commission on Afro test is not the right to disrupt or to interfere "I won't make up my mind until I see how American History and Culture. The bill · with the freedom of others." The statement I feel," J. W. Mcspadden says. He recently would establish an 11-member Presiden continues: celebrated his 84th birthday and is beginning tial Commission which would be empow "Students enter Worcester Tech volun his 52nd year as treasurer. ered to conduct a thorough study of all tarily. They apply presumably because they Should he re-file for the office it will mark proposals designed to create a better un wish to further their education and hopefully the 26th time he has done so. An opponent because they believe Worcester Tech, with its in the contest would make only number three derstanding and knowledge of the con traditions and reputation, is capable of ad for Mcspadden. tributions of Afro-Americans and their vancing their intellectual attainments. Stu He campaigned against Ed Hicks m any heritage to American history and culture. dents come to learn, to be guided, not to years ago and W. E. Hicks about 10 or 15 This Commission would be composed of direct. years ago. authorities on Afro-American history 670 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 14·, 1969 1 and culture, American history, edu by those charged with the responsibility May that questioned the payment of the full cation, journalism, communications, and for the administration of this program amount of $4,365 provided in three on-the· other related fields. The Commission's it was necessary to request an investiga job training subcontracts with the Public findings and recommendations would be tion of this matter by the General Ac Safety Department. submitted to the President and Congress counting Office. JOB OPPORTUNITIES within 1 year after the enactment of the The findings are now in, and they con Two of the subcontracts were for the pur bill creating it. firm the existence of the abuses alleged. pose of upgrading a total of 13 existing em I have been working on this legislation In an article published in the Des Moines ployes and thus providing job vaoa.n.cies at for several years, and I reintroduce it the entrance level which could reasonably be Register on January 5, Mr. Clark Mol filled by applicants recruited from employed, today in recognition of the urgent need, lenhoff, nationally known writer and disadvantaged rural or minority groups. in these times of stress and tension, to author, discusses the GAO audit. I com The third subcontract was for the training document and disseminate the facts, ma mend his fine report to your attention: of 10 new employes at the job entry level. terials, and artifacts relating to the many U.S. CHARGES ABUSE IN IOWA JOB TRAINING: The GAO had these conclusions on the first contributions of the Afro-American to WILL SEEK To GET FuNDS BACK two contracts: this country's history. This legislation, in (By Clark Mollenhoff) "l. Training provided under the subcon tracts did not have the effect of generating its present form, holds promise of rich WASHINGTON, D.C.-The comptroller gen achievement, not only for the black pop job slots at the job entry level. eral has ruled that an Iowa Public Safety "2. The employes who were reported to ulation in America, not only for black Department job training program violated have particip·ated in the training programs children in finding a new pride and the provisions of the contract as well as the were not upgraded. identity in self-image, but also for white federal law. "3. The training was to include a two-day America, so that white children in our The opinion of Comptroller General Elmer seminar at one of the state universities, and school system can have a new apprecia B. Staats was included in a report made four follow-up lectures at the sub-contrac Saturday to Senator Jack Miller (Rep., Ia.) tors' office. All the trainees attended the sem tion of their fellows and a new under who had asked for the study of the operations standing of the contributions that our inar; however, not all the trainees attended of the Iowa State Manpower Development the follow-up lectures." black citizens have made to every aspect Council program with the Public Safety De With regard to the contract dealing with of American life. partment. training employes at the entry level, the GAO Our politics, our arts and letters, our In a report to Miller, Staats said 'the Labor stated: war, our peace, our humanities are per Department already has instituted action to "l. Seven of the 10 trainees had been em meated with the contributions to our recover the funds that were improperly and ployed prior to the time of their enrollment. civilization made by black citizens. Un illegally expended in the Iowa program. Three of the seven were employes of the Pub Although the amount of money involved lic Safety Department. fortunately, our education curriculum, in the Iowa Public Safety Department pro our textbooks, and by and large our pub "2. Two of the five trainees who, at the grams was small, the comptroller general said time of the audit, were still employed by the lic media-radio, television, press, have t hat the General Accounting Office (GAO) in Public Safety Department stated that they failed to convey even a margir:ally ade vestigation indicated weaknesses in the ad had not received any training and did not quate understandirig to black and white ministration of the job training program know th_at they had been enrolled in the children alike of the role that blacks that has caused it "to expand our already ... program." considerable efforts of reviewing program op are playing today and the contributions erations under the MDTA (Manpower Devel The GAO concluded that the funds pro their people have made in the past. This opment Training Act)." vided to the Iowa Public Safety Department gap diminishes us all. Iowa State Auditor Lloyd Smith first re "were not used in accordance with the pro visions of the contract or the purposes of the Happily there is much evidence of vealed last March that the Iowa Public Safety Manpower Development Training Act. concern over the probiem. In recent Department was obtaining funds for a fed eral-state job training program that existed "Also, we believe that the findings of the months, we have seen scattered efforts state auditor and the Department of Labor on the part of leaders in the radio and only on paper. Smith, a Republican, declared that several auditors point to a need for improvement TV industry and in our magazines to state safety department employes were listed in the administration of the Manpower De begin the lengthy process of improving as trainees in a program the trainees didn't velopment Program in Iowa." the situation. I hope that the Commis even know existed. sion on Afro-American History and Cul Smith called the project "a pet project" of ture can give leadership and direction the then Gov. Harold Hughes. The comments to this effort and jistill the most crea by Smith prompted Hughes to announce he BAIL REFORM ACT NEEDS tive ideas and the most thoughtful anj was starting his own investigation of the REVISING Iowa Manpower Development Council. The sensitive insights into the problem from council operated under Director John Ropes. among black educators, archivists, and The GAO investigators are career Civil HON. ROBERT McCLORY the like, and from experts in· the media Service employes, and in carrying out the themselves, experts in education and federal investigation were under the direc OF ILLINOIS textbooks and education curricula. tion of Staats, appointed by a Democratic IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. Speaker, I strongly believe that administration. Tuesday, January 14, 1969 this Commission could play a signifi In releasing the report, Miller said he asked cant role in reversing the widening ra for the GAO investigation after reading of Mr. McCLORY. Mr. Speaker, the di State Auditor Smith's report in The Des lemma created by the passage-in all cial divisions within our society. It could Moines Register, and noting "partisan criti help bridge the gap between black and good faith-of the Bail Reform Act of cism of the report." 1966 demands that prompt action be white, bring the two communities closer "I decided that the best way to get an ob together, and prevent the creation of jective view of the Iowa job training pro taken to revise this new, well-intentioned two separate and unequal societies. gram was to ask for a GAO investigation,'' law. Miller said. It was clearly not the intention of "The GAO report fully substantiates State Congress to compel the release of a crim Auditor Smith's reports, and indicates that inal on his personal bond-where there GAO CONFIRMS CHARGES OF the criticism of Smith was completely un was danger that the defendant would ABUSE IN MDTA justified." engage in further criminal activity Miller also noted that the Department of pending a trial. Labor in a Democratic administration has "disallowed" the funds used in the program My colleagues, the Republican leader HON. WILLIAM J. SCHERLE and has requested a refund from the state of the House, Mr. FoRn of Michigan, and OF IOWA of Iowa. the ranking Republican on the House Ju IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The GAO stated: "If the state does not diciary Committee, Mr. McCULLOCH, of refund the amount involved, then the mat Tuesday, January 14, 1969 Ohio, have taken leadership in spansor ter should be referred to the Department of ing H.R. 2781 designed to overcome the Mr. SCHERLE. Mr. Speaker, in April of Justice for collection." defects in the Ball Reform Act. 1968 I reported to my colleagues in the The GAO report stated that the objective in of the Manpower Development and Training Both the Washington Evening Star House that the alert Iowa State auditor, Act of 1962 was to alleviate the hardship ot its issue of Friday, January 10, 1969, and Mr. Lloyd Smith, had discovered serious unemployment and to institute training pro the Washington Post in the Sunday issue mishandling of certain OJT contracts grams for unemployed and under-employed of January 12, 1969, have editorialized under the Manpower Development and individuals. in favor of revising the law respecting Training Act. Because of denials made A Labor Department survey was made In bail in the Federal courts. January 14, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 671 In the Evening Star editorial justifi in 1968. This prospect is harrowing enough, procedures-which might offer some promise able support is extended to District Judge and all the more so when placed in the of more immediate benefit. The right to re Gerhard A. Gesell who refused to release perspective of the total crime problem. For lease pending trial is basic-but not neces the robberies of banks and other large busi sarily immune to sensible and reasonable re a convicted criminal without bail al nesses actually account for only a fraction strictions in cases where an overriding public though the U.S. Court of Appeals had di of all robberies that occur on streets and in interest is found to be involved. Under pres rected otherwise. As the editorial points alleys and dark hallways, and probably in ent law, in most cases, judges are required out, Judge Gesell has expressed his pri flict the least human suffering. Insurance to grant bail unless there is some good rea mary interest in the law-abiding public. does not usually cover the week's wages son to believe an accused person will not In order to bring these two excellent snatched from a handbag, or the week's show up for trial. But release of an accused editorials to the special attention of my earnings taken from a small shopkeeper's is now such a simple, routine business that cash register. For these victims, small crimes cases abound of defendants committing the colleagues in the House of Representa can be a very large personal catastrophe. same or more serious crimes while awaiting tives and to the American public, I am The minutely detailed statistics in the trial. Serious consideration should be given including them in the CONGRESSIONAL President's Commission on Crime in the Dis to an amendment that would make it pos RECORD as follows: trict of Columbia illustrate this point. Be sible for a judge to use more discretion be [From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star, tween 1960 and 1965, the Commission reports fore making it too easy for hardened crim Jan. 10, 1969] there were 14,187 robberies. Of these, 10,509 inals to be set free for prolonged periods; tougher bail regulations, however, must come CONCERN FOR THE PUBLIC (74.1 per cent) took place on the street. During that six-year period, banks account accompanied by judicial reform to prevent District Court Judge Gerhard A. Gesell has ed for 35 (or .2 per cent) of all robberies. long delays before a defendant is brought to taken the eminently sound position that he These statistics are the most accurate avail trial. In any event, a set of bail procedures is not going to be pressured by the U.S. Court able and yet they do not give the full picture appropriate to shoplifters is not necessarily of Appeals into releasing a convicted criminal for they do not take into account· the count appropriate to an accused holdup man with who might be a menace to the community. less robberies that are not reported-the a long history of arrests. Judge Gesell, of course, did not state the purse-snatchings and muggings which the Not even a combination of many measures case quite so bluntly. Nevertheless, his police are never told about. And these statis offers certain promise of an early end to the meaning was clear. tics, it has to be emphasized, deal only with current crisis in crime. What is certain, how Archie Blyther Jr., 33, was convicted last the crime of robbery, which is in itself only ever, is that if extraordinary measures are summer .of carrying a dangerous weapon. He a piece of the larger crime problem, running not taken, an already intolerable situation and a companion, also a "frequent criminal," the gamut from prostitution and narcotics will get still less tolerable, and the measures had been caught in an automobile that traffic to rape and murder. Crime of all kinds that may then become necessary-or that an shortly before had been used as a getaway must be counted in, not only because almost alarmed and outraged public may insist are car in a Maryland bank robbery. Each man all kinds of crime are on the rise, but because necessary-will be of a kind that will seri had a loaded revolver under his car seat. it is crime, in its totality, which is creating ously threaten those elementary human After being convicted, Blyther asked to be a growing crisis of confidence in our commu rights which must always be upheld if we released on personal bond pending an appeal. nity. This secondary, psychological effect, are to remain a free society under law. It is Judge Gesell refused. The appeal, he said, was this sense of near-hysteria, is not always not too late to find that proper balance be frivolous. Furthermore, Blyther's record rational; it contributes very little to a reas tween justice and effective law enforcement, showed three felony convictions, a conviction oned solution of the problem. But it is no to move forcefully along lines the President's for contributing to the delinquency of a less real on that account and no less reason Crime Commission has already laid out. But minor girl, and a yoke robbery while still a able-the fear of the private citizen, black as it is getting very late. juvenile. well as white, to walk the streets and the fear This record did not impress Chief Judge of corporate leaders, and of businessmen big David Bazelon and Senior Judge Charles Fahy and little, black as well as white, of doing of the Court of Appeals. They ordered Judge business in our city. MR. TUCK RETIRES Gesell to make a statement, in writing, of his Plainly, more, much more must be done. To reasons for refusing to release Blyther, mean say that, however, is not to say very much, while holding the appeal in abeyance. for if any of the answers were easy, we would HON. W. C. (DAN) DANIEL The trial judge, although saying he was not not have the problem that we have. Yet OF VIRGINIA obliged to do so, responded by setting forth there are things that can be done, for the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in detail the defendant's record-a record long haul and for right now, and as good a which also had been fully available to the place as any to begin looking for them is in Tuesday, January 14, 1969 appellate judges. If Blyther, on his record, is the Crime Commission's recommendations to be released, Judge Gesell said, the appellate for improving the entire system of law en Mr. DANIEL of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, judges will have to release him and assume forcement, criminal justice, punishment and under leave to extend my remarks in the the responsibility for the consequences. Then rehabilitation. The report was issued in De RECORD, I am pleased and privileged to he added: "There is not a judge of this (Dis cember, 1966, yet two years later little has include an editorial from the Richmond trict) court that takes commitment of an in been done with it beyond a significant be News Leader, of Thursday, January 2, dividual to prison lightly or with disregard ginning in reorganizing the police depart 1969, complimenting my distinguished for the human factors involved. But as trial ment. predecessor, Hon. William M. Tuck, of judges there is also a responsibility placed on For example, the Commission called for South Boston, Va. this court to protect the interests of the com substantial reduction in the time it takes munity. These interests are paramount when for a felon to be brought to trial and for ad Governor Tuck, as he is fondly known ever a jail sentence is imposed on a convicted ditional court personnel to make this speed by a host of friends and admirers, is one felon with a substantial anti-social criminal up possible. Yet the delays and backlogs get of Virginia's most beloved public serv record whose appeal, as in this case, is longer, so much so, in fact, that of the 53 ants. His career, beginning in 1924, and frivolous." adult suspects arrested for robbing Federal spanning a period of 45 years, included This show of concern for the rights of the banking institutions in 1968, none has been membership in the house of delegates public is refreshing. It is too bad that there is tried. And oi the five judges the Commis and State senate; Lieutenant Governor not more evidence of a similar concern in sion suggested be added to the Court of and Governor of the Commonwealth; the Court of Appeals. General Sessions, Congress authorized only two--and they have not been. appointed. and Representative in the Congress from [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Jan. 12, The "major effort" the Commission called the Fifth District of Virginia, until his 1969] for to upgrade the city's correctional insti retirement at the end of the 90th Con THE CRIME CRISIS IN WASHINGTON tutions has been miniscule. Ironically, the gress. The murder of two young FBI special Commission called for an improvement of The text of the editorial is as follows: agents who were trying to arrest a robbery the security of Lorton Reformatory, from MR. TuCK RETIRES which the man accused of slaying the FBI suspect, taken together with the recent rash agents escaped last year. Perhaps the most The final days of the 90th Congress cannot of bank holdups and multiple shootings, are be permitted to slip past without a word of grim confirmation in dramatic form of a far important set of recommendations-on which affectionate farewell to one of Virginia's de wider condition-a kind of crisis of crime-in the least action has been taken-was for a parting statesmen: William M. Tuck of our community. The killing of law enforce major expansion of rehabilitative services for South Boston, member of the House from ment officers in the performance of their du juvenile delinquents, because that would the Fifth District of Virginia. At 72, he is ty has a special shock effect. So do bank serve to interrupt a juvenile career in crime returning to Halifax County and marking an holdups, because they are daring and usually before behavior patterns became permanent. end to a long career in public life. involve a deadly weapon and large amounts And still the facilities for handling youthful Inevitably, such a tribute tends to take of cash. There have been 14 such robberies delinquents are badly understaffed-and still on obituary trappings. This is especially re in this area just since the beginning of this ineffective. grettable in the case of Mr. Tuck, who has a year, and if the rate continues, bank holdups Apart from these longer-term proposals, vast deal of life remaining in his well-padded . this year could more than double t~e number there is one area, o_f , potential reform-bail bones; but it does no harm for a man to 672 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 14, 1969 read a few friendly observations while he's elevator operators, danrmit, had more prestige height of folly to sacrmce (them) to an still alive. They won't read nearly so well than a mere Con-gressman. But he stuck it aggressive reformist intervention in the later on. out as long as Judge Howard Smith was internal affairs of these states. Forty-five years have elapsed since Mr. around. When Judge Smith fell by the politi Tuck first came to Richmond, in January of cal waysides in 1966, Mr. Tuck let it be The latest British proposal would re 1924, a 28-year-old member of the House of known that his eighth term would be his quire that Rhodesia guarantee conditions Delegates. Eight years later he moved to the last. that would lead to eventual rule by the State Senate, where he was one of that grand We wish him the best of everything in black African majority, but Mr. Acheson company of men that included Aubrey retirement-the best companions, the best considers this to be an electoral practice Weaver, Burr Harrison, Robert 0. Norris, stories, the best courtroom battles, the best Lloyd Robinette, Morton Goode, Vivian reminiscences of good times past. In any "that none of the black African or Com Page, Hunsdon Cary, Charlie Moses-eheu/ gallery of the mos._t colorful Virginians of the munist states and few of the Asian The names stir 'memories of happy times. Twentieth Century, Mr. Tuck will dominate accept." Mr. Tuck fitted into this fraternity as an the hall. Mr. Speaker, I am reintroducing my oyster fits in its shell. He went on to become joint resolution calling attention to the presiding officer of the Senate, as Lieutenant illegal action of the United Nations, Governor from 1942 to 1946. Then came his which was in violation of chapter 1 of unforgettable four years as Governor from RHODESIA 1946 to 1950. its own charter, when it ordered eco It seems impossible that a whole genera nomic sanctions against Rhodesia. It tion could have grown up that knew him not. HON. JAMES B. UTT points out the inconsistency of this so Mr. Tuck gained the governorship in the OF CALIFORNIA called "Peacekeeping Body," which same way that cream rises to the top of the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES seriously threatens international peace bottle, because it is the natural order of Tuesday, January 14, 1969 by such sanctions, and it demands that cream to rise. This was the glorious heyday the restrictions on commerce between Of the Byrd Organization, and Mr. Tuck was Mr. UTT. Mr. Speaker, former Secre Rhodesia and the United States be quintessentially the symbol of its strength tary of State Dean Acheson, speaking of terminated. I hope that many of my col a small town lawyer and countryman, a the claimed international threat to peace farmer, a conservative, a loyal Organization leagues will join with me in this effort, man. He had "waited his turn,'' as the saying of Rhodesia's independence, on the and that a change in the administration used to go; he had labored in the vineyards grounds that its existing electoral system will result in the recognition of the error and was entitled to the office. would so outrage the black d,ictatorships of supporting the United Nation's sane~ There was a good deal of delicate twitter of Africa that they might attack her, tions, so that affirmative action can be ing, all the same, when Mr. Tuck assumed said: taken quickly, either by passage of this the gubernatorial chair. He had not then This theory has the authority of the wolf resolution or by recision of Mr. Johnson's acquired the Falstaffian dimensions he in Aesop's fable who dictated that his pros actions by our new President. would later take on, but he had the com pective dinner, the lamb drinking down fortable appearance of a man who has just stream from him, was polluting his water. dined on a dozen pork chops. He was known to chew tobacco, drink whiskey, and play a All the people of these United States A LAW NIXON NEEDS wicked hand of poker. His taste in music ran who celebrate July 4, Independence Day, to opera, but this was opera Tennessee style. and recall our glorious history, should be His vocabulary began where the resources of as outraged as I, at President Johnson's Mark Twain left off; he once denounced HON. THOMAS M. PELLY some of his foes as fuglemen and thimblerig Executive Order No. 11419, which was OF WASHINGTON gers, and he teed off on a lean and lanky not only a reaffirmation of an uncon IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES editor from Virginia Beach as a spider-legged scionable boycott of Rhodesia, but which you-know-what. Coming en the heels of the actually intensified and expanded the Tuesday, January 14, 1969 erudite Colgate Darden, Mr. Tuck seemed previous restrictions, down even to pre Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, the modern something of a scow in the wake of a yacht. venting the shipment of a small potted ization of Congress already has been dis That was at first. Mr. Tuck confounded plant to that country by one of my con cussed openly in this new session, and his critics and delighted his friends. He stituents. one of the areas of interest to most of us sponsored Virginia's right-to-work law. He drafted a public utilities labor relations act Mr. Acheson suggests that the United is the Reorganization Act of 1949 which that proved remarkably effective. Virginia's States can help to settle the matter, by was allowed to die in a Government progress in the control of stream pollution encouraging a guarantee by Rhodesian Operations Subcommittee in the Senate dates from his administration. He found Prime Minister Ian Smith of internal last year. Virginia's mental hospitals in abominable constitutional safeguards, in exchange The Seattle Times recently carried a condition, and plunged into spectacular re for British Prime Minister Wilson's de thoughtful editorial on this subject forms. To glance over the indexes of the 1946 mand, in the recent negotiations with which I would like to bring to the atten and 1948 sessions of the Assembly is to understand Mr. Tuck's rank as one of the Smith, for a veto power for the London tion of my colleagues. The editorial, en two most effective and able Governors of this Judicial Committee of the Privy Council titled "A Law Nixon Needs," follows: century. The other was Harry Byrd himself. over proposed constitutional changes. A LAW NIXON NEEDS And all the time-this is what we really Certainly, for the good of Rhodesia, Congressional quarterly points out that be wanted to say-Mr. Tuck was preaching and of those American citizens who find .cause Congress last year failed to extend a what he called "the sound doctrine." He be it desirable to do business with her, any 20-year-old government-reorganization law, lieved in the power and dignity of the States; such settlement of this dispute would be Richard M. Nixon will be unable to make the he believed in strict construction of the Con welcome. slightest changes in the federal government's stitution; he loved his people, his Common Yet any objective study of Rhodesia's structure when he takes office this month. wealth and his country, and if he took de The Reorganization Act of 1949, which had light in a good joke-he was one of the recent and relatively late past, when bipartisan support, has been of value to four finest story-tellers of his time-the twinkle devoid of the blinding influences of at Presidents in the unending quest for effi in his eye belied a deep seriousness of pur tempts at racial equalization, will show ciency and economy in the federal govern pose down below. that there is as much, if not more, racial ment. When he left the Governor's office, this disharmony between whites and blacks It allowed the President to propose re newspaper urged him to return to the Gen in the United States as there is in .organization plans for federal agencies eral Assembly. It seemed good advice then, Rhodesia, and thus we are in no posi- changes which automatically took effect un and in retrospect it seems good advice now. tion to cast the first stone against her. less vetoed within 30 days by either the Mr. Tuck chose instead to move on to the House or Senate. Congress. In the indifferent confusion of Mr. Acheson calls attention to the im President Johnson last year asked Congress Washington, he was a whale in shoal waters. mense importance to the free world of to extend the basic law for four more years. These past fifteen years have not been the good will of Southern Africa, "the In April, the House authorized a two-year notably happy years for the Governor. He use of its ports, the cooperation of its · extension. became immensely popular in the House, government-.including their participa But the measure was allowed to die in a but his sound doctrine made small impres tion with immense resources and ad government-operations subcommittee headed sion. Much of the time he seemed an old vanced technology in aiding the develop by Senator Abraham Rlblcoff of Connecticut. fashioned figure, an aging ship of the line Although Capitol Hill sources insist that in a flotllla of snappy speedboats. Any man ment of adjoining black states." He says: politics was not a consideration in the failure who has a. deep love of place-of com As the principal responsible power in the to act, Congressional Quarterly quotes a sub munity-finds that he lives in Washington free world, it is our duty and responsibility committee aide as saying Ribtcotr felt "no an exile's life. Mr. Tuck used to say that the to encourage these attributes while it ls the great urgency" about pushing the bill, espe- EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 673 cially since a new administration would be and their own associates once they climbed deal about your work here. He, of course, in power. back to the helm of power. has had a major role in the expansion of the It ought to be obvious in this era of swift It must be remembered too that when Mr. college. His deep personal interest and in change in virtually every aspect of American Djilas flrSt came out against certain prac volvement has been reflected in his work as society that the often-cumbersome federal tices of the Yugoslav Communist Party, and the distinguished Chairman of the House of structure requires constant modernizing. some of its hierarchy, he did not, we repeat, Representatives Appropriations subcom The 90th Congress ought to act promptly he did not propose that the power of the mittee for labor, health, education and wel to give the new President the tools to do the government be turned over to the people. He fare. Through his able and competent rep job. In times past, this has not been a parti stood for certain changes in conduct and ap resentation he has been responsible for the san issue. There is no reason why it should plication, but this did not envisage free significant improvements that are taking be now. speech and free press, nor the formation of place in education throughout the entire opposition parties to compete for the vote nation, as well as in Wilkes-Barre. and the confidence of the people. On this He has served his community, State, and DJILAS AND EICHMANN vital issue, which separates Communism the country in many ways. It has been my from democracy, he has remained as ada privilege to work closely With him for many mant as Tito, or any of the other Red lead years. His experience and his dedication as HON. EDWARD. J. DERWINSKI eris. well as his skill and expertise have been re Aside from this everyone in Belgrade sponsible for the success of many of the new OF ILLINOIS knows that Djilas had reasons of high per historic social programs that were enacted in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sonal nature for breaking With his former the past decade. Tuesday, January 14, 1969 partners in murder and crime. These reasons I am pleased that the Department of had absolutely nothing to do With party pol Health, Education, and Welfare, with Con Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, re icies and ideology or freedom. gressman Flood's support, was able to assist cently the Freedom House presented an The granting of this award to Djilas was a through grants and loans, in this venture. award to Milovan Djilas, a Yugoslav major blunder by a group of well meaning, I would also like to commend the founders Communist, who has consistently been a but utterly naive persons, whose ultra liberal of this institution for their choice of a loca leanings permit them to equate freedom in tion in the heart of the community. In co source of controversy and debate. The the United States With the supposed freedom operation With the Wilkes-Barre Redevelop Macedonian Tribune of Indianapolis, in Communist countries like Yugoslavia. ment Authority you are helping to rebuild a Ind., in its editorial of January 9, dis We are certain that none of these gentle great American city. Your students are where cussed this award presentation in an in men would be able to live more than 24 the action is. The community is one of your teresting and spirited fashion. I believe hours under a government headed by men laboratories. And the citizens of Wilkes-Barre it merits attention in order to present like Djilas, with their perverted concept of are the benefactors of your many facilities, the American public with a balanced in democracy and their maniacal urge for academic activities and cultural programs. terpretation of Djilas which was lacking death and blood. You have a unique opportunity to help solve Our true sentiments of the matter are that the mounting problems of urbanization and in metropolitan press during his recent someone should recommend Eichmann post -the perplexities of our modern society. visit to the United States. humously for a similar award, since he and The age in which we live is most trying. The editorial follows: Djilas are so alike in their pursuit of . . . We are confronted With monumental prob DJILAS AND EICHMANN murder. lems and pervasive paradoxes. The sweeping (By Christo N. Nizamoff) change brought about by science and tech nology, communications and rising expecta A few weeks ago, for reasons hard to com DEDICATION TO LEARNING tions confuse, frustrate, and unsettle us. prehend, America's Freedom House granted Although we have been able to unravel the its 1969 award to Milovan Djilas, whom genetic code, transplant hearts and other Yugoslav refugees in New York City, demon HON. DANIEL J. FLOOD vital organs, send men into space, transmit strating outside the Roosevelt Hotel, branded instantaneously pictures around the world, ~"Bloody Executioner", and "The Yugoslav OF PENNSYLVANIA mass produce goods and services on a scale Eichmann". IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES never dream.ed of by our forefathers, we are We hold that the grant is a travesty of Tuesday, January 14, 1969 not able to cope With the social implication good taste and a mockery of the meaning of of these dramatic developments. freedom, such as it is accepted by the non totalitarian world. And we are at a loss to Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, one of our Poverty, racial tensions, the generation understand how the recipient merited that most outstanding public servants will gap, decay of the cities, the destruction of award. be leaving the Federal Government next our physical environment, technological un Until a few years ago Mr. Djilas was the Monday. I have reference to the Honor employment, the world population explosion, right hand man of Marshal Tito and one of able Wilbur J. Cohen, Secretary of the attacks on long established institutions, the most feared and blood thirsty Commu Health, Education, and Welfare. He has although soluable if taken one at a time, nists in Yugoslavia. Like Eichmann, his collectively paralyze our minds. made enormous contributions to a better We have not yet learned how to apply all name was synonymous with torture and America in numerous fields and I, as death. of our intellectual resources, which if com Since his confinement to prison, and re chairman of the Appropriations Sub bined With the vast collection of knowledge lease, Djilas has not repudiated Communism committee for the Department of Heath, we now have, would offer a world of greater nor the avowed purpose of the Communist Education, and Welfare, am well aware promise. party. He has not renounced his own theory of the truly outstanding job he did as We must learn to cope with this difficult that the new social order, meaning of course Secretary of that important Depart world in which we live. How well we cope the Communist order, must be built upon ment. On December 1, 1968, Secretary will depend on the degree to which our peo death and blood, because death and blood Cohen delivered the dedicatory address ple are educated and trained to live in society accelerate the revolutionary process and which becomes more infinitely complex each of the Physical Education Building at day. clear the ground for a party take over. When in my did Djilas emerge as a devotee, as a fighter King's College Wilkes-Barre, Pa., The education of these men and women for freedom? hometown, and as part of my remarks must begin at birth and be reinforced If confinement in a Communist jail is the today I include the text of the Secretary's through life. sole merit badge for a Freedom House award, remarks. Secretary Cohen's address fol It begins with a healthy, wholesome home then millions of people behind the Iron Cur lows: environment--an environment that encour tain, thousands of whom have fled in desper DEDICATION TO LEARNING ages and motivates, stimulates curiosity giv ation to the West, must become recipients I am indeed pleased to participate in the ing the child a sense of achievement, of of that award. Some of the refugees who dedication of this splendid new Physical being able to deal with his or her environ demonstrated outside the hotel, may deserve Education Building. This is a very satis ment, and a willingness to grapple with i:t more than Djilas. fying and happy occasion for all of us. It problems and seek solutions. The fact that Djilas was a high ranking is one more step in the development of a One of our greatest needs, in this country Communist should have no bearing on the truly fine college which is affording many and throughout the world, are adequate case. Many high ranking Communists have young men the opportunity for intellectual preschool programs--the kind of start in life passed through the torture chambers of their and spiritual enrichment. In its brief his that Will enable each child to develop his own making. But that experience has not tory, the college has gained national recogni abilities to the highest extent of his capac mellowed them and it has not changed their tion as a center of academic excellence. The ity. Today, many of our children are dam concept of freedom. They have remained growth of your college is a tribute to the aged by our failure to stimulate them intel ruthless men. farsightedness and the commitment of many lectually ·in the years when they are most Kadar of Hungary and Gomulka of Poland individuals and groups. eager to learn-the years between birth and have tasted life in the Communist Hell Congressman Daniel Flood, a man who has age 6. House, but that has not prevented them been closely associated with this institution Some of the most exciting and promising from becoming torturers of their own people since its establishment, has told me a great new ideas in education relate to the early CXV----43-Part 1 674 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS- January 14, 1969 learning ablllties of children. There is a tion. A sound Federal welfare system would A project known as National Assessment, growing body of knowledge that very, very really be a good Federal aid to education authorized by Congress last month, will be young children can be stimulated to learn program. gin soon. It will consist of a set of tests of far more than has been expected in the past. · A good education costs money. When basic academic skills that will be given to a One scientist believes that by beginning at schools are inadequately :financed they are random sample of Americans, both children the earliest possible stage in the child's devel not able to attract competent teachers, en and adults. This assessment will give the opment, we could perhaps stretch the IQ of rich the curriculum, introduce innovation, American people an idea of whether we are future generations by as much as 30 points. or support research which could lead to making any progress in education, and also I believe that we could have a "Revolution great improvements. help us learn what results emerge from dif in Learning" within this generation by in We must do more at the elementary and ferent methods of education or different lev vesting more attention, time and money in secondary level to prepare studen ts for re els of educational expenditure. With proper the early years of a child's life. sponsible citizenship and for the world of precautions, a system of knowing something Young children, particularly the socially work. Counseling should begin in the early about what our schools and colleges actually and culturally deprived, can be given a head grades to develop each student's potential produce in the way of learning, understand start in learning through creative, stimu as a worker as well as a responsible citizen, ing, and skills is a necessity for the years lating experiences in day care centers, nurs as a parent, and as an individual with a ahead. Such a national assessment will help eries and kindergartens. The Head Start life to live as well as a living to earn. local school boards · and superintendents, program has demonstrated what can be done Every year millions of high school grad State educational agencies, and colleges and for children in the immediate preschool years. uates enter the labor market totally un universities evaluate educational policies Such programs need to be extended. prepared. They lack skills and motivation. and programs and improve the equality of Some of our universities are beginning to For those students who do not wish to go education in the 1970's and beyond. Although develop programs specifically addressed to on to college, we have to build better the Congress authorized funds for the first the problems of child development in the bridges between the schools and employers; year, I believe and hope that funds should preschool years. For example, one university design vocational courses which are rele be provided for the 3-year study authorized is training lay leaders to understand the be vant to the job market, devote more time in the law. havior of children so that these adults can to anticipating future manpower needs. lead study and discussion groups. The newly It is often said that higher education The problems facing our country today faces a crisis. Students are rebelling, costs call for an educated and adaptable society, trained leaders then go out into the neigh and a growing, dynamic, and health economy. borhoods and come into direct contact with are soaring, enrollments doubling, respon the parents and children. sibilities expanding. The challenge to high If further generations are going to have the Much more can be done to reach out di er education is of awesome magnitude. capacity to deal with our constantly chang rectly to the parents of very young children. During the past 5 years, Federal aid for ing environment, they must have as early a Mothers should become as well versed in the higher education has expanded dramatically. start as possible. But the follow through to sk1lls of preschool education as they are in The Higher Education Facilities Act, the this head start must be a lifelong pursuit. the skills of homemaking. The home should Higher Education Act, and improvements in As we become a more affiuent society, to a become an increasingly productive educa the National Defense Education Act have greater degree the quality of life will depend tional environment. We must bring vital been enacted into law. But much remains on education and the many new enjoyments learning experiences to children wherever to be done, as college enrollments do spiral it can provide. they are and in all their activities. and college costs do soar. As I look into the future I envision a so We must, in short, be concerned with the In the years ahead we must redouble our ciety in which- whole child and all the factors that relate efforts to insure the vitality of a diverse Educational opportunities will be provided to his potential. Healthy development de post-secondary education system - with for all Americans from age 9 months to 90 pends on the parents and other members of ample assistance to all types of institutions, year&-with every child having the oppor the family, the neighborhood, the surround public and private, large and small, great tunity for creative, stimulating early educa ings, the school and the attitudes which research institutions, and high quality tion, every youth having the opportunity to influence the child. teaching colleges for the facilities, library, continue education as far as his or her talents A child who is hungry cannot learn. A fellowship, and other programs which help will take them, and every adult having the child with uncorrected vision or hearing im to ibsure quality in our institutions of opportunity to continue learning throughout pairment can fall so far behind that it is higher learning. life. virtually impossible to make up for the lost We are still distant from the goal of pro New research will uncover the secrets of early years. A child who has no access to viding educational opportunities beyond high learning and creativity, finding ways of fos books or museums or the theater is culturally school to all our youth who deserve such tering intellectual growth, beginning with stunted before he starts. A child whose only opportunities and can benefit from them. infancy throughout the life span. companion is the squalor of the slums is Despite our progress, the hard truth remains The barriers between home and school, almost hopelessly defeated. that for many of our financially needy youth school and work, school and community will We are discovering, therefore, that we must the college doors are closed. For a Nation crumble and education will penetrate even go far beyond the traditional school setting dedicated to the proposition that an ade more formidable barriers--between old and in order to have an impact on learning and quate education is the rightful heritage of young, rich and poor, city, farm, and suburb. motivation. We must take advantage of the all its youth and that no economic or racial Instead of a school year of around 180 days, knowledge and sk1lls of many professional barriers should be allowed to stand in the I believe a school year of 200 days is required ·groups, as well as the skills of parents, neigh way of claiming that inheritance, this is an in the decade ahead. bors, and other children. We must broaden intolerable situation. Therefore, we must The schools will become community cen our approach to involve substantial numbers resolve that sufficient Federal resources be ters for youth and adult activities--keeping of people outside the professions. Our real made available to see that no student of abil their doors open 18 hours a day, 7 days a hope lies in these very young children, for if ity wm be denied an opportunity to develop week, 12 months a year. we fail them, our future fails. his talents because of financial inability to We need to further improve the quality of meet the costs of obtaining an adequate The educational system will be tailored to the needs of the individual rather than the education in our elementary and secondary education beyond high school. other way around. schools. Today many of our schools are in This national goal is within our grasp. efficiently organized and inadequately finan It can be achieved over the next four years New special educational services for the ced. There are vast disparities in educational by increasing the funding of our present creative, brilliant child, as well as for the re opportunities and resulting inequities. In basic student financial aid programs by about tarded, the physically handicapped, and the the 1966-67 school year, average per pupil ex $1 billion annually. This would provide an average child, will be provided to help every penditures ranged from $912 in New York to opportunity for more than two million more child develop his full potential. $335 in Mississippi with a national average of our youth to contribute their fullest tal The Nation will accept learning as a truly of $569. Within States, similar disparities ents to our society. A total of over 3 million joyous experience, with a wide variety of exist in urban and suburban schools. students would be aided. choices for each individual, and the learning The financial problems of the schools To assure that all funds for education are force will continually increase in quality and are deeply rooted in the tax structures of well spent, we need a continuing national quantity-for exceeding the labor force. our communities. Most school systems are assessment of the state of learning in the The individual through education, will financed by a property tax which is incapa United States. Today we know little about gain a respect for learning in the present, a ble of producing the revenue needed to pay what our students learn or what good they hope for the future, and a sense of purpose for high quality education. We must find get out of what they learn. Without such an and direction in sharing the problems, chal other ways of :financing our schools. assessment, the Federal Government cannot lenges, rewards and responsibilities of society. Although I do not have answers to the know where its financial help is most needed, Dreams, you may say. But I believe that we fl.seal problems of the States and localities, or how much the Nation is getting for its have already begun to implement the most I have suggested that the present welfare educational dollar. More important still, the important dream of our time--educatlon for system be replaced by a wholly· Federally local school systems have difficulty deciding everyone who wants it and will work for it. :financed system, which would relieve the what educational methods to use, or assessing Many of the foundations have already been States and localities of the tremendously the extent to which their educational insti laid. But ahead of us lies a great testing of growing cost of welfare and enable them to tutions are adjusting to new problems and our Nation to see whether we have the will devote more of their resources to educa- potentialities. and the determination to fully achieve them. January 14, 1969 EXTENSIONS 6:F' REMARKS 675 I believe that we do and that we will con cupatlonal skill development is not easily He pledged he would seek full funding to summate one of the most exciting and de abandoned. finance the authorization incorporated in his manding dreams in the Nation's history. "To speed its demise, the 1968 Vocational vocational education bill. Education Amendments emphasize that the dichotomy between academic and vocational education is obsolete and should be dis carded. AIR TRAFFIC CONGESTION: TWO JOB TRAINING MUST BE PART OF Pucinski said it ls the essence of acceptable POINTS OF VIEW BASIC EDUCATION education that it be socially relevant and adaptable to change, and that it comprehend a broad range of instruction, designed to HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI develop the particular talents and abilities of HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER OF ll.LINOIS each student as well as fulfill his need for OF NEW YORK basic education. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The Amendments seek to eliminate the Tuesday, January 14, 1969 point of view which confers prestige upon Tuesday, January 14, 1969 occupational preparation in college or grad Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, much Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I recently uate school, while scoring occupational pro had the privilege of addressing a gather grams taught at less than a college level. has been said and written regarding the ing of the National Business Education "College is not the only means to self critical congestion and safety problems Association in Chicago on the subject development, nor is it the only path to a which have arisen in our Nation's more of the ever-increasing need to provide successful life. crowded air corridors. I and a number of basic job training to youngsters in school "The public schools can ease the student's my colleagues have made recommenda before graduation. transition from the classroom setting to the tions for action to the Federal Aviation next stage of his personal growth by offering Administration and a wide range of pro It is my firm belief that we must pro liberal mixture of academic and vocational vide marketable skills to students who courses. posals have come from various members will not have an opportunity to attend "The Congressman said the 1968 Vocational of the aviation industry. college following high school. Education Amendments are designed to aid To its credit, the FAA has begun to As chairman of the General Subcom in this endeavor. One of the most important adopt a new attitude toward the related mittee on Education, and coauthor of goals, that of resolving the critical problem problems of congestion and safety. It the 1968 Vocational Education Act of youth unemployment, may in this way be seems there is less concern over the fact Amendments, I would like to include in substantially alleviated, he continued. that a safety proposal may be contro "The paradox of the high unemployment versial within some segment of the in the RECORD at this point the text of an rates among our young men and women at a article which appeared jn the Northwest time of unparalleled prosperity was under dustry, than whether it would be an Side Press of January 8, 1969, outlining scored in the President's 1968 Manpower Re effective step toward alleviating the my remarks to the National Business port: 'The United States keeps larger pro problem. Education Association on the crises many portions of its children in school longer than Perhaps the most controversial pro of our young people are facing. does any other nation, to insure their prep posal made by the FAA in many years The text of this article follows: aration for lifetime activity. Yet the unem was its high-density-traffic airports reg ployment rate among youth is far higher ulation. Because this subject is certain JoB TRAINING MUST BE PART OF BASIC EDUCA than in any other industrial nation and 'had TION, ROMAN PUCINSKI TELLS NBEA been rising sharply.'" to come under congressional scrutiny in Telling young people they must remain in "The unemployment of our nation's young the months ahead, I offer, for inclusion school until they get their diploma may be people remains at a disgracefully high level." in the RECORD, an article on the regula come a cruel hoax unless those students get In October 1968, he pointed out when the tion from the January issue of the AOPA job training as part of their basic educa national unemployment rate was only 3.2 per Pilot, and the text of a recent speech by tion, U.S. Congressman Roman C. Pucinski cent, 9.8 per cent of the white young men and Robert E. Peach, chairman of the board [D-Ill] recently told a group of educators. women, 16 to 19 years old, were unemployed; and chief executive officer of Mohawk When speaking to the National Business and 25.1 per cent of the nonwhite young men Airlines, Inc. I do not subscribe entirely Education Association, Pucinski assailed and women of the same age group were with American education "for its failure to reach out work. · to either point of view but I do believe the 83 percent of young men and women in "The President's 1968 Manpower Report both merit our attention: our nation who never will achieve a college also states that 'No inroads have been made IT'S HERE, ALMOST: FAA ORDERS "RATIONING" education. into the extremely serious problems of non AT FIVE AmPORTS "American education confers prestige upon white teenage joblessness. While the unem (By Lew Townsend) occupational preparation in college or grad ployment rate for white teenagers dropped as uate school, while scorning occupational pro the economic climate improved, among non Federal officials, shrugging off massive op grams taught at the high school level," he ·white teenagers the rate in 1967 was actually position from all classes of users and some higher than in 1960.' law-makers, adopted the highly controver added. sial "high density traffic airports" regulation Pucinski is chairman of the House Sub "A high school diploma is no longer a guar antee of a good job, nor is it even a guarantee which all but bans private pilots and air committee on General Education which has craft owners from using certain major public jurisdiction over all education legislation for job market entry, unless it is accompanied by some sort of occupational preparation. airports and gives the airlines special privi affecting 55 million elementary and high leges. school youngsters in America. "To advise a child to remain in school until he receives his diploma because it automati Though initially affecting only five major He said the mounting number of school airports, the new Federal regulation is con bond issues being defeated all over the na cally opens doors to a good job, decent wages and a better life may become a cruel hoax, sidered the opening wedge in a move to force tion shows a tax payers' revolt against edu elimination of private pilots and aircraft cators for their !allure to make education unless that child has been given a skill which he can sell to a prospective employer." owners from any public airport where airline relevant to what parents believe are the traffic is heavy. needs of young people. Pucinski quoted the "1968 National Ad visory Council Report on Vocational Educa The new regulations, which basically re "These defeats will mount," Pucinski said. tion which states that 83 per cent of the quire rationing of operations at the "high "If they put another school bond issue to the young men and women in the nation never density airports," were announced officially people of Chicago at this time, it would go Dec. 3 and are scheduled to go into effect down to ignominious defeat." would achieve a college education, but only 25 per cent of the total high school popula April 27, 1969, at John F. Kennedy Interna He warned that "young people who fail to tion would receive vocational training. tional and LaGuardia Airports in New York; find jobs because of poor education or lack "Less than 4 per cent of the 18 to 21 age Newark, N.J.; Washington National in Wash of education become easy prey for those who group population were enrolled in post ington, D.C.; and Chicago O'Hare. The air would exploit their frustration and anger. secondary full-time vocational education and lines are given the lion's share of the allow "It is this frustration and anger which has less than 3 per cent of those aged 22 to 64 able operations at these airports. too frequently resulted in the explosions in were enrolled in part-time adult extension AOPA President J. B. Hartranft, Jr., said our city streets," he added. courses," he said. the new restrictions would seriously hamper "This nation has developed more than 5,000 Pucinski called for a more liberal mixture general aviation. Among the many things new skills during the past decade and yet of academic and vocational courses and under consideration as countermeasures is very. little is being done to provide in our urged state legislatures to vote matching a massive fly-in demonstration in the na elementary and secondary educational sys funds for the Vocational Education Act tion's capitol by general aviation pilots and tem any guidance or education fqr young Amendments of 1968 which Pucinski spon- aircraft owners. people in these newly developed skills. . sored and which will bring to local communi Such a 1ly-in demonstration, if determined "Unfortunately, the too familiar practice ties more than $2 billion of federal aid for to be practical, would allow general aviation of separating academic education from oc- improving vocational education programs. pilots to confront their individual Oongres- 676 EXTENSIONS OF .REMARKS _ 'JarJ;uary 14, 1969 sional representatives and impress upon The date for putting the new regulation taxi operations will compete for allocations them the extreme seriousness of the restric into effect is the normal date for airlines to set aside for "other.•• "Other" also includes tions-restrictions which could lead to elim make seasonal schedule changes. general aviation, military and Government ination of the privately owned and operated Thomas called the departure from past aircraft operations. Washington National aircraft as an effective tool in air trans philosophies in governing use Of airspace and currently is averaging about 4,000 military portation. public airports a "monumental change." operations annually. "The rules, which would grant priority Closest parallel in the history of American The hourly allocations will be in effec·t from and sometimes exclusive use of public fa transportation development to the new 6 a.m. to midnight daily at each of the air cilities to one class of the public over oth changes is the Federal action taken in the ports, the FAA reported. Officials also said ers, are illegal, discriminatory and induce late 1800's to award large land grants to a the new regulation was adopted as a perma Federally imposed segregation," the AOPA few influential individuals during the hey nent rule and not as a "temporary" measure. said in an official statement following the day of early railroad development. "While the rule will not be 'temporary,' as Dec. 3 announcement. The new Federal regulation not only many commentators urged, it will be kept AOPA stated it felt adoption of the new blocks off massive portions of airspace for under continuing review and modified as cir restrictions was unnecessary and had been the primary use of the airlines, it also pro cumstances require or permit," the FAA engineered by Department of Transporta vides the airlines with nearly exclusive use rule-making preamble stated. tion (DOT) Secretary Alan S. Boyd as a of public airports which were conceived, "Additional reserved IFR and VFR opera parting blow against general aviation. built and maintained over the years with tions at the five high density traffic airports, " ... they serve no constructive purpose general public funds for use by all segments over and above the established hourly quotas, at this time and act only as a means of in of the air traveling public. may be permitted on short notice when these creasing dissent and retarding progress to Cast in the role of interlopers are those of operations can be conducted 'without sig ward positive solutions for meeting the the estimated 680,000 private and business nificant additional delay to the allocated needs of air transportation of all types," the pilots who might seek advance permission to operations,'" the FAA said in spelling out AOPA said, after noting that though adopted use the affected public airports. This group details of the new regulations. in 1968 the restrictions were not to be put owns and operates more than 125,000 air "In addition, the rule provides for local into effect until after Boyd's regular term craft, which constitute 98 % of the total U.S. 'Letters of Agreement' to cover aircraft, such of office expired. civil aviation fleet. as helicopters and V /STOL aircraft, which Aoting FAA Administrator David D. Under the new rules, the FAA will use its can be 'operated either IFR or VFR without Thomas reportedly opposed adoption of the authority as the nation's air traffic policeman interference to any other aircraft using the new regulation but refused to comment on to set specific limits on the number and airport," the FAA added. his agency's position. As reported in the types of aircraft which can make landings "Extra sections, charters and other non Washington (D.C.) Post on Dec. 6, "Two and takeoffs at any of the five airports. All scheduled flights of scheduled or supple basic options open to the Transportation five have experienced degrees of traffic con mental air carriers at Washington would not Department, parent agency of the FAA, were gestion both in the air and on the ground count against the total limitation," the regu to give up top priority to handling com due to their heavy use by airlines. latory agency continued. "Extra sections at mercial airplanes during rush hours or to Both Boyd and Thomas have indicated the other four airports will count against work out a mix of commercial and private other strategic public airports throughout the total allocations for those airports, how aircraft on the basis of past experience. the United States are likely to be stamped ever. "The Transportation Department chose with the same "high density traffic airports" "Under the rule, reservations will be re the first option," the Post article said, then label. Under the adopted regulation, airlines quired in advance for each flight operated added, "While Thomas himself, in an inter and air taxis will be given all but a handful under instrument flight rules to or from a view, would not comment on his agency's of available takeoff and landing slots at the designated high density traffic airport. Ap position, f.t is known that the FAA favored pubic airports. provals will be granted by Air Traffic Control the second option to preserve more of the Hourly liinitations on !FR operations at up to the allocated liinitations." The reserva 'first-come-first-served tradition' of the skies. Kennedy will be 80 and for LaGuardia, New tion system also applies to VFR flights. Transportation Secretary Alan S. Boyd evi ark and Washington National, 60. Chicago In officially announcing the new rules, the dently saw it the other way." O'Hare will have an hourly limitation of 135 FAA attempted to justify its actions in kill The FAA restrictions announced Dec. 3 IFR operations. Each takeoff and landing ing the "first-come-first-served" principle differ only slightly from those first proposed will count as one operation. All !FR opera and in granting preferred treatment to air by DOT through the subservient FAA in tions will be allocated on an advance reserva line operators. early September. Details on the restrictions tion basis, with the airlines granted their "This rule grants a greater priority to cer and public hearings conducted in Septem block of reserved slots merely by publishing tificated air carriers and scheduled air taxis ber and October appeared in the October their schedules. All others will have to obtain who provide common carriage service in ac and November issues of The PILOT. their !FR "reservations" through regular cordance with the policy of recognizing the Final form of the restrictions does not procedures and hope they can be squeezed national interest in maintaining a public include the originally proposed require in between the airlines. mass air transportation system offering effi ments that all aircraft operating IFR into The airport limitations apply in all cient economical service on equal terms to all or out of "high density traffic airports" weather. VFR flights also are subject to the who would travel,'' the FAA stated, ignoring have a minimum of two pilots and be able reservation system, requiring advance ap· widespread use of privaite and business air to maintain a minimum airspeed of 150 proval. · craft by adding, "For the traveler today, knots. Deletion of these two items, which Of the 80 hourly !FR operations at Ken there is frequently no feasible alternative came under heavy fire from AOPA and nedy, 70 automatically will be reserved for mode of travel [to the certificated air car others during the public hearings, was con scheduled and supplemental airlines; five riers). sidered by some as a prearranged sop to gen will be reserved for air taxis whose main "The concept of 'first-come-first served' eral aviation interests, with the items never business involves hauling passengers to make remains as the fundamental policy govern meant for adoption in the first place. connections on airlines; and the remaining ing the use of airspace, so long as capacity is Though the objectionable two-pilot and five allocations will be available to any of the adequate to meet the demands of all users speed requirements were killed before final nation's estimated 680,000 private and busi without unreasonable delay or inconven adoption, the regulation still contains the ness aircraft pilots and "others" under the ience," the FAA said. requirement that each aircraft hoping to use advance reservation system. "When capacity liinitations compel a "high density traffic airports" must be In addition, during the three-hour period choice, however, the public service offered by equipped with a 64-code radar beacon trans from 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. at Kennedy, only sched common carriers must be preferred. This pol ponder. The only other significant change in uled airlines will be allowed either to land icy ls fully consistent with the Federal Avia the final regulation involved granting sup or to take off. The FAA did not adopt an tion Act's provisions relating to the certifica plemental airlines the same prefeITed treat earlier suggestion made by the Air Transport tion Of common carriers by the Civil ment in priorities to be given major sched Association (ATA) that the period of exclu Aeronautics Board (CAB), wherein the Board uled airlines in the allocation Of airport ca sive use by airlines be expanded and ex finds that the service provided is required pacities. Supplementals originally were rel tended to the other airports. by the public convenience and necessity." egated to the lowest priority class along with At LaGuardia, 48 of that airport's 60 hourly Adoption of FAA's new regulations with general aviation. !FR allocations automatically will go to the their built-in restrictions on the use of pri All but a handful Of airlines-oriented indi mass transit airlines; six will be reserved for vate and business aircraft in air travel was viduals and organizations registered strong air taxis; and six will be open to general avia viewed by many as a protectionistic move to opposition to the regulations during the pub tion, the military, and other operators. Hourly insure the 40-odd major airlines of a steady lic hearings and in written comments to the operations at the remaining three airports flow of passengers who because of the Gov FAA. Most opponents, including AOPA, sub will be: Newark, 40 for airlines, 10 for air ernment restrictions will be all but denied mitted counterproposals to solve air traffic taxis, 10 for others; O'Hare, 115 for airlines, the right to use private transportaition to problems. There were no indications any of 10 for air taxis, 10 for others; Washington and from "high density traffic airports." · the counter-proposals were incorporated into National, 40 for airlines, eight for air taxis Immediately following announcement of the final regulations except for the addition and 12 for others. the new rules, which were signed by Acting of the supplemental carriers to the privilege
1n the RECORD as a fine example of the The shelling has become a spiralling esca To kill civ11ians ••• and children, learning work of young Americans: lation that is sure to become a bone of con and playing... tention in the UN this winter. The reason ls Later that evening we learned that the WHY IT'S GREAT To BE AN AMERICAN the Beisan and Jordan valleys are the only young girl who had been seriously wounded (An essay by Miss Carolyn Foreman, Teurl places in Israel where Arabs can directly hit by that morning's shelling had died. ings Central High School, Lafayette, La.) populated areas without infiltrating. The fortnight following this visit was a Ah, it's so very wonderful that I am living On November 11th we visited Belt She-an, period of steadily escalating, worsening at in wealth, for you see, I was born rich. a town of 12,400 where homes have been and tacks on the villages and farms in the Beisan Every person, regardless of race, creed, or are being shelled by the Arabs. All apart and Jordan valleys, and the new settlements former nationality has the privilege to enjoy ments have shelters against the bombs. Sand on the Golan finally. the freedom that prevails in the United bags are stacked deep and high around their Then on Sunday night, December 1, Tel States: Citizens often say, "What about the entrances. Katzir on the Sea of Galilee and Nave Ur people living in slums and ghettos in the Gadna boys of 15-16 who come to Belt came under fire at about 10, in a continuation United States; are they born rich?" Regard She'an from a different high school every of an exchange in the Beisan Valley that less of the amount of money one has, every day had come up from Tel Aviv this day to earlier in the evening had left Yardena and one is born rich in America because he is fill ~nd stack the sand bags. Gadna is Israel's Degania Alef (called the mother of settle born free. Each citizen votes for the candi Youth Corps for boys and girls 14-18 with ments) on the south end of the Sea slightly date of his choice. An abundant number of training along Scout Lines. They worked scarred. At the time the artillery was not people are not born free; furthermore, they hard and with a great will, but like all boys, identified. wm never enjoy the joys of freedom. they cut up a little, too. After midnight, following shelling of four A few years ago an eighty year old Russian Michael Saraga, Segan-Mishneh or 2nd Lt., hours duration, Israeli jets were sent out to immigrant couple came to America. Although wiped the smile from our face at the antics silence artillery positions in Jordan. Targets they were frail and weak, they were deter of the boys when he brought us to the syn included Iraqi positions using 122-mm guns mined to make the strenuous journey. When agogue that had been hit the week before, on of Russian make with which they were shell asked the reason for their long journey to a Saturday, November 2nd. A huge crater and ing new settlements on the Golan Heights; America, they remarked by saying that they collapsed wall were the work of a Katyusha El Al, a private moshav where settlers are had often dreamed of this refuge for the rocket, a Russian-made bomb famous from temporarily in the black basalt huts of the young and old alike. To them, America was WW2. It is actually six bombs in one. The former Syrian army digs, and Nahal Golan, a land of promise. They had never acquired synagogue was in the process of being re a farming settlement of young soldier-farm this precious gift of "life, liberty, and the paired. ers sponsored by the army. pursuit of happiness." At the synagogue we heard that Kfar Rup On a previous visit to the Golan Heights In 1776 thirteen small colonies desired free pin had been hit earlier that morning. The settlements, one of the young officers at dom strongly enough to revolt against their conducting officer from the Israel Govern Nahal Golan had explained to us the reasons mother country-England. America had a ment Press Office, Missem Gabbi, took us to for Nahal's presence there. His age is 22. He courageous spirit and a determined will; these the Kibbutz. We were the first news people is the young son of Avraham Yakin of Kfar two basic attributes were the basis for free Ruppin. ther.e. dom. America began to grow and expand. As Mortar fire holes had pockmarked two He told us, in the laconic Sabra manner, a nation we proudly adopted this following buildings, scarred the thick lawn and "The aims of Nohal are 1. to settle here. 2. to motto: "Together we stand; divided we fall." make modern agriculture, There are good "Why is it great to be an American?" I can damaged one sidewalk. Three people were wounded, one girl seriously. She was 18. fields here and they were never used. Only freely live, speak, and breathe without any the Syrian army was here for 20 years, no fear. Frankly, there is no other country that At the dining hall, where the kibbutzniks were matter-of-factly eating their noon meal farmers. 3. Stop the Fatah, Syrian, Jordanian compares to America in superiority and and all guerrillas. We will stop them with the equality. and listening for news on the radio of what army and with agriculture. We stop the had occurred, we talked with Axraham Yakir, enemy with staying in the place, working whose house had been most seriously hit. He the fields and guarding them." had just recently been Secretary of the Kib In the valley below the Golan Heights EYE WITNESS REPORT-NORTHERN butz. ISRAEL "SEMI" WAR Monday night, December 2, enemy shells Anger was still fresh on his face from what rained down over a wide sector ranging from had happened not to his home, but to his Tel Katzir to Maoz Halm where four cows friends. The shelling had begun at 8:30 a.m. were killed, Kaytusha rockets were used. HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. and had lasted for several minutes, he told OF CALIFORNIA (The use of such missiles were sited in the us. reasons for the commando raid on December IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Yakir said the Jordanians had begun firing 1st on two bridges in southern Jordan, one into the valley last January, finally bringing Tuesday, January 14, 1969 the railroad bridge of the Hedjaz line, fa the kibutz members at Kfar Ruppin and the miliar from the Lawrence of Arabia adven Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. other settlements in the area to a decision to tures.) Speaker, one of the local newspaper let the children sleep in the shelters every Settlers in the Jordan and Beisan Valleys night. It has been found through a study, ~hains in my congressional district is spent the night in their shelters or at de that it is less psychologically harmful than fense posts. The children in most of the set performing a unique public service by rushing them in whenever there is danger. having its own foreign correspondent lo tlements had spent long periods in the The shelling is done mostly at night. shelters over the last fortnight, as well as the cated in Israel, sending exclusive eye They had lived quietly, he said, for 20 years, last several months. witness reports on the Middle East crisis communicating with the Arab farmers across On Tuesday, December 3, it became appar back home. the river. After the war, the farmers were ent this was the heaviest shelling of civilian Miss Carol Kovner, although young in moved away and the would-be infiltrators, settlements since the 6-Day War. Settlements years, is a seasoned journalist with years frustrated by double fences with mine fields hit included Hamadiya near Belt She'an of experience in reporting and comment along the border, now shoot at them from where a poultry shed was leveled, Belt Josef, ing on the news. She has worked as a safe vantage-point. Neve Etan, Maoz Halm, Kfar Ruppin, and managing editor for a national maga Kfaar Ruppin was originally founded in near the Sea of Galilee, Massada, Degania 1938 because of Arab attacks. It was part of Alef and Bet, Ashdot Ya 'akov, Kinneret, Tel zine for more than 5 years, and also as the Young Maccabee movement from Europe, Katzir. The shelling ended only when Air managing editor for her present employ and now belongs to the new United Labor Force jets silenced the artillery. er, Kovner Publications, located in Los Party, because of its membership in Mapal. It Military observers here believed that the Angeles. · is a prosperous, well-established community, shelling was authorized by Amman. Reasons The first in a series of articles which with many new buildings going up. There ranged from retaliation for the Hedjaz bridge she will be writing appeared recently. l have never been any American volunteers raid on Sunday by Israelis in which the com believe that all of my colleagues will find here. munication lines were cut to Akaba, Jordan's this stirring account of life today in a We asked Yakir what he thought about the only sea outlet, to diversionary tactics hiding day's shelling. "It is part of the plan of the internal troubles in Iraq, or between Iraq small Israeli border town to be quite re Arabs to destroy us and cause suffering in and Jordan. vealing. The article follows: several locations in Israel," he stated quietly. On the December 2-3 nights, it was appar EYE WITNESS REPORT FROM CAROL KOVNER "What has happened today ... is a good ent that the Iraqis took the initiative for the ON NORTHERN ISRAEL "SEMI" WAR example of the way Arabs speak from one first time, opening with an intensive artil (By Carol Stevens Kovner) end of their mouth about peace, but shell lery bombardment, unlike earlier occasions and kill and destroy at the same time. It ls The Emek Beisan is a valley next to Jor in which they joined in after border incidents dan's border across the river Jordan 1n a good example of their ambivalent attitude with Fatah infiltrators had become duels with Northern Israel. Because of the 6-day War, always when their real aim is to destroy. Jordanian artillery. its kibbutzim and towns have become the "They accuse us of not accepting their On Wednesday. Israeli Ambassador to the target of almost daily shelling by the Arabs, 'peace offers' but meanwhile attack peaceful UN, Josef Tckosh, sent a letter to the Security Iraquls as well as Jordanians. people. What else could prove their real aim? Council accusing Iraqi troops of being re-. 682 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 14, 1969 sponsible for eight major artillery attacks across the road past an abandoned frame liveries. Others have donated quilting since Oct. 17. schoolhouse. Five miles back up the road I frames, canning equipment and money for Also on Wednesday, December 4, Israeli had passed the new consolidated school. medical and dental aid. jets struck at two Iraqi artillery, ammunition SAVE THE CHILDREN Thanks to Mr. Lamb a way may yet be dumps and troop concentration sites, near found to recover this lost generation from Irbid and Mafraq in Jordan. One Israeli pilot John's warning still rang in my ear: "We'll the bonds of poverty and rescue their chil and jet was lost, but the one and one-half never get rid of rural hard core poverty unless dren from a similar fate. hour attack stopped the long bombardment we do it through the children. But these kids A PLAN OF ACTION of the villages. don't have a chance. No money for lunches, At Kfar Ruppin, the following Saturday, or books or supplies, ill fitting clothes, no It is becoming obvious that there is a need one of the members said the children had help at home, kept out of school to pick to teach survival farming, pioneer skills, been forced to stay in the shelters for a solid apples or take care of smaller children until canning, quilting, sewing, basic home mak week. They were very much aware of what they're so far behind each year they fail. ing and early American handicraft skills as was happening. When not in the shelters, if Then they don't want to face their school well as 20th century job training. they heard a door slam, they asked imme friends and as a result dropout-and our A really strong argument can be made for diately "What's that!" next generation of hard core poor families a domestic Peace Corps to effectively reach Althbugh Kfar Ruppin was hit only in the has its start." and deal with the needs of the nation's hard fields this time, the week's work and school A DAY IN THE HILLS core poverty families. Too proud to seek help, ing was disrupted. "Usually we hear an ar A beep on a horn and a tall, lanky, ruddy too unsure of themselves to move to town or city, too uneducated and unskilled to know moured patrol being attacked or another sign faced John Lamb waved me into his truck of danger. But this time, on Monday and with an enthusiasm at least 30 years younger where to turn, these 14 million hard core Tuesday, the shelling began with no warn than his age of 77. Thirty minutes and families need personal, day-to-day help, ing. training and counsel to become self suffi twenty miles later we drove up a tortuous cient. "There has been two day.g of peace, since "Rag" mountain road into a lane and up to the Iraqi's artillery was silenced by the IDF, Repeated efforts in the past by John Lamb a two-room log house. to secure government program or funding but we want more than two days, we want One of Mr. Lamb's pet projects was well more than two years of peace, we want peace under way. High school students from Arling help have failed. Such meager public services for good." ton Trinity Presbyterian Church choir were as do exist are largely inaccessible to most of And the children of Kfar Ruppin? When helping the Archie Dodson family build an these families because they lack means of they are allowed to play in their sandboxes, other two-room log cabin to accommodate transportation. Meanwhile, poor health, rot their games now include "bomb attack", the girls in their 11-member family. ting teeth, unsanitary water supplies, poor building a farm of sand and then destroy Archie told me they had tried moving off diets and disease could be alleviated by help ing it. from the proper agencies of state and federal this mountain site into a home closer to government. town but didn't like it and returned to their isolated cabin homestead. For example, OEO has channeled about 5 More skilled for pioneer building needs million dollars into the Richmond area to ONE MAN'S PERSONAL CRUSADE help approximately the same number of pov AGAINST MOUNTAIN POVERTY than some, Archie was adept with axe, saw and hammer and could lay a foundation, wall erty families as are in the eight-county or chimney with equal ease. More at home mountain region that has received none. with rifle and reels, most mountain men lack It takes hard work, personal involvement ; HON. JOHN 0. MARSH, JR. job skills. and know-how to help overcome the ob OF VIRGINIA Mrs. Dodson proudly showed me the hun stacles our rural poor are facing. Mr. Lamb is both an example and inspiration for those IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dreds of jars of canned vegetables that Mr. Lamb had helped her preserve. He had sup who share our concern. He deserves our com Tuesday, January 14, 1969 plied the jars. The side hill acre that was a mendation and support. He points the way. Mr. MARSH. Mr. Speaker, John garden plot couldn't have produced very Lamb, age 77, is an ambassador of g?Od much. Before this day would end I would see again and again the need for basic skills will and help to the poor, both material in survival farming and rudimentary housP. U.S. SOUTH AFRICAN ly and spiritually. keeping. POLICY This man's dedicated efforts to his fel Throughout the day I visited homes that low man is described in the current edi did not deserve the description as homes. tion of the magazine, "Rural America." Barely one hour from the nation's capital I HON. JOHN R. RARICK I think it is a fitting testimony for us found myself 60 to 100 years behind ·the OF LOUISIANA all as to what one man can do who is times. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Back in 1947, John Lamb bought a mo·.m dedicated to the service of mankind. Tuesday, January 14, 1969 For this reason, I would like to bring tain home with 37 acres near Shenandoah to the attention of the other Members for his summer retreat and retirement home. Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, when one He soon learned that the famed beauty of is able to obtain comments from mem this article: the Skyline Drive hid countless pockets of ONE MAN'S PERSONAL CRUSADE AGAINST poverty-stricken families in heart-breaking bers of South African Parliament on MOUNTAIN POVERTY; AT AGE 77 Goon SA squalor. matters of interest to Americans, I think MARITAN JOHN LAMB BEGINS HIS 21ST YEAR Touched by the plight of the ill-fed, poorly their remarks are entitled to dissemina OF HELP TO RURAL PooR clothed children whose education is mostly tion to our colleagues. (By Ray J. Taylor) too little, too late and constantly inter The Honorable Marais Steyn and Paul rupted, Mr. Lamb turned his mountain home Barely 60 miles west of D.C. I turned off Vander Merwe of the South African Par Route 50 across a narrow bridge into Sperry into a training center and meeting place. He liament were interviewed by Mr. Dean Ville Va., and pulled up to an ancient diner. concentrated first on introducing his city Manion on "Manion Forum," and under traffic headed for Skyline friends to the overwhelming need. Sl~w-moving His personal dedication was never more unanimous consent I submit the colloquy Drive had me twenty minutes late for my as follows: rendezvous with Washington's good samari apparent than when he entered and won a tan, John Lamb. local newspaper subscription selling contest [From the Manion Forum, South Bend "Do you know John Lamb? Have you seen that offered a new truck as first prize. He (Ind.}, Jan. 12, 1969] him this morning?" I asked as I ordered needed that truck to make his almost daily U.S. SOUTH AFRICAN POLICY Is DOUBLY SELF coffee. deliveries from donors to the hill folk. DEFEATING--8ALE OF SUBS AND JETS WOULD "Saw Mr. John earlier with a bunch of kids Mr. Lamb's home at 4402 44th St., N.W., BOLSTER CAPE DEFENSE AND SWELL TRADE on his truck; he was headed into the hills." Washington, became a focal point for chari BALANCE "Said something about making apple table donations. Literally tons of clothing, (Hon. Marais Steyn, Member of the butter," volunteered the lone departing food furniture, books and toys have found South African Parliament) customer. thei; way into more than 1,000 mountain homes in an eight-county area since 1947. Dean MANION. With me here at the micro "Know John Lamb very well?" I asked the phone today is the Honorable Marais Steyn, waitress. "MR. JOHN" FOUNDATION STARTED a member of the South African Parliament, "About 20 years I guess. He's sure been a In 1962, Mr. John Lamb retired as super representing a Parliamentary district in the God-send to most of us around here at one intendent of the Alexandria Dairy and or city of Johannesburg. time or another. He's always bringin' clothes, ganized the "Mr. John" Foundation to en Mr. Steyn, welcome to the Manion Forum. books, furniture, toys and even jars to help large upon his effort. Since then he has Mr. STEYN. Thank you, Dean Manion. I do folks canning. If you see him tell him folks depended more upon volunteer groups such appreciate the opportunity of being with you. around here could sure use some more clothes as Girl Scouts, church groups and high Dean MANION. Mr. Steyn, last week on this like he brought last Christmas. Not much school students from Arlington, Fairfax and program we had Dr. Paul Vander Merwe, money around here now you know, not past the Washington area to collect and sort who, as you know, is a representative in the apple pickin' time." books for his "home library projects," col South African Parliament, representing a I finished my coffee and wandered back lecting and sorting clothing, and making de- district in Southwest Africa. January 14, 196·9 'EY-TENSIONS OF REMARKS 683 Mr. STEYN. Yes, I know him well. and 12% to 13 million black people. The things we need from you, we a.re not allowed Dean MANION. Now, as I recall, Dr. Vander -0thers a.re minor groups. to buy from you. Merwe is a member of · the National Party, Dean MANION. Who pays for all of this Dean MANION. What are those things? the party that now controls the Government education that you're providing for the Mr. STEYN. Well, I think, for example, of of South .Africa. Are you a member of his blacks? armaments. You know, we in South Africa party, or are you a member of the opposition Mr. STEYN. The people of South Africa. The have responsibilities. One of them is to party? whites and the blacks, but obviously because defend the sea route around the Cape of Mr. STEYN. rm a member of the opposi the whites are, at the moment, very much Good Hope, which is strategically of tre tional minority party, the official opposition the wealthier community, we pay proportion mendous importance. For that we need in our Parliament. lt is known as the United ately very much more in direct and indirect things like jet planes and submarines. We Party. taxation for this purpose. Fortunately, we would like to buy those from Britain, from Dean MANION. As a member of the opposi can do it. America, but for political reasons you've im tion party, am I to understand that you Dean MANION. Is there any inferiority in posed an embargo upon the sale of such oppose the policies and principles Of the the facilities provided for black people-; armaments to South Africa. government party? For instance, on our pro hospitals, education and so forth-as com Dean MANION. Is that the embargo that gram here last week Dr. Vander Merwe de pared to the white people, or are the blacks was routed out of the United Nations and fended the policy of apartheid-does your treated as well in this respect as the whites? that we followed along like the tail of a kite? party support that policy? Mr. STEYN. You must appreciate that the Mr. STEYN. I'm not passing on that com Mr. STEYN. No. I think that I should ex black people come from primitive reserva ment. But it did follow from a decision of plain to you that there's much misunder tions, primitive homelands, and there the the United Nations. standing in the world about this concept of facilities have fallen behind. But in our cities Dean MANION. Well, I think the people apartheid, and I'm glad Dr. Vander Merwe we do our best to give them treatment which listening ought to know that. With our un had the opportunity to explain it. But my is equal to anything in the Western world. favorable trade balance with the outside party in South Africa opposes the idea that One of the largest hospitals in the Southern world, you are ready and willing to buy how the people of our multiracial state cannot Hemisphere is the hospital at Baraqw.anath, much armament from us which we won't sell exist in peace and the idea that we have to near Johannesburg, for blacks only, and it is to you? dismember South Africa into separate sov the pride of Southern Africa. We are, indeed, Mr. STEYN. I can't ·ten you how much it is ereign states. tremendously proud of this most astonishing from the United States of America specif Our attitude is that we are a multiracial hospital which is available to our black ically, but it runs into about half a billion state, that the races are interdependent, es citizens. dollars worth of armaments that we wanted pecially economically. We believe, in fact, Dean MANION. I can subscribe to that be to buy from various countries, and you were that they cannot be separated now success cause I was there and went through it and one of them. You know, we don't want stuff fully; that we have to devise some way of saw it. that one uses for anti-personnel purposes making a multiracial state work, making it Mr. STEYN. Good, so I'm not exaggerating. to use for mob suppression or riot suppres possible for the people to live together in Dean MANION. Well, in this expenditure of sion internally. Those arms we make our peace. I don't want to go into details, but our money, how can you afford it? Do you get selves; we can export to others. What we idea is to establish a federal relationship foreign aid, or what? want are submarines and supersonic jets among the races in Southern Africa. RAPID PROGRESS THROUGH FREE ENTERPRISE and things like that to defend the sea route Dean MANION. So this matter of apartheid, around the Cape of Good Hope in the interest at least how it is to be applied in the future, Mr. STEYN. South Africa is one of the few of the Western World. is a matter of political dispute in South developing countries of the world that has Dean MANION. Now that the Suez is closed, Africa? never asked America for money, except on a that becomes a very strategic pathway for the Mr. STEYN. I think I can tell you that the business basis. We borrow money, we pay advance of Communis.m, doesn't it? interest like a normal business client. We Parliament of South Africa devotes more CONTROL OF CAPE ESSENTIAL TO WEST than half its time to a discussion of ques are the only country that has paid its war tions of race and race relations in our coun debt in full, interest and capital. Our econ Mr. STEYN. Now that the Suez is closed try. It's a subject of the most lively, and omy is expanding, almost by the hour. We and it has become a strategic routing point, vigorous and intelligent debate among South have one of the fastest expanding economies one could say, and also with the withdrawal Africans. in the world, and that is because we work of the British from the Indian Ocean, there Dean MANION. That's very interesting, be together in South Africa in a peaceful effort is a vacuum there. And we are on the edge cause we don't hear about that over here. to raise the standard of living of all our of the vacuum. Now, tell me, what are some of the positive people through capitalist methods, through Dean MANION. And if you fall, the whole achievements of the party in power to which methods of private enterprise. West will fall, if I interpret the map cor you do subscribe? We believe, and we prove it, and you have rectly. Mr. STEYN. Well, you know no government proved it in America, that there is no eco Mr. STEYN. Well, I'm not a military expert is completely bad. I think that here a Re nomic system that raises the standard of liv to the extent that I can say that, but it is publican would admit that the Democrats ing of the masses faster than the system of generally accepted that the loss of Suez and are not completely bad, and I have to do the priv:ate enterprise. And we are proud tha.t we of the route around the Cape would be a same as far as our government is concerned. can prove it in South Africa. major disaster for the Western democracies. They have some positive achievements. Dean MANION. What are some of the eco Dean MANION. Mr. Steyn, how do you ac Indeed, the South African people, beyond nomic resources of South Africa from which count for the fact that South Africa is so government, have positive achievements, I all this prosperity comes? unpopular? In the United States, in Canada, think, for example, in the field of education. Mr. STEYN. Like the United States of and in other places, South Africa has become Although we are putting South Africa to America, we started off with agriculture. That a bad word. What is your explanation for gether with primitive people, we have suc was for a long time our only economic activ that? ceeded in getting 85 per cent of the African ity, and then in the middle of the 19th Mr. STEYN. Well, I suppose we are not a children, the black children in my country, century, gold and diamonds and other min perfect community. I suppose we do make of school-going age, in school, which ls three erals were discovered in South Africa. That mistakes. I think there are things wrong in times higher than any other country in brought about a revolution in our economic South Africa, but I am satisfied that the Africa. We have in South Africa more uni organization. It stimulated the development propaganda against South Africa is gravely versity graduates than the rest of Africa put of secondary industry, a stimulus that was exaggerated, it is truly exaggerated. I believe together. taken further by the First and the Second the reason is that there are a great many of Dean MANION. White and black? World Wars in which we participated on your the have-not peoples of the world who are Mr. STEYN. There are more black uni side. As a result, today manufacturing indus totl.ay envious of the success of the have versity graduates in my country than of any try is by far the most important economic nations of the world. color, any creed, any race, in the rest of activity in South Africa. I don't think I need emphasize that to an Africa put together. And that is something Dean MANION. Mr. Steyn, does South Africa American. You are six per cent of the world's a fact that no one can dispute. That is an buy anything from the United States? population; are extraordinarily wealthy for achievement. We have at the moment, be Mr. STEYN. Oh, we have a very healhy your own enterprise and for the gifts of cause education is one of our main objects, trade between our two countries. In round Providence given to you and in the use of no fewer than 35 training colleges producing figures we buy from you every year some those gifts. And six per cent of the world's black teachers to educate black children. The thing like 450 million dollars worth of goods, population in America produce more than standard for the black teacher is exactly the and you buy from us about 250 million dol half of the manufactured goods in the world. same as the standard for the white teacher. lars of goods. You have a favorable balance And that is why many people think that you We do not allow them to teach at lower quali- of trade with South Africa, very favorable. have an unfair proportion of the world's 1lcations than white teachers. You also have invested in South Africa wealth. Dean MANION. Mr. Steyn, these expendi something like 715 million dollars today. of And South Africa, it's an interesting fact, tures that you talk about being made for the capital in the business of South Africa. I which is six per cent of the population of black people must amount to a lot of money. think any American businessman who has Africa, produces more than half of the manu Now what is the proportion again of whites money invested in South Africa will agree factured goods of Africa. And that, too, en to blacks in South Africa? that it is a most profitable and remunerative genders jealousy and envy, and perhaps Mr. STEYN. Well, out of ~ population ot investment. greed. I think, fundamentally, the reason for about 18 million, we have 3% m111ion whites Of course, tt is a' pity that some of the South Africa's great unpopularity is . ~~at we~ 684 EXTENSIONS OF .. REMARKS Janv,ary 14, 1969 are wealthy. People who are poor resent the Dean MANION. Now, tell, us, Doctor, you Nigeria more than 200,000 people were killed wealth of the white man on the Southern are a ·member of Parliament representing in combat and why 10 times that figure are tip of Africa. · Southwest Africa in the Parliament of South presently dying of hunger. That is why in Dean MANION. Mr. Steyn, what is the atti Africa. How were you chosen for that posi- the Sudan more than half a million, more tude of South Africa to the threat to freedom tion? · than the entire population of Southwest which is presented to the world by the ad Dr. VANDER MERWE. Southwest Africa has Africa, were killed during the last 13 months. vance of the Communist conquest? six members in the Parliament of the Re Dean MANION. Dr. Vander Merwe, I think Mr. STEYN. We in South Africa, I think, are public of South Africa and they are elected you said that you had seven separate black unanimous as a peopie in our condemnation by the population of Southwest Africa. I'm nations in the country of South Africa. of Communism. We do so for many reasons, one of those six elected members. These are different tribes, speaking different but, I think, intellectually, the reason we do Dean MANION. How frequently do you have languages, as I understand it? it is this: Communism wants to use the elections? Dr. VANDER MERWE. Yes, quite right. machinery of the privileges of freedom in a Dr. VANDER ME&wE. Just about every five Dean MANION. What is the total popula democracy in order to subvert that democ years. tion of these seven tribes? racy. And when they succeed, they will not · Dean MANION. Now, tell us, what is the re Dr. VANDER MER.WE. About twelve and a extend to the people of the country they lationship of Southwest Africa to South half million. govern their right of organization and of Africa? Dean MANION. And what is the total popu freedom of expression in order to rectify a Dr. VANDER MERWE . Southwest Africa is at lation of the white people in South Africa? mistake if it's proved to be a mistake. That present regarded as a fifth territory to South Dr. VANDER MERWE. About 3 and one-half we've seen in Hungary and in Czechoslovakia. Africa. We have four provinces-the Trans million. For that reason, we think that Commu vaal, Cape Province, Natal and the Orange Dean MANION. So you have 3 and one-half nism has no right to claim to itself the privi Free State. Those are provinces, constitu million whites as against how many blacks? leges of freedom in a democracy in order to tional provinces of South Africa. Now South Dr. VANDER MERWE. Twelve and a half mil destroy democracy finally for the people west Africa is a fifth territory, formerly a lion blacks. concerned. mandated territory. It is now part and parcel Dean MANION. Yes, now go ahead. Pardon America, Sir, can rely upon South Africa. of South Africa. the interruption. The world can rely upon South Africa. We Dean MANION. To give the audience some SEPARATE DEVELOPMENT Is NOT SEGREGATION have proved our loyalty to Western democ appreciation of the extent of this territory, racy in two world wars; we were one of the how would it compare, for instance, with Dr. VANDER MERWE. So, in South Africa we few countries that supported you in Korea- the size of some of our states? must either maintain apartheid or embark not with words and gifts and comforts, but Dr. VANDER MERWE. It covers an area of 318 upon a policy of one-man, one-vote, which with a squadron of our Air Force and the thousand square miles, that means about will mean that the majority nation will rule blood of our young men. And we are loyal in twice the area of California. the country. That will mean not only the our support of America's attitude in a coun Dean MANION. Twice the area of California. end of the white population, but also of all try like Viet Nam. We look upon America's I realized that it was a vast territory when I the minority black nations in South Africa. championship of freedom in the world with fiew in and around it last winter, but I had Therefore, the Government in South Africa, sympathy, with understanding, and with no idea that it was as large as that. and that is my party, pursues a policy of gratitude. When I came home from South Africa last separate development. Dean MANION. As a final word, South March, the first thing people here wanted to Now separate development, let me just Africa is a very attractive target for the know about your great country was "apart explain to you, is not segregation-segrega Communist conquest, isn't it? Your gold, heid," or as it is more properly called in tion amounting to discrimination between your diamonds, your industry-wouldn't South Africa, "separate development"-the people who form part of the same state and that be a very fat prize to fall into the lap separate development of the races in South are subject to the same government. Perhaps of the Communists? Africa. Would you undertake to explain that the most striking difference between apart Mr. STEYN. It has been publicly said at to this audience, please? heid and segregation is that apartheid aims meetings of the Organization oif African Dr. VANDER MERwE. Yes,. Apartheid or sep to change horizontal lines into vertical lines. States-the anti-South African organiza arate development could perhaps be defined In South Africa we have embarked upon a tion-that they cannot achieve their ends as a policy which aims at the preservation policy of developing the separate homelands, for Africa unless they obtain the riches of and promotion of the cultural identity and the historic homelands of all the black peo the Southern part of Africa. individuality and personality of the various ple, so that they could have in their own Dean MANION. Thank you, Mr. Marais peoples where they live in South Africa, and countries self-determination and, eventually, Steyn, member of Parliament for South their economic, social and p~tical develop if they wish to, sovereignty. Africa, for this revealing account of the ment until they attain self-determination, Now the most advanced one is the Transkei, power and peace of your fascinating country and eventually, if they wish to, national with a population of about 3 million. They in the perspective of America and the world. sovereignty. have their own legislative assembly; they Ladies and gentlemen, last week we Perhaps I could explain to you why we feel have their own Prime Minister; they have brought you a broadcast by Dr. Paul Vander that is the only policy which we could pursue their own political parties and eventually Merwe, a member of the South African in South Africa. I take it that you know that they could have their own sovereignty if Parliament representing the territory of they wish to. Southwest Africa and a member of the party South Africa is quite different from the United States of America where the Negroes Dean MANION. The Transkei is the tradi in power in South Africa, the National Party. speak the American language and where tional homeland of this particular tribe? Mr. Steyn is a member of the opposition Dr. VANDER MERWE. The Transkei is the party in the South African Parliament. To they have the same customs, religion and so on. traditional homeland of the Xhosa people. It gether, these two broadcasts give you an is very significant that only about two weeks authentic condensed account of South Africa In Africa and in South Africa it's quite dif ferent. In Africa there are more than 800 ago they have had an election there. There vis-a-vis the United States that you can find are two political parties-the party of Mr. nowhere else on American radio or television. different languages; there are more than 400 different nations in Africa. There are, at Matanzima, which supports the separate Get these broadcasts and use the facts dis development of the government of South closed therein to refute the Communist prop present, 42 independent states in Africa. Now we in Africa have to contend with the Africa, and his opposition, the party of Mr. aganda against South Africa and against our Guzana, which goes for integration in South own American interest in that country, with sins of the old colonial powers. When they entered the scene in Africa centuries ago, Africa. And it is very significant that Mr. which our communications media are un Ma tanizima scored an overwhelming victory fortunately loaded today. they simply demarcated their colonies ac cording to the river banks, coast lines, moun in the election two weeks ago. That means tain ranges and so on. They did not take even the people of the Transkei voted to sup~ [From the Manion Forum, South Bend port the policy of apartheid. (Ind.), Jan. 5, 1969] into consideration the fact that in some in stances they were dividing nations into two, Dean MANION. Do you have other home APARTHEID OR ANNIHILATION---0NE MAN, ONE three or four parts. And that in other in lands that are being developed the same way VOTE WOULD MEAN END OF WHITE AND stances they were including four, five or even for other tribes? BLACK MINORITIES IN SOUTH AFRICA more nations into one national unity. The Dr. VANDER MERWE. Yes, we have a home (Hon. Paul Vander Merwe, Representative result is that today, in about every African land for every one of those nations. As a of Southwest Africa in the Parliament of state there are five, six or even more nations. matter of fact, in Southwest Africa the South Africa) That is why in Africa today, referring to Ovambo people got their own legislative as Dean MANION. I have a distinguished for Nigeria and Biafra, for example, those differ sembly only a couple of weeks ago. And before eign visitor with me here at the microphone ent peoples just can't live together. That is the end of the year there will be two more today. He is the Honorable Paul Vander why .in Africa during the last 13 months other nations getting their own legislative Merwe, a member of Parliament representing there were 16 coups d'etat. That is why in assemblies in South Africa. Southwest Africa in the Parliament of South Uganda, for example, there were last year 266 Dean MANION. Dr. Vander Merwe, when the Africa. Dr. Vander Merwe, welcome to the tribal clashes. That is why in Burundi 25,000 white people came to Africa years and years Manion Forum. people were killed last year. That is why in ago, did they drive the black people out of Dr. VANDER MERWE. Thank you very much, the Congo large sections of the population the territory or did they find any black Dean Manion. I'm delighted to be here. were simply wiped out. That . is why in people? January 14, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 685 Dr. VANDER MERWE. No, they did not. As a people were kllled in the last 13 months. Do CZechoslovakla fight the Nazis, Rumanla. matter of fact, the black people moved down you recall what country that is? would enter the war immediately and would from the north of Africa to the Southern Get a copy of this broadcast and remember grant passage to Soviet troops en route to parts. The white settlement came to South these statistics. And be back with us next Czechoslovakia. Africa in 1652, and we met them about half week when we wlll interview another member After Munich where Hitler, Mussolini, way as we went north. of Parliament from South Africa, one who be Britain's Chamberlain and France's Dala Dean MANION. Were there ever any black longs to the United Party-the party that op dier carved up that country, Poland and slaves held by South Africans? poses the National Party represented by Dr. Hungary also helped themselves from Czecho Dr. VANDER MERWE. No. There were no black Vander Merwe. Be with us next week to hear slovak territory. slaves in South Africa, ever. what the opposition has to say about apart Carol also was offered a slice by the presi Dean MANION. Dr. Vander Merwe; how ls heid and other political _issues in South dent of Poland, Col. Beck. The king vehe Africa. mently refused. apartheid working and what do you envision A similar situation developed after Hitler for it in the future? invaded Yugoslavia in 1941. Bulgaria and ENVISION EUROPEAN PATTERN ONE PLUS FOR RUMANIA Hungary both helped themselves. Hitler's Dr. VANDER MERWE. At this stage we are still offer to Marshal Ion Antonescu, to take the in a sort of a transitional stage. But we part of the Yugoslav Banat mostly inhabited visualize a pattern similar to that one in Eu HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI by Rumanlans was rejected. In 1968, the Rumanians once again re rope today. As you will remember, Europe, OF ILLINOIS centuries ago, had the Gauls and the fused to join the jackals. Romans and the Anglosaxons and the Prus IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES For that, Ceausescu deserves credit. sians and all those people. And they had Tuesday, January 14, 1969 their battles and many of them were killed they had their conquests and defeats and so Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, the on. Eventually, after so many centuries, they distinguished international columnist of ELECTORAL CHALLENGE are settled in separate countries now. The the Copley Press, Dumitru Danielopol, is Germans separately, the Hollanders sepa especially equipped to discuss develop rately, the Italians, the French and all of ments in Rumania since he was in the HON. WILLIAM D. FORD them. diplomatic service of that country prior OF MICHIGAN In South Africa we visualize in more or less the same pattern, only that we'll attain that to and during World War II and has in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES -pattern not by wars and conquests and de timate insight into domestic as well as Tuesday, January 14, 1969 feats and by killing people, but by peaceful foreign policy developments. means, so that eventually in South Africa H,.is analysis of the Rumanian per Mr. WILLIAM D. FORD. Mr. Speaker, you will have a separate homeland for the formance during the tragic Soviet seizure on Monday, January 6, this House Xhosa, one for the Zulus, one for the Tswana, of Czechoslovakia is especially pertinent. rendered a decision on a historic chal one for the Venda and one for every one of His column, which appeared in the El lenge to the vote of a member of the elec those black nations in South Africa, so that gin, Ill., Daily Courier-News of Decem toral college. they could work together, not politically only That challenge, while it was overruled but on an econoillic basis like the European ber 27, 1968, follows: economic market today, and so that we could ONE PL us FOR RuMANIA by the House of Representatives and the have political and economic stability in the (By Dumitru Danielopol) Senate, could well lead to reform of what southern tip of Africa, which could, perhaps, is now widely recognized as an anachro WASHINGTON .-"You only write the bad nistic and potentially dangerous proce contribute towards solving the problems of things about us. Can't you find anything good the rest of Africa. in our behaviour?" asked a Communist dure for electing our President. Dean MANION. At the present time do you Rumanian diplomat. The originator of the challenge was have any sharp conflicts, riots and so forth, Until recently the answer was "no." Any my good friend and colleague from between the whites and the blacks in South movment toward independence in foreign po Michigan, Congressman JAMES G. Africa? licy by the Bucharest regime did not mat O'HARA. While I am sure he would have Dr. VANDER MERWE . No. As a matter of fact ter much so long as the Rumanian people preferred to win the battle, he knew for the last 100 years in South Africa w~ continued to suffer under the most Stalinist that either way the Congress decided, his have quite a clean record of relations between regime in Eastern Europe. blacks and whites. As you probably know we What was particularly objectionable was action to contest the vote of the elector had a war between the English people and the the refusal with rare exceptions-to grant from North Carolina would dramatically Afrikaans people only about 60 years ago, but passports or exit visas to their people. demonstrate once again the potential we have maintained very good relations be The restrictions on travel were so strict danger of the electoral college system. tween black and white for more than a cen that many people feared they would be per He was joined in this effort by Senator tury. We had, of course, this occasion at secuted even for requesting a passport. An EDMUND s. MUSKIE, and they enlisted six Sharpesville some ten years ago, but that was swers to such requests took months, even a very minor incident in comparison with other Senators and 37 Representatives years, and sometimes never came. including members of both political par what is happening elsewhere in Africa today. But it looks as if Rumania has finally Dean MANION. Dr. Vander Merwe, you rep changed, perhaps in an anxious effort to ties-to join in the objection. resent Southwest Africa in the South African count Western support after seeing what In this case there was only one "faith Parliament, and you've told us how big this happened in Czechoslovakia. less" elector-a man who chose to dis area is. What is its future, population-wise Since October the Ceausescu government regard the voters of his State and the and with reference to industry and so forth? has passed a series of decrees to facmtate ticket he ostensibly represented-the Dr. VANDER MERWE. The Government of passports and exit visas. Republican nominees for President and the Republic of South Africa is developing Every demand for a passport must now be Southwest Africa now as fast as possible. As Vice President-and cast his ballot for solved within 30 days, either one way or the third-party candidate, George C. a matter of fact, within the next five years another. some 460 million rand-that is the equiva What ls more, an increasing number of Wallace. lent of about 700 million dollars-will be people have already been allowed to rejoin While this single errant vote is of little spent on Southwest Africa. That is, on the their families abroad. Some of these are immediate consequence, one can see that population basis, in comparison with the people who had lost all hope of getting out. a substantial block of faithless voters population of the United States, equal to That is all to the good. I hope this trend could swing the election to a man who about five billion dollars of foreign aid, and will continue. was not the popular choice of the elec that is quite unique in the history of the Also to be commended was the correct at world. titude of the Bucharest government in the torate. Dean MANION. Thank you, Dr. Paul Vander Czechoslovak crisis. Thus the peril remains that electors, Merwe, member of the Parliament of South While other Warsaw Pact nations-Po by either capriciously abandoning the Africa, representing the territory of South land, Bulgaria, East Germany and Hun candidate to whom they are pledged or west Africa. gary-helped in the invasion of Czechoslo by casting their vote at the candidate's Ladies and gentlemen, Dr. Vander Merwe vakia, Rumania not only refused to partici whim in a political power play, could has given us vital statistics in this broadcast pate, but protested. vehemently to the thwart the will of the electorate. which we all must remember. For instance, Kremlin. On Monday, the day that Congress South Africa is practically the only country Bucharest, albeit Communist, was true in Africa where black people are not engaging in this instance to its historical tradition. counted the electoral college vote, the in the wholesale massacre of other black Here are some facts from the tradition: New York Times published an editorial in people. In 1938 during the Czechoslovak crisis, which it discussed the impending chal Dr. Vander Merwe told you that in just one King Carol of Rumania stood by President lenge by Representative O'HARA and African country more than half a million Edward Benes. He promised that, should Senator MusKIE. The editorial declared 686 EXTENSIONS OF .REMARKS January 14, 1969 that, while the elector chose to exercise A CHRONIC DISEASE HOSPITAL CONGRESSMAN DOMINICK V. DAN the discretion that the Constitution gives MONTH PROGRAM LAUNCHED IN IELS OF NEW' JERSEY, 'HAILS presidential electors, "he was wrong in BEHALF OF KINGSBROOK JEWISH JUDGE' CHARLES · DEFAZIO, JR., the sense that his action violated party MEDICAL CENTER AND COL. ISIDORE HORNSTEIN, pledges and disenfranchised those who OF THE HUDSON COUNTY BAR voted for him." ASSOCIATION . The Times hopefully concluded that HON. EMANUEL CELLER the challenge "should remind a. nation OF NEW YORK which still seems to need reminding, that IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HON. DOMINICK V. DANIELS fundamental electoral reform is long Tuesday, January 14, 1969 OF NEW JERSEY overdue." IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. Speaker, I commend the effort of Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, chronic Representative O'HARA and Senator diseases are America's No. 1 medical Tuesday, January 14, 1969 MUSKIE and include the editorial from problem afflicting more than 26 million Americans, of whom at least 3 million Mr. DANIELS of New Jersey. Mr. the New York Times, "Electoral Chal Speaker, late last year a very distin lenge" in the RECORD: require hospitalization. In support of programs which require guished leader of the Hudson County, ELECTORAL CHALLENGE public support for the maintenance and N.J., bar, Judge Charles DeFazio, of Representative James G. O'Hara and Sen expansion of these institutions, Mayor Hoboken, completed his year of service ator Edmund Muskie-acting with Repub John V. Lindsay proclaimed the month as president of the county bar associa lican as well as Democratic support--plan to of September 1968, as Chronic Disease tion. Indicating the strength of the bar make an important challenge when Congress association, Judge DeFazio is to be fol counts the electoral votes today. Viewed tech Hospital Month in New York City. nically, their action may perhaps be viewed This annual Chronic Disease Hospital lowed in office by another equally dis only as an effort to correct one wrong by com Month program, which focuses attention tinguished son of Hudson County, Col. mitting another. It is, in a larger sense how on the problem of chronic diseases, has Isidore Hornstein, U.S. Army, retired. ever, a challenge to the nation to get on with been sponsored annually by the Kings Mr. Speaker, as a longtime member the business of electoral reform. brook Jewish Medical Center, formerly of the Hudson County Bar Association, I The two Democrats plan to challenge the known as the Jewish Chronie Disease am proud to be associated with men like electoral vote cast in North Carolina by Dr. Judge DeFazio and Colonel Hornstein. I Lloyd W. Bailey, who was elected on a slate Hospital, located at Rutland Road and of electors committed to Richard Nixon, then East 49th Street, Brooklyn, the leading ask unanimous consent that an editorial became disenchanted with Mr. Nixon's ini institution in this field. published in the December 21, 1968, edi tial appointments and switched to vote for At ceremonies at city hall, Commis tion of the Hudson Dispatch, a leading George c. Wallace. Dr. Balley chose to exer sioner John S. Palmer of the department and highly respected daily newspaper, cise the discretion that the Constitution gives of public events, greeted hospital presi published in Union City, N.J., be inserted Presidential electors. Yet he was wrong in dent, the Honorable Morris Kirsch and in the RECORD following my remarks. the sense that his action violated party The editorial follows: pledges and disfranchised those who voted Gig Young: distinguished star of stage, for him. screen, and TV and chairman of Chronic Two BAR LEADERS OF HIGH CALIBER Representative O'Hara and Senator Muskie Disease Hospital Month, 1968. One good term of service should be fol will doubtless make this argument in their He presented to them the mayor's lowed by another of equal capability. Former challenge. Congress is empowered to count proclamation, which reads as follows: Judge Charles DeFazio Jr., of Hoboken tech electoral votes, and the power to count im Whereas chronic diseases are America's nically concluded a year as head of the Hud plies the power not to count. In the elec number one medical problem aflllcting more son County Bar Assn. Thursday night--a tions of 1820 and 1832 several electoral bal than 26,000,000 Americans, of whom at least year which was marked by notable accom lots were rejected by Congress on technical 3,000,000 require hospitalization; and plishments-and he was succeeded by Col. grounds. In 1880 the ballots of Georgia's Whereas services available for the care and Isidore Hornstein, U.S. Army (Ret.), who electors were not counted because they had treatment of the chronically sick are not can be counted upon to live up to the stand been cast on the wrong day. In 1872 Horace adequate to meet the needs and existing ards set by his predecessor. Actually, the Greeley, the Democratic nominee, died after hospitals in the city of New York which serv gavel won't be handed over until the instal the popular voting but before the Electoral ice the chronically sick patients are not suf lation dinner Jan. 16. College convened, and Congress refused to ficient to serve all those who require the "Dory" Hornstein, who is senior partner of count electoral ballots cast for him on the services of such hospitals; and a Jersey City law firm with which his son ground they had been cast for a deceased Whereas the Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Major Leonard Hornstein is associated, candidate. A Congressional commission set Center, our country's leading institution In througout his entire life has been a doer. He up after the disputed Hayes-Tilden election the field of long term care, has launched a has gotten so many things done, it would be chose between several competing slates of half century development program designed impossible to list them. He is especially noted electors. to expand its facllities, and the hospital is for his services to the oppressed and the All of this gives some precedent to the also expanding its area of specialized service destitute. move expected today. Never before, however, to include a home care program, a nursing Not only has he had an 11lustrious military has Congress refused to count the ballot of home and expanded rehabilitation faci11ties and legal record, but he somehow has found an elector who simply disregards his pledge to help relieve this very serious problem, time to devote himself ta duties on behalf and votes his personal whim. This electoral Now, therefore, I, John. V. Lindsay, mayor of civic, philanthropic, business and profes discretion, enshrined in the Constitution, has of the City of New York, do hereby proclaim sional groups. Notably, he has served Jersey formed the basis of unpledged elector and September 1968 as "Chronic Disease Hospital City Salvation Army and Christ Hospital. He third-party movements. The two challengers Month" in New York City. and appeal to has been a member of the Jersey City Board would like to deny third-party candidates my fellow citizens to support our chronic of Education for a number of years. the leverage that Wallace planned to exer disease hospitals by contributing towards A month before his election as president cise by promising his electoral votes, in a their maintenance and assisting in their ex of the Hudson Bar Assn., Mr. Hornstein was deadlock, to whichever major candidate pansion and renovation program. accorded the signal honor of being chosen a agreed to certain of his policies. Fellow of the American Bar Association, a The challenge itself raises constitutional While September was designated as goal attained by only three other Hudson issues. Certainly any attempt to give the de Chronic Disease Hospital Month in New County barristers. In all there are but 26 fecting elector's ballot to Mr. Nixon, as Rep York City, the institution as the leading attorneys 1n New Jersey who are members of resenta ti ve O'Hara and Senator Muskie have hospital in this field carries on a year this highly esteemed group. indicated they plan, would raise grave doubts. Who would cast this ballot? How? round program to acquaint the public Mr. Hornstein was admitted to the New In the sense that the challenge runs con with the problem of chronic diseases and Jersey and New York Bars in 1919, having trary to the Constitution, it too can be con the need for supporting local institutions been graduated from New York University sidered wrong. While two wrongs of this sort which specialize in the care and treat Law School as was his son. Next November cannot make a right, the challenge none ment of men, women, and children affiict he will celebra.te his 50th anniversary as a. theless should serve to alert the nation once ed with long-term ailments, and to erect lawyer. again to the dangers inherent in the present new facilities and to expand ·existing "Dory.. interrupted his law studies in 1918 Electoral College system for choosing Presi ones. and enlisted in the army 8.s a private. After dents and Vice Presidents. And, by their own that war was over, he resumed h1s pursuit of admission, this is the challengers' main pur The Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Cen a legal degree and admittance to the bar. He pose. Their action should remind a nation, ter is an 817-bed rehabilitation, teach served his clerkship under the late Chief which still seems to need reminding, that ing and research center devoted to the Justice Arthm: T. Vanderbilt, who served a fundamental electoral reform is long over treatment of acute and long-term ill term as president of the American Bar Asso-1 due. nesses. ciation. January 14, 1969' ·EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 687 In 1940, the elder Hornstein was recalled Oliver has been a dedicated public serv sional aid-pinching; they impede develop to active army duty and attained the ratik ant serving in a sensitive position and ment. of a full colonel. He served in Germany, I think he deserves both our praise and On development, Oliver expands: the France and Belgium in World War 2. He was United States understands its economics but the staff judge advocate for all of Belgium. thanks as he leaves the State Depart not its sociology. Under the best conditions, Havi-l>-g enjoyed treasured friendships for ment to resume teaching duties at the development is a great strain. Invariably its years With both "Charlie" and "Dory," we University of Pennsylvania and to serve burden falls on the common man. Sum are.delighted at the bar association's transi as U.S. Executive Director of the World mary confiscati .on of all oligarchy property tion of leadership. Although never a legal Bank. wouldn't provide the requisite funds. The beagle ourselves, we've had decades of close Covey Oliver's understanding of the people must sacrifice. But if they are asked . association attorneys in our area. They've need for political and social as well as to sacrifice, they must have some-reasonable helped us on unnumbered occasions and, we economic development have marked his degree of participation in the society. "Im think, we reciprocated. posed government based on the organized use Mr. DeFazio following his election as pres service as Assistant Secretary. And, while of arms is not popular participation." That's ident of the county Bar last January was I do not always agree with his assess why coups hurt development. chosen by the late Hoboken Democratic ments, I have great respect for his devo- Oliver confesses to wry bemusement at leader, John J. Grogan, who served many - tion to the development process, and his the "widespread tendencies to a death wish years as mayor of the "Mile-Square City" and untiring work for the strengthening of for the Alliance." As Ambassador to Colom later as county clerk to succeed Attorney Latin American relations, and high re bia in 1964, he began hearing that the Al John McAlevy as an assistant county counsel. gard for his quick intelligence, deep sen liance had died with John Kennedy. He When named to be @< vital cog in the Hud sitivity, and humanitarian instincts. won't buy it. His explanation is that by 1963 son County legal department, Mr. DiFazio I ask unanimous consent to have the the Alliance had moved from conceptualizing ended a long term of service in the Hoboken and goal-setting to operations, and a let legal department as a member of the staff text of the Washington Post article re down was in order for any President. He lo headed by Law Director E. Norman Wilson. printed in full at this point in the REC cates the "funeral orators "among Latin Hoboken's loss of this efficient barrister's ORD. opponents of change, among articulate Lat services has been Hudson County's gain. No FuNERAL FOR THE "ALIANZA" in genuinely concerned about the patient's health, among critics wishing to spur on Nothing in any phase of life can remain (By Stephen S. Rosenfeld) static. If such were the case, everything the U.S. Government, and "maybe even President Johnson gave him three instruc among a few competitors in the assistance would stagnate. And, of our own knowledge, tions, says Covey T. Oliver, when he took "Charlie" DeFazio would be the last one to business." He detects too "a touch of morbid over Latin affairs in the State Department 18 ity in Hispanic culture." subscribe to a fait accompli. He has always months ago. First, maintain a stance of looked toward new horizons, whether per "We are long past the point of being able idealism-don't get tagged as "pragmatic." to walk away from the Alliance as though sonal or for the benefit of the community, Second, emphasize social as much as eco which is why he has devoted so much time it was a crashed aircraft," he states. "It was nomic development. Third, don't get out not just Communists who arranged Mr. Nix . and effort to promoting one cause after the flanked from the left rhetorically-that is, other. on's bad reception in 1958, but the pent-up develop a rational and attractive set of con fury at having been ignored by the United Aside from his natural, human desire to cepts to put down the Marxists and fend States since World War II. Belatedly we have advance himself in the legal profession, off the notion that violence will bring social begun to help. The consequences of walk Counselor DeFazio has, we have personally revolution. ing away would be very serious, beginning observed over many years, been most inter Covey Oliver, the short, rumpled law pro with a national guilt complex. Latin aliena ested in such activities as the Hudson County fessor and· Latin hand who has just bowed tion would produce a dismal effect on our Mental Health Assn., to which he gave sev out as Assistant Secretary of State and U.S. owl) national psyche. The 'lost China' syn eral years as president; and in Hoboken's Coordinator of the Alllance for Progress, be drome was terribly bad and it could be re UNICO Chapter, of which he is a former lieves his presidential mandate was correct peated if we 'lost' Latin America. president. The organization honored him in and wise. He gave the impression, in a recent He stews over foreign aid, saying "there October, 1967, as its "Man of the Year." on-the-record interview, of a man shaken is no substitute for large scale transfers of In setting forth these services, we haven't but still upright after trying to fulfill it. public capital." Private-sector investment begun to scratch the surface of this man's This is an attitude somewhat more posi is useful but can't be easily targeted on es freely-given and extensive dedication to such tive than the intense frustration known to sential areas like education, highways, liquid organizations as the Hoboken Lawyers Club, have been expressed privately· in some John ity in national accounts. The best possible the Hoboken Elks, Hoboken Red Cross, the son Administration quarters over the series terms of trade would not earn Latins ade Hoboken and the International Lions Club of Latin coups which peaked last December quate foreign exchange. and the Hoboken Knights of Columbus. He in Brazil's reversion to near-full dictator He is worried about Mr. Nixon's past stress has been the recipient of so many citations ship. After Brazil fell under military rule in on trade and private investment. "I hope the that we find ourselves at loss to detail all of 1964, U.S. officials decided-in the name of new Administration will be very careful them. "realism"-to back the Rio government. about its rhetoric," he advises. "Unless it Mr. DeFazio has been local, state and inter About a quarter billion dollars worth of really believes in trade and private invest national president of more groups than one American aid a year has been given since ment, I hope it won't speak as though it did. could count on the fingers of both hands. then, despite widespread misgivings through The effect would be to send a spurious signal We can only refer briefly to his work for out the Hemisphere about undermining the of very great damage to our relations and to the Red Cross, of which he was director in social and political premises of the Alliance shared goals of development." Trickle-down Hoboken for more than 20 years. by supporting an undemocratic regime. Of economics won't work, he says, won't pro We will always remember his dedication ficials had seized anxiously on any signs of mote quick, effective and equitable sharing year after year to his city's observances of a return to constitutionalism. So the back of benefits. He's sure of this. Columbus Day and his appearances at the sliding last month in Brazil, the largest Money leads Oliver to the country's "most annual services held for the past seven years country in Latin America, was felt here as serious" foreign policy problem, congres every June 20 in Church Square Park at the a bitter blow, in some cases virtually as a sional "intrusions" into Executive policy life-sized monument of the famous Italian personal betrayal. making. He fears that past bridges across inventor, Guglielmo Marconi, "Father of But as Oliver heads back to the University the Executive-Legislative gap-coordination Wireless" and the pioneer of today's mar of Pennsylvania to teach and begins working through the political party, the President velous age of television and radio. part-time as U.S. executive director at the capturing the popular spirit and bringing World Bank, nobody can accuse him of dis it to bear on Congress, the current "novel" couragement. "To appraise difficulties is not doctrine of Senate participation in policy to admit defeat," he says. He finds Ameri making-have broken, and he anticipates cans positively masochistic about Latin the problem will be acute for Richard Nixon. NO FUNERAL FOR THE "ALIANZA" America, too rough on themselves. Especially Oliver laments that diplomacy is still too li)Jerals, he feels, figure wrongly that the much understood as a "narrowly defined United States controls Latin America and national-interest game of maneuver in the HON. F. BRADFORD MORSE that therefore the United States should take 'world arena,' " a model ignoring the crucial OF MASSACHUSETTS the rap for what goes wrong there ("the difference induced by the status of the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES control-blame syndrome"). "I want to dredge United States as a superpower. The super up the collective guilt out of the Jungian power courts troubles that do not afflict a Tuesday, January 14, 1969 subconscious," he says very seriously. Iniddlepower, for instance, while exercising Oliver regards himself as a liberal, but the traditional obligation to defend mal Mr. MORSE. Mr. Speaker, in the without liberal illusions. He smarts under treated nationals. The discrepancy calls for Washington Post of last Friday, January the charge that U.S. La.tin policy caters to "psychodiplomacy-we have to be therapists, 10, there appeared an article about out business ("outmoded Marxism''), and moans and we don't know how to do it." going Assistant Secretary of State for over the Latin coups. Coups, he says, breaks On Government operations, Oliver found Latin America, Covey T. Oliver. Mr. the Alliance compact; they lead to congres- that the Johnson procedure of putting re- 688 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 14, 1969 sponsibility for regional policy in an Inter require licensing, as a means of restraining sorbent by water, and floated to the top, departmental Regional Group, chaired by the murderers, is about as useful as morphine as where he skimmed it off. appropriate Assistant Secretary of State, was a treatment for acute appendicitis. When he was brought to trial, his law sound and facilitated effective coordination First, consider the registration concept as yer claimed insanity, and the jury agreed in the Executive branch. "The Johnson Ad a means of stopping murderers-with-guns. with the lawyer-no psychiatrist needed. ministration and the White House staff let Problem No. 1: Grandfather, thirty years Any man who lives for ten days or more the major departments carry out their mis dead now, had a fine high-power rifle he used with a half-quart of nitroglycerine sitting sion." This Johnson procedure, he says, is in hunting when he was more active. He in a milk bottle on his mantlepiece must "compatible" with the systems-analysis tech stored it-carefully greased and cared for be insane. nique known as PPBS (Program Planning in the attic forty years ago, back in 1928. Your friendly corner drugstore can readi Budgeting System); he expresses pride that That rifle is still in perfect condition; the ly supply the ingredients for a simple, effec his bureau has been "in the forefront of this ammunition stored with it may be a bit un tive, high-power bomb that doesn't even new technique." reliable now, but it's still usable. Modern ex need a detonator. Just mix a couple of Covey Oliver says: "We need powerful new plosives engineers-and those of forty-five white, crystalline powders-being very gen thought about international relations and years ago, tool-know and knew their busi tle !-and put them in a length of gas pipe, development. We don't have great words ness. capped at both ends, and all you need do from great men, just a lot of niggling ex But ... who, in the family, now remem is throw it.• perts. It is somewhat horrifying that a busy bers that the gun is still up there? And who, There are plenty of simple chemicals, generalist late in middle age, modest with in the family, is most apt to find the gun? available at drugstores, hardware stores or much to be modest about, should leave office Great-grandson, age fourteen or so, in his supermarkets that can readily be combined feeling that he has put more new ideas into ceaseless explorations. Who else would dig to make bombs that don't even need detona practice in our Latin affairs than anyone that far down among the dusty mementos of tors. else he knows." bygone days? However, dynamite caps aren't too hard Consequence: An illegally unregistered gun to steal, if you're in the crime business any in the hands of a teen-ager who couldn't get way, or planning to get in. And then all a license anyway. you need is some fertilizer and household RIGHT PROBLEM-WRONG Problem No. 2: Bill Blow has a rifle, knows heating oil for a really professional high-ex SOLUTION it's there, but hasn't used it in years and plosive bomb. doesn't have any intention of using it, be If the detonators seem hard to come by, cause he never has time to go out after rab a. little disinfectant from the drugstore, and HON. JOEL T. BROYHILL bits any more. Since he doesn't intend to use some innocent ammonia can be converted it, and. registration is a damn nuisance, he to a real dilly. (Any chemist present knows OF VIRGINIA doesn't bother. what I mean.) IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Problem No. 3: It's easy to license and The point of all this? Simply that guns Tuesday, January 14, 1969 register automobiles; an automobile hidden are not the problem-they're the symptom. away in a garage somewhere may escape no-: Take that symptom away, and in any high Mr. BROYHILL of Virginia. Mr. tice--but you can't use it as an automobile technology culture alternative technical Speaker, the January 1969 edition of without exposing it to immediate notice, and weapons are available on every supermarket, Analog Science Fiction, Science Fact immediate demands for registration. Take it hardware store or drugstore shelf. on the road, and people see it. In a modern high-technology civilization, carried an excellent editorial which I So all usable automobiles are registered commend to all our colleagues for the sma.rt and utterly unprincipled barbari and licensed. an has a millio::i tools of death available to thoughtful consideration. I include the Yet practically every major crime involves him. editorial, entitled "Right Problem the use of an automobile, properly registered If you insist on death-by-remote-control, Wrong Solution," at this point in the and licensed . . . to some good citizen from remember that a crossbow is just as deadly RECORD: whom it was stolen just before the criminal now as it was five hundred years ag~nd RIGHT PROBLEM-WRONG SOLUTION act. with modern metallurgical products avail If licell!Sing and registration were any good (An editorial by John W. Campbell) able--such as automobile springs-could be whatever in preventing the use of an object made capable of even greaiter range and pen I cannot recall ever having read of any automobile or gun-in crime, the one hun etration power. instance in which a gun killed a human dred percent complete registration of func The problem is not weapons. being. I cannot, therefore, see any reason to tional automobiles would make bank-robbery The problem is murderers. pass laws against guns. getaway cars impossible. I have, however, seen far, far too many Problem No. 4: When is a piece of pipe a The problem is the problem of imposing instances in which human beings have used gun? Every major-city JD knows the tech discipline on the unprincipled. guns to commit murder, and I can see the nique of making a perfectly workable, ade Punishment of criminals is not intended absolute necessity for having, and enforcing, quately deadly bullet-projector from things. to restore the victim; nobody ever considered stringent laws against the misuse of guns. as common as a piece of water pipe, nails, it would. It's intended to prevent the crimi Guns, as manufactured today, are ex wood scrap and rubber bands. Can you arrest nal considering the crime worth the cost. tremely reliable, safe, stable devices; they anyone carrying a piece of water pipe along Fools have said that, because punishment do not spontaneously explode save under the street on the grounds he has "a con of criminals never stopped murder, punish the most drastic conditions such as fire, or cealed gun"? ment is, therefore, useless. extremely violent impact in just the wrong O.K.-so such guns won't carry accurately This is like saying that, because doctors direction. more than about twenty feet. But how far can't cure death, there's no use for doctors. Human beings, on the other hand, are was Sirhan Sirhan from Robert Kennedy That because the space vehicles, such as remarkably unsafe and unstable devices who when the lethal wounds were inflicted? Gemini and Apollo, leak air into space, do explode spontaneously under quite un Overall conclusion: It's impossible to regis there's no point in having seals around the predictable circumstances. ter all guns; even with intentional coopera windows and lock-doors. That because heat I am strongly opposed to the "gun laws" tion they wouldn't all be remembered. If they still leaks out of your house during the win currently being discussed, because they are were all registered, it wouldn't do any more ter, there's no use having insulation and one hundred percent directed at the wrong good than the registration of cars does in storm windows installed. problem. They will, if enacted, make the preventing their use in crimes. Besides which, In effect, that because total success can situation more dangerous, rather than less. anyone who wants to can flange up a work not be achieved, there's no use trying. They are, in effect, equivalent to treating a able bullet-projector. The death penalty for murder makes a man with acute appendicitis by giving him And that leaves out the poosibilities of great deal of sense; most people prefer not a heavy dose of morphine. The dope makes longbows, crossbows, and assorted simple, to die, and the stronger the probability that him feel much better-it damps out the highly effective bombs. a certain act, murder, will lead to execution, frantic pain-warnings his nervous system Criminals are generally willing to take the less attractive murder will appear. More has been giving him, and he can comfortably risks-they're usually nutty enough to take over, execution has the great advantage that drift off to sleep while the appendix rup crazy risks, like the famous New York City one known murderer-for whatever reason tures and spreads lethal peritonitis through case of the safecracker who got off because he may have chosen to commit the crime- his body. he took insane risks. The man was a known definitely will not repeat his act. Laws directed at guns will tend to make cracksman, who specialized in blowing safes Sure ... there's some degree of probability the public feel as the appendicitis victim by pouring in some nitroglycerin and then a few innocent men will be wrongfully con did-that something useful has been done, setting it off. victed and executed. That probability is less and they can go back to sleep because the The police had walked in on him, and symptom-but not the disease !-has been found him prepared for his next jobs-he •Any chemist can name the two powders; treated. had a quart milk-bottle half full of nitro pardon me if I skip publishing the details Nothing is, ln the long run, more danger glycerin sitting on the mantlepiece in his involved for some not-too-bright kid to try ous than so treating a symptom that the cheap apartment. He had prepared it by put experimenting with. Only the stupid and/ cause of that symptom ls happily ignored. ting commercial dynamite in hot water, so or insane would do so, but there're always To pass laws against ownership of guns, to the nitroglycerin was displaced from the ad- some around. January 14, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 689 than the probability that a murderer will the law-abiding fools. The James Earl Ray what feeble self-discipline with a strong, mistake his victim and kill somebody else, type, who spent decades trying to be ·a big firm external discipline. And some simply and much lower than the probab111ty that a shot criminal, and never once got away with have no conscience. murderer, seeking to kill A, sprays the neigh his crimes. And still. didn't catch on to the And these variations of natural potential borhood with death killing B, C, D, and E fact that he was a fool. are genetic, not due to any fault, or flaw, also, while wounding and crippling for life But that, of course, ls the inevitable conse in Society. four other bystanders. (He had to use a bomb quence of being a fool-he doesn't see what The evil flaw in our current society is, because the gun laws made a· selective death anyone but a fool could see. simply, the failure to help those with inter tool much less convenient for him.) This wasn't because his childhood and mediate, present-but-weak conscience by All that we-may-make-a-mistake argu home life were less than ideal-it wasn't supplying the firm external discipline. ment means is that nothing human is per "society's fault." The strong-conscience types don't need a fect. O.K.-so face up to it, acknowledge that Save only in that Society didn't give him policeman on the beat--they have one built that's how life is, and don't expect perfec the hard-handed, hard-headed discipline in. And, obviously, policemen should be se tion as your natural right. It isn't. You're that would have forced even a fool to see that lected from the "Shetland collie" types who stuck in a Universe too complex for human he couldn't live the way he wanted to. have born-in one hundred percent self-dis of-the-present-level understanding; give over Our problems stem from the failure of So cipline. (Note that the true sheep dog will the idea you'll ever get perfection, and do ciety to recognize that not all men are equally not harm a lamb-but will attack a coyote, what any sane, responsible engineer does: competent. That not all men have equal IQ's, or a wolf, that threatens his flock. He's Design for optimum functio11r-not expecting or equal Moral Quotients either. Some men gentle-but by no means unready, or un perfection. Later, when we learn more, we are born mentally defective-no fault of willing, to attack enemies with slashing can improve the optimum. theirs, or of anything but The Way Things fangs. He's got just as much iron-willed cour For instance, given full telepathic probes, Happen. The Way the Statistical Laws of age as the Bessanji-plus a conscience that we could assure that only the truly guilty Genetics work. directs it.) were punished, and that all truly gullty were And some are born morally defective; some The intermediate types do need a police punished. All that would be needed would be quirk of genetics has produced an entity sim man on the beat--a policeman who can, a mind-reading probe of all those around ply totally lacking what we know as "con and will apply real discipline if their own the scene, and guilt would be immediately science." Such an individual simply cannot self-discipline slips. These are the ones who and infallibly determined. be moral-by-nature; it is no more his "evil can be saved for their own, and Society's The citizens remaining in any area would will" than that a genetic moron's stupidity benefit, by effective, firm, external discipline. certainly be clean, law-abiding citizens, too results from "willful refusal" to learn. The third class has no built-in discipline every one of them. Because the only kind of Incidentally, it has now been demonstrated, and Will behave only so long as the police person who would not mind such a probing in a beautifully neat experiment with dogs, man is immedately watching. That's the type would be those who had absolutely nothing, that conscience is a genetically controlled that punishment does not affect--they are either public or private, that he felt should factor. The experiment-very briefly-in the ones who will murder even when the be hidden. volved testing different breeds of dogs in a policeman is watching. The ones who are That might be a perfect, crime-free state "conscience test." The test involved taking not stopped by punishment-they are the all right-but how many of you want to vote the dog into a room, with a pan of food on ones who have led the oft-repeated cry for it? the floor; the dog's master-trainer then told that "Capital punishment has never stopped So we need an optimum. And that we the dog he was not to eat that food, making murder-it does no good! It's mere angry definitely do not have-not with the swiftly sure the dog understood by a few swats with vengeance, which is inhuman!" rising crime rate. Of course the spectacular a folded newspaper when he first went for it. It is not mere angry vengeance; it helps murders of leaders make headlines, but they Then the trainer left the room-while ob to eliminate from the human gene pool in are, actually, a very minor part of the crime servers watched through a one-way mirror dividuals who do not have the gene for con science. It assures that one murder is all bill. The great crime bill has to do with window. If the dog had not touched the food muggings, small-store stickups, private mur after ten minutes alone in the room-he had the killer has a chance to commit. ders, and things that hardly make a three a conscience! And it does help the intermediate type inch item in the daily paper. to brace their somewhat weak self-disciplined There isn't room here to give the whole ex conscience. The reason the crime syndicate flourishes perimental setup, but the essence of it was is that they do, in fact, operate with reason that the African Basenji dogs showed no con We've removed that restraint recently. and restraint; the organization is run by in science; they devoured the food as soon as And we wonder why there's been such a telligent, competent executives who have an ghastly increase in crime in the streets. the trainer was out of the room. {The Basenji Isn't it mysterious? excellent sense of what constitutes optimum is a dog bred for ages as a lion-hunter-bred from their viewpoint. They're not unduly specially for bravery, persistence, and hunt greedy; their income derives from things the ing ability.) public actually wants, but won't acknowledge The Shetland collies proved to have one it wants, ·and won't make legal. The public hundred percent conscience; they didn't PLAUDITS FOR POST OFFICE AT wants to gamble-and doesn't pass laws touch the food at any time during the ten FAYETTE, IOWA making it legal and open and controlled. So minute test. the Syndicate supplies what is wanted. Retrievers showed a near-perfect record. Prostitution is referred to as "the oldest Shetlands have, for centuries, been bred as HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI profession"; it's pretty evident that it's working sheep-dogs-and shepherds hate a OF NEW YORK something human beings want, but are too sheep-killing dog with an abiding hatred. A dishonest to acknowledge-so the Syndicate sheep-killer, when caught, not only earns IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES supplies it. death for himself-but for all his get. The Tuesday, January 14, 1969 The Syndicate is completely amoral-but dog must never attack a sheep or a lamb; he not witless. They minimize murder, and con must always herd them, care for them, and Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, it is pretty fine it almost entirely to disciplining the protect them against enemies-although a much human nature to complain quickly, members of their own community. The indi sheep is a wolf-dog's natural prey. but to put off and often to eventually viduals who drift into professional crime are Keep up that selective breeding program forget to pay compliments for jobs well essentially undisciplined, rebellious, untrust for a few hundred generations and what do done. worthy types; it takes hard-handed, hard you expect? Dogs with a tremendously strong It was a great pleasure for me to re headed management to keep such petty conscience! crooks in line and behaving properly. Retrievers, on the other hand, are required ceive the following complimentary letter The Syndicate represents an "optimum" to find downed birds, and carry them gently a few days ago about the postal service given the cockeyed situation of a culture that uninjured-in their mouths, to their masters. in Fayette, Iowa: insists on having something which it insists They must not break the bird's skin, and UPPER IowA COLLEGE, it doesn't consider proper. must not eat the bird {despite having the Fayette, Iowa, December 7, 1968. It isn't Oosa Nostra crime-in-the-streets we odor and taste of the killed bird's blood in its Hon. THADDEUS DuLSKI, have to worry about; that's controlled by in mouth--something of a difficult problem for Chairman, Post Office and Civil Service Com telligent, though amoral, men. an instinctive carnivore!) on the way back to mittee, House of Representatives, Wash Our problem is the undisciplined rebel who the master. ington, D.C. has not been taken in by the Syndicate, and Though that was not the original intent DEAR Sm: I feel impelled to write to yoo disciplined in the only way that works with of the experiment, it definitely showed that about a matter tha.t has come under my that type-by beatings, and a certainty that conscience in mammalian organisms is a observation. death will most assuredly follow major viola heritable, genetically controlled potential. In the small town of Fayette, Iowa, I have tion of the Syndicate rules. The conclusion for humans, it seems to been deeply impressed by the fine new Post The problem ls the mugger, the rapist, the me, is that some people are born with con Office Building, and I particularly want you crackpot, and the petty crook-the type that sciences, and refrain from crime because to know of the excellent service we are hasn't wits enough to realize he's incompe they have that built-in self-discipline; others getting. ~~ tent and a. conviction that he can get away can refrain from crime when they feel that The Post-Master here and his st.a.ft are with it because he's so much smarter than there is a pressure that backs up their some- extremely courteous and hard working. As CXV 41 Part l 690 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 14, 1969 public servants, 1n my long years of experi mentally retarded or physically hand 1968, may well permit any inquirer to ence, they seem to me to be exceptional. icapped children arrive at his own conclusion. They a.re patient, emcient, and much re Be it enacted by the Senate and House of 1 spected by those of us who observe these . I include the Herald of Freedom report, Representatives of the United States of as follows: kinds of things. America in Congress asesmbled, That (a) Would you be kind enough to let them subpart A of part IV of subchapter A of HON. W. AVERELL HARRIMAN know that at least one citizen appreciates chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of Having failed to keep the Democrats in their efforts. 1954 (relating to 'credits allowable) is power by every kind of maneuver imaginable, Yours truly, amended by redesignating section 40 as sec the "liberals" and their kept press are now FRANK JONES, tion 41, and by inserting after section 39 the working on the next item on the agenda Chairman, Department of Philosophy. following new section: keeping the Democrats' architects of sur Mr. Speaker, I am sure that this kind of "Sec. 40. Expenses of education and training render at work in Paris. Top architect is W. for mentally retarded or physi Averell Harriman, expert in forcing coalition service is duplicated all across our coun governments on unhappy countries, and as try-but all we normally hear about are cally handicapped children. "(a) GENERAL RULE.-There shall be al sisting him is Cyrus Vance, sifted through the complaints about mail delays, and lowed to an individual, as a credit against the Adam Yarmolinsky screen into the De so forth. the tax imposed by this chapter for the tax fense Department in the Kennedy Admin The Post Office Department is doing able year, the amount of any expenses which istration. We are now being treated to long basically a very good job in handling are paid- by him during the taxable year for harangues about how successful Harriman the mail on a day-to-day basis. This is the education and training of any person has been in the "Paris Peace Talks" and what not to say that the postal operation is who (at the time the expenses are paid) is a shame it would be for Nixon to rock the under 21 years of age and is mentally re boat now that "peace" is almost here. perfect, by any means. But many of the The bombing halt in Vietnam did not win problems are due to the intolerable re tarded or physically handicapped, and with respect to whom such individual is entitled the election even though it permitted the strictions on the Department's adminis for the taxable year to an exemption under Republicans to vote with a clear conscience. trative authority. section 151, to the extent that such expenses About the only thing the bombing halt has Postmaster William H. Merkle, of paid by such individual during the taxable produced is trouble. An article in the N.Y. Fayette, is to be commended for the ex year do not exceed $600. Times of Nov. 19, 1968 stated that American cellent job he and his staff are doing. "(b) TYPE OF EXPENSES INCLUDIBLE.-The officers in Vietnam are not even trying to They are a credit to the postal service. expenses paid for the education and training conceal their irritation that enemy troops of any person which may be taken into ac can move around within range of their guns count for purposes of the credit under sub and remain unchallenged. The article quotes se~tion (a) shall include only (1) expenses remarks of Maj. Gen. Raymond G. Davis, TAX CREDIT FOR EXPENDITURES of tuition, fees, books, supplies, and equip commander of the Third Marine Division ment which are necessary for the education which "reflected the rising concern of officers FOR THE EDUCATION AND TRAIN that the halt in the bombing of North Viet ING OF MENTALLY RETARDED and training of such person at a private school for the mentally retarded or physi nam, which began Nov. 1, was allowing the AND PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED cally handicapped, or for home tutoring, and enemy to refurbish positions in the lower CHILDREN ( 2) such other expenses as the Secretary or half of the (demilitarized) zone • • • These his delegate may determine to be reasonable officers are convinced that the North Viet and appropriate for the education and train namese are digging in for protracted warfare HON. CHARLES A. VANIK ing of such person. during what they expect will be long, drawn OF OHIO "(c) MENTALLY RETARDED OR PHYSICALLY out peace talks." IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HANDICAPPED PERSON DEFINED.-For purposes Meanwhile back in Paris, Harriman is fum of this section, a person is mentally retarded bling the ball with his usual diplomatic Tuesday, January 14, 1969 or physically handicapped if he suffers from finesse. Human Events of Nov. 23, 1968 re Mr. VANIK. Mr. Speaker, I am mental retardation, or from any other health ports on "Another Harriman Fumble" based impairment, to such an extent that he re on an article in the Christian Science Moni pleased to reintroduce my legislation of tor by Beverly Deepe, Saigon corTespondent, the 90th Congress which would allow quires special education or training by reason thereof. as follows: parents of mentally retarded and physi "(d) APPLICATION WITH OTHER CREDITS. "As the story is now unravelling, W. Averell cally handicapped children tax credit up The credit allowed a taxpayer by subsection Harriman, America's chief negotiatqr in to $600 per year for the costs of provid (a) shall not exceed the amount of the tax Paris, may turn out to be the major reason ing education and training for their chil imposed on the taxpayer for t~e taxable year why Saigon-Washington relationships have dren. It has become abundantly clear by this chapter, reduced by the sum of the nearly come apart at the seams in the past that progress has not been sufficiently ac credits allowable under this subpart (other two weeks .... celerated in the regular school system to than under this section and section 31). "Harriman . . . had made a major con .. ( e) REGULATIONS.-The Secretary or his cession to Hanoi in the now famous secret provide for adequate education for these delegate shall prescribe such regulations as peace package deal. But in Saigon, American youngsters. may be necessary to carry out the provisions Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker explained the There is no reason why parents should of this section." package deal to President Thieu and the assume the tremendous burdens of as _ (b) The table of sections for such subpart South Vietnamese government in such a way sisting their children to lead normal lives A is amended by striking out the last i tern that this major concession was glossed over. without some benefit of tax relief. For and inserting in lieu thereof the following: " 'The American concession,' says Miss this reason, I have consistently sup "Sec. 40. Expenses of education and training Deepe, 'was the seating of the National Lib ported this legislation and plan to do so for mentally retarded or physi eration Front (NLF) as a separate delegation in the 91st Congress. cally handicapped children. at Paris-meaning that the expanded peace talks would be a four-power conference. Ha It is my hope that full hearings into "Sec. 41. Overpayments of tax." noi has consistently wanted such a confer this problem of providing special educa SEC. 2. The amendments made by this Act ence, but Saigon has vowed for years that it tion for mentally retarded and physical shall apply only with respect to taxable years would never negotiate with the Viet Cong beginning after December 31, 1969. ly handicapped youngsters can be as a separate entity.' started in the Education and Labor Com " ... the South Vietnamese have been mittee of the House of Representatives worried that the United States plans to rec ognize the NLF and foist a coalition govern at the earliest possible time. UNTOUCHABLES-UNFRUITFUL: W. Until such time as regular facilities ment on South Viet Nam. This has been re AVERELL HARRIMAN peatedly denied, but Harriman's actions and will be available, free of charge, to the words have been most disquieting. And they parents of these children, I will press for are even more frightening when it is recalled hearings before my Committee on Ways HON. JOHN R. RARICK that he played a major role in imposing coali and Means to determine the feasible OF LOUISIANA tion regimes in both Asia and Europe in the formula for tax relief for parents who IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES past." must now bear tremendous expenses to When forcing the "coalition" government provide adequate education and training Tuesday, January 14, 1969 on Laos, Harriman reportedly did not even for their children. Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, I have try to be diplomatic. The incident was de frequently had inquiries concerning the scribed by Joseph Alsop as Harriman "be The legislation reads as follows: rated" the anti-Communist leaders: H.R. 16940 - peace talks at Paris-are they to alienate "Governor Harriman looked at the Lao A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code and belittle our South Vietnamese ally leaders one by one; pointed a stern forefinger of 1954 to allow a credit against the indi or to negotiate terms of peace? at each of them in turn; and told them that vidual income tax for expenses incurred Accordingly, I think Frank Capell's he wished them to know they would be 're in providing education and training for Herald of Freedom for November 29, sponsible for the destruction of their coun• January 14, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 691 try' if they. refused to do his bidding. There father died before he entered college, leaving " 'When we signed the original agreement was a brief silence, and General Phou.mi then him and his brother, E. Roland Harriman, with Harr1man. its conditions must have been replied: '.You know. Governor Harriman, we a.bout a hundred million dollars. The story acceptable both !or him and for us.••• in Laos have many years' experience o! colo of how his father acquired such a fortune is "'However, we did not hold to the letter nial rule. But we were never spoken to In extremely interesting. of the agreement. We decided to meet him quite that fashion in colonial times.'" We are indebted to the book by Stephen halfway and help him organize a model en Harriman, as Undersecretary of State, was Birmingham a.bout "Ehe Great Jewish Fami terprise. We are ready to alter some of the a. member of the pro-coup d'etat !action led lies of New York," entitled "Our Crowd" for provisions of the contract. In so far as it de by Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, which much information about the father of W. pends on us to do it, we are Willing to help encouraged the overthrow and murder of Averell Harriman. In this book is traced the him solve his troubles. Vietnam president, Diem. Diem was a staunch progress of this ex-office boy and son of a "'Of course we are naturally interested in anti-Communist and therefore unacceptable poor Episcopal clergyman who made a for finding a place in the sun for our own man to the United States 'liberals.' By withhold tune in railroads with the financial backing ganese which is produced at the Nikipol ing financial and military aid when badly of Jacob Schiff of Kuhn, Loeb and Company, mines. We want to find a niche for it in the needed, the United States has been able to who were also the financial backers of the world market, but we are willing to curtail force coalition governments on nations de Communist take-over of Russia, commonly our export in order to make it possible for pending upon it for help. A coalition govern known as the Russian Revolution. Mr. Harriman to fight his competitors .... We ment with Communists and anti-Commu The collaboration of Schiff and Harriman know that if one big concession becomes a ists participating always ends up with the began when they bought the Union Pacific failure it will mean a serious blow to our Communists in control . . . it doesn't take Railroad on November 2, 1897, and continued concessions policy. That is why we are in long to oust the anti-Communists. It's like for over twenty years during which the two terested, no less than the concessionaires putting a tame pussy cat and a man-eating men were in "almost daily contact." Harri themselves, in making concessions success tiger in the same cage; one is surely going to man amassed the "greatest single railroad ful.'" get eaten, and the people who make the ar fortune in the world," and Schiff became So we see that W. A. Harriman was co rangements know it, even though they pre rich through his alliance with him. Schiff operating with the Communists even before tend surprise when it happens. lived at 932 Fifth Avenue and Harriman at they were officially recognized by the United Harriman always seems to be in the thick 881 Fifth Avenue, the elegant section of States as the legal government of Russia. of it when negotiations with Communists New York City. When E. H. Harriman died He seems to have never stopped cooperating, are involved. In his new book, "The Suicide in 1909 his sons inherited his wealth and even when we are presumably "fighting Com of Europe," Prince Michel Sturdza, former railroad holdings. munism" in Vietnam. His machinations foreign minister of Ru.mania, described Har W. Averell Harriman went to work for the have helped turn country after country over riman in his Index of Persons as "in a leading Union Pacific Railroad after graduation from to the Communists. ' or cooperating position in all U.S.-Soviet Yale and rose within two years to become a Harrtman reportedly entered government diplomatic arguments; less successful than Vice President, which isn't too hard to do service under Roosevelt through a "chance in business he failed to win any of them." when you own the company. He established meeting" with Harry Hopkins (a Commu Sturdza watched the Communist take-over the Merchant Shipping Corporation shortly nist a.gent) on the croquet field at the Long of his country, described by M. Stanton Evans before World War I and in 1920 established ISla.nd estate of Herbert Bayard Swope. Har in "The Politics of Surrender:" the private bank of W. A. Harriman and riman had originally been a Republican but "In late 1945, a similar (to Yugoslavia) Company which merged with Brown Brothers became a Democrat in 1928 because he liked coalition was imposed on Rumania. The non in 1931 to become Brown Brothers, Harriman Al Smith. Harriman was appointed by Roose Communist leaders wanted no part of such and Company. In 1927 he had disposed of velt to be Administrator of Division II of an arrangement, but were chivvied into it by his shipping interests to devote his time to the NRA in January 1934, moving up rapidly Averell Harriman, who performed there the finance and became chairman of the board to become special assistant administrator role assigned to Marshall in China. At Har of the Union Pacific Railway in 1932 and for the NRA in March 1934 and two months riman's urging, the Rumanian anti-Commu later established the winter resort, Sun Val later replaced Gen. Hugh Johnson as admin nists reluctantly entered the coalition, and ley, on land owned by the railroad. istrator. He joined the Business Advisory not too long after that entered prison as Council for the Department of Commerce 1n well. Rumania went Communist." As early as 1920 Harriman and Co. granted 1933 and was its chairman from 1937 to 1940. Human events of March 3, 1962 pointed out a loan to Lenin who had been put in busi Before the American entry into World Wa.r that "From Rome it is reported that con ness by his father's friend, Schiff. In 1928 II Roosevelt created the job of "defense servative and center politicians have per Harriman and Co. were the chief organizers expediter" for Harriman who worked in Lon sonally reproached the American ambassador of the engineering undertaking that put don as liaison officer between the American with remarks like 'Why did you not try to afoot heavy Soviet industry. It furnished and British Governments, keeping the Presi stop this disaster?' Averell Harriman and securities for all the Soviet purchases in the dent 1nformed of British needs. After the other diplomatic personalities of the Ken United States and collected all the commis Lend-Lease Act was passed in March 1941 nedy regime have been accused by Italian sions. ("The Suicide of Europe," Sturdza, Harriman extended his orbit, going to the newspapers of fostering this changeover to a $6.95, Western Islands) in the book "Pres Near East and Russia. Ha.rriman promised left-of-center government in Rome and a ent-Day Russia" by Ivy Lee (Macmillan Co., that hundreds of planes and tanks would be 'neutralist' policy for Italy." 1928) we read about the Harriman Conces sent to Russia, stating "The fiow will be The Allen-Scott Report of February 20, sion: constantly increased and eventually will be 1965, referring to the situation in the Congo, "The Russians consider that the best limited only by problems of transport." He stated. "Under Secretary of State Averell Har illustration of their real concessions policy stated, "Hitler will never destroy Russia" and riman either isn't reading the Central Intel is to be found in the Harriman case. Mr. called for "quick and increasing" aid to ligence reports from Africa or he is deliber W. A. Harriman made a contract with the Russia. ately misleading Congress. Russian Government involving the develop In the book "The Roosevelt Myth" by "That's the opinion of one legislator ment of manganese ore properties in the John T. Flynn (page 340) our "negotiating" briefed on the Congo by Harriman during a Causasus. Under his contract he was to pay ambassador was referred to as follows: "Har closed-door meeting of the House Foreign Af to the Government a certain royalty on each riman told various persons that Stalin was fairs Committee. ton exported, he was to build a railroad, and not at all a revolutionary communist but "When Harriman failed to mention any of course he had to employ labor to work on just a Russian nationalist." thing about Soviet or Chinese Communist his properties. The concession has been found In the senate Internal 8ecur1.ty Sub-Com activities in the strife-torn Congo, Rep. unworkable, however. mittee Hearings on the Institute of Pacific Frances Bolton of Ohio, ranking Republican "The Harriman concession has now been Relation, page 2682, the following appears: on the committee, asked the former U.S. am renewed upon terms far more favorable to "September 30, 1941 New Masses ( commu bassador to the Soviet Union if he had over Mr. Harriman.... The Russian Government nist magazine) . • . It is good to hear from looked this. officials instance the Harriman case as an Averell Ha.rriman ••• that hundreds of " 'There is no Chinese or Soviet interven example of their reasonableness and disposi American planes are arriving on Soviet soil. tion in the Congo,' replied Harriman. 'We tion to meet the concessionaire halfway in But the plain fact is that American aid, both have no evidence that Peking or Moscow has taking care of unexpected conditions. Just for Britain and the Soviet Union, is still a sent either arms or men there.' how much of the attitude of the Government shadow of what it ought to be." " 'You must be mistaken,' challenged the is due to its quite frank recognition of the Harriman was present at Roosevelt's meet soft-spoken Mrs. Bolton. 'Pictures have been fact that upon the success of the Harriman ings at Casablanca (Jan. 1943), Quebec, Mos sent me from Africa showing both Chinese concession will depend any possibility what cow, Teheran, San Francisco and Potsdam. and Soviet arms captured from the Congolese ever of enlisting the interest of American On October 1, 1943. Harriman was named rebels. I am told this information has also capital in Russia, cannot be estimated. Ambassador to Russia, .a position which he been gathered by the CIA. Haven't you been "One of the members of the Concessions held three years during which he consulted advised?'" Committee outlined the attitude of the Com with Salin approximately once a month, a William Averell Ha.rriman was born in ;New mittee toward the Harriman concession in the courtesy supposedly not accorded any other York, N.Y., November 15, 1891, the son o! following language: diplom,at. At his first press conference Harri Edward Henry {Ned) Harriman and the "'We are interested more in the orga man stated: "One matter :I think deserves former Mary W. Averell. He was educated at nization of enterprises conducted by the the greatest possible consideration at this Groton and graduated from Yale in 1913. His newest and best methods. . .• time is the assistance the United States can 692 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 14, 1969 give to the Soviet Union in the rehabilitation Governor of New York, being elected in 1954 establish a national presidential primary of devastated areas and the repairing of other to serve from 1955 to 1958. He failed in his election. It is accompanied by a bill, H.R. dislocations caused by the war." attempt at reelection and remained in the Current Biography 1946 describes Harri background until resurected by the Kennedy 18, which outlines the procedures for man's activities at this time: "The American Administration. He was named ambassador accomplishing these reforms. Ambassador often acted in concord with the at-large, Assistant Secretary of State for Far In an editorial last Monday, the edi Russians, as when he told the Polish Com Eastern Affairs, 1961-3; Undersecretary of tors of the New York Times asked Con mittee of National Liberation that the United State for Political Affairs 1963-65; reverting gress and the new administration to ad States would not oppose Russian wishes in to ambassador-at-large on March 11, 1965. dress themselves to the need for elec regard to the Polish question. In February Among his accomplishments was the no toral reform in our country. I include 1945 he was appointed to the committee inspection test ban treaty with Moscow in this editorial in full in today's CONGRES 1963. conferring in Moscow with the various Polish SIONAL RECORD: factions. He attended the conference at Pots Harriman married Kitty Lanier Lawrance dam in July and soon after Christmas of 1945 on September 21, 1915, and they were di PRIORITY FOR ELECTORAL REFORM transmitted the terms of the peace treaty to vorced in 1929. The following year he mar A tide of public and Congressional support the Rumanians which facilitated the broad ried Mrs. Marie Norton Whitney, former wife is building up for an end of the Electoral ening (Emphasis ours-Ed.) of the Bucharest of Cornelius "Sonny" Whitney. He has two College system of selecting Presidents and Cabinet as a condition of recognition." children by his first wife: Mary Averell (Mrs. Vice Presidents. The 1968 election loser, While in Moscow, Harriman was instru Shirley Carter Fish) and Kathleen Lanier Hubert Humphrey, has already set forth his mental in the turning over of plates for (Mrs. Stanley Grafton Mortimer, Jr.). He is conviction that the system is "archaic" and printing U.S. currency to the Soviets. In a member of the Council on Foreign Rela in need of fundamental reform. The winner, "From Major Jordan's Diary" we read: tions. President-elect Nixon, has perhaps even more "It started early in 1944 when the need for Since June, Harriman, who has supported reason to share that view. Circumstances uniform occupation currency in Germany a cease-fire since 1965, has been in Paris par have conspired to involve him in a series of was acknowledged by the Allies. On January ticipating in "Peace Talks" which have ac potential constitutional crises. 29th Ambassador Averell Harriman informed complished exactly nothing except the alien It was Mr. Nixon, as Vice President in the our State Department from Moscow: 'Great ation of our supposed ally, South Vietnam. Eisenhower Administration, who endured the importance ls attached by the British Gov In spite of this poor record, the N.Y. Times agonizing dilemma of not knowing when or ernment to the Russian Government's par and "liberal" spokesmen are calling for Nix how the powers and duties of the nuclear ticipation in this arrangement.' Cordell Hull on to retain him when he takes over the age Presidency would become his should an informed Harriman on February 8th that the presidency in January. An article in the N.Y. incumbent President prove too seriously ill U.S. would be glad to print money for Rus Times of November 17, 1968 states: to discharge them. This uncertainty pro sia: 'The production of sufficient currency to "Ambassadors W. Averell Harriman and duced the 25th Amendment detailing pro take care of Soviet requirements, if desired Cyrus Vance hailed as a 'splendid team' to cedures on succession and disability. ts being contemplated.' day and said that he would recommend to Then, as a candidate for the Presidency in "On February 15th Moscow's answer came President-elect Richard M. Nixon that they 1960, Mr. Nixon lost narrowly to John F. from Harriman: 'The Commissariat for Fi continue to direct the Paris talks with Hanoi Kennedy under circumstances in which a nance considers that in preparing the cur after the inauguration.... slate of unpledged electors might have rency it would be more correct to print a "Both Mr. Harriman and Mr. Vance are denied both candidates the requisite elec part of it in the Soviet Union in order that a warmly endorsed as well as the Administra toral majority. constant supply of currency may be guaran tion's over-all peace efforts. If there had been a deadlock, the un teed to the Red Army.... It will be necessary "'I think continuity is extremely valuable pledged electors would have been in position to furnish the Commissariat for Finance, in in the situation,' he said. 'Whether it is fair to offer their votes on an auction-block order that the M-marks may be of identical to ask these two men to stay on is another basis in exchange for commitments from the design, with plates of all denominations, a question. I know that Mr. Vance has been candidates. list of serial numbers, and models of paper trying to return to his civilian practice for In November Mr. Nixon won under circum and colors for printing.' some time. But if at least one of them could stances in which a third-party candidate "The Russian technique was clever: don't be persuaded to stay, it would be a good might--by the shift of a few thousand votea ask whether your demand will be met; ask thing.' in Illinois and Missouri-have created an when it will be met. Harriman's cable ended "Mr. Harriman, a stanch (sic) Democrat Electoral College deadlock. This deadlock as follows: 'Molotov asks in conclusion that who is 77 years old, has said that he intends could have forced selection of the President he is informed soon when the Commissariat to return to his home in Washington. He is into the House under an inequitable one for Finance may receive the prints, models known to bear personal opposition to Mr. state, one-vote procedure susceptible to po Nixon, and in recent weeks it has been said litical wheeling-and-dealing and subversion of paper and colors, and list of serial num of the popular will. bers. Please instruct.' " that he probably would decline to serve under him." Fate has not left things at this. The Russians printed hundreds of millions However, newscasters have said that Harri Only shortly after winning an electoral of dollars with the U.S. plates, all of which man would probably put the good of the majority, Mr. Nixon and the nation learned were redeemed at U.S. taxpayers' expense. country ahead of his personal feelings and of the arrest of three men charged with con In this connection Harriman cooperated with stay if Mr. Nixon requests him to do so. When spiring to take his life. Despite constitu Soviet agent, Harry Dexter White, who had it comes to a choice between his private feel tional amendments clarifying some aspects infiltrated the U.S. Treasury Department and ings and the opportunity to help a country of succession, large, gray areas of doubt re approved the turning over of the plates to go Communist, Mr. Harriman can be depend main and the death of a President-elect the Communists. ed upon to choose the latter, if previous ex could still create a crisis. Who would be When Harriman resigned as Ambassador to perience counts for anything. We hope Mr. come President? Russia in February 1946, he returned home Nixon won't give him the opportunity to It is time the nation revised an electoral via Chungklng where he conferred with make that choice. system that was designed for a wholly Chiang Kai-shek and Gen. George c. Mar different day. Mr. Nixon could prepare the shall, who was the one who forced the coali way by appointing a Presidential commis tion government on China which resulted in sion to study existing problems and recom the Communist take-over of those unfortu PRIORITY FOR ELECTORAL mend solutions. Such a commission could nate people. Upon his return to the United draw on work already done by the States Harriman held a press conference in REFORM American Bar Association and the Congres which he stated: "Russia does not want war sional hearings already held. It could also with the United States and is trying to cut provide a focus for the new hearings off avenues of invasion by surrounding her HON. AL ULLMAN planned by Senator Birch Bayh and Repre self with friendly small nations." OF OREGON sentative Emanuel Celler. Harriman was named Ambassador to Great IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES This newspaper favors simple, direct elec Britain in March 1946 and appointed Secre Tuesday, January 14, 1969 tion of Presidents and Vice Presidents, as tary of Commerce in September, 1946, a posi does Vice President Humphrey, and there tion he held until April, 1948. He was the Mr. ULLMAN. Mr. Speaker, the first seems to be growing sentiment for that sort U.S. representative in Europe under the day of the 91st Congress I introduced of reform. A Presidential commission could Econ. Cooperative Act of 1948; special assist legislation which would be known as the study ways of implementing direct election, ant to the president, 1950-1; the American including ways of providing for national vot representative on NATO, 1951; director of the National Presidential Elections Act. One ing standards, assuring the honesty of the Mutual Security Agency 1951-3. Harriman measure, House Joint Resolution 99, tally and setting up machinery for swiftly had presidential aspiratio"ns in 1952 and 1956 would amend the Constitution to abolish resolving disputes. but was unsuccessful in obtaining the nomi the electoral college, provide for a direct The search for electoral reform deserves nation. His only elective office was that of popular election of the President, and priority in the new Administration. JanUf!rY 14, 1.96f) ~XTENSIONS OF. REMARKS 693 HOW ,THE .RUSSIANS HELPED THE _tremble at the mere thought of allowing the . But the evidence does not allow such simple CZECHS . people. to freely express their opinions? answers." This report found that pupil America will only be in danger when it teacher ratios "showed a consistent lack of begins imitating the. Communists-when it relation to achievements among all groups HON. MASTON O'NEAL begins to be afraid of the likes of Gus Hall under all conditions." These conclusions fol OF GEORGIA and. afraid of letting him say ·whatever he lowed a study of 4,000 schools with 600,000 wants to say, as loud and long as he wants. pupils. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES To back this up, Mr. Freeman quotes an Tuesday, January 14, 1969 underpublicized passage in "The Encyclo pedia of Educational Research" (1950] stat Mr. O'NEAL of Georgia. Mr. Speaker, QUALITY EDUCATION ing, "On the whole the statistical findings a cogent and pungent editorial appear definitely favor large classes at every level ing in the Daily Tifton Gazette of Tifton, of instruction except the kindergarten." Ob Ga., deserves sharing with my colleagues. HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI viously, small classes make life easier for With withering logic and powerful OF ll.LINOIS teachers-and harder for taxpayers-but there is no evidence that they are a great expression, it deals with the Soviet oc IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cupation of Czechoslovakia and the lame help to pupils' learning. Tuesday, January 14, 1969 And how successful have various expen excuses of the American Communist rat, sive educational experiments been? Mr. Free Gus Hall. The editorial follows: Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, the Chi man has found several little-known official How THE RUSSIANS HELPED THE CZECHS cago Tribune, on January 9, carried an reports. One by the Center for Urban Edu The Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia editorial entitled "Quality Education," cation to the New York school board on the has not occasioned a crisis of conscience which addresses itself to the dilemma "More Effective Schools [MES] project read: among American Communists or Communist of providing adequate education in this "The achievement test data showed that the sympathizers like the one that turned hordes country today. profiles of MES schools were no different from of them away from the religion of Marx the profiles of these same schools before the Intent attempts at every level of gov program was instituted." Of "compensatory" and Lenin during the bloody suppression of ernment are now being made to insure the Hungarian revolt in 1956. education under title I of the 1965 school aid There has been muttering in the ranks, the finest educational systems in the bill, Rep. Roman Pucinski of Chicago, one however, enough to warrant the publica world throughout this country. Needless of the bills' sponsors and chairman of a tion of a 36-page apologia by Gus Hall, gen to say, in a country where the greatest House education subcommittee, said, "It is a eral secretary of the Communist Party, educational programs are carried out--as monumental flop." Assistant Commissioner U.S.A. is the case in America today-we find of Education Joseph Froomkin said of the To the charge that the Soviet Union, ourselves confronted with the tremen program, "We still have little evidence that Hungary, Poland, East Germany and Bul the problem is be.ing licked; in fact, we may dous task of providing quality education even be falling behind." garia violated the national sovereignty of for all. Czechoslovakia, Hall answers with a homely Headstart, the most appealing of the fed analogy: As chairman of the General Subcom eral educational experiments, yielded some "No man has the right to enter another mittee on Education here in the House, positive evidence. But time ha> shown that man's house without his permission. Sup I cannot impress too deeply upon my col gains in the test performance of Headstart pose, however, that a fire has broken out leagues the need for direct and positive youngsters did not last. After these children at night in your neighbor's house, endanger action in the area of education. had spent some time in ineffectual schools, ing his house and yours and others. You I urge each and every one of my col they were no better off than classmates who knock on the door to awaken him." (Trans had not been in Headstart. leagues to review the excellent editorial In short, this country's school problems lation: The Kremlin issues a warning.) prepared on the question of quality edu "No answer. You knock louder." (You cannot be dissolved by putting ever more summon Czechoslovakia's leaders to a meet cation by the Chicago Tribune, which millions of dollars into the hands of people ing.) "No answer." (They refuse to knuckle follows: · who do not know how to make good use of under.) "You break in and help put the fire QUALITY EDUCATION money. All of us with a sincere interest in out." (You send in a couple hundred thou Current discussions involving the Chicago quality education should insist not so much sand troops.) board of education and the Chicago Teach on more money for education as on more "Does anyone really believe that the five ers union provide but one of an infinite education for the money. powers were really violating national sov number of examples of loose talk in the In a book published in 1960, Mr. Freeman ereignty?" asks Hall. United States about "quality education." wrote, "Productivity in other types of ac Educationists have been so secretive about tivity (than education] has been climbing We suggest the question be put to the steadily and steeply.... But each teacher Czechs and the Slovaks, who seem remark what goes on in American schoolrooms that discussions of "quality" in American educa now instructs fewer pupils than she did 30 ably ungrateful to their neighbors for their or 50 years ago. Whether the achievement timely aid. Perhaps it is because the fire tion are all too often based on too many assumptions and too few facts. level of the schools' graduates meanwhile which Russia saw raging in their house was has improved or deteriorated is controver to them merely the flickering flame of It is known that some individuals man democracy. age to reach college age with an admirably sial. . . . Pupils in American public schools sound eduction-and that far too many, are reported to be two or more years behind Hall grants that there were abuses of their European counterparts in academic democracy by the Communist bureaucracy both dropouts and high school graduates, reach mature years still functionally illit achievement." in Czechoslovakia and legitimate grievances What American enucation needs most is against its policies. erate. That formal education is ineffective with a dangerously high proportion of a clear-eyed, forthright, public examination "But in the correction of these policies of the results. We strongly support efforts to the new leadership of the party went to youngsters cannot be denied. But that school problems are soluble in more money is a develop before-and-after information which the other extreme and forgot the limitations will make possible identification of educa of democracy under conditions of the dic bald assumption. It just has not been demonstrated that if teachers' salaries were tional practices which succeed [and thus de tatorship of the proletariat," explains Hall. serve wider use and funding] and of those "What are those limitations? That de high enough, classes were small enough, and teachers took enough courses in pedagogy all practices which fail. Without such informa mocracy, the right of free speech, press, tion, multiplying money too often will only etc., does not mean the right to undermine would be well. multiply waste and frustration. the leading role of the party, nor to under Roger A. Freeman, economist on the staff mine socialism." of the Hoover Institution at Palo Alto, Cal., This definition of democracy reminds one and for many years a close student of school of Henry Ford's statement that customers financing, has written for the current issue could have any color car they wanted, so of National Review a cogent article entitled HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY: long as it was black. "Dead End in American Education." Here he THE U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL As an American, Hall takes full advantage uses a number of official reports to deflate RIGHTS of his constitutionally guaranteed rights of the assumption that what the schools need free speech, press, etc., to attempt to under is more money rather than more intelligence. mine ~his country's political system. For example, the Coleman report to the HON. HENRY B. GONZALEZ Is it not passing strange that this sys federal office of education in 1965 stated, OF TEXAS tem-false, brutal, corrupt, evil, oppressive "The physical and economic resources going and enslaving, as the Communists tell us it into a school had very little relationship to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES is--seems absolutely immune to any as the achievements coming out of it. . . . If Tuesday, January 14, 1969 saults by print or speech that Hall or any it were otherwise, we could give simple pre body else can mount against it, while the scriptions: increase teachers' salaries, lower Mr. GONZALEZ. Mr. Speaker. I have noble people's governments of socialist lands classroom size, enlarge libraries, and so on. learned from lifelong observation, from 694 EXTENSIONS -OF REMARKS ~ January 14, 1969 bitter political fights, and from deep per It is unfortunate that the members of Mr. Speaker, the Commission on Civil sonal experience that racial discrimina the Commission on Civil Rights are not Rights can play a valuable function in tion is among the most devastating and full-time members, but must instead the urgent business of this land, but only destructive forces in any society. Nothing take time from their busy lives to run if its a:ff airs are conducted efficiently and is more callous, more unmindful of hearings from time to time, and attend effectively, only if its words and actions human decency, or more irrational than to Commission business only as it suits are credible, and all of ·these can only racial discrimination. Decency demands them or as they are able to find time. be if the Commissioners themselves de an end to it, and I have engaged in long The result is that the Commission staff vote enough time and energy to giving di and bitter :fights to bring about an end acts independently from the Commission rection to the work of the staff; they to discrimination. I need no lessons in itself; the least informed people about cannot hope to achieve success by re what this evil practice is or what it can Commission work seem to be the Com maining mere :figureheads and decora do, nor do I need any lessons in the missioners themselves. I think that if tions at setpiece hearings. courage required to :fight it. they were able to spend more time on l say to the Commission: Honesty is The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights the job and devote more energies to their the best policy. is empowered to investigate alleged vio work, the Commission members would I propose in future days to bring be lations of voting rights, study and col have a very much more effective orga fore the House details which will support lect information on legal developments nization. I suggest that Congress should my claims, and which will show why re which constitute a denial of equal pro consider creating a full-time Commission forms are needed. I thank you for your tection of the laws as guaranteed in the on Civil Rigbts, with paid full-time com attention. 14th amendment, serve as a clearing missioners. This would present us with house for information related to civil work that is truly the work of the Com rights matters, and appraise Federal laws mission rather than a staff that appears V /STOL AIRCRAFT: A DEFINITIVE and policies bearing on civil rights mat to be less than objective, and often less VIEW ters. In short, Congress created this than competent, sometimes almost com Commission to keep abreast of civil ical. This is work that needs attention rights-related developments and to rec and needs direction of able and dedi HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER ommend such changes in law or policy cated men, not the staff work of men OF NEW YORK as might be necessary to help assure that who may be dedicated, but not terribly IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES every citizen in this land does in fact able. Those who suffer from poor Com enjoy his full rights. My recent experi mission work are the people who need Tuesday, January 14, 1969 ence with the Commission leads me to help-tbe poor, the left-outs, and the Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, the pilot believe that it is failing in its function, left-behinds of society. I suggest that as issue of Government Executive includes and that it ought to reform its activities long as Commission work continues as I a definitive and perceptive article so as to be more productive, and to serve have seen it in my own experience, there on V /STOL aircraft. Development of the goals set out for it in the Civil Rights is little hope that substantive progress V /STOL is reaching a critical point. The Act. can be achieved in writing sucb new decisions and policies made in the next I do not believe, for example, that laws as may be needed, or in setting UP year or so will have profound effects on there is any profit in the Commission in new programs that could be of benefit. the shape of aviation and air travel for vestigating facts that are already known. The conception of the Commission decades to come. Nor do I believe that there is anything staff seems to be that their job is to ex I commend Government Executive's to be gained if the Commission staff es pose injustice. But the fact is that we article to the attention of all those who tablishes investigations or hearings that know about injustice, and there is little share my concerns over aviation develop are unfair or unobjective. The Commis need to keep investigating what we al ment and offer it for inclusion in the sion has just recently concluded hear ready know. For instance, in the San RECORD: ings in San Antonio, and I have every Antonio bearings, a migrant family told v /STOL AmcRAFT NEARING DECISIONS: reason to believe that the hearings de of its problems. This is good, but the QUESTION Is: WHAT Wn.L THEY BE? veloped nothing new, and that they cer Senate Subcommittee on Migratory La Highlights: The Vertical Takeoff and Land tainly were not conducted in anything bor already knows about these problems, ing (VTOL) and Short Takeoff and Landing like the thorough and fair manner that and has been pushing for corrective leg (STOL) aircraft are a puzzlement and im must be expected of such an organ of islation for many years. I myself know minent. The future of V /STOL is both as the Government. Commission staff mem these problems, and have made it my sured and uncertain. These points are bers seemed to have been far more in established. business to know them, and have spon 1. Neither the Federal Aviation Adminis spired by moral fervor than pursuit of sored and will again this year sponsor tration nor the Armed Services have success facts, and far more interested in political laws to prevent the exploitation of mi fully defined what a STOL aircraft is; hay than individual rights. Emotion re grant workers, to improve their wage and 2. This lack of definition is hampering placed judgment, and a desire for expose working conditions, and to enable them development of the aircraft and the STOL overcame any hope for sound :findings to enter into collective bargaining under ports they would operate from; and recommendations. At one time my the National Labor Relations Act. The 3. STOL, when it arrives, will -help solve staff pointed out patently false charges noise abatement and air pollution problems San Antonio hearings elicited informa as well as relieve air and terminal congestion; made by a Commission advisory board, tion about certain school problems, but 4. Military requirements a.re established and asked for the Commission to correct these are already known matters, and sufficiently to justify research and develop the record, but the reply was that the these are matters that are being dealt ment, but some programs will terminate in result had been to the Commission's lik with through new programs, new laws, 1970; ing, so there was no real need to correct and through certain court actions. There 5. Studies are underway to improve Instru any record. In short, the end justified was discussion about the identity crisis ment Landing System equipment for STOL the means. At one time I asked why I and VTOL aircraft but it may be years before and other race-related matters, but these refined equipment is available for both air had not been kept informed of Commis too are already known to scholars and craft and the ports that will handle them. sion activity, and received the incredi laymen alike. Much testimony the Com VTOL is fairly easy to define, but STOL is ble response that Congressmen generally mission heard could have been read from not; both FAA and the military agree on this. were not interested in such matters, and my speeches to this House and my ar VTOL is a helicopter pure and simple; STOL anyway if I had been informed, every is not simply an aircraft that takes off and other Member of Congress in the South ticles in various publications, some of lands on a short strip of real estate. "Every west would also have had to be informed; them dating back 5 and 6 years. In short, time you say STOL,'' said one Air Force ex it was just too much trouble apparently. the Commission made good headlines, pert, "you have to put a number with it, Deceit, poor judgment, plain discourtesy, but it broke no new ground and dis ... a 1,000-ft. STOL, a 1,500-ft. STOL, a covered no uncharted lands. The quality 2,000-ft. STOL-however much runway you and other failings are failings whether need to get that aircraft off the ground or they are committed by a righteous or of injustice is known, and what we need back on it. If you go to a 3,000-ft. STOL, why an unrighteous man, and I suggest that is propasals for bringing justice about, that isn't a STOL, it's a C-130 Hercules, and for all its good intentions, the Commis suggestions for action and reform rather that's a different horse. It depends on lift and sion staff has serious shortcomings. than repetitious exercises in frustration. payload; how much payload are you going to January '14, ·1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 695 sacrifice 1:! you're going to get that aircraft that the cost of developing a 1,500-ft. STOL system-not just on the ground, but in the airborne in the length of strip you want to aircraft would be excessive 1n cost at this aircraft as well. The Agency has in the works restrict it to. I cannot assess the word STOL; time and costly in delay required by design. now a prototype for evaluation. the 'V' I can." The Yellow Book does provide an extra 150 "How much STOL do you need? That's a Last March, FAA, 1n announcing a four feet at either end of the runway for over big question. The more STOL, the more costly day meeting of experts from military and runs, with an extra 50 feet of prepared the aircraft because of development. And the Government agencies and industry to discuss shoulder surface on each side of the strip. airport vs. aircraft facilities acceptability is tentative airworthiness standards proposed Slaughter believes that the difficulties for a question of which will come first, the by FAA for V /STOL aircraft, admitted it too STOL should not be great because of the chicken or the egg. The companies won't had difficulty in defining STOL. It said: state of the art. He also believes that STOL build aircraft until land is available and "For convenience, VTOLs are defined as aircraft should have a tendency-power be cities won't build STOL ports until they see those aircraft capable of vertical lift and ing equal-to reduce noise because it climbs the aircraft. An investigation of the North hovering with respect to a fixed point in at a higher angle, getting away soon from east corridor is bringing the Government, space under calm conditions, while the STOL the immediate area. manufacturers, industry, airports and cities class is identified mainly with conventional To this latter point, Miss Joan B. Harriage together, to study routes for airlines. This fixed wing types having lift augmentation. agrees. She is FAA's Program Manager for might break the cycle. "Many VTOLs also have a STOL mode of VTOL and STOL in the Aircraft Division, "In Phase I of this study, we're establish operation at higher weights; however, some and one of two or three ladies in the country ing the need and feasibility of V /STOL serv STOL types may employ additional lifting with a degree in aeronautical engineering ice and is tentatively set up so that it will be means similiar to VTOLs. (Purdue). A S'J_'OL designed with deflected completed next June or July. In Phase II, "The more inclusive term, 'V/STOL,' there slip-stream can climb, after takeoff, at 133 the routes will be awarded." fore, is used to designate such aircraft. An knots at a 16° climb angle for noise abate Conceivably, by that time major decisions aircraft found capable of meeting the cer ment, or it could accelerate to 200 knots in by airports and manufacturers will be made, tification requirements for both VTOL and level flight in approximately 20 seconds and for routes in the Northeast corridor are very STOL types would be certified V /STOL." climb at 4,000 feet per minute at a 13° angle. lucrative ones. The tentative standards being proposed by The McDonald Douglas Corp, is working Military interest in V /STOL is real and FAA were based to a large extent on existing with Societe Breguet of France on the type of dates back many years. Hugo G. Sheridan, certification requirements applicable to certification of a 50-passenger version of the Technical Advisor for Aerospace Sciences transport category rotor-craft and fixed wing cross-shafted, deflected-slipstream STOL con on the staff of the Deputy Chief of Naval aircraft where design features were similar cept. It has been flight demonstrated since Operations for Development, dates the to those aircraft. "At the same time," said June 1961 by the Breguet 941-01 model. Navy's interest back to 1911 when Eugene FAA, "they attempt to reflect the wide vari Lockheed has conducted studies of manufac Ely, flying a Curtis::; pusher, landed on a spe ety of novel design and operating features turing a 30-passenger compound helicopter cially built platform aboard the armored characteristic of V /STOLs and on which using the rotor and other system technology cruiser USS Pennsylvania at anchor in San these new classes of aircraft depend for developed for the Army in the AH-56A. But Francisco Bay and 57 minutes later took off lift and control." it would be about three years before either from the same platform. "An aircraft Still under study are such diverse features of these concepts would be ready for airline launched by catapult from an aircraft car as'boundary layer control, lift fans, tilt wing service. rier is a STOL,'' he said. And technically, turboprops, ejector jets, ratable props and "A large STOL would be economic,'' Miss he is correct. "The attention today is in ducted fans, direct lift jets, deflected thrust Harriage told Government Executive, "it the design of STOL rather than VTOL for devices, stowed or stopped rotors and pro would be using its own facilities. The airline it can carry a better payload." Said the Air pulsive wings. industry is looking upon STOL aircraft in Force expert, "We've been interested in In December 1965, FAA called in military view of public acceptance and maintenance V /STOL as far back as I can remember. and industry experts, as well as some of their and feels it is just another aircraft which More recently, we launched a real effort in own, to form a group known as the Air the industry can handle. But I don't think 1964 and in 1965 came Light Intratheater worthiness Standards Evaluation Committee the. public will accept such a large passen Transport (LIT)." In the late Fifties, the (ASEC). The purpose of the group was to ger-carrying rotary." Marine Corps wanted to improve the Am study FAA's airworthiness regulations from It is possible to operate V /STOL aircraft phibious Force by introducing an aircraft the standpoint 'of their timeliness and ap at busy terminals, but FAA would insist that with more capabilities than helicopter. In plicability to modern types of aircraft. The the aircraft can be controlled more efficiently 1956, the Navy participated in an Army Committee recommended that a set of tenta at high density airports by using a separate funded testbed investigation of the Vertol tive standards be developed for V /STOLs to approach pattern and runway. This was con 76 tilt-wing and Ryan 92 deflected-slip serve as the basis for "special conditions" cluded in a recent FAA study. The tests were stream aircraft. Other studies were under to be applied by the FAA in v /STOL conducted near Atlantic City, N.J., and taken, research projects begun, until in Feb certification. showed that, although it was possible to op ruary 1961 a request for proposals was sent Industry thought the 1970s would be the erate using present air traffic control proce to 31 prospective bidders for a Tri-Service market years for large V /STOL transports dures, it may be difficult to get desired spac VTOL transport aircraft. for 100 passengers and more and told FAA ing between aircraft on final approach. "This Said Sheridan: "Evaluation of the pro that if it, industry, was to develop such an difficulty,'' said FAA, "is due to the great dif posals ir..dicated that meeting the Navy's aircraft for operational use in 1975, it would ferences in final approach speeds between VI carrier compatibility requirement was dif need the tentative standards by July 1968. STOL and conventional airplanes and also ficult and, if included in the project, would As a result of a series of meetings by a team the variations in approach and landing speeds increase the risk. Rather than continue un headed by Charles E. Chapman, Acting Chief of different STOLs." Separate, but parallel der these stringent conditions, the three of Program and Planning in the Flight facilities are recommended. services decided to proceed immediately un Standards Service of FAA, the Agency, in one Said Miss Harriage, in a paper prepared in der Air Force management with full consid year's time, wrote and published a detailed collaboration with Richard E. Kuhn of eration of the Navy's need i:;,i all plans and "guidance" users refer to as the "Yellow NASA's Langley Research Center, "Whether decisions." Book"-bec:>,use of the color of its cover page. undertaken by municipal governments or by Another Navy expert said that there were It is titled "Tentative Airworthiness for air-transportation services, construction of three configurations that came out of the Verticraft/Powered Lift Transport Category the VTOL and STOL facilities must be done tri-service competition: tilt wing with some Aircraft"; it was published last July. concurrently with the aircraft and airspace variations; tandem tilted duct; and tandem "It is a guide," Herb Slaughter, Jr., FAA's developments. The ports must be much tilted prop. Chief of Engineering and Manufacturing nearer, either physically or timewise to con "The general feeling among people evaluat Division, told Government Executive, "it has centrations of travelers than the conven ing the proposals,'' he said, "was that the tilt no legal basis-but it does give a feel of pres tional airport, must have good interface wing with the standard prop was closer to a ent FAA thinking in the design of this type with ground-transportation facilities and real aircraft and therefore offered minimum civil aircraft." Generally, he said, all major must pe compatible with surrounding land risk in proceeding with development. This manufacturers are looking at paper designs of use, primarily from the point of view of resulted in the XC-142 as winner of that STOL. All major manufacturers participated noise." competition. Problems in the X-19 and the in preparing the Yellow Book and FAA may If our aviation system can provide a par X-22A proved this was good judgmen~they soon get requests for certification from two allel strip for STOL shorter than that which got the best aircraft to do the best opera or three companies. jet transports are using today, Miss Harriage tional evaluation job. As a result of decisions The Yellow Book recommends STOL air told Government Executive, then the system on the XC-142, Air Force felt the tandem port facilities have runways 1,500 feet long stands a chance of succeeding. An FAA air tilted prop was the best, but the Navy and 100 feet wide, taxiways 60 feet wide, and control tea.tn. covered some 20 sites, talked thought the duct was better. Defense Re pavements strong enough to support to airport authorlties and asked, What can search and Engineering told each service to 150,000-pound transports. This gives a sil be provided for -a STOL strip? "STOL strips go ahead with individual development. houette of sorts of a.n aircraft design that is at airports are not a simultaneous, inde "The only reason the X-22A is continuing most likely to get approval. The recommen pendent operation yet," said Miss Barriage. today is that it has a variable stability system dations, of course, are only that-recommen It is, again, a question of requirements. and can be used in a flight research program dations-and industry may rightfully feel "There is a need for an instrument approach to develop requirements and an understand- 696 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 14, 1969 ing of :flying qualities in the transition re,. The LIT research and development was from the fallout o:f military-gained expertise; gion-hovering to :flying or :flying to hovering not touched 1n the 1969 Budget, but how it 3-that research and development are falling situations." fares in future Budgets ls unknown. "We're off both in industry (awaiting STOL ports) A variable stability system (VSS) was in encouraged," said the Air Force official, "but and military {by cuts in R&D funding); and stalled in the aircraft in June this year. Ini I just don't know the future." Air Force 4---proll!erating air traffic insures the rela tial tests gave indication that the system hopes to make contract definition awards tively early introduction of commercial would be satisfactory. However, minor diffi before July. STOL on a large scale-indeed, some air culties involving portions of the circuitry The future of the Marine Corps' OV-lOA ports (e.g., New York and Washington) are were encountered. Testing of the VSS will be aircraft may be in question. As one expert already opera.ting such craft. a joint effort between Bell Aerosystems Com said, it is hard to get an unbiased opinion pany, developer of the aircraft, and the Cor of it. "It began on an emotional basis in the nell Aeronautical Laboratory, supplier of the Department of Defense by non-engineers. vss. Defense assigned the Navy agent for the air HENRY A. KISSINGER-SPECIAL The X-22A is being flown with a gross craft for the Marine Corps-who didn't want ASSISTANT FOR NATIONAL SE· weight of 15,700 pounds. This is the esti it. It began with the Light Armed Recon CURITY mated structural limit of the aircraft. But naissance Aircraft (LARA) with an original due to funding limitations, structural testing wing span of 25 feet; it's now nearly 40' ." has been curtailed and no effort is planned to The Marine Corps Gazette (professional HON. JOHN R. RARICK raise the weight limitation through static magazine for the Corps) last May carried an tests. Funding restriction has also eliminated article praising the OV-lOA. The November OF LOUISIANA planned flutter tests. "Consequently," said issue published a blistering rejoinder. The IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES writer's comments are contained in a section the Navy, "the planned X-22A flight envelope Tuesday, January 14, 1969 investigation has been reduced and flight clearly marked "Opinion." A few excerpts: tests are limited to a speed of 200 knots." " ... Because it is not a VTOL, it cannot Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, can the Flight test results indicate overall stability 'live' with the troops by reason of flight per American people feel secure if the spe and control characteristics appear satisfac formance; nor can it 'live' with any troops cial assistant for national security does tory, but the side force characteristics are but its own organizational maintenance sup port troops, and in this respect it will need not believe in security? somewhat higher than estimated. And it ap An interesting documentary on the pears to have higher drag than estimated. a great deal more maintenance than the 0-1 The Naval Air Systems Command now esti it replaces.... new special assistant to replace Walt mates the maximum speed to be in the order The 'need' for this aircraft . . . needs Rostow has been prepared by OSTH In of 230 knots. This compares to the original some elucidation. Four years ago, Marine formation Service, Box 448, Berryville, Bell estimate of about 303 knots which was Corps Landing Force Development Center is Va., which I ask be here reproduced for later revised downward to 283 knots as a re sued what purported to be a comprehensive our colleagues' attention and perusal, sult of wind tunnel tests. operational study and program analysis to support the 'need' not only for the OV-lOA followed by several news clippings. Said Hugo G. Sheridan, a Navy Technical The material follows: Advisor for Aerospace Sciences, "The X-22A but also for the accompanying support (per has been threatened by Budget restrictions sonnel and equipment). This document was [From the OSTH Information Service, Berry because of Vietna.Ill expenditures and the remarkable for a number of pseudo-analyti ville, Va., Jan. 19, and 26, 1969] cutdown of monies available for research and cal rationalizations, not the least of which HENRY A. KISSINGER was total omission of any comparison with development. This will probably be the last No appointment made by Richard M. Nixon year it is funded. It is a research vehicle, not or even reference to the OV-1, which was not only the only comparable twin-turbo-prop ls nearly so important as that of Prof. Henry a transport VTOL. It may go to NASA." A. Kissinger of Harvard as special assistant The Air Force program in VTOL transports aircraft then in existence, but which had previously undergone extensive study by the for national security affairs. Much of the ls in full swing. Marine Corps and had even been evaluated in conservative press has praised the appoint A series of studies was launched by six combat by a Marine pilot ... ment thinking Dr. Kissinger was a hard contractors for the Light Intra.theater Trans "I would be the first to agree that the liner insofar as opposing Moscow is con port (LIT) to meet Air Force requirements. OV-1 was not (and is not) the world's great cerned. Many more sophisticated political These requirements were determined by the est airplane, but it was (and is) a whole and cold-war experts believe otherwise. Con Tactical Air Command which will supply the lot better airplane than the OV-110 is or sider the following commentary from well pilots and crews, as well as the aircraft, for will ever be. In point of iact, the OV-1 is an known liberal and even socialistic sources: operation in the theater force command operational member of the 1st Marine Air Adam Yarmollnsky declared, "I will sleep Strike Command, Air Force Pacific Command, Wing team and has proven to be a valuable better with Henry Kissinger in Washington. etc. One firm requirement: it must be capa supplement to I Corp reconnaissance ca He has the kind of judgment, balance, and ble of deploying without refueling. pability." ability to see that the President ls exposed The STOL aircraft is less attractive in LIT At the same time, some pilots of the OV to the whole spectrum of views he should than the VTOL, but this surface comment lOA swear by it, not at it. How the Marine get." will have no bearing on the final decision Corps will resolve this requirement can only, Said Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., "I think it's lf the STOL design appears superior. "If you publicly, be the subject of educated guess an excellent appointment. It's very encour have a 1,500-ft. runway with a STOL parked work. It has been reported, however, that aging. He's the best they'll get. He asked for at one end of it and a bomb blasts a hole in the Corps has expressed interest in the Brit my advice a few weeks ago and I urged him to the middle of the strip, the STOL is parked ish vectored thrust Hawker Siddeley Harrier accept." period. Now, a VTOL could take off regard V /STOL being produced in quantity for the According to reports, George F. Kennan less-with a lighter payload, obviously, but Royal Air Force. It ls the first V /STOL fighter "applauded the appointment." Carl Kaysen it could take off. If you have a 1,500-ft. STOL and the only fixed wing V /STOL aircraft of called Kissinger "a very able man." John and later decide you'd rather have a 1,000-ft. any type to get beyond the experimental Kenneth Galbraith "called the appointment STOL, you're out of luck unless you want to stage. of his friend 'a good one.'" spend more money on VTOL development The U.S. assisted in developing this air The New York Times commented editorial and time, which you may not have a lot of. craft, financing engine development and pro ly, "His appointment as President-elect "But even if you go to STOL, you've got to viding research facilities at NASA. Said Roy Nixon's assistant for national security should go to VTOL to get the maximum lift-weight M. Braybrook, Senior Project Engineer at assure the new Administration of strategic ratio. If you had a V /STOL aircraft and only Hawker Siddeley in Vertiftite "In addition, assessments that keep military and political used it as a STOL, you'd have a better STOL." we found that under the impetus of John factors in balance ... As an active par Six companies are participating in the Stack (now Vice President-Engineering, ticipant 1n arms control studies in Cam competition, each submitting VTOL designs FairchJld Hiller) the models were manufac bridge, Washington and abroad since the and three of them also submitting separate tured by three-shift working so that they early 1960's, he is known as a strong propo STOL designs. They are: Lockheed California were actually completed much earlier than nent of ratification of the nuclear non-pro (stop and stowed rotors) ; Sikorsky (also stop was possible (in England)." liferation treaty and of talks with Moscow to and stowed); McDonnell Douglas (lift fans); A development contract of a new design curb the missile race. No contribution he can Lockheed Georgia (lift fans and a separate was let in August 1966 and Hawker Sid make in his new post will be more important study on lift jets); Boeing Vertol (tilt wing deley is now manufacturing 60 single seat than the role be plays as efforts are made turboprop); and LTV (also tilt wing turbo Harriers, the first of which flew last Decem to bring these measures to fruition." prop) . The STOL submissions are by Boeing, ber, and ten two7seat models, which will fol What is the background of Henry A. Kis LTV and McDonnell Douglas. low about one year behind the schedule of singer? Air Force believes it has identified a good the single-seaters. A B.A. from Harvard in 1950, with the aid breakpoint 1n size of the aircraft, but will Several lessons are clear from all of the of a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship for not divulge it at this time, pending :full foregoing: 1-that research and development Political Theory. From 1951 to the present, evaluation of all the studies. The studied o! V /STOL aircraft is active by both in· he has been Director of the Harvard Interna payload range is from three tons vertical to dustry and military-each for their separate tional Seminar which has been revealed as 24 tons STOL. reasons; 2-that industry can learn much having been CIA :financed in 1967. A Ph. D. January 14, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 697 from Harvard in 1954, under McGeorge "The :flexibility so often demanded of our investigating international Communism Bundy. From 1954 through 1956 he was Study diplomacy is impossible without a spectrum have declared there is a conspiracy and the Director for the Council on Foreign Relations of military capabilities." (p. 58) record points that out very clearly. on Nuclear Problems. CFR, as is generally "Limited war is based on a kind of tacit With the replacement of Walt Rostow iJy known, is substantially subsidized by Rocke bargain not to exceed certain restraints . . . Henry Kissinger, Will our policies in regard feller money. In 1957 his CFR study expound it takes two to keep a limited war limited to the Soviet Union continue consistently ing the theory of limited warfare was pub or a local defense local." (p. 62) (Com to overlap or complement the Communist lished under the title, Nuclear Weapons and pare this with our no-win type of Vietnam design? Will the 20-year old U.S. policy of Foreign Policy. From 1956 through 1958 he policy.) mutual accommodation continue? was Director of a Special Studies Project for "However paradoxical it may seem, the In March 1967 Sena.tor Strom Thurmond Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Inc. In January danger of escalation is one of the chief rea delivered a major speech given no publicity of 1958 the "Kissinger Report" appeared. It sons why a strategy of limited war contrib at all to the Cornell University Forum. In dealt with military strategy and said the U.S. utes to deterrence and also why, if deter discussing the international Communist should spend $3 billion on arms, and reor rence falls, there is a chance of keeping a conspiracy he pointed out the similarities be ganize services under a single command, and conflict limited." (p. 62) tween Soviet Policy and U.S. Policy as prepare for limited warfare. "Any limited war must have some sanctu follows: In 1958 and 1959 Kissinger was Reseitrch ary areas." (p. 63) 1. Soviet Foreign policy must not be iden Secretary for a CFR discussion group on "Limited war should not be considered tified with the organized world communist Political and Strategic Problems of Deter a cheaper method of imposing uncondition movement under Soviet domination. U.S. rence. The group also included Frank Alt al surrender but an op~.)rtunity for another policy has shown no evidence of Soviet con schul, Robert Amory, William C. Foster, Ros ·attempt to prevent a final showdown. We trol of international communist conspiracy well Gilpatric, Hans Morganthau, Dean Rusk must enter it prepared to negotiate and to by Soviets. The Empire is now fragmenting. and James Perkins. settle for something less than our tradi We should support independent Communist By 1961 Kissinger was Special consultant to tional notion of complete victory. To be regimes. President Kennedy on the Berlin Crisis. He sure, the most likely outcome of a con:flict 2. Soviet Policy: There is no force in the was also consultant to the Operations Re fought in this manner is a stalemate." (p. world that can halt the advance of Soviet search Office, the Operations Coordinating 64) society. Our cause is invincible. We must Board, the Weapons Systems Evaluation "If we make the issue depend on 'purely' keep a firm hand on the helm and go our Group, the Psychological Strategy Board, the military considerations, any conflict is like own course, yielding neither to provocation National Security Council and the Arms ly to expand by stages into a confiagra nor to intimidation. U.S. Policy: Do not pro Control and Disarmament Agency. That same tion.... Graduated retaliation would not voke the Soviets since this will increase the year, 1961, he published The Necessity for strive for a military advantage as such." danger of general war. Bring about changes Choice, under the auspices of Harvard's Cen (p. 68) in Soviet Union by containment and Evolu ter for International Affairs which is also a "We would have to weight the tactical tionary processes, take no action which probable recipient of CIA funds. Kissinger advantage of nuclear weapons against the might escalate into general nuclear war. thanked both the Center and the Council on political cost. Once nuclear weapons were . 3. World Union of Soviet Socialist Repub Foreign Relations for assistance, and also used in limited war, it is possible that the lics uniting the whole of mankind under the thanked the Carnegie Corporation and John pressure of other countries to acquire nu hegemony of the international proletariat Gardner. clear weapons of their own would grow ir organized as a state, is Soviet Policy. U.S. In 1962 Kissinger was a full Professor a.t resistible. Or else world opinion would im · Policy says, no direct reference should be Harvard, on the faculty of the Center for pel a renunciation of a strategy which might made to Soviet control of the International International Affairs. In 1965 he published appear to have brought humanity to the Communist Conspiracy. World domination Problems of National Strategy under the brink of a catastrope. Whatever the likely theme should not be used against USSR. Center's auspices. In 1967 he was cited in the result, the concern that use of nuclear wea Changes are taking place within the USSR. New York Times as foreign policy advisor pons may have incalculable poli~ical e!fec~ They are mellowing into a peaceful state. to Governor Rockefeller with regard to a could outweigh all military cons1derat1ons. 4. Soviet policy: Socialist Society leading reported soft policy on Vietnam (Oct. 4 (p.88) - to a world communist society. U.S. policy, issue). On July 14, 1968, when Governor "This is the measure of the task ahead. At bring about changes in Soviet Union by evo- Rockefeller announced a 4-stage pull-out for the same time that we build up our ca 1ution instead of revolution. Support so Vietnam, he cited Kissinger as his adviser. pability for limited war and our conventional cialist causes. This will keep the violent form Kissinger's ideas have often been self-con forces, we will be embarked on arms con of communism from emerging. We are now tradictory. When this Service asked one of trol· negotiations of crucial importance. Our moving through a period of great transition. Washington's top experts on foreign policy leadership must convince public opinion Regarding Cuba: Soviet policy has been to categorize Kissinger's ideas the reply came that we have to increase our military ex to establish Missile Bases there in order to back that this was difficult to do because his penditures even while making earnest ef secure a Communist Base for subversion and basic thesis is presented in the form of a forts to negotiate on arms control." (p. 97) reveal weakness of U.S. U.S. policy contends paradox. He says we must be militarily strong "Unilateral disarmament-tacit or the establishment on Cuban soil of Soviet so that we can negotiate universal disarma avowed-and the quest for independent re nuclear striking forces would be incom ment. He is fascinated with the thought that taliatory forces are two sides of the same patible with Soviet policy. diplomacy will solve all our problems. Mili coin." (p. 116) Still regarding Cuba, Soviet policy has tary strength is only one tool in the diplo Liberal columnists Rowland Evans and been that the USSR will support the Castro mat's pouch. The job of the military is to Robert Novak commented on the appoint Regime and assure its continued existence hold off the aggressor until brilliant diplo ment by Nixon of Kissinger very favorably. as a Socialist state. U.S. policy is that we macy reconstructs world order. However, they deplored the choice of Dr. should peacefully coexist with Cuba since One may read Kissinger's historical study Richard V. Allen of the Hoover Institution we cannot allow any military action to of Metternich and Castlereagh entitled "A on War, Revolution and Peace as "senior escalate. World Restored" to note his confidence in and staff assistant" to "the highly respected Dr. Senator Thurmond also noted in 1967 that fascination with diplomacy. Henry Kissinger." Evans and Novak declare we were then in the midst of stepped up Our Washington contact said that Kis that "For his part, it is inconceivable that activity in the policy of "mutual accom singer differs from McGeorge Bundy and Walt Kissinger will make much use of Allen. His modation," of which the prime factor was Rostow in that he places more emphasis on personal aide will be not Allen but an out universal disarmament, both psychological military preparedness, but his goals are es standing young diplomatist (Daniel David and military. That remains true today. The sentially the same, i.e., the surrender of na son, currently an aide to Ambassador Averell Senator said the Soviet government, under tional sovereignty and nuclear superiority Harriman) ...." orders from the Central Committee (of which through arms control and disarmament. Lt New York Times reporter Hedrick Smith the Soviet Government is merely the is a mistake, we were assured, to look only mentioned Allen and Kissinger on December "front"), has been the most extreme ad at his remarks on milltary preparedness be 14, 1968. He wrote that Dr. Allen had main vocate of all the steps of disarmament; and cause they mean little in the context of his tained discreet contact with Dr. Kissinger U.S. policy has fallen along in step. The obsession with arms control. The paradox in during the Nixon campaign, and later with Central Committee, on the other hand, has his thesis is evident in the following quotes Dr. Zbigniew K. Brezezinski, who advised not stopped arming. Senator Thurmbnd cited from The Necessity for Choice (Anchor Books, Vice President Humphrey on foreign affairs five points on that subject showing how the 1962): in the election campaign. But Hedrick Smith policies of the Soviet Union and the United "We must be willing to face the paradox pointed out that while Dr. Allen is known States coincided. Some of these alms have that we must be dedicated both to military as a conservative or relatively hard-line been accomplished while others stlll remain strength and to arms control, to security as analyst of Soviet affairs, "He is not, as he has up in the air. well as to negotiation. to assisting the new explained to friends, 'a visceral anti-Commu 1. Soviet Polley: The disarmament policy nations towards freedom and self respect nist who believes in a monolithic Commu of the Soviet Government must be utilized without accepting their interpretation of all nist conspiracy or that the Sino-Soviet dis for purposes of agitation and as means for issues." (p. 9) pute is a hoax.'" Congressional committees recruiting sympathizers for the Soviet Union. 698 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 14, 1969 the champion of peace and socialism. U.S. ter's degree on the political scientist in 1952, The quarterly began with a; printing of Policy: In the interest of peace, we should a doctorate in 1954. 4,000 copies. With the anniversary issue its try to arrive at some form of disarmament Dr. Kissinger married the former Ann circulation will exceed 50,000, according to with the Soviets, even to the point of uni Fleisher in 1949. They had two children, John J. McCloy, the chairman of the Coun· lateral disarmament on our part. Elizabeth and David. They were divorced in ell on Foreign Relations and President Ken 2. Soviet policy: Obtain ratification of the 1964. He now lives at 419 Beacon Street in nedy's adviser on disarmament. "Moscow" treaty or nuclear test ban once B'.lston. The editor of Foreign Affairs ls Hamilton 1962 tests were completed. U.S. policy: Ratify The first of Dr. Kissinger's five books, "Nu Fish Armstrong. He ·joined the magazine at nuclear test ban treaty in the U.S. Senate. clear Weapons and Foreign Policy," was the its inception and became editor in 1928. 3. Soviet Policy: Obtain U.S. Senate r ati outgrowth of his work for the Council on The Council on Foreign Relations was fication of the Consular Treaty. U .S. Policy: Foreign Relat ions, which had begu:r:i. an effort founded after World War I by United States Obtain U.S. Senat e Ratification of the Con to fin d answers to the possibility of the delegates to the Versailles Conference to sular Treaty. threat af Soviet action against what ·was con "create and stimulate international 4. Soviet Policy: Obtain a treaty on peace sidered "insufficient American initiatives." t h ought," in the United States. ful uses of outer space in order to keep U.S. Dr. Kissinger was study director of three The anniversary issue of Foreign Affairs from placing in orbit objects carrying nuclear subcommittees, and after 18 months it was contains seventeen articles. The lead piece, weapons. U.S. Policy: Obtain a treaty on decided that he should write an analysis of "Then and Now," ls by Mr. Armstrong. In it peaceful uses of outer space. the groups' mediations. he compares the post-war years of the Nine 5. Soviet Policy: Disrupt NATO. U .S. T h e year the study was published, Dr. .teen Twenties with the Nineteen Fifties and Policy: NATO ls no longer necessary since Kissin ger's "A World Restored," Eubtitled the League of Nations with the United Na USSR ls no longer a threat. "Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems tions. Above we see the outline of U.S. foreign of Peace, 1812- 22," was released. A New York In assessing the differences in the two or policy over the past number of years. We will Times reviewer said that Dr. Kissinger's ganizations brought about by the participa note with interest any change for the better analysis of the Metternich era was "brilliant tion of the United States in the United Na under the new Administration and we will ly formulated." tions, Mr. Armstrong writes that this coun watch the words and actions of Dr. Henry A ROCKEFELLER FUND AIDE try is sometimes thought to use its power Kissinger and his advl-sers. In 1957, Dr. Kissinger began a long asso unwisely "but there no longer ls doubt, as ciation with '3overnor Rockefeller when he there was four decades ago, that we shall [From the New York Times, Dec. 3, 1968] became director of the Rockefeller Brothers use it." An article by Chancellor Adenauer urges NIXON'S KEY ADVISER ON DEFENSE-HENRY Fund's Special Studies Project. One study for the fund found the United States lagging be that negotiations on a European political ALFRED KISSINGER union be concluded this year. The West Some years ago, Dr. Henry Alfred Kis hind the Soviet Union in major areas of m11itary technology, and suggested that the German leader implies that delay might singer, lecturing his Harvard undergradu make the movement lose momentum and ate class on the principles of international United States increase its defense expendi tures by $30-billion a year. thus aid the Soviet Union. politics, began with the remark: The Earl of Avon looks back on forty "As I was saying to General de Gaulle last During t h is year's campaign for the Repub lican Presidential nomination, Dr. Kissinger years and decries what he considers a de summer ..." was an adviser to Mr. Rockefeller on foreign cline in respect for international obliga The remark was not typical of Dr. Kis affairs, in the Governor's effort to prevent tions. He writes that the Council of the singer, for although he ls known at Harvard Mr. Nixon from receiving the nomination. League of Nations was "as serviceable a as being, in the words of one colleague, Dr. Kissinger was one of several Rockefeller piece of diplomatic machinery as I have ever "impatiently arrogant," he is usually some aides credited at the Republican Conven known," while the United Nations is "an what circumspect when it comes to name t ion with transforming the party's Vietnam instrument ready to the hand of the preju dropping. war plank from a hawkish to a dovish one. diced propagandist, but not always so pliant Circumspection was apparent in his at The graying, bespectacled Dr. Kissinger, to the patient toiler for peace." titude yesterday when Dr. Kissinger, named who is 5 feet 9 inches tall and weighs 175 as President-elect Richard M. Nixon's as pounds, retains a slight trace of his Germanic (By Walter Trohan, Chief of Chicago sistant for national security affairs, was accept. He pronounces his name KISSlng-er. Tribune's Washington Bureau) asked how he would counsel Mr. Nixon on At Harvard, where he h as been serving the war in Vietnam. lately as a professor in the Department of WASHINGTON, May 29.- Within a few weeks, "I believe very strongly that the position Government, from which he will take a leave a heavily financed organization, which boasts of a White House assistant is inconsistent of absenc·e to serve Mr. Nixon, Dr. Kissinger that its discussion groups often "serve as a with making public statements on substan is known as a brisk, businesslike and de training ground for members called upon to tive matters," Dr. Kissinger said briskly. m anding teacher and scholar. serve the government in important positions," MET AT CHRISTMAS PARTY Some colleagues say he sometimes shows will celebrate its 41st birthday. a self-deprecatory sense af humor. For ex This ls the Council on Foreign Relations, Dr. Kissinger has known Mr. Nixon less which propagandizes and researches in the than a year-they met at a Christmas party ample, when introducing one staff member to another, he is said to have remarked: field of international relations with startling at the home of Mrs. Clare Boothe Luce-but success from sumptuous quarters, Council Mr. Nixon said he knew Mr. Kissinger lon g "He's a kind of mother to me. He does all the work and I get all the credit." House, with generous foundation grants. Few before through his writings. organizations can boast of such influence as Mr. Nixon indicated he was particularly [From the New York Times, Sept. 10, 1962] the council does in its annual reports, which impressed with Dr. Kissinger's book in 1957, ..frankly assert that the state department wel "Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy." FOREIGN AFFAIRS MAGAZINE MARKS comed the council's suggestions and asked That was the volume that brought Mr. Kis !TS 40TH YEAR for more detailed plans on foreign policy. singer to the attention of scores of politi Articles by Chancellor Adenauer and the President Kennedy was a member at the cians, diplomats and military men and be Earl of Avon, formerly Anthony Eden, high time of his election, altho he has dropped the came a source book for American policy ligh t the 40th-anniversary issue of Foreign association in the White House. Dwight D. makers. Affairs which appears today. Eisenhower was a member before, was during, In the book, Dr. Kissinger said that sur The distinguished quarterly with the and has been since his occupancy Of the vival for America "depends not only on blue-gray cover has changed little since its Executive mansion. our strength, but also on our ability to founding in September 1922 except that the Virtually every secretary of state, every un recognize [and fight] aggression in all its price is now $1.50 instead of $1.25. However, dersecretary of state, and a host of top for forms. In the nuclear age, by the time a the 40th anniversary issue illuminates the eign policy officials have been members or threat has become unambiguous it may be historic changes that have occurred in the still are members of the Council on Foreign too late to resist it." field of foreign affairs since then. Relations, whether the administration be Mr. Kissinger, who was only 34 years old The magazine, published by the Council Democratic or Republican. when the book came out, was born in Fuerth, on Foreign Relations, 58 East 68th Street, Germany, on May 23, 1923. His parents, Louis prints articles by the world's foremost NUMBERS MANY INFLUENTIAL IN GOVERNMENT and Paula Stern Kissinger, brought him and statesmen and by historians and other stu Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Under his brot her, Walter, to New York in 1938 to dents of international affairs. secretary George W. Ball are members. Dean escape Hitler. He was graduated from George Foreign Affairs has published the opinions Acheson, secretary of state under Harry S. Washington High School in 1941. of such diverse figures as John F. Kennedy, Truman, and Christian A. Herter, secretary During World War II, Dr. Kissinger served Trotsky, John Foster Dulles, Marshal Tito under Eisenhower, are also members. So was with the 84th Infantry Division and with and Arnold Toynbee. the late John Foster Dulles, secretary under the 970th Counterintelligence Corps. He was On occasion the magazine publishes Eisenhower, who had served also in the state released as a sergeant and went to Harvard, pieces signed "L" or "X." In 1947, for in department as a special consultant under from which he received a bachelor's degree, stance, the magazine published. an article Truman. summa cum laude, in 1950. Harvard, which by "X," who was George F. Kennan, then A few of the members influencing the gov gave him four scholarships, conferred a mas- the State Department's chief policy planner. ernment today include: January 14, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 699 - Charles E. Bohlen, special assistant to the would do it, I have a very active and busy "For some things we have to go to govern secretary of state. life of my own." he continued. . ments, as for figures. By and large we run our Chester Bowles, special White House ad . . "Henry Kissinger is a very old friend of own research." viser on Asia, Africa, and. Latin America. mine-I've known him :for at least 10 years. He said that about one fourth of the insti Arthur H. Dean, head of the United States But I've }:lad lines of _commuQ.ication into tute's 1,000 members were government people delegation to the Geneva disarmament talks. the White House ever since the Kenn~dy Ad and maintained that foreign governments Douglas Dillon, secretary of the treasury. ministration. '.'recognize the value of an independent Felix Frankfurter, justice of the Supreme "I've got great regard for Kissinger. I think organization such as ours." court. his appointment excellent. He doesn't look "This is not a cold war organization. We J. Kenneth Galbraith, ambassador to at problems of security in a purely tech have quite a lot of dealing with Eastern India. nologic way. Europe," he said. Fowler Hamilton, director of the agency "We've had a lot of discussions about what Mr. Buchan said that his institute was for international development. form of European cooperation is feasible and financed principally by foundations-Ameri George F. Kennan, am.bassador to Yugo what the United States should encourage." can, British, German, Canadian and Swiss. slavia. "One of the things he has been keen on," It gets no Government money, he added, Edward R. Murrow head of the United Mr. Buchan said, "is the reopening of Ameri though about six years ago it did a contract States information agency. can lines between the United States and study for the United States Arms Control and Walt W. Rostow, state department coun France-which I attach a lot of importance Disarmament Agency on the effect that im selor. to as well. plementing United States or Soviet com Adlai E. Stevenson, United Nations ambas "The United States has very little freedom J?rehensive armament proposals would have sador. of action. It's one of the two main pillars on the balance of power in Europe. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., White House of the balance of power in the world. This Mr. Buchan said that the institute got special assistant. difficult dual position requires it to be in $90,000 a year-or 40 per cent of its budget Maxwell D. Taylor, White House military dialogue with the Soviet Union for its own from the Ford Foundation, and about $25,000 adviser. safety, and also with its allies. from each of the following: the Rockefeller, NUMBERS SOME WHOSE NAMES ARE TARNISHED "Once Vietnam is over the United States Nuffield, and Volkswagen Foundations. is going to be involved in a dialogue with BEST KNOWN WORK The council is not so proud of some of its the developed powers--Europe and Japan. former members. Alger Hiss, the spy-per Its role as policeman will end. The role isn't He said that his group has never had any jurer, was an important member. Harry feasible anyway." money directly or indirectly from the Central Dexter White, the treasury aid who died and Mr. Buchan said that in the last 30 years Intelligence Agency, noting, "I would per was buried with secrecy just before he was his respect for the United States Administra fectly recognize C.I.A. money if I saw it, be about to be questioned on his communist tion had steadily declined. He maintained cause I know a lot about it." associations or connections, also was a mem that successive American executives pursued "The institute opened up the debate on ber. John Carter Vincent, Philip Jaffe, and action instead of thought and that it was nuclear proliferation about eight years ago, the late Lawrence Duggan, all targets of the impossible to tell which of half a dozen poli and we are best known for our work on al late sen. Joseph McCarthy [R., Wis.], the cies running in Washington would predomi liance problems," Mr. Buchan said. controversial investigator of communist ac nate at any time. In addition to a monthly called "Survival," tivities and associations, were council mem Alastair Buchan (pronounced BUCK-an) the institute publishes a series of Adelphi bers. grew up in the world of letters and diplo papers, named after the area of London in Other members who figured in congres macy. His father was the Scottish author which the institute has its headquarters and sional investigations are still on the rolls, John Buchan (1875-1940) who wrote histori a permanent staff of about 20. such as Owen Lattimore and Philip Jessup, cal works, thrillers such as "The 39 Steps," Mr. Buchan is married to a Canadian, and who were questioned about their connections and an autobiography published in the they have two sons and a daughter. He is the with the Institute of Pacific Relations. There United States as "Pilgrim's Way." John author of "NATO in the 60's." Since Septem are a handful of members out of step with Buchan became Lord Tweedsmuir in 1935 be he has been teaching a course entitled the international majority. Herbert Hoover, and from that year until 1940 served as Gov "Force in Modern International Politics" at for instance. ernor-General of Canada. Carleton University at Ottawa. The council began as an idea in France in Alastair, the youngest of four children, The course ends next week and Mr. Buchan 1919, when. a group of Britons and Americans was born in London Sept. 9, 1918. He is a plans to return to London. He lives in the decided that their countries needed inter moderately rugged-looking man with thick, country near Oxford, and likes to garden, nationalist inspiration. The Britishers went dark blond hair. He was educated at Oxford fish, and hunt birds. home and established what is now the Royal and Eton, lived With his family in Canada, Institute for International Affairs. The and was on his way to graduate work at the Americans set up the council. University of Virginia when World War II The original thought had been to set up broke out. A TRIBUTE TO TWO WOMEN one organization, but it was concluded that Mr. Buchan spent six years in the Ca internationalism could best be advanced by nadian Army, emerging as a major of the independent groups working toward the 14th Canadian Hussars (tank) regiment. "I HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI same end. It was felt that the tag of patriot hated the army,'' he said. OF ILLINOIS ism would hamper the aims and objectives From 1948 to 1951, he was assistant editor IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the council, which are chiefly to develop of The Observer, a British weekly that ranks a new look of internationalism. as one of the so-called "quality" papers to Tuesday, January 14, 1969 "To create and stimulate international distinguish it from the popular press. Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, as we thought among the people of the United He spent 1951 to 1955 in Washington for gathered for the opening session and re States, and to this end, to cooperate with the The Observer. During this period, as he ex government of the United States and with plained, "one could see that strategic studies newed old friendships, many Members, international agencies, coordinating inter were going to dominate policy." I am sure, had in mind our colleagues of national activities by eliminating, in so far The creation of the H-bomb, the cold war, the 90th Congress who were no longer as possible, duplication of effort, to create the thinking of Dulles, Eden, and foreign there. new bodies, and to employ such other means, officers all over the world was getting affected Two in particular came to my mind, as from time to time may seem wise and by strategic questions, and I became more both being outstanding ladies and mem proper," is the way the council states it. absorbed in them," he continued. From 1955 to 1958 he was The Observer's bers of the House Foreign Affairs Com mittee. [From the New York Times, Dec. 6, 1968] diplomatic and defense editor. He was then invited to be director of a Therefore, I believe the column in the BUCHAN, LoNDON STRATEGIC STUDIES HEAD, new body called the Institute of Strategic November 20 Sacramento Union by the PRAISES KISSINGER BUT CRITICIZES U.S. Studies. Mr. Buchan described this organiza noted Washington columnist, Dumitru POLICIES tion as an "internation institute for the Danielopol, very properly expressed the PRINCETON, N.J., December 5.--0n being study of the role of force to international named assistant for national security affairs relations-the problems of strategy and arms thoughts that many of us have when we to President-elect Richard M. Nixon, Henry A. control." think of these two outstanding ladies, the Kissinger said on Monday that he would call He added: "It has no real American Honorable Frances Bolton and the Hon on the services of foreigners such as Alastair counterpart. Membership stretches to 32 orable Edna Kelly. Buchan, director of London's Institute of countries, with about 1,000 members." I insert the article at this point: Strategic Studies. "We have an enormous library organiza A TamUTE TO Two WOMEN Mr. Buchan, who is attending a seminar tion," Mr. Buchan said, "and scan about 24 at Princeton University on the problems of daily newspapers and a.bout 120 journals. We (By Dumitru Danielopol) America, says he doesn't know what Dr. run a series of conference:;;, and a number of WASHINGTON.-The time of political cele Kissinger has in mind. "I've no idea," he working gro\1.ps with a mixture of officials, brations by election winners should also be ·insisted in an interview, "and I'm not sure I academics and journalists. a time of tribute to some losers. 700 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 15, 1969 The United States Congress ls going to miss which issued the report "Strategy and Tactics world into mass violence and disorder t.o be two distinguished, gracious la.dies-Rep. of World Communism." :followed by an era of totaUtartan, Commu Frances P. Bolton, R-Ohio, and Rep. Edna One of her bills sought the return of nist regimes." Kelly, D-N.Y. 28,000 Greek children kidnaped by Commu Mrs. Kelly knows the facts and she used Spry and active octogenarian Frances Bol nist guerrillas during the Red insurrection her knowledge with distinction as chairman ton entered the House 28 years ago when she in Greece. of the Subcommittee on Europe on the Com was elected to fill the unexpired term of her In 1953 President Eisenhower named Mrs. mittee for Foreign Affairs. late husband, Chester C. Bolton. Bolton a delegate to the General Assembly Since entering the House in 1949 in a spe A dynamic and energetic reformer, she of the United Nations. cial election in Brooklyn she was active on a served on many committees including the Her decorations would fill pages. A private number of congressional subcommittees in Committee of Foreign Affairs since 1941. She law authorized Mrs. Bolton to wear the cluding national security, the Middle-East was a member of subcommittees whose at French Legion of Honor "Officer Class" con and East-West trade. tentions focused on Europe, the Near East, ferred to her for her work during and after She came to be respected and loved by the Balkans and Africa. She travelled widely the war. exiles from Eastern Europe for her activities and is considered an expert on the Near East Edna Kelly established an equally proud concerning the Captive Nations. In 1962 as and a specialist of African Affairs. record as a liberal in internal affairs, as a chairman of the Subcommittee on Europe Also interesting in nursing and medical hard-minded patriot in foreign affairs. Un she held hearings "to explore new methods of care afforded American fighting men, she like many self-styled liberals, she was never communicating with freedom-loving people contributed progressive legislation in health. duped by Communist dialectics. behind the Iron Curtain". She was largely responsible for the Army Mrs. Kelly lost her seat to Rep. Emanuel In a report to her constituents last October Celler, D-N.Y., when a quirk of redistriction School of Nursing. The Bolton Bill created she wrote: threw the two into the same district. But she the U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps that graduated "We live in an age in which forces of revo has time for a comeback. She belongs in 125,000 nurses for World War II. lution-simulated, enticed and guided by Washington. She was chairman of the Subcommittee on Communist ideology-are hell bent on de Both Mrs. Bolton and Mrs. Kelly deserve to National and International Movements stroying the existing order and plunging the be remembered.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Wednesday, January 1'5, 1969 The House met at 12 o'clock noon. From the Hill," written by my distin The point is, of course, that procurement The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, guished colleague and good friend, the impacts on the economy, on community wel D.D., offered the following prayer: gentleman from California, Congress fare, on specific industries and occupations, all of which flourish or wither in the district The Spirit of the Lord is upon me. man CHET HOLIFIELD. The article appears of one Congressman or another. Contractors Luke 4: 18. in the Defense Management Journal, are even known to locate branch plants in Eternal God, our heavenly Father, we volume IV, issue No. 4, fall of 1968, be districts where the chairman of a key com come to Thee at this noontide moment of ginning at page 6. mittee or subcommittee might become a The Defense Management Journal is legitimate champion of their cause before prayer humbly and gratefully for in Thee the Pentagon for a sustained flow of Gov is the answer to our questions, the solu published by the Directorate for Cost Re duction and Management Improvement ernment business. tion of our problems, and the goal of our Military supply systems, which absorb the noblest endeavors. Policy in the Office of the Assistant Sec vast outpouring of military goods procured, May it be our aim, as we meet daily retary of Defense, Installations and Lo are less visible to the Congress and hence in this historic Chamber, to meet the gistics. It is concerned with Govern less well understood-at least in problem needs of struggling humanity, to ment management, and its contributors terms. This is the realm of the commodity are experts in this field. manager and the weapon system manager, strengthen the ties that bind free men who employ methods and terminology strange together, and to find the way to peace In the 90th Congress the gentleman from California