ISSUE 14 JANUARY 2017 Archaeology and Conservation in Derbyshire ACID Inside: Profile of Paul Bahn How Tudor farmers lived Digitising the DAJ Towering inferno The rise and demise of Duffield Castle 2 017 | ACID 1 Plus: A guide to the county’s latest planning applications involving archaeology View from the chair Foreword: ACID Archaeology and Conservation in Derbyshire Heritage has the Editor: Roly Smith, 33 Park Road, Bakewell, Derbyshire DE45 1AX Tel: 01629 812034; email: [email protected] power to change For further information (or more copies) please email Natalie Ward at: [email protected] people’s lives Designed by: Phil Cunningham www.creative-magazine-designer.co.uk elcome to our annual roundup of archaeological highlights in the county during 2016. A special ‘thank you’ is due to our two local authorities – Printed by: Buxton Press www.buxtonpress.com WDerbyshire County Council (DCC) and the Peak District National Park The Committee wishes to thank our sponsors, Authority (PDNPA) – for their continued sponsorship at a time when government cuts Derbyshire County Council and the Peak to local services are imposing tough financial challenges. District National Park Authority, who enable this publication to be made freely available. Heritage has the power to change people’s lives, to inspire and sustain communities, and to generate local pride and a sense of identity. At the same time it can be an Derbyshire Archaeology Advisory Committee engine for tourism and economic growth. Buxton Museum Creswell Crags Heritage Trust Nonetheless, heritage expertise is under pressure nationally, with numbers of local Derbyshire Archaeological Society authority archaeologists having fallen by 33 per cent and conservation specialists by Derbyshire County Council 35 per cent since 2006. At the National Park authority, the budget for cultural heritage Derby Museums Service Historic England (East Midlands) has declined by 50 per cent during six years of austerity. Hunter Archaeological Society Sustained cuts to public funding are also having a debilitating impact on museums, Manchester University Archaeology Department and uncertain career prospects are resulting in a decline in the number of students Nottingham University Peak District Mines Historical Society studying archaeology at university. In addition, current government deregulation of Peak District National Park Authority the planning system threatens to undermine safeguards for archaeology by removing Portable Antiquities Scheme opportunities to levy developer funding for archaeological and heritage work prior Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust Sheffield University Archaeology Department to development. South Derbyshire District Council Not surprisingly, much of the work described here was funded primarily by the ISSUE 14 JANUARY 2017 Heritage Lottery Fund and included, wherever appropriate, the use of volunteers from Archaeology and Conservation local communities and schools – e.g. the DerwentWise, Duffield Castle, Heritage at in Derbyshire Risk and LIDAR projects; the Tudor Farming Interpretation Group; and new museum displays at both Buxton and Sheffield. Smaller funding contributions to these projects were also made by bodies such as the ACID two local authorities, the National Trust, the Council for British Archaeology (CBA) and Historic England (HE – formerly English Heritage). HE also supported John Barnatt’s recent work at Ecton; DCC and PDNPA, through the Derbyshire Archaeological Advisory Committee, supported Peter Ryder’s cross slab grave covers research and publication, and support from the CBA enables the Peak District Young Archaeologists’ Club to thrive. Inside: Profile of Paul Bahn Commercially-funded excavations have resulted in the discovery of 19th century How Tudor farmers lived Digitalising the DAJ pottery kilns and prehistoric ritual and settlement evidence prior to house building in south Derbyshire, and geophysical survey in north-east Derbyshire has revealed Towering a farming landscape from Iron Age and Roman times. Footpath erosion and prompt inferno reporting led the PDNPA to rescue a 4,000-year-old urn and cremation at The The rise and demise of Duffield Castle Roaches, on the western fringe of the Peak District. 2 017 | ACID 1 Plus: A guide to the county’s latest planning applications involving archaeology The Arteamus group give an update on their long-term excavations at Broadgates, and Derbyshire Archaeological Society’s secretary describes how members helped digitise Cover picture: Duffield Castle was demolished around 1270 their Journal in order to make back numbers from 1879 to 2011 freely available to all. after the Second Barons’ War, when Robert de Ferrers sided with Simon de Montfort against the future King Edward 1. Paul Bahn, the subject of this year’s Profile, is a world-renowned expert on cave art, This is artist Peter Lorimer’s impression of how the burning of the keep may have looked. See feature on p4. Picture © and a great supporter of Creswell Crags, and this year’s A Day in the Life of article National Trust/Peter Lorimer www.pighill.co.uk. features John Barnatt, well-known to all our readers and shortly to retire from the PDNPA but not, we hope, from archaeology. Finally, obituaries for Jon Humble and David Hey remind us of the value of their contributions to our archaeology The views expressed in the pages of this and heritage. magazine do not necessarily reflect those of the editor or publishers. No responsibility will be accepted for any comments made by contributors or interviewees. No part of this magazine may be reproduced without the written permission of the publishers. PaulineChair of the Derbyshire Beswick Archaeological Advisory Committee 2 ACID | 2 017 Contents 6 20 14 18 24 28 2 Foreword 16 Beneath your feet: bringing 24 Swords and shears Pauline Beswick, Chair of the past to life Peter Ryder reports on the conclusions the Derbyshire Archaeological The archaeological exhibitions at of an 18-year survey of medieval cross Advisory Committee Weston Park, Sheffield, have been slabs in Derbyshire refurbished. Martha Lawrence takes 4 Cover story: The rise and us on a tour 25 Monastic farm or demise of Duffield Castle hunting lodge? Oliver Jessop describes the history Martin Waller reveals the latest 17 Wonders of the and rediscovery of Duffield Castle findings from Arteamus’s long-term Peak re-visited investigations at Broadgates The Wonders of the Peak 6 Peeling back the layers gallery at Buxton Museum has 26 Digitising the DAJ A new community archaeology project also been refurbished, as Ros Barbara Foster describes the in the Upper Dove Valley is described Westwood reports massive task of digitising 135 by Catherine Parker Heath years of the Derbyshire Archaeological Society’s Journal 8 Hard labour at Ecton 18 Seeing what’s under the wood for the trees John Barnatt reports on an 27 Archaeology is fun! Steve Malone describes an exciting unexpected discovery at Ecton Mine Joining the Young Archaeologists’ new aerial laser survey technique Club means that you’re never too used in the Derwent Valley 10 Milestones to mills young to become an archaeologist, Anna Badcock brings us up-to-date says Martha Lawrence with the latest news from 20 Saggars, glosts and biscuits the DerwentWISE ‘Heritage at The long-forgotten Rosehill pottery at 28 Tributes to Jon Humble and Risk’ project Woodville has revealed its secrets, as David Hey Steve Malone and John Winfer report 12 A day in the life of a… 29 Sherds News from round the county survey archaeologist 22 Remains of a John Barnatt, senior survey Bronze Age wake? archaeologist for the Peak District 31 Bookshelf David Ingham describes a multi-age National Park retired in December. Editor Roly Smith reviews the latest site recently found at Willington Here he describes some typical books on the county day’s work 23 A farming palimpsest 33 Guide to the latest planning 14 Profile: Paul Bahn Geophysics has revealed new applications Paul Bahn, discoverer of the cave art evidence of Iron Age/Roman farming at Creswell Crags in 2003, talks to activity in the county, as Richard 36 Picturing the Past: editor Roly Smith Durkin explains Willersley Castle 2 017 | ACID 3 Cover story OLIVER JESSOP of the JESSOP Consultancy, describes the history and rediscovery of... Duffield’s rival to The Tower Artist’s reconstruction of how the castle looked in the 12th century. © National Trust, artwork by Peter Lorimer, www.pighill.co.uk otorists passing through Duffield on the A6 may for its future management. have noticed the large, overgrown hillside on The first castle on the site was built by 1089 and made Mthe northern entrance to the village. This is the of earth and timber, possibly forming a motte and bailey, only visible remains of what was once one of the largest although archaeological excavations have not yet been Norman keeps in the country – Duffield Castle. able to prove this. The land was owned by the de Ferrers The castle site is owned and managed by the National family, who between 1177 and 1190 constructed a stone Trust and is a Scheduled Monument, falling within keep and significantly improved the earlier 11th century the Derwent Mills World Heritage Site. The field which defences. contained the ruins of the castle was given by the owners, Archaeology has confirmed that the outline of the new the Hon. F Strutt and Mr GM Strutt to the National Trust keep measured 28m by 29m (92ft by 95ft), which made it in 1899. one of the largest in England, only marginally smaller than In January 2015, the Trust and the Heritage Lottery-funded the Tower of London and Colchester and Dover Castles. DerwentWISE Landscape Partnership commissioned the Surrounding the site were deep ditches which protected JESSOP Consultancy to undertake a heritage study on the the lower slopes, and a flat area on the top which would site. Its aims were to identify how much of the remains of have formed the inner courtyard.