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Late Prehistoric Change in the Feather River Watershed, Butte County, California

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Late Prehistoric Change in the Feather River Watershed, Butte County, California LATE PREHISTORIC CHANGE IN THE FEATHER RIVER WATERSHED, BUTTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Anthropology California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in Anthropology by Ryan Timothy Bradshaw FALL 2020 © 2020 Ryan Timothy Bradshaw ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii LATE PREHISTORIC CHANGE IN THE FEATHER RIVER WATERSHED, BUTTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA A Thesis by Ryan Timothy Bradshaw Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Michael G. Delacorte, Ph.D. __________________________________, Second Reader Nathan E. Stevens, Ph.D. ____________________________ Date iii Student: Ryan Timothy Bradshaw I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and this thesis is suitable for electronic submission to the library and credit is to be awarded for the thesis. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Jacob L. Fisher, Ph.D. Date Department of Anthropology iv Abstract of LATE PREHISTORIC CHANGE IN THE FEATHER RIVER WATERSHED, BUTTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA by Ryan Timothy Bradshaw This study examines the idea that the introduction of the bow and arrow precipitated late prehistoric culture change in the Sierra Nevada foothills of Butte County, California. Based on Bettinger’s (2015) Orderly Anarchy Model, it is hypothesized that the hunting efficiency gained by the bow promoted a settlement and subsistence strategy that was conducive to plant resource intensification. Data for this thesis derive from archaeological investigations conducted during large infrastructure projects during the 1950s and 1960s, along with more recent work undertaken as part of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission relicensing project of the Lake Oroville Facilities. Statistical methods and GIS spatial analyses were employed to identify subsistence and settlement patterns that relate to the use of the bow and arrow. The results were found to generally align with the predictions of the Orderly Anarchy Model, wherein the regional introduction of the bow and arrow appears to have preceded significant shifts in settlement patterns and acorn intensification. _______________________, Committee Chair Michael G. Delacorte, Ph.D. _______________________ Date v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the students and faculty at Sacramento State and former staff at the Archaeological Research Center for their encouragement and helpful advice. Thank you, Bridget Wall, for being a great mentor and instilling the skills necessary to manage archaeological data. Thanks to Marcelle Powers for offering her expertise in GIS. I would also like to thank Tim Slowik, Martijn Kuypers, Katie Hanrahan, Gloria Brown, and Jennifer Mak for their resources and many great conversions. A big thank you to Dr. David Zeanah for bringing me into archaeology through his many thought-provoking classes. Dr. Zeanah provided me opportunities that students of archaeology rarely receive. I want to thank Dr. Jacob Fisher for introducing me to Kathy’s Rockshelter, and for keeping me on track to complete this thesis. I thank Dr. Mark Basgall for his incredible insight and instruction along the way. Finally, a big thank you to Dr. Michael Delacorte and Dr. Nathan Stevens, who made their way through several versions of this thesis. They graciously endured many of my thesis proposals and this project would not have been possible without their consideration, support, and guidance. The love and understanding from my family were essential throughout the graduate program. Lastly, I am indebted to my wife, Beatrice, for her tremendous patience and support. I could not have done this without her by my side. Love you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements............................................................................................................vi List of Tables.......................................................................................................................x List of Figures.....................................................................................................................xi Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 2. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT ............................................................................... 3 Natural Setting ........................................................................................................ 3 Historical Background ............................................................................................ 6 Ethnographic Context ............................................................................................. 8 Subsistence .................................................................................................. 9 Technology ............................................................................................... 11 Social organization.................................................................................... 13 Archaeological Context ........................................................................................ 14 3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .............................................................................. 21 Theoretical Orientation ......................................................................................... 21 Sociopolitical Evolution in Late Prehistory .......................................................... 22 Settlement Models .................................................................................... 22 Resource Intensification............................................................................ 24 Environment .............................................................................................. 25 Orderly Anarchy Model ........................................................................................ 27 Advantages of the Bow ............................................................................. 28 vii Group Size ................................................................................................ 29 Subsistence Intensification........................................................................ 29 Population Density .................................................................................... 31 Storage ...................................................................................................... 31 Privatization .............................................................................................. 32 Competition............................................................................................... 33 Economy ................................................................................................... 34 Archaeological Expectations ................................................................................ 36 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................. 39 The Archaeological Dataset .................................................................................. 39 Survey Level Data..................................................................................... 39 Excavated Sites ......................................................................................... 40 Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 43 Chronology ........................................................................................................... 45 Time Sensitive Artifacts ........................................................................... 45 Obsidian Hydration ................................................................................... 48 Radiocarbon Dating .................................................................................. 50 Introduction of the Bow and Arrow ...................................................................... 52 Mobility................................................................................................................. 54 Intensification ....................................................................................................... 55 Diet ............................................................................................................ 55 Technology ............................................................................................... 56 Group Size ............................................................................................................ 59 viii Settlement Patterns................................................................................................ 60 5. RESULTS ..................................................................................................................... 62 Bow and Arrow and Mobility ............................................................................... 62 Resource Intensification........................................................................................ 65 Bow and Arrow and Group Size ........................................................................... 68 Bow and Arrow and Settlement Patterns .............................................................. 73 Summary of Results .............................................................................................. 79 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION..........................................................................
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