Smith Hall Farm Solar Farm, Hulland Ward

Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment

2B Landscape Consultancy Ltd T 01430 423204 CLIENT: REFERENCE: 12 Everthorpe Lane E [email protected] Sun and Soil Ltd 2014-263 North Cave W www.2bconsultancy.co.uk East Yorkshire DATE: HU15 2LF May 2014 Smith Hall Farm Solar CONTENTS Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment

REPORT Pages

KEY FINDINGS 1

1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSAL 10

3 LANDSCAPE EFFECTS 14 Table LV1 - Landscape Effects Summary of Effects on Landscape 22

4 VISUAL EFFECTS 24 Table LV2 - Visual Effects Summary of Visual Effects 27 5 ASH DIEBACK 31

6 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS 32

APPENDICES Appendix

METHODOLOGY 1

GLOSSARY 2

ZTV METHODOLOGY 3

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FIGURES Figure

Zone of Theoretical Visibility - ‘Bare Earth’ - 1:100,000 01

Zone of Theoretical Visibility - ‘with obstructions’ - 1:100,000 02

Zone of Theoretical Visibility - ‘Bare Earth’ - 1:50,000 03

Zone of Theoretical Visibility - ‘with obstructions’ - 1:50,000 04

Topography 05

Context 06

Landscape Character / Cumulative 07 Landscape Designations 08

Heritage Designations 09

Viewpoint Locations 10

Viewpoints assessed with Photomontage

Viewpoint 01 - Existing 11.1

Viewpoint 01 - Wireframe 11.2

Viewpoint 01 - Photomontage at 0 years 11.3

Viewpoint 01 - Photomontage at 10 years 11.4

Viewpoint 02 - Existing 12.1

Viewpoint 02 - Wireframe 12.2

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FIGURES (continued) Figure

Viewpoint 02 - Photomontage at 0 years 12.3

Viewpoint 02 - Photomontage at 10 years 12.4

Viewpoints assessed with Outlines

Viewpoint 03 - Existing 13.1

Viewpoint 03 - Outline 13.2

Viewpoint 04 - Existing 14.1

Viewpoint 04 - Outline 14.2 Viewpoint 05 - Existing 15.1

Viewpoint 05 - Outline 15.2

Viewpoint 06 - Existing 16.1

Viewpoint 06 - Outline 16.2

Viewpoint 07 - Existing 17.1

Viewpoint 07 - Outline 17.2

Viewpoints Assessed without graphical representation

Viewpoint 08 - Existing 18

Viewpoint 09 - Existing 19

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KEY FINDINGS Landscape Effects (See Table LV1 and Section 3)

The proposed solar farm is considered to have Low magnitude effects Introduction on landscape character, due to its minor scale within its landscape context. The landscape character, as described by published 2B Landscape Consultancy Ltd (2B) is a Registered Practice of the documents and observed on site, is assessed as having a Medium Landscape Institute. 2B was appointed by OST Energy Ltd, on behalf sensitivity to this form of development, which results in an overall of Sun and Soil Ltd, to carry out a Landscape and Visual Impact Moderate to Slight adverse degree of effect on Landscape Character. Assessment (LVIA) of the proposed Photovoltaic (PV) solar farm at Smith Hall Farm on the outskirts of Hulland Ward in Derbyshire. The Slight to Minimal adverse effects are anticipated upon landscape site is around 17 hectares and the PV arrays will not exceed 2.0m features such as land use, built forms, landscape pattern, land form, above ground level. tree cover and field boundaries. The potential to maintain the field as pasture and convert to sheep grazing, and improve the hedgerow and This LVIA should be read in conjunction with the Planning Statement tree cover on boundaries, could be viewed as having a Slight which provides information on the range of Environmental and Planning beneficial effect on these landscape features. issues associated with the proposal. The degree of effect on the cultural and social landscape is considered to be Slight to Minimal adverse. The LVIA These, generally, Moderate-Slight through to Slight-Minimal effects The Assessment methodology follows the Guidelines for Landscape indicate a proposal which affects an area of recognised landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 3rd Edition (2013), produced by the character, but results in little or no change to that character through the Landscape Institute and the Institute of Environmental Management & scale, landform and pattern of the landscape; or its cultural and social Assessment. features, therefore having minimal effect on the landscape as a whole.

The LVIA process involved desktop assessment and field work, including recording and assessment of nine viewpoints.

Effects on both the Landscape resource and upon Visual amenity were considered, together with potential Cumulative effects arising from the interaction of the proposed solar farm and other solar farms proposed within the planning system.

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Visual Effects (See Table LV2 and Section 4) have lower sensitivity to the development, and so experience a lesser degree of effect. The ZTV Figures 01-04 show that there is limited visibility of the site generally due to the screening effect of local topography, vegetation Recreational visitors may also be visiting specific nearby cultural and and built form. recreational destinations, including Carsington Water, Brailsford Activity Centre, Ecclesbourne Valley Railway, and the Peak District / Derwent Due to topography and visual obstructions, there is little or no visibility Valley Mills. There are either no views from these locations, or there has from locations west of the site, and the development’s effect on views been found to be a Slight-Minimal effect due to their distance from the from the north is less than its effect on views from the south, due to the development. orientation of the site, and the orientation of the panels themselves. The views from public highways are, in general, screened by topography Residential receptors are amongst those most susceptible to change, and their associated hedgerow boundaries. Effects will be Slight to and therefore with the highest sensitivity. The closest residential Minimal for highway users. Effects for commuters will be in the same properties that may have a view are individual properties, as detailed at range as for highway users. 4.3.2. Those residential receptors with views from the south may experience up to a Moderate degree of effect, if they have a view of the For all receptors, the degree of effect reduces with distance from site. development. In each instance, the effect may be reduced, but probably not entirely Local residents may also experience the development in their capacity mitigated, by mitigation planting, including infilling of gaps in existing as recreational receptors making use of the local footpath/bridleway hedgerows, the addition of individual trees and increased height of network. existing hedgerows along the site boundaries and within the site.

Recreational receptors with potential views were mainly users of public In summary, at closer locations to the south for recreational and rights of way. No evidence of intensive use of the network of local residential receptors, with the existing baseline, there will be a footpaths and bridleways was noted when on site. Representative Moderate degree of effect. This reduces to a Slight to Minimal effect viewpoints consider the degree of the effects on the recreational for all receptors to the north, or with distance of more than 3km. receptors to be mostly Slight-Minimal, with a Moderate degree of effect at Viewpoint 05, directly south of the site. Taking into account the intended mitigation strategy of hedgerow improvements and reinforcement, there is a reduction in degree of effect Farm workers, and workers at small businesses and the Aggregates for all receptors. These mitigation strategies have more potential to Industries site, are considered to be represented by the same reduce the degree of effect for viewpoints closer to the site. viewpoints as those on footpaths, and residences, respectively - but

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Cumulative Effects

The cumulative assessment is concerned with the additional cumulative effect of the proposed solar farm with other nearby solar farm developments in the planning system. It is also noted, however, that other structures exist within this landscape, including low level electricity lines, quarries, road infrastructure, distant wind turbines, and radio mast that contribute to the cumulative effect of man-made elements.

The subject of this assessment, the solar farm at Smith Hall Farm, will not, of itself, combine with other approved planning applications for solar farm sites to create more than a Slight cumulative effect upon Landscape Character.

Due to the positioning and spacing of the proposed solar farm, relative to the other, smaller, approved planning applications for solar farm sites within 15km, no combined cumulative effects would be experienced by residential properties; whilst recreational users, highway users and workers could experience Slight to Minimal sequential effects.

Overall, the cumulative effects are anticipated to be Slight to Minimal.

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INTRODUCTION 1.2 GUIDANCE

1.2.1 The Assessment methodology used for this LVIA follows the 1.1 BACKGROUND Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 3rd Edition (2013), produced by the Landscape Institute and the 1.1.1 2B Landscape Consultancy Ltd (2B) is a Registered Practice of Institute of Environmental Management & Assessment. It also the Landscape Institute. 2B was appointed by OST Energy Ltd, draws upon other guidance, including Landscape Institute Advice on behalf of Sun and Soil Ltd, to carry out a Landscape and Note - 'Use of photography and photomontage in landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) of the proposed Photovoltaic visual assessment' 2011. (PV) solar farm at Smith Hall Farm on the outskirts of Hulland Ward in Derbyshire. 1.3 INFORMATION SOURCES 1.1.2 The proposal under consideration is to erect arrays of PV panels, which will follow the terrain, covering a total site area of 1.3.1 The site visit was informed and supplemented by a desk-top around 17 hectares, located approximately 1.3km south-east of study of available mapping and other information:- the centre of Hulland Ward, in the County of Derbyshire. C OS maps at 1:250,000, 1:50,000 1.1.3 The purpose of this LVIA is to set out the existing landscape and C Google Earth/Street View and Google Maps; visual conditions affecting the study area, and to describe the C Structure and local plans showing landscape and heritage effects of the proposed PV solar farm upon the landscape and designations; visual resource. It does not make any judgements as regards C Natural England – National Character Area 50: Derbyshire planning policy but, by considering Landscape Character Peak Fringe and Lower Derwent (NE NCA50) (2014) Assessments which support Local Planning Authority planning C Natural England – National Character Area 68: Needwood policy, it will inform the Planning Statement. and South Derbyshire Claylands (NE NCA 68) (2014) C Natural England - The East Midlands Regional Landscape 1.1.4 Although this LVIA is a stand-alone report, it should be read in Character Type (RLCT) 5a: Village Farmlands (EMRLCA) conjunction with the Planning Statement, which provides (2010) information on the range of Environmental and Planning issues C Derbyshire Dales District Council - The Landscape Character associated with the proposal. of the Derbyshire Dales (LCDD) (2007) C Derbyshire County Council -The Landscape Character of Derbyshire (TLCD) (2004)

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Glossary 1.4 METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE 1.4.4 A glossary of terms and abbreviations is provided at Appendix 2. 1.4.1 This Assessment first describes the existing situation - the baseline conditions - by reference to the documents listed in 1.3.1, above, combined with evidence from the site survey. It Study Area then considers the nature of the proposal itself and assesses the landscape and visual effects, including cumulative effects. It 1.4.5 Experience of the LVIA process, combined with observation, considers the degree of those effects by reference to the suggests that PV solar farms of the size of this proposal will be magnitude and sensitivity of landscape and visual receptors. most noticeable within the first few kilometres (km), visible up to around 5km and potentially visible (if looked for) at around 5- Terminology 10km. Beyond this distance, the development is likely to form such a small feature as to be a negligible part of any view. 1.4.2 To quote the principal guidance for this LVIA (GLVIA3, 2013): 1.4.6 The ZTVs focussed on a radius of 15km from the centre of the 1.15 Terminology can be complex and potentially confusing in solar farm site (E426760, N346260) in order to provide the this area, particularly in the use of the words ‘impact’ and theoretical data for potential viewpoint selection. The site visit ‘effect’ in LVIA within EIA and SEA. The process is confirmed that effects beyond 6km are negligible, therefore, the generally known as impact assessment but the landscape and visual study area has been restricted to within European Directive refers to assessment of the effects, 10km radius from the site. which are changes arising from the development that is being assessed. This guidance distinguishes between 1.4.7 Given its hill-top crest position on generally south/ south-east/ the ‘impact’, defined as the action being taken, and the north-east facing slopes in “rolling lowland over glacial till and ‘effect’, defined as the change or effect resulting from Mercia Mudstones” (LCDD), much of the area of visual influence that action, and recommends that the terms should be of the solar farm is limited to the south-west facing slopes and used consistently in this way. hilltops to the north-east, the west facing slopes and hilltops to the east and the north-west facing slopes and hilltops to the 1.4.3 The above distinctions and definitions are adopted throughout south/south-east. This is, therefore, the area with which this this LVIA, although other reference documents are quoted (and assessment is principally concerned. not altered) which retain the use of the term ‘impacts’ rather than ‘effects’.

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Consultations 1.4.12 It is subject to a number of limitations, in particular:

1.4.8 In accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) • the Ordnance Survey terrain data is of limited resolution and Regulations 2011, a screening opinion for Smith Hall Farm Solar does not fully represent all local variations in topography, Farm was requested from Derbyshire Dales District Council in including features such as banks, roadside cuttings etcetera. January 2014 and received from Derbyshire Dales District Council in February 2014. • other screening features, such as buildings, fences, trees and hedges are not routinely incorporated into ZTVs, due to the 1.4.9 This stated that the solar farm falls within Schedule 2 of the EIA complexity and detail of such objects. Regulations. Whilst the development constitutes an installation for the production of electricity, and the development exceeds 1.4.13 Accepting the above limitations, it is nonetheless the case that 0.5 hectares; due to its nature and extent and ultimate “bare-earth” (topography-only) ZTVs are regularly (and wrongly) reversibility, the proposal is not of sufficient scale to have interpreted by non-technical observers as representing the significant effects on the Environment, within the meaning of the extent of visibility of the proposed target feature. It is also the 2011 regulations and associated guidance. Therefore the case that the landscape professional can be assisted by Screening Opinion provided by Derbyshire Dales District Council refinement of the ZTV process to aid further interpretation of the deemed that a full Environmental Impact Assessment was not study area and suitable viewpoints. required. 1.4.14 Data which can readily be used to enhance ZTVs, includes 1.4.10 It was agreed that a full Landscape and Visual Impact Ordnance Survey (OS) Woodland and Settlement data, which Assessment (LVIA) would accompany the planning application, can be assigned representative average heights and included as and that this would inform the location of any potential planting obstructions with the terrain model. The result of incorporating for mitigation purposes. this obstruction data is to produce a more fragmented ZTV which, whilst still “theoretical”, gives a far better indication of the Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) (see also Appendix 03) likely extent and patterns of visibility than can be deduced from “bare earth” ZTV alone. 1.4.11 The Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV), is a computer-based modelling exercise. Its principal purpose is to indicate to the 1.4.15 In order to best represent the area of the solar farm, two target landscape professional, carrying out the LVIA, the locations points on the site (one located towards the top, north, of the from where, theoretically, the solar farm might be visible. This, north-west facing slope, and the other towards the middle, south- in turn, informs and directs site observations to establish west, of the south-facing slope, which are fairly uniform slopes) suitable viewpoints for further evaluation. were selected for the production of individual ZTVs. These were then combined and colour coded to provide a visual indication of

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how much of the solar farm will theoretically be visible within the leaf cover was in place due to the late bud-break of species such study area. Pink areas represent the potential visibility of the as Ash. northern (north-east facing) slope of the site, blue areas the southern (south/south-eastern facing) slope of the site, and 1.4.20 Likely visual receptors were determined from the above data purple areas represent a theoretical view of both target points sources and site visit, and reviewed through assessment of site (and therefore most of the solar farm). photography and other digital media.

1.4.16 Because “bare earth” ZTVs are regarded as the industry standard approach, they are represented within this LVIA by Viewpoints Figures 01 and 03 (1:100k and 1:50k respectively). In addition, Figures 02 and 04 represent ZTVs “with obstructions”. Based 1.4.21 Viewpoints selected for inclusion in the assessment and for on photographic evidence, these ZTVs incorporate small-scale illustration of the visual effects, fall broadly into two groups, as localised features, as discussed above, which could have a defined by GLVIA3: significant effect on actual visibility. For example, a two metre- high hedge could obscure views towards a development for • Representative viewpoints, selected to represent the most pedestrians and car-drivers; a two metre-high hedge on a experience of different types of visual receptors, where larger 1m high bank would obscure views for most observers. numbers of viewpoints cannot all be included individually and where the effects are unlikely to differ. For example, certain 1.4.17 Both types of ZTVs were used to inform the selection of points may be chosen to represent the views of users of viewpoints, which were then refined by observation and review particular public footpaths and bridleways. on site. • Specific viewpoints, chosen because they are key and Site surveys sometimes promoted viewpoints within the landscape, including for example specific local visitor attractions, 1.4.18 A site survey was carried out within the site area, discussed viewpoints in areas of particularly noteworthy visual and/or above, during April 2014. Photographic records were taken, recreational amenity, such as landscapes with statutory assisting review and recall of screening effects of trees and landscape designations, or viewpoints with particular cultural hedgerows. landscape associations.

1.4.19 Conducting the site visit during the beginning of the growing 1.4.22 When determining useful locations from which to assess and season means that visibility of the site is starting to reduce due illustrate the proposed solar farm; twenty-two viewpoints were to the screening effect of young foliage. However, not all the considered and ten visited - nine were assessed and thirteen dismissed.

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1.4.23 In the Visual Assessment Tables and on Figure 10 ‘Viewpoints’ , around 400m east of the site. Beyond around 3km, the solar the viewpoints are grouped into those assessed and illustrated farm would be difficult to discern within a photomontage. with photomontages (red), or with outlines (orange), or those visited and assessed without the need for graphic 1.4.27 Having demonstrated the range of effects with these two representation (purple), or those rejected for further assessment photomontages; the more obvious effect of the outline visuals (in (blue) - with reasoning given in table LV2. which the site location has been outlined and in-filled in blue- purple) is, therefore, considered to be more helpful in indicating Visual Representation of the Solar Farm the location and scale of the solar farm for Viewpoints 03, 04, 05, 06, and 07. 1.4.24 The visual representations of the proposed solar farm are in the form of Photomontages and development Outlines. The solar 1.4.28 As it was considered important to put the scheme into its farm is modelled within a 3-dimensional (3D) environment, landscape context, and due to the scale of the site in Viewpoints which includes reference features taken from OS mapping and 01 and 02, the horizontal Field of View needed to be 100°, giving aerial photography, such as individual trees, woodlands, a viewing distance of 470mm. overhead lines and buildings. These are selected to ensure that the wireframe reference images can be aligned with the site photographs, providing accuracy of both scale and position. Within the 3D model, the solar panels are oriented to face south, the optimal direction for maximising solar exposure.

1.4.25 The wireframe images are aligned to the site photographs using the reference objects described above. In the case of the photomontages, rendered images of the solar panel arrays are added at the position and scale defined by the wireframes. Direction and intensity of sunlight/daylight is matched to the site photo, based on time of day and the lighting conditions at the time the photo was taken.

1.4.26 Due to the potential localised visual effects of the solar farm proposal, photomontages were considered useful for two of the closest viewpoints - one on the A517, around 800m north-north- east, and a second on the access track to Carr Hall Farm,

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Assessing Degree of Effect

1.4.29 As stated above, the Methodology adopted for this LVIA is consistent with the GLVIA3. For both Landscape and Visual effects, this requires the Sensitivity and Magnitude to be assessed and then combined to determine the degree of effect.

1.4.30 Table 1, opposite, illustrates the overall approach to assessing degree of effects. The more detailed factors and criteria used at each stage of the Landscape and Visual assessments are shown in the Methodology Tables LM1-5 (Landscape), VM1-4 (Visual) and LVM1 and 2 (Degree and Nature of Effect) at Appendix 1.

Table 1 - Assessing the degree of effects

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2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSALS 2.1.4 There is a large Aggregate Industries site, surrounded by a well- established woodland screening belt, to the south west of the site. 2.1 SITE LOCATION 2.1.5 The proposed solar farm is located in open fields on land which 2.1.1 The proposed solar farm site is shown on Figures 1- 19. It is is currently used for grazing cattle and pigs. located approximately 1.3km south-east of the centre of Hulland Ward, 8.5km east of Ashbourne, 8.3km west of Belper, 8km 2.1.6 The site is made up of five small fields which cover the brow and north-west of Duffield and 7.8km south-south-west of three sides of a low hill which faces generally south-east. The Wirksworth and around 500m to the south of the A517, ancient dividing hedges are generally intact and in good Ashbourne Road. Several other settlements lie within 5km of condition with a number of well-established hedgerow trees. the site including: Brailsford, to the south-south-west; Hulland Village, to the west; Kirk Ireton, to the north; Idridgehay, to the north-east; Crowers Lane, to the east, and Weston Underwood 2.2 THE SOLAR FARM to the south-east. 2.2.1 Technical details of the solar farm are provided in the Planning 2.1.2 Within the study area, there are two main roads running Statement. However it is briefly described here as follows: generally east to west. Approximately 5km to the south of the site - the A52, Derby to Ashbourne Road, runs north-west to • Solar PV panels arranged in rows covering a total site area of south-east. The A517, Ashbourne Road, passes approximately approximately 17Ha in total 400m from the north-eastern corner of the site, and runs • 1000 x 1600mm glass panels, set in an outer metal generally west to east. Ribble Street, which runs from the framework, are mounted on a steel framework supporting south-east to join Ashbourne Road at the edge of Hulland Ward, structure. The supports are driven directly into the ground passes within 70m of the north-eastern corner of the site. and will not require any concrete foundations • PV panels are connected by cables, running through conduits 2.1.3 Other minor roads run generally north to south and link the along the rows of panels, and junction boxes major roads. Smith Hall Lane runs north to south from Ribble • The structure would follow the terrain and would not rise Street to the Mercaston Lane/Intakes Lane junction, passing above 2m above ground level. The solar panels would be within 140m of the western corner of the site. Intakes Lane runs inclined to 25 degrees from the horizontal and orientated due from Mercaston Lane in the south-west to join Ribble Street and south A517 to north-east.

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• 6 green painted inverter cabinets (6.15 x 2.61 x 3m high) with 2.3.5 A security system, to protect the solar farm and to prevent associated transformers unauthorised access, will consist of an, approximately, 2m high • 2 switchgear cabinets (1 DNO and 1 customer) deer fence installed within the site’s boundary together with pole- • 8 Megawatts peak (MWp) output mounted security cameras installed around the fence perimeter. The security cameras will employ infra-red technology and no site lighting will be required. 2.3 ACCESS TRACK , SUB-STATION AND SECURITY

2.3.1 The access track, of MOT Type 1 hard-core, for the construction and maintenance of the proposed solar farm, will use the existing field entrance on Smith Hall Lane and will follow the route of an ancient track running approximately 100m to the most westerly corner of the site.

2.3.2 A stone temporary, Construction phase, laydown area, of approximately 465m², will be created close to the site entrance and the switchgear cabinets. This will be removed upon completion of the construction.

2.3.3 During construction a raised track, formed of timber side shuttering with permeable membrane and MOT stone, will run internally to enable vehicular access to the site. During the operational phase, these tracks will soiled and allowed to recolonise with grass to form firm routes to facilitate access for maintenance operations.

2.3.4 The size of the Distribution Network Operator (DNO) switchgear cabinet will be determined by the DNO requirements, but is likely to be a 6 x 2.55 x 2.6m high GRP cabinet. This will house switchgear equipment to connect the underground grid connection cable, of the solar farm, to the distribution network.

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2.4 PROJECT LIFE CYCLE Focus of the assessment

Construction stage 2.4.5 In view of the short transitional periods for both construction and decommissioning, these are considered to be negligible effects 2.4.1 The construction stage is anticipated to take in the region of by comparison with the operational lifespan of the solar farm three months. This will include the creation of the access track, project. Furthermore, they are not radically different to the ground preparation, installing the solar panels and other operational stage itself, in that they will involve the construction equipment and completion. and installation of the solar panel arrays. There will be some degree of movement, but this will all be occurring at or near Operational stage ground level - at a similar level to normal agricultural activities involving tractors/combines etc. The landscape and visual 2.4.2 The operational life of the proposed solar farm is 25 years. assessments, therefore, focus on the effects resulting from the During this time there are no changes, associated with the operational stage of the solar farm. project, which are anticipated in the area of the solar farm.

2.4.3 Access to the solar farm will typically generate 2 visits per 2.5 PERMANENCE AND REVERSIBILITY month by technicians, in 4x4s or transit vans, for maintenance work. Maintenance will include washing the panels with water, 2.5.1 Unlike many types of development, for example housing or approximately twice a year; and mowing the grass, 4 - 6 times a highway construction, a solar farm is a temporary feature, year (if sheep are not used). There will be no on-site office or although it is accepted that a 25-year span is long term. permanent staffing of the site. Nonetheless, the solar farm is not a permanent structure and it can be decommissioned and removed at the end of its functional Decommissioning stage life.

2.4.4 When the solar farm reaches the end of its functional life it will 2.5.2 Particularly when considering landscape effects, this temporary be decommissioned by being dis-assembled. The various parts and reversible characteristic is a key factor which benefits will be removed for recycling or re-use. The access track will be proposals of this nature, when compared with permanent, removed and the site returned to agricultural use. The irreversible forms of development, such as residential anticipated duration of this work is likely to be in the region of 3 development. months.

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2.6 MITIGATION modifying the proposed layout of the solar arrays to enable these sections to continue to regenerate and form thickets, which 2.6.1 Given the relatively low height of the proposed solar farm and its would provide wildlife benefit. terrain-hugging nature, there is good potential that mitigation measures close to the development will have reasonable effect. 2.6.7 As there is already natural regeneration of blackthorn occurring within the site area it is recommended that the section of the 2.6.2 The total site consists of five small fields, generally divided by northern field, allocated to be left clear of panels, should be left well-established hedgerows of mixed species, reflecting their undisturbed and monitored to allow for natural regeneration of historic planting. shrub species to occur.

2.6.3 The two northern fields are divided by a post and wire fence 2.6.8 During this assessment, it was established that the original running along the majority of the boundary. To the western half location proposed for two of the Inverter Cabinets would result in of the boundary is the remains of old hedgerow containing well- the smooth flow of the panels being broken on the skyline. The established trees and small blocks of lower hedgerow species layout was, therefore, modified to relocate these cabinets further such as holly and hawthorn. south, over the brow of the hill, to minimise the risk of a break on the horizon line. 2.6.4 The internal boundaries between the southern three fields are more complete hedgerows with access gaps between the fields. Blackthorn is regenerating in the central northern corners of the two middle fields.

2.6.5 The external boundary hedgerows are generally in good condition, however there are some gaps which would benefit from in-fill planting. There is some variation in hedge heights around the site ranging from sections at around 1.2m high on the eastern boundary to around 3m high on other boundaries.

2.6.6 It is recommended that any gaps in the existing hedgerows should be planted up with species to match the existing planting. The hedgerows should be grown to achieve around 3 - 4m height and kept trimmed to encourage any thin sections to thicken up and develop a better screen. Where species are naturally regenerating, consideration should be given to

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3 LANDSCAPE EFFECTS 3.2 PUBLISHED LANDSCAPE CHARACTER DOCUMENTS

Natural England - National Character Area 50: Derbyshire 3.1 LANDSCAPE BASELINE (EXISTING SITUATION) Peak Fringe & Lower Derwent (NE NCA50) (2013)

3.1.1 Landscape baseline is based on the Local Planning Authority 3.2.1 This is the most recent and also the largest-scale landscape Landscape Character Assessments (LCAs) and also evaluated character assessment applicable to the Smith Hall Farm site, at a local level following site investigation. See Figure 07 for relating to the National Character Areas across England. Often Administrative boundaries and Landscape Character Areas. referred to as the Gateway to the Peaks, NE NCA 50 stretches from west of Chesterfield, in the north, to Derby, in the south. 3.1.2 With reference to Figure 07, it can be seen that the solar farm site lies within Derbyshire Dales District (in Derbyshire County), 3.2.2 The useful Summary statement is as follows: close to the border with Amber Valley (to east), in NCA 50 Derbyshire Peak Fringe & Lower Derwent. The Derbyshire Peak Fringe and Lower Derwent National Character Area (NCA) is a picturesque transitional area between 3.1.3 The site is also within East Midlands Regional Character Type the natural beauty of the Peak District National Park to the west 5a Village Farmlands and the Derbyshire Landscape Character and the largely urban, formerly mined Derbyshire Coal Measures Type: Sandstone Slopes and Heaths (TLCD). to the east. Often referred to as the Gateway to the Peaks, this area is underlain mostly by the Carboniferous geology of the 3.1.4 There is some conflict, however, between the Natural England eastern Coal Measures and by Millstone Grit (sandstones) in the document NE NCA50 (2014) and the two Derbyshire documents west – through which the rivers at the heart of this NCA have cut Derbyshire County Council’s TLCD (2004) and Derbyshire Dales their valleys. Although the area was not included in the National District Council’s LCDD (2007), both of which show the site Park, it was seriously considered during the original boundary within National Landscape Character Area 68:Needwood and selection in 1950 and remains a landscape of extremely high South Derbyshire Claylands. quality.

3.2.3 The NCA contains the following ‘Statements of Environmental Opportunity’:

SEO 1: Protect and manage the adaptive capacity of this transitional National Character Area, and its geodiversity and biodiversity value. Manage and increase the broadleaved native woodland resource for multiple benefits including biodiversity,

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atmospheric carbon regulation, soil erosion, controlling water turbines and photovoltaic panels on south facing slopes and run-off and contributing to coherent habitat networks, while where these go ahead, these will need to be designed so as not protecting intrinsic landscape character. to compromise landscape character.

SEO 2: Protect, manage and plan for change to the area’s 3.2.5 NE NCA50 (under Landscape opportunities) also notes the distinctive historic environment, including as a framework for following potential to sustainable development – also for the contribution that the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site makes to the local • Enhance the historic network of hedges . . . , for their economy, for sustainable energy production and for climate landscape value, to reduce soil erosion, and to provide habitat change mitigation. corridors for wildlife

SEO 3: Manage the National Character Area’s recreational • to increase the area of priority habitat and maintain or assets for multi-functional and accessible opportunities for improve the condition of existing sites and by buffering and outdoor enjoyment, sustainably serving local and sub-regional extending these and provide stepping stones or linear demand, and thus helping to manage wider visitor pressures on connecting habitats, especially woodland, grassland and sensitive areas of the Peak District National Park.. wetland sites - these could help species respond to a changing climate. SEO 4: Protect and enhance the rivers Derwent, Amber and Ecclesbourne (and their flood plains) – as well as the National Character Area’s reservoirs and more minor watercourses – for Natural England - The East Midlands Regional Landscape their role in providing a water supply and regulating water flow, Character Assessment: and for their biodiversity, landscape and recreational value. 5A Village Farmlands (NE LCA5A) (2010)

3.2.4 NCA Profile notes (under ‘Drivers of change’): 3.2.6 This is a regional-level landscape character assessment which, within the East Midlands Village Farmlands Group (5) identifies Climate change and consequent increased storminess could Landscape Character Type 5A Village Farmlands as forming place considerable pressure on the landscape . . . “part of an extensive tract of landscape that extends beyond the Study Area and across wide areas of the West Midlands”. Potential pressures to generate [hydroelectric] power could result in changes to the landscape character. The necessary 3.2.7 It identifies the Key Characteristics of the Type as: infrastructure should be designed to avoid this and to be in keeping in scale and design with the historic landscape and • Gently undulating lowlands, dissected by stream valleys with riverscape. There continues to be pressure for both wind localised steep slopes and alluvial flood plains;

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• Moderately fertile loamy and clayey soils with impeded Trees and woodlands create a sense of physical and visual drainage over extensive till deposits on higher ground and enclosure; however, some relatively wide panoramas are gravel terraces bordering main rivers; possible from elevated areas and along or across wide valleys. In many instances, church spires and towers are prominent • Mixed agricultural regime, with localised variations but with a landmarks, punctuating the horizon. Farm complexes are also predominance of either dairy farming on permanent notable, occupying elevated areas of landform between the pastures, or arable cropping; valleys. • Small and moderately sized broadleaved woodlands and copses, often on sloping land; extensive new areas of 3.2.9 As is often the case with Landscape Character Assessments of planting associated with The National Forest; more than a few years old, it recognises potential pressure for wind development, but does not mention solar farms, as such • Hedgerows and frequent oak and ash trees along hedge developments were not thought to be likely so far north. With lines and streams contribute to well treed character of changing economics (both the cost of photo-voltaic infrastructure landscape; and the renewable energy feed-in tariff), pressure is increasing for the development of solar installations. • Moderately sized well maintained hedged fields across rolling landform create patchwork landscape of contrasting 3.2.10 Nonetheless, under ‘Agriculture and Land Management’, the colours and textures; following statements could be considered to be relevant to a solar farm development: • Extensive ridge and furrow and small historic villages linked by winding lanes contribute to historic and rural character of In some locations energy crops, in particular Miscanthus and the landscape; and Short Rotation Coppice, are being cultivated to meet renewable energy targets. These fast growing and tall crops can radically • Localised influence of large estates. change the appearance of the landscape.

3.2.8 Under the section entitled Aesthetic and Perceptual Qualities it The aim should be to protect existing hedgerows and notes that semi-natural habitats, whilst encouraging positive management of those features lost or under threat. This will create a stronger Collectively, trees in the landscape, despite sometimes being pattern of land use and reinforce the rural character. In widely distributed, filter views and along with the undulating particular, the restoration of meadow and grassland should be nature of landform and intermittent copses and woodlands, considered, enhancing biodiversity and landscape character. create a strong sense of enclosure.

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In relation to energy crops, new structures should be located • Prominent landform of moderate to steeply sloping away from visually prominent locations, and close to existing sandstone valleys and slopes with rounded undulations settlement and infrastructure. along the slopes

• Well drained sandy soils Derby Derbyshire Dales District Council - The Landscape Character of the Derbyshire Dales (LCDD) (2007) • A pastoral land-use on steeper slopes with mixed farming on gentler gradients 3.2.11 The Landscape Character of Derbyshire (LCDD) was produced • Heathy associations with patches of gorse on steeper slopes by Derbyshire Dales District Council in 2007 and “ is a and bracken along some hedgerows and road verges reproduction of those parts of the assessment undertaken by Derbyshire County Council which relate directly to Derbyshire • Tree cover defined by scattered hedgerow trees, Dales District Council. The original document - “The Landscape predominantly ash, and patches of woodland Character of Derbyshire” was published in 2004. • Small to medium sized regular and sub-regular fields with 3.2.12 The Derbyshire County Council -The Landscape Character of mixed species hedgerows Derbyshire (TLCD) (2004) document is a district-level assessment that describes the key features and characteristics • Sparsely settled landscape with the very occasional red brick of the landscape of Derbyshire outside the Peak District and clay tile farmsteads and roadside cottages. National Park, and was developed in collaboration with district and borough authorities. 3.2.15 In summary, the three published landscape character assessments recognise: 3.2.13 The proposed solar farm site lies within the Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands National Landscape Type within the • the underlying geology, resulting in rolling lowland over glacial Sandstone Slopes and Heaths Character Type, towards the till and Mercia Mudstones north-east of the Character Type, close to the boundary with the Derbyshire Fringe and Lower Derwent National Landscape • the mixed agricultural landscape, with localised variations but Character Area and the Wooded Slopes and Valleys and with a predominance of either dairy farming on permanent Wooded Farmlands Landscape Types. pastures, or arable cropping;

3.2.14 The Key Characteristics of the Sandstone Slopes and Heaths • hedgerows with frequent tree content and isolated woodland are summarised as follows: blocks, resulting in a well treed landscape;

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• the possibility of wide panoramic views but the general sense 3.3.4 The major visitor attraction of Carsington Water lies of physical and visual enclosure; approximately 3km to the north-west of the site.

• the pressure to generate alternative sources of energy by the 3.3.5 To the north of the site are a number of streams that flow provision of wind turbines and photovoltaic panels on south generally north-west to south east to join the River facing slopes. Ecclesbourne, which also joins the River Derwent further north at Duffield.

3.3 STUDY AREA LANDSCAPE CHARACTER 3.3.6 The larger topographic context is of a gently undulating landscape, dissected by stream valleys with localised steep slopes and alluvial flood plains identified by the published Topography and Drainage (see Figures 05 and 06) Landscape Character Assessments. The land generally rises from the south-east to the north-west. Around 6.5km to the 3.3.1 Figure 05, Topography, shows that the site lies across the brow north-east of the site is the recognised viewing point of Alport of a low hill. The majority of the site lies on the generally south Heights. to south-eastern facing slopes. A small amount of the site is located on the north-eastern slope. Nonetheless, views into and out of the site area are possible in the directions of the facing Vegetation (see Figures 05 and 06, and Photomontages/Site slopes. Photos, Figures 11 - 19)

3.3.2 The height at the site boundary ranges from around 207m 3.3.7 Vegetation patterns are illustrated through the aerial Above Ordnance Datum (AOD) in the north-western corner, to photography of Figure 06 and within the photomontages and 192m AOD in the north-eastern corner, and 168m AOD at the various site photos of Figures 11 to 18. lowest point in the south-eastern corner. The highest points are associated with the treed ridge to the north of the site adjacent 3.3.8 Fields are predominantly small to medium size. The patchwork to the western boundary, at around 210m AOD. pattern of fields, which vary from long thin shapes to more regular square-rectangular shapes, reflect the various stages of 3.3.3 Waterlagg Brook rises to the north of the site and flows to the enclosure in the area. Field sizes vary between small areas of eastern side of the hill to join Black Brook, which rises in the around 100 - 200m in any direction, to fields which are around south-eastern corner of the site with a small tributary rising in 80-100m wide by around 800m long. The Carr woodland to the south of the site. These join with other small brooks to flow generally in a southerly direction to eventually join the River Derwent in Derby.

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3.3.9 Woodland blocks are found on steeper slopes, such as in the • the A52, Derby to Ashbourne road, which runs north-west to valleys to the north of the site, for example as seen at VP 07, south-east, approximately 5km to the south of the site. Fig 17. They also occur in isolated smaller blocks. Well established tree planting associated with the Aggregate 3.3.14 Other minor roads run generally north to south and link the major Industries site, to the south, plays a major role of screening it, roads. Smith Hall Lane runs north to south from Ribble Street to as can be seen at VP02 and 04, Figs 12 and 14. the Mercaston Lane/Intakes Lane junction, passing within 140m of the western corner of the site. Intakes Lane runs from 3.3.10 There is a strong pattern of generally well established and Mercaston Lane in the south-west to join Ribble Street and A517 maintained hedgerows with associated hedgerow trees, which to north-east. divide up the landscape and can filter the views from within. Where there are more elevated views they reinforce the 3.3.15 The network of existing footpaths and bridleways can be seen in patchwork characteristics of the landscape and help soften the Figures 05 and 06. The closest two Public Rights of Way effects of seasonally harsh crop colours, such as the very (PROW) run north-south - one approximately 350 - 500m from dominant yellow of oil-seed rape, as can be seen in a number of the western boundary of the site and the other around 500m the viewpoints. from the eastern boundary. The western PROW combines with an access track to properties and would appear to be well used by vehicles, however, it is not clear how well used either path is Settlement and Transport (see Figures 05 and 06) by walkers.

3.3.11 Within 5km there are small villages, which have developed 3.3.16 There are two National Trails within the study area: Centenary around churches. Within 10km can be found some larger Way, which runs around 4.5km south of the site, is an east to settlements such as Ashbourne (west), Wirksworth (north) and west walk, devised by the Derbyshire Footpaths Preservation Belper (east), together with the north-eastern edge of Derby Society to commemorate their centenary, connecting Ilkeston (south-east). with Ashbourne; and Midshires Way, a long-distance footpath and bridleway, which runs north-south, around 6km to the east 3.3.12 Apart from these, settlement is mostly restricted to isolated (at its closest), to meet Centenary Way at Duffield. farmsteads, including Smith Hall Farm, near the village of Hulland Ward. 3.3.17 The Ecclesbourne Valley Railway runs around 3 - 4 km east of the site. This operates as a visitor attraction and heritage line 3.3.13 The main highway routes in the study area are: running from Duffield to Wirksworth, primarily during the summer months. • the A517, which runs from west to east about 500m north from the site at its closest

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Land Use Landscape Designations

3.3.18 Figure 06 shows a mosaic of land use which is predominantly 3.3.24 Figures 07 and 08 show the landscape character and mixed agriculture - arable and grazing meadows for sheep and designations in the locality of the proposed solar farm site. dairy with some pigs. 3.3.25 Figure 08 shows that within 5km of the site there are: 3.3.19 A minor element within the mosaic are the areas associated with the aggregates industry - the largest and closest being the • four areas registered as Sites of Special Scientific Interest ‘Aggregate Industries’ cement works, approximately 500m south (SSSI): Mercaston Marsh and Mugginton Bottoms (around of Smith Hall Farm. 2.5km south and south-east) in Ravensdale Park; Mount Pleasant (around 1.5km north-east); and Hulland Moss 3.3.20 Woodland also forms an important element of the land-use (around 1.5km west). mosaic but, as noted above, tends to be in isolated blocks. 3.3.21 The pattern of settlement forms a minor element of the mosaic, • 8 areas of Ancient Woodland: Brewards Carr (around 3.3km consisting of isolated farm buildings and scattered villages, outh-east): 3 areas between 4 and 5km south-west including which are generally linear and have developed in association Ednaston Wood and Oak Covert; Tomlinson Carr (around with the roads that cross the higher ground. The pattern has 4.5km west-west-north); part of Carr Wood (around 5km been established for many centuries. However settlements, north-north-west); part of Gibbet Wood (around 5km north- such as Hulland Ward are relatively new, having developed east); and 2 areas in the Franker Brook valley to the east of since around the 1950s. Carrbrook Farm (around 4.5km north-east).

3.3.22 As discussed above, the area has a well established network of 3.3.26 There is one Registered Park and Garden within 5km from the footpaths, with a number of historic public rights of way linking site - Ednaston Manor, to the south-west. Between 5 and 10km settlements to their farm lands. from the site there is one Registered Park and Garden: Kedleston Park, to the south-east. 3.3.23 The Peak District and Carsington Water, to the north west; The Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site and Ecclesbourne Valley Railway, to the east; and Kedleston Park (National Trust house and park), to the south east; are all major visitor attractions, which will encourage tourists into the area.

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3.4 CULTURAL HERITAGE (see Figure 09) 3.4.7 The Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site lies between 4.5 and 10km to the east. 3.4.1 Conservation Areas between 1 and 5km from the site are listed as: 3.5 EFFECTS ON LANDSCAPE • Kirk Ireton (north) • Idridgehay (north-east) 3.5.1 The Landscape Impact Table (Appendix LV1) sets out effects for • Ravensdale Park and Mugginton (south-east) aspects of landscape characteristics. These effects are judged • Hulland Village (west); and in relation to the inherent impacts upon the landscape, as • Hognaston (north-west) opposed to the view of people observing those effects, which is set out in the Visual Impact Assessment (Appendix LV2). 3.4.2 The nearest listed buildings are Grade II. At around 1km the closest are Biggin Old Hall (north-east); and Halter Devil Chapel 3.5.2 Table LV1 follows. and Farmhouse (south).

3.4.3 Figure 09 shows that there are also a large number of other Grade II listed buildings within 5km of the site.

3.4.4 Within 5km there are three Grade II* listed buildings: South Sitch, Idridgehay (north-east); Church of All Saints, Bradley (west), and the Barley Mow Inn, Kirk Ireton (north).

3.4.5 There is one Grade I listed building within 5km - Holy Trinity Church, Kirk Ireton (north).

3.4.6 Within 5km of the proposed site there are six Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAM): Ravensdale deer park, lodge, mill and fishpond; and Mugginton medieval settlement and part of an open field system (south-east); Hulland Old Hall moat, enclosure, chapel site and four fishponds. (West); Medieval settlement and open field system immediately north of Old Hall at Hulland Village (west); Atlow moated site, enclosures and causeway (north-west); and Duncote Farm moated site (north).

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of (refer to tables LM1 and LM3) (refer to tables LM2 and LM3) effect*:

Landscape Elements Susceptibility: to Value: Summary: Size/scale: in Geographic Duration: Reversibility: Summary: Combination of specific change / replaceability & combination of relation to Scale: in short- Reversible, combination of Sensitivity and project impact contribution to Susceptibility element relation to medium- Partially Size, Scale, Magnitude (Very (High, Medium, wider value and Value (Major, element long-term, reversible Duration, Substantial to Low, Negligible) (High, Medium, (High to Moderate, (Site, Setting, indefinite (extent) reversibility Minimal) - refer to Low, Negligible) Minor, Local, irreversible (High to Tables LM4 and Negligible) Negligible) Landscape, Negligible) LVM1 Regional)

Published Landscape NE NCA50 (2013) notes the pressure for photovoltaic Minor- Solar farm 25-year Reversible Low due to Slight effect of Character Assessments panels on south facing slopes and the need not to negligible in visible within project minor scale of solar farm on and Policy (refer Section compromise landscape character. NE LCA5A (2010) relation to immediate lifespan: reversible overall landscape 3.2 ) notes the need to maintain the rural character of the identified setting of Site long-term effects over character landscape and that new structures should be located landscape to Local level long period away from visually prominent locations. character areas This suggests a Medium susceptibility and Medium- Low value, giving an overall Medium sensitivity to the static and low-profile character of the proposed development.

Land use: Mixed farming, Loss of a relatively Found across Low Relatively Site-level 25-year Reversible - Low due to Slight, possibility settlements and aggregate small area of the entire study small change effect project return to small scale of of Slight industry commonly found area and in relation to lifespan: arable reversible Beneficial - due land use for the beyond; large-scale long-term farming is effects over to the continued siting of the solar replaceable: land use: possible long period use for pasture arrays together with Low Minor with biodiversity track & cabinet and enhancement switch-gear bases: proposals, Low consistent with aims for higher biodiversity in LCAs

Landscape Pattern: small - No alteration to Found across Low - No alteration to Site-level 25-year Reversible - Low- Minimal medium sized fields, landscape pattern - the entire study Negligible scale: effect project upon removal Negligible due isolated woodland blocks access track area and Negligible lifespan: of solar farm to small scale and hedgerows respects field beyond; long-term and access of reversible boundaries and replaceable: track effects over scale: Low long period Negligible

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of (refer to tables LM1 and LM3) (refer to tables LM2 and LM3) effect*:

Land form: gently minimal excavated found across Low - Negligible Site-level 25-year Reversible - Low- Minimal undulating landscape, the material will be the entire study Negligible effect in effect project landform can Negligible due majority of the solar farm spread in local area: area and relation to lifespan: be reinstated to small scale sited on south facing slopes Negligible beyond; rolling long-term upon removal of reversible replaceable: landscape as of solar farm effects over Low the arrays and access long period follow the track terrain

Tree / Hedgerow: tree No direct effects to Trees and Low - No effect on No effect at 25-year Reversible - Negligible Minimal if no cover is found in blocks of the existing tree hedgerows Negligible hedgerows site level project upon removal effect due to planting is woodland, of varying size, cover results in divide up the adverse if no lifespan: of solar farm lack of effect undertaken on steeper slopes and on Negligible effects. landscape and new planting is long-term on hedgerows valley sides. Trees are can filter the included found in association with views from hedgerows and along within. They watercourses. Hedgerows reinforce the are generally good patchwork condition. characteristics and soften the The opportunity to Medium Minor change Potential New planting Low beneficial Hedgerow effects of improve hedgerow / beneficial if of scale benefits at could be if hedgerows improvement and seasonally include trees in the new planting is possible, if Site level, established are improved inclusion of trees harsh colours. boundary planting successful standard trees and setting up within 5 and new trees within the They are an would result in Low are planted to a Local years, and established, hedgerow would essential beneficial effects. within the level if would then which result in Slight element of this hedgerow and additional be of improvements beneficial effect landscape allowed to tree/ indefinite may outlast the character type: grow taller hedgerow duration development High planting takes place

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of (refer to tables LM1 and LM3) (refer to tables LM2 and LM3) effect*:

Field boundaries: No direct effects to Field Negligible Access track at Site level 25-year Reversible - Low - Slight to Minimal generally defined by well the to existing field boundaries are adverse if no the edge of the effect project upon removal Negligible effect if no established and maintained boundary of High new planting is field gives a lifespan: of the solar adverse due to planting is hedgerows, some partial Negligible importance to included Minor sense of long-term farm and small scale of undertaken. hedgerows or field verges landscape change to field access track reversible on lines of former scale. boundaries. effects over hedgerows long period

The possibility of Low beneficial Reinforcing the Potential Any new Low beneficial Reinforcement/ planting gaps and if new planting hedgerow benefits at planting on if boundaries improvement of completing the is successful boundary with Site level, to boundaries are improved the hedgerow hedgerow boundary new planting a Local level could be over an boundaries to the would result in Low would be a if gaps are established indefinite site would result beneficial Minor change reinforced within 5 timescale in Slight years, and beneficial effect would then be of indefinite duration

Cultural / Heritage: various No direct effects Sites are of No direct effect Minor size of Generally at 25-year Reversible - Low due to Slight to Minimal Listed buildings and on any sites High value on element proposal in Site level project upon removal small scale of Scheduled Ancient Negligible results in Low relation to the lifespan: of solar farm reversible Monuments, and World - Negligible cultural sites long-term effects over Heritage Site in locality - level of effect as no part of/ long period see Fig 09 Cultural Heritage despite full site will be perceived lost or altered. value

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of (refer to tables LM1 and LM3) (refer to tables LM2 and LM3) effect*:

Access and Rights of No direct effects High - Although the Minor size of In locations 25-year Reversible - Low due to Slight to Minimal Way: good network of on any footpaths or extensive value placed proposal in with open project upon removal small scale of footpaths and bridleways bridleways footpath on footpaths, relation to views, may lifespan: of solar farm reversible Negligible network, particularly the footpath have Local long-term effects over containing one National Trail, network effect long period National Trail may be high, because no there are no loss of direct effects footpaths or from the solar bridleways, farm, and so and little or no the sensitivity intervisibility. to the particular development is Low- Negligible.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of (refer to tables LM1 and LM3) (refer to tables LM2 and LM3) effect*:

Settlement: nucleated No direct effects on High-Medium No direct effect Moderate size Generally 25-year Reversible - Medium due to Slight to Minimal villages with isolated farms building mass of - form and on element of proposal in Local level project upon removal moderate scale settlements: distribution of results in relation to effect, lifespan: of solar farm of reversible Low-Negligible villages and Low- settlements - although may long-term effects over farms are Negligible no loss of built have an long period integral to level of effect form or change Immediate landscape despite to it. Potential setting effect character, and perceived change to a for a small is not easily value minority of number of recreated, views from the properties especially in nearest instances of farmsteads, or older built form, the view of the which exist in landscape as a the study area whole, in which both the development and the mass of nearby settlements can be seen (see Visual Table LV2) - however the alteration to view would not be character- changing for the settlement

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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3.6 SUMMARY OF EFFECTS ON LANDSCAPE features, is Low to Negligible, resulting in Slight to Minimal adverse effects.

Landscape Character 3.6.7 The maintenance of the agricultural land use as pasture, with a change from cattle to sheep, would allow the ground to recover 3.6.1 The above Table LV1 considers the published landscape from the trampling effect of the cattle. Whilst the proposal to character assessments detailed in 3.2 in relation to the maintain an area clear of panels for biodiversity enhancements proposed development. together with improvement to the hedgerow and tree cover on the boundaries of the site, would be likely to result in Slight 3.6.2 The landscape character, as described by the published beneficial effects on these landscape features. documents, is regarded as having a Medium sensitivity with regard to solar farm development. Cultural/Social aspects 3.6.3 In relation to the wider landscape character; the minor scale of the proposed solar farm, combined with its limited zone of 3.6.8 These are categorised as cultural/heritage elements, access and influence and its long-term but reversible nature, can be rights of way, and settlements. considered to have a Low magnitude of effect. 3.6.9 The value of cultural heritage sites such as Listed Buildings and 3.6.4 Medium sensitivity combined with Low magnitude results in an SAMs, and recreational rights of way, are considered to be High. overall Moderate-Slight adverse degree of effect on the As neither they, nor their settings, are directly affected by the Landscape Character Areas. development; they are considered to have Low-Negligible sensitivity to this form of development. Note, however, that effects on recreational receptors are considered separately Landscape Features under the Visual assessment in Section 4.

3.6.5 Landscape features, discussed under the headings of land use, 3.6.10 The built forms of the local settlements, whilst integral to the landscape pattern, land form, woodland and hedgerow cover character of locality, are not directly affected by the solar farm, and field boundaries, are considered to have Low to Negligible also resulting in Low-Negligible sensitivity. sensitivity to the proposed form of development, with some potential for Medium beneficial effects in relation to 3.6.11 Magnitude of the effect is generally Medium, due to the strengthening of hedgerows and field boundaries. moderate scale of long term, but reversible, effects, resulting in an overall Slight-Minimal adverse effect on the cultural and 3.6.6 The magnitude of effects, in the case of each of the landscape social landscape.

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Indicative factors

3.6.12 These findings are consistent with Table LM4, Indicative Criteria for Landscape Degree of Effect, with the solar farm having a Slight adverse effect on the landscape at a local level but with the potential of Slight beneficial effects due to the change from dairy to sheep grazing, the maintenance of the biodiverse meadow together with the biodiversity enhancement proposals together with improved hedgerows.

3.6.13 The Slight - Minimal effects indicate a proposal which affects an area of recognised landscape character, but results in little or no change to that character through the scale, landform and pattern of the landscape; or its cultural and social features.

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4 VISUAL EFFECTS obstructions’) shows that residential receptors with potential views of the site are principally properties on the western edges of Cross O’ Th’ Hands (1.5km east) and Shottle (6.5km north- 4.1 VISUAL BASELINE east), and properties on the northern edge of Langley Common (8.5km south-east). There are also a number of individual farms 4.1.1 "Visual Receptors" are the viewer groups which may experience and isolated properties present in the locality that may have an effect from the proposals under consideration; in this case, views of the site. the proposed solar farm.

4.1.2 With reference to the land uses in the study area; the visual Visual: Workers receptors may be broadly categorised into Residential, Road and Rail Users, Recreational, and Workers. However, it is 4.1.6 Workers in the local area will be farm workers, employees at appreciated that there will be some crossover between these small businesses based at residential/farm buildings, and categories; for example, a recreational user may drive to the employees at the nearby Aggregate Industries site. site, and a farm resident may also be a worker. 4.1.7 Sensitivity of commercial workers is generally regarded as low, 4.1.3 Rail users can be discounted for the purpose of this as the occupants are concerned primarily with work rather than assessment, since Fig 01 shows that the topography prevents "the view" or surrounding landscape. However, the view and the any view of the development from the railway line. surroundings cannot be regarded as irrelevant, due to the need for travel to and from work, breaks, and the significance of the working setting to the general experience of the working day. Visual: Residential

4.1.4 All residential receptors are considered to have a potentially Visual: Highway users high sensitivity to visual effects. It is typically the case, however, that only the outer row of properties in a settlement 4.1.8 The minor roads, Smith Hall Lane, Intakes Lane, and Ribble will have direct views to a development, and even these will be Street, each run within 1km of the site - Smith Hall Lane and affected by the orientation of the properties. The magnitude of Ribble Street getting as close as 70m to the site boundary. the effect is primarily a function of the distance and orientation Users of these roads will have glimpsed views towards the site, of the development from the viewer, and any intervening visual always at an angle to the direction of travel. obstructions.

4.1.5 In the area around the proposed solar farm, Fig 02 (ZTV ‘with

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4.1.9 Users of the busy A517, which runs around 400m to the north of 4.1.14 The closest footpath is around 0.5km west of the site, from which the site at its closest point, may also experience glimpsed views there will be no view of the solar farm. of the site. 4.1.15 The closest footpath, which may obtain views of the solar farm, 4.1.10 Users of other minor roads further from the site may also have runs north-south, around 0.5km east - beyond Carr Hall Farm glimpsed views. Minor roads that could have views for longer from the proposed development. periods of time are over 4km distant, in the Shottle area. 4.1.16 Other recreational receptors in the area include visitors to local 4.1.11 Highway users are generally regarded as being of low woodlands; and further afield, the Peak District National Park, sensitivity. This is due to their continuous movement, which Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site, and visitor attractions constantly changes their viewpoint, and to the need to such as Alport Height viewpoint and Carsington Water. concentrate on the road - for the driver at least. However, landscape quality and visual amenity can have a significant effect on a vehicle occupant's experience and impression of an 4.2 VISUAL EFFECTS area. 4.2.1 The Visual Effects Table LV2 considers: the proximity of Visual receptors to the proposed development; the extent of the existing Visual: Recreational view, the magnitude and sensitivity to change; and the consequent degree of anticipated effects during the operation of 4.1.12 Users of footpaths and bridleways are regarded as being of the proposed solar farm. An outline of reasoning is provided in medium to high sensitivity, subject to the value of the view. each case. There is an extensive local footpath network in the area, although no evidence of intensive use of these was noted on 4.2.2 The Table refers to the following groups of viewpoints, as site. identified on Figure 10:-

4.1.13 A National Trail, ‘Centenary Way’, passes around 4.5km south • photomontages (Figures 11 and 12 - corresponding with red of the site; with a second, ‘Midshires Way’, which runs north- viewpoints); south, around 6km to the east to meet Cenenary Way at Duffield. As can be seen in the assessment for Viewpoint 06; • outlines (Figures 13 -17 - corresponding with orange where any view exists, it is unlikely to form more than a minor viewpoints); part of the scene.

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• those visited and assessed without the need for graphic representation (Figures 18 - 19 - corresponding with purple viewpoints), or

• those rejected for further assessment (blue viewpoints) - with reasoning given in the table.

4.2.3 Table LV2 follows.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

Viewpoint: Susceptibility: Value: Summary: Size/scale: relative to Geographic Duration: Reversibility: Summary: Combination of refer to Fig 10 to specific replaceability combination of the view (Major, Scale: relative short- Reversible, combination of Sensitivity and change / project & contribution Susceptibility Moderate, Minor, to the view (Site, medium- Partially Size, Scale, Magnitude (Very impact to wider value and Value Negligible) Immediate long-term, reversible Duration, Substantial to (High, Medium, (High, (High to Setting, Local, indefinite (extent) reversibility Minimal) - refer to Low, Negligible) Medium, Low, Negligible) Regional); angle irreversible (High to Tables VM4 and Negligible) and distance Negligible) LVM1

VIEWPOINTS ASSESSED WITH PHOTOMONTAGE

VP01 (Fig 11) Distance to solar farm centre: 743m Bearing: 206° Angle of view relative to receptor: 90° to direction of travel for highways users in e ither Location: direction. Residential views vary. Field entrance, south side of road on A517 Baseline: Very undulating agricultural landscape. Small-medium sized, irregularly shaped fields, with well established and maintained hedgerows, often containing hedgerow trees. Areas of woodland, small groupings or individual red brick houses / farmsteads, and country roads, complete the generally Representative of: peaceful patchwork rural view. The A517 is a busy road, and a bus route. Low-level power / telephone lines are evident but not dominant, and the radio highway users / mast south of Cross O’ Th’ Hands is a landmark horizon feature. At the time of the site visit, the bright yellow ‘oil seed rape’ field, east of the site, is a residents distinctive feature.

Solar Farm: Roadside hedgerows, trees, and landform often screen highway-user views. Residential views from the north will be glimpses at best, generally screened by vegetation. Viewers see the northern-most field of the development, and the rear of the panels is seen from this direction. Panels appear as a change in shade and texture of an existing field in the patchwork, and disappear over the horizon.

Mitigation potential: (see Fig 11.4) Infilling any gaps in the existing site boundary hedgerows, and allowing an increase in hedgerow height to 4m on the northern and north-eastern field boundaries, w ould screen some of the view from this point. This screening effect could be further developed by including standard trees within the new hedgerow. The line of existing trees that runs west-east within the northern field of the site could also have its screening effect strengthened by improving the hedgerow planting at its base.

Assessment of this view resulted in the review of the placement of two inverter cabinets which were moved south to prevent them breaking the horizon.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP01 (Fig 11) cont. Low for highway Medium-Low Medium-Low Minor - panels appear Local - due to a 25-year Reversible Low due to a Slight effect on users - no specific as additional man-made wide context of project due to 25- minor scale of both residents and importance features in a small the views from lifespan: year lifespan reversible highway users. attached to proportion of the this point, and long-term of the effects in the this view, on existing view. As a the limited proposed local setting The solar farm the busy group they integrate instances at solar farm. over a long takes up a small A517, but has well with existing which the site period proportion of the a contribution massing/scale, will be in the view on the to wider value maintaining the existing forward view horizon, and fits of attractive field pattern, although compared to with existing rural contrasting in colour direction of massing and field landscape. and texture, resulting in travel of pattern to create a change from a ‘green’ receptors. only a small field, if obviously change in the managed by man, to an character of the High for Medium industrial-looking field of existing rural view. residents solar panels. Views will be partial, glimpses, Receptors and, particularly as experience only experienced by highway glimpsed views of users, seen over short the development. time periods. The effect may be further reduced by mitigation planting.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP02 (Fig 12) Distance to solar farm centre: 413km Bearing: 305° Angle of view relative to receptor: 40° to 90° in view from north-facing direction of Carr Hal l Location: track Farm bungalow windows. Possible 0° to 90° view from upstairs windows of Carr Hall Farmhou se and other nearby properties, at Smith Hall Farm and leading to Carr Hall properties on Intakes Lane (upstairs windows considered less sensitive than living rooms). Not in forward view for access track in either direction. Farm Baseline: Very undulating agricultural landscape. Small-medium sized, irregularly shaped fields, with livestock grazing, have well established and Representative of: maintained hedgerows, often containing hedgerow trees. Area of woodland on the middle-distance horizon hides the cement works, which is evident only residents at Carr Hall by the presence of large transportation vehicles on Smith Hall Lane in the middle distance. Generally, a peaceful patchwork rural view. Low-level power Farm, and bungalow lines are evident but not dominant. south of Smith Hall Farm. Potential views Solar Farm: Occupies a large proportion of the view, appearing as a change in shade and texture of most of the existing foreground fields, up to the from upstairs middle distance horizon. In looking at the south-facing panels from the east, the closest rows of panels will be seen from the side, with more front-on windows at other views of the rows of panels as they get further away from the viewer. nearby properties Mitigation potential: (see Fig 12.4) Infilling any gaps in the existing site boundary hedgerows, and allowing an increase in hedgerow height to 4m on the western and internal field boundaries, would screen some of the view. This screening effect could be further developed by including standard trees within the hedgerows.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP02 (Fig 12) cont. High for Medium-Low Medium Major-Moderate - Immediate 25-year Reversible Medium due Moderate effect on residents from - no specific panels appear as setting - the project due to 25- to a major- residents. ground floor importance additional man-made viewpoint is only lifespan: year lifespan moderate windows close attached to features in a large one field away long-term of the scale of The solar farm to the this view, but proportion of the from the proposed reversible takes up a large development has a existing view. As a development- solar farm. effects in the proportion of the contribution to group they integrate with the change immediate width of the view, wider value of well with existing evident in much setting over a but fits with existing attractive rural massing/scale, of the view, long period massing and field landscape. maintaining the existing when looking in pattern. field pattern, although the direction of contrasting in colour the site. Receptors and texture, resulting in (NB. The experience only a change from a ‘green’ windows do not partial views of the field, if obviously directly face the development, and it managed by man, to an solar farm, but it is not directly industrial-looking field of would be ahead in the view High-Medium solar panels. Views will possible to look from windows - but for residents be partial, due to from the residential from first floor screening effect of bungalow receptors are windows topography and existing windows in the considered to have vegetation. direction of the a high susceptibility panels.) to the change, as they experience the view on a regular basis, and live in a largely rural setting.

The effect may be reduced by mitigation planting.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VIEWPOINTS ASSESSED WITH OUTLINES

VP03 (Fig 13) Distance to solar farm centre: 1.02km Bearing: 236° Angle of view relative to receptor: 10° to 40° in view for south-west-bound footpath users, Location: footpath not in view for north-east-bound walkers. on Lumber Lane Baseline: Despite patches of distant views of the very undulating agricultural landscape in many directions from this high point, the landscape feels Representative of: small-scale. Small-medium sized, irregularly shaped fields, with well established and maintained hedgerows, often containing hedgerow trees. Areas of recreational receptors woodland, small groupings or individual red brick houses / farmsteads, and country roads, complete the generally peaceful patchwork rural view. The A517 is an obvious feature due to its moving traffic and noise. Low-level power / telephone lines are evident but not dominant. At the time of the site visit, the bright yellow ‘oil seed rape’ field, east of the site, is a distinctive feature.

Solar Farm: Viewers see the northern-most field of the development, and the rear of the panels is seen from this direction. Panels appear as a change in shade and texture of an existing field in the patchwork, and disappear over the horizon. Intervening vegetation screens some of the development, this would be more exaggerated in the summer months when trees are fully in leaf.

Mitigation potential: Infilling any gaps in the existing site boundary hedgerows, and allowing an increase in hedgerow height to 4m on the northern and north-eastern field boundaries, would screen some of the view from this point. This screening effect could be further developed by including standard trees within the new hedgerow. The line of existing trees that runs west-east within the northern field of the site could also have its screening effect strengthened by increasing the hedgerow planting at its base.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP03 (Fig 13) cont. High for Medium - High-Medium Minor - panels appear Local - due to a 25-year Reversible Low due to a Slight effect on recreational This is part of as additional man-made wide context of project due to 25- minor scale of footpath users. receptors a network of features in a small the views from lifespan: year lifespan reversible footpaths / proportion of the this point. long-term of the effects in the The solar farm tracks in the existing view. As a proposed local setting takes up a small area, some of group they integrate solar farm. over a long proportion of the which may well with existing period view, and fits with have massing/scale, existing massing glimpsed maintaining the existing and field pattern to views of the field pattern, although create only a small site. contrasting in colour change in the Although no and texture, resulting in character of the specific a change from a ‘green’ existing rural view. importance field, if obviously attached to managed by man, to an Receptors this view, it industrial-looking field of experience only has a solar panels. Views will short-term views of contribution to be partial, glimpses, the development. wider value. and, although The view is experienced by The effect may be peaceful, but pedestrians travelling further reduced by replaceable. slowly, will be seen only mitigation planting. for relatively short timescales due to the undulating nature of the topography, and mature vegetation in the landscape, which hides and reveals views.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP04 (Fig 14) Distance to solar farm centre: 1.28km Bearing: 273° Angle of view relative to receptor: 30° to 70° in view for south-west-bound footpath Location: Roadside travellers, not in view for north-east-bound travel. Residential views vary. on southern outskirts of Cross O’ Th’ Baseline: Distant views to the west of the very undulating agricultural landscape, views in other directions blocked by topography, red brick buildings, Hands and well established hawthorn hedges. Distant view contains small-medium sized, irregularly shaped fields, with well established and maintained hedgerows, often containing hedgerow trees. Areas of woodland, particularly on the horizon, country roads, and small groupings / individual, generally Representative of: red brick houses / farmsteads and barns, complete the generally peaceful patchwork rural view. Low-level power / telephone lines are evident but not highway users / dominant. At the time of the site visit, the bright yellow ‘oil seed rape’ field, east of the site, is a distinctive feature. residential receptors Solar Farm: Most of the fields of the development can be seen from this location. Looking from the east at the south-facing development means that generally the sides of the panels will be seen from this direction. Panels appear as a change in shade and texture of an existing field in the patchwork on the middle distance horizon.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP04 (Fig 14) cont. High-Medium Medium-Low Medium Moderate-Minor - Local effect due 25-year Reversible Low due to Slight effect on for residents - no specific panels appear as to distance from project due to 25- moderate- both residents and from upstairs importance additional man-made development lifespan: year lifespan minor scale of highway users. windows attached to features in a small and wide long-term of the reversible this view, but proportion of the context of view proposed local effects The solar farm has a existing view. As a from this view solar farm over a long takes up a small contribution to group they integrate point period proportion of the wider value of well with existing view, and fits with attractive rural massing/scale, existing massing landscape. maintaining the existing and field pattern to field pattern, although create only a small contrasting in colour change in the and texture, resulting in character of the a change from a ‘green’ existing rural view. field, if obviously managed by man, to an industrial-looking field of Low for highway Medium-Low solar panels. users

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP05 (Fig 15) Distance to solar farm centre: 1.20km Bearing: 347° Angle of view relative to receptor: 30° to 60° in view for north-west-bound footpath Location: Footpath / travellers, not in view for south-east-bound travel. Residential views vary - uncertainty as to views from properties on Intakes Lane. Views, if any exist, access track to will be from upstairs windows. Blackbrook Farm itself is screened by established evergreen trees and has no view of the site. Blackbrook Farm Baseline: Distant views to the north and east of the very undulating agricultural landscape, views in other directions blocked by topography, red brick Representative of: buildings, and well established hedgerows. Distant view contains small-medium sized, irregularly shaped fields, with well established and maintained residents / hedgerows, often containing hedgerow trees. Areas of woodland, country roads, including the busy A517 and Intakes Lane, and small groupings / recreational receptors individual, generally red brick houses / farmsteads and barns, complete the generally peaceful patchwork rural view. Low-level power / telephone lines are evident but not dominant. Blackbrook Farm’s line of conifers are a landmark feature.

Solar Farm: Most of the development can be seen from this location. Looking from the south at the south-facing development means that generally the fronts of the panels will be seen from this direction. Panels appear as a change in shade and texture of existing fields in the patchwork on the middle distance horizon.

Mitigation potential: Screening by existing middle-foreground trees will be more pronounced when they are in leaf. Infilling any gaps in the existing site boundary / internal hedgerows, and allowing an increase in hedgerow height to 4m, might screen some of the development from this point, but would not make much difference to its effect on the view.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP05 (Fig 15) cont. High for Medium-Low Medium Moderate - panels Local effect due 25-year Reversible Medium due Moderate effect on recreational - no specific appear as additional to distance from project due to 25- to moderate recreational receptors importance man-made features in a development lifespan: year lifespan scale of receptors / attached to proportion of the and wide long-term of the reversible residents. this view, but existing view, on the context of view proposed local effects has a middle distance horizon. from this view solar farm over a long The solar farm contribution to As a group they point period takes up a wider value of integrate well with proportion of the attractive rural existing massing/scale, middle distance landscape. maintaining the existing view, and fits with field pattern, although existing massing contrasting in colour and field pattern. High-Medium and texture, resulting in for residents a change from a ‘green’ Receptors may from upstairs field, if obviously experience full windows managed by man, to an views of the industrial-looking field of development, for a solar panels. short time on the footpath, or from upstairs windows of properties.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP06 (Fig 16) Distance to solar farm centre: 5.69km Bearing: 353° Angle of view relative to receptor: 90° to forward view for travel in either direction on the Location: country lane. lane, near activity centre at Brailsford Baseline: Distant views of the undulating agricultural landscape. Distant view contains small-medium sized, irregularly shaped fields, with well established and maintained hedgerows, often containing hedgerow trees. Areas of woodland, country roads, and small groupings / individual, generally Representative of: red brick houses / farmsteads and barns, complete the generally peaceful patchwork rural view. Low-level power / telephone lines are evident but not recreational dominant. At the time of the site visit, the bright yellow ‘oil seed rape’ fields are a distinctive feature. receptors, highway users Solar Farm: Most of the development can be seen from this location, as a very small element of the view. Looking from the south at the south-facing development means that generally the fronts of the panels will be seen from this direction. Panels appear as a distant change in shade and texture of a small area in the patchwork.

Mitigation potential: Mitigation measures would have no effect on the view from this distance.

High for Medium-Low Medium Minor-Negligible - As Landscape 25-year Reversible Low- Slight-Minimal recreational - no specific a group, panels appear scale effect due project due to 25- Negligible effect on receptors receptors importance as a small change of to distance from lifespan: year lifespan due to minor from this distance attached to colour / texture in the the development long-term of the size of this view, but distance of the existing and wide proposed landscape has a patchwork rural view, context of view solar farm scale, contribution to integrating well with reversible, wider value of existing massing/scale, effects over a attractive rural and maintaining the long period landscape. existing field pattern. Low for highway Low Without knowledge of users its identity and whereabouts, it will not be possible to identify the development as a solar farm from this distance.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP07 (Fig 17) Distance to solar farm centre: 3.90km Bearing: 236° Angle of view relative to receptor: 60° to direction of south-bound highway users, not visible Location: to north-bound travel. 10° to direction of south-w est-bound footpath users, not visible to north-east-bound walkers. Residential views vary. Footpath/road junction next to Baseline: To the north and east, views blocked by country lane and associated vegetation. Attractive, panoramic views to the south-west of the Newbuildings Farm undulating agricultural landscape. Distant view contains small-medium sized, irregularly shaped fields, with well established and maintained hedgerows, often containing hedgerow trees. Areas of woodland, country roads, and villages / small groupings / individual, generally red brick houses / farmsteads Representative of: and barns, complete the peaceful patchwork rural view. The wind turbines at Carsington Water, and radio mast south of Cross O’ Th’ Hands, are visible residents, highway on the distant horizon, but not dominant. users and recreational receptors Solar Farm: Viewers see some of the northern fields of the development, as a small element of the view, partly screened by intervening trees. As the panels face south, the rear of the panels is seen from this direction. Panels appear as a change in shade and texture of a small area in the patchwork, and disappear over the horizon.

Mitigation potential: Mitigation measures would have no effect on the view from this distance.

Low for drivers Medium-Low Low for drivers Minor-Negligible - As a Landscape 25-year Reversible Low- Slight-Minimal - no specific group, panels appear as scale effect due project due to 25- Negligible effect on receptors importance a small change of to distance from lifespan: year lifespan due to minor from this distance attached to colour / texture in the development long-term of the size of this view, but distance of the existing and wide proposed landscape has a patchwork rural view, context of view solar farm scale, contribution to integrating well with from this view reversible, wider value of existing massing/scale, point effects over a attractive rural and maintaining the long period landscape. existing field pattern. It High for Medium for will not be possible to residents / residents / identify the recreational recreational development as a solar receptors receptors farm from this distance without knowledge of its identity and whereabouts.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VIEWPOINTS ASSESSED WITHOUT NEED FOR GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION

VP08 (Fig 18) Distance to solar farm centre: 401m Bearing: 191° Angle of view relative to receptor: 90° to direction of travel for highway users in ei ther direction. Location: Field entrance on road Baseline: View in the direction of the site is of a small field contained by established hedgerows and hedgerow trees. The view out to the middle directly north of site distance through hedgerow gaps to the east sees a large area of woodland dominating the horizon behind small-medium sized, irregularly shaped fields, with well established and maintained hedgerows, often containing hedgerow trees. Despite traffic noise from the nearby roads, it is generally a peaceful Representative of: rural view. Low-level power lines are dominant in the foreground, and the radio mast south of Cross O’ Th’ Hands is a landmark horizon feature. At the highway users time of the site visit, the bright yellow ‘oil seed rape’ field, east of the site, is a distinctive feature.

Solar Farm: The northern site boundary hedgerow is visible, and can be seen through in places. The panels would appear through these gaps as additional man-made features. The rear of the panels would be visible from this direction, the first row would largely block views of rows behind it.

Mitigation potential: Infilling gaps in the existing site boundary hedgerows, and allowing an increase in hedgerow height to 4m on the northern field boundary, would screen the view from this point. This effect could be further developed by including standard trees within the new hedgerow.

Low for highway Low due to Low Moderate-Minor - Immediate 25-year Reversible Medium due Slight effect users the common panels appear as Setting - at project due to 25- to a moderate- character of additional man-made such close lifespan: year lifespan minor scale of Despite close the view features in the existing proximity to the long-term of the reversible proximity, view, mostly screened site, the solar proposed effects in the receptors by hedgerow. As a farm boundary solar farm. immediate experience only group they integrate takes up a large setting over a short-term, partial well with existing proportion of the long period views of the massing/scale, and their view. development. straight man-made lines are broken up by being The effect may be viewed through further reduced by intervening vegetation. mitigation planting.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP09 (Fig 19) Distance to solar farm centre: 6.46km Bearing: 215° Angle of view relative to receptor: Viewer can be facing in any direction, with 360° v iews Location: National from viewpoint. Trust Viewpoint at Alport Height Baseline: Attractive, far reaching, panoramic views of the undulating agricultural landscape. The view contains small-medium sized, irregularly shaped fields, with well established and maintained hedgerows, often containing hedgerow trees. Areas of woodland, country roads, and small settlements, Representative of: complete the peaceful patchwork rural view. The wind turbines at Carsington Water, and Carsington Water itself, are visible in the distance, but not recreational users dominant. A standing stone dominates the foreground, and at the time of the site visit, a bright yellow ‘oil seed rape’ field is a distinctive foreground feature.

Solar Farm: Viewers see some of the northern fields of the development, as an extremely small element of this big view, partly screened by intervening trees. As the panels face south, the rear of the panels is seen from this direction. Panels appear as a change in shade and texture of a small area in the patchwork. It will not be possible to identify the development as a solar farm from this distance without knowledge of its identity and whereabouts.

Mitigation potential: Mitigation measures would have no effect on the view from this distance.

High for High due to High Development so small Regional effect 25-year Reversible Minimal due Minimal effect recreational the panoramic in the view as to be due to distance project due to 25- to negligible receptors nature of the difficult to spot or from lifespan: year lifespan scale of view, and its identify as a solar farm development long-term of the reversible status as a from this distance - and expansive proposed effects over a National Trust Negligible view solar farm long period viewpoint.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VIEWPOINTS REJECTED FOR ASSESSMENT - REASON

VP10 Distance to solar farm centre: 810m Bearing: 61° Location: On nearest footpath west Baseline: Footpath closest to the site - track also accesses houses, and the ‘Aggregate Industries’ site. of site Reason for not assessing further: in reality, no view of the site from this location. Representative of: footpath users, workers at aggregates works, residents on west side of Smith Hall Lane

VP11 Distance to solar farm centre: 1.15km Bearing: 299° Location: On Intakes Lane Baseline: Road with linear settlement of individual houses, east of Carr Hall Farm.

Representative of: Reason for not assessing further: no views from road, and no public access to rear of properties. Represented by Vps 02, 04 and 05. residents, highway users

VP12 Distance to solar farm centre: 2.11km Bearing: 347° Location: Close to Park Pale Baseline: Footpath labelled on map is not readily apparent, access seems to be site access for industry only.

Representative of: Reason for not assessing further: No view recreational receptors, Ravensdale Park Conservation Area

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP13 Distance to solar farm centre: 4.30km Bearing: 352° Location: National Trail, nr Mercaston Baseline: ‘Centenary Way’ National Trail. Hall Mitigation potential: If there is any view of the panels from this point, it would be partially mitigated by improving/reinforcing boundary and internal Representative of: hedgerow planting. recreational receptors on National Trail Reason for not assessing further: Any views would only be glimpsed, and at 90° to di rection of travel. These potential views are well represented by VP06.

VP14 Distance to solar farm centre: 6.38km Bearing: 352° Location: on A52 Baseline: Main road, near Kirk Langley Representative of: highway users, Mitigation potential: If there is any view of the panels from this point, it would be partially mitigated by improving/reinforcing boundary and internal Grade 2 listed 'Hilltop hedgerow planting. Farmhouse' Reason for not assessing further: Any views would only be glimpsed, and not in direct view of direction of travel. These potential views are well represented by VP06, which also shows that, at this distance, the solar farm is a small element in the view with minimal effect.

VP15 Distance to solar farm centre: 7.79km Bearing: 350° Location: Langley Green Baseline: Footpath at Langley Green

Representative of: Mitigation potential: If there is any view of the panels from this point, it would be partially mitigated by improving/reinforcing boundary and internal footpath users, Kirk hedgerow planting. Langley Conservation Area Reason for not assessing further: Any views would only be glimpsed, and not in direct view of direction of travel. These potential views are well represented by VP06, which also shows that, at this distance, the solar farm is a small element in the view with minimal effect.

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP16 Distance to solar farm centre: 8.54km Bearing: 347° Location: road on northern edge of Baseline: Road on edge of residential area Langley Common Mitigation potential: If there is any view of the panels from this point, it would be partially mitigated by improving/reinforcing boundary and internal Representative of: hedgerow planting. residents / highway users Reason for not assessing further: Any potential views are well represented by VP06, which also shows that at this distance, the solar farm is a small element in the view with minimal effect.

VP17 Distance to solar farm centre: 3.33km Bearing: 166° Location: road south-east of Baseline: Road at high point close to recreational destinations Carsington Water Reason for not assessing further: Observations, from site and other viewpoints, suggest there is most likely no view from VP17. Any potential views Representative of: are well represented by VP07, which also shows that, at this distance, from the north, the solar farm is a small element in the view, and only the rear of Carsington Water the panels are visible, with minimal effect. Recreation, Caravan Site, Highways, Grade 2 listings nearby

VP18 Distance to solar farm centre: 2.74km Bearing: 191° Location: Road south of Kirk Ireton Baseline: At high point of ‘The Mountain, potential for extensive views.

Representative of: Reason for not assessing further: View angle is well represented by photomontage point VP01, where effects are assessed to be only ‘slight’ even at Highway users, close range. Viewing distance is represented by VP07, which shows that, at this distance, from the north, the solar farm is a small element in the view Residents, and only the rear of the panels are visible, with minimal effect. recreational receptors at 'The Mountain'

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP19 Distance to solar farm centre: 2.65km Bearing: 219° Location: road between Ireton Wood Baseline: Road close to residential areas, around 2.5km from the site. and Idridgehay Reason for not assessing further: View angle is well represented by photomontage point VP03, where effects are assessed to be only ‘slight’ even at Representative of: close range. Viewing distance is represented by VP07, which shows that, at this distance, from the north, the solar farm is a small element in the view highway users, and only the rear of the panels are visible, with minimal effect. footpath users, residents

VP20 Distance to solar farm centre: 5.61km Bearing: 232° Location: south- western edge of Baseline: road/residences more than 5km distant with potential view of site Shottle Reason for not assessing further: Following visit to Vps 06,07, and 09, 20 was judged to be too far distant to have any chance of site being significant Representative of: feature in view. highway users, footpath users, residents

VP21 Distance to solar farm centre: 6.10km Bearing: 227° Location: Dannah Farm SAM Baseline: potentially sensitive location more than 5km distant with potential view of site

Representative of: Reason for not assessing further: Following visit to Vps 06,07, and 09, 21 was judged to be too far distant to have any chance of site being significant Footpath Users, SAM feature in view. 'Moated site north of Dannah Farm'

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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Receptor: Sensitivity Magnitude Degree of effect*: (refer to Tables VM1 and VM3) (refer to Tables VM2 and VM3)

VP22 Distance to solar farm centre: 6.85km Bearing: 246° Location: National Trail 'Midshires Way' Baseline: potentially sensitive location more than 5km distant with potential view of site

Representative of: Reason for not assessing further: Following visit to Vps 06,07, and 09, 22 was judged to be too far distant to have any chance of site being significant recreational users of feature in view. National Trail

* All effects assumed adverse unless otherwise stated.

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4.3 SUMMARY OF VISUAL EFFECTS (see Table LV2) properties may have a view, it would be partial, and of the reverse of the panels. Any view would also be (perhaps Residential receptors completely) mitigated by hedgerow reinforcements.

4.3.1 Residential views are shown, in Appendix 01 - Table VM1, to be 4.3.6 Carr Hall Farm, around 400m south-east of the site centre, is amongst those with the highest sensitivity, although the GLVIA2 represented Viewpoint 02 (Figure 12) which can also be taken to (2002) states (para 7.30) “when considering the views from represent the distance, angle and type of view that may be windows, views from rooms normally occupied during obtained by the bungalow south of Smith Hall Farm, south-west daylight/waking hours are generally deemed to be more of the site. important than those used for sleeping, from which only occasional views may be obtained”. This is echoed in GLVIA3 4.3.7 Assessment of Viewpoint 02 shows that there will be a (2013) which states, at para 6.36, “residents at home, especially Moderate degree of effect for these residents. This may be using rooms normally occupied in waking or daylight hours, are reduced, but not entirely screened, by mitigation measures likely to experience views for longer than those briefly passing including: allowing the hedgerows to grow up to 4m high, infilling through an area”. gaps, and including standard trees.

4.3.2 Figures 06 and 04 show that the closest residences with 4.3.8 As shown in the ZTVs (Figs 01-04); within 5km of the site there potential views are individual properties/farmhouses, at Carr are a number of other individual properties and residential Hall Farm, Green Acres, Smith Hall Farm, bungalow south of settlements, some of which will have no view of the Smith Hall Farm, Crossways Farm and nearby properties, and development, due to topography or vegetation, Blackbrook Farm. 4.3.9 Viewpoints 04, 05, and 07 were chosen as representative of 4.3.3 Smith Hall Farm is the residence of the landowners who have possible residential views from the settlements of Cross O’ Th’ an interest in the development. Hands, Intakes Lane properties, and Shottle, respectively. As can be seen in Table LV2, Viewpoints 04 and 07 determine that 4.3.4 Green Acres (and other properties on Smith Hall Lane) has no the view for these receptors will have Slight or Slight-Minimal view of the development, being screened by topography, as degree of effect. shown in ZTV Figures 01 and 02. 4.3.10 Viewpoint 05 determines a Moderate degree of effect for 4.3.5 Crossways Farm and Blackbrook Farm are represented by residents on the western side of Intakes Lane, if they have views Viewpoints 01 and 08 (Figs 11 and 18), and 05 (Fig 15), from their windows, which is unknown, but it is assumed there respectively. The analysis of these suggests little or no view will be some properties with views towards the site. from either farmhouse, and where Crossways Farm and nearby

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4.3.11 Residents are, also, likely to be recreational receptors, making recreational use, and that tourists may also use them, use of the extensive footpath network; and workers, since they particularly ‘Centenary Way’ and ‘Midshires Way’ National Trails. may be farmers or run businesses from their property. In these cases they are considered under Recreational receptors, and 4.3.16 As seen in the ZTV figures, and confirmed on site; Workers (see below). Ecclesbourne Valley Railway and The Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site, 3 and 5km to the east, and the Peak District 4.3.12 In summary, if they have a view of the development, the National Park, 8km north-west, are nearby areas of attraction for majority of nearby residential properties are likely to experience tourists and recreational receptors, none of which offer views of a Slight or Minimal degree of effect. With the benefit of the development site. improved screening, as a result of mitigation planting around the site boundaries, these effects can be expected to reduce. 4.3.17 Carsington Water, 4km north-west of the site, and Alport Height National Trust viewpoint, 6.5km to the north-east, are specific 4.3.13 Some few residential properties (Carr Hall Farm, and the recreational attractions. bungalow south of Smith Hall Farm are the only examples with any certain knowledge of a view) are likely to experience a 4.3.18 As seen in the ZTV figures and confirmed on site; Carsington Moderate degree of effect from the solar farm. Water has no views of the development site.

4.3.14 Given the fixed location of the solar farm, and relatively low 4.3.19 Alport Height is represented by Viewpoint 09, the most distant nature of the solar panels; mitigation planting (including the assessed viewpoint at 6.5km from site. It was found that at such addition of hedgerow trees, the infill of gaps and increased a distance, although it is visible, the development would be such hedgerow height on boundaries and within the site) would have a small change in the view as to be considered of Minimal some beneficial effect on the view from all residential properties. effect.

4.3.20 Viewpoints 03, 05, 06 and 07 (Figs 13, 15, 16 and 17) are Recreational receptors recreational viewpoints, each representing users of the local footpath network. Viewpoint 06 also represents potential views 4.3.15 Within the study area, the main recreational receptors are the from Brailsford Activity Centre (paint balling). users of footpaths and bridleways. From the viewpoints visited, it is unclear as to whether public rights of way are well used, 4.3.21 Viewpoints 06 and 07 are, respectively, 5.7 and 3.9km from site. however, it is assumed that they are. It can be expected that Assessment of each concludes a Slight-Minimal effect, due to local people use the local footpaths for dog walking and similar the distance of the viewer from the development.

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4.3.22 Viewpoints 03 and 05 are on footpaths within 1km of the site. Highway Users

4.3.23 Viewpoints to the north of the site, as is Viewpoint 03, generally 4.3.28 Viewpoints 01, 04, 06, 07 and 08, (Figs 11, 14, 16, 17, 18), are show a smaller degree of effect than those to the south, as is representative of highway users. The degree of the effects Viewpoint 05, since the slope of the site faces generally south. experienced by these receptors at these points ranges from Viewpoints to its south are, therefore, likely to see more of the Slight to Minimal. development, whilst viewpoints to the north have only partial views, of the top of the northernmost field that has a north-east facing slope. This is compounded by the fact that the rows of Workers panels themselves face south, so that viewers from the south will see the fronts of the panels, whilst from the north only the 4.3.29 Many workers experiencing views of the solar farm will be farm reverse of the panels is seen. workers, who will be relatively few in number, and who have a functional involvement with the landscape which is likely to result 4.3.24 Viewpoint 03 describes a Slight effect on recreational receptors, in a pragmatic view of the solar farm. and Viewpoint 05 a Moderate effect. 4.3.30 Farm workers can be considered to be represented by 4.3.25 From Viewpoint 03, the effect may be reduced by mitigation recreational viewpoints, as footpaths run through farm land, but planting, including increased height of hedgerows to the site would be of low susceptibility to the development’s impact, and boundaries and additional hedgerow trees. so in each instance there would be a lower degree of effect on farm workers than on the recreational receptors.

Cultural Heritage 4.3.31 Other workers in the area include those running businesses at properties. They can be considered to be represented by 4.3.26 Cultural Heritage receptors are shown on Figures 08 and 09. residential viewpoints, but workers would be of lower They illustrate that there are Listed Buildings, Conservation susceptibility to the development’s impact, and so in each Areas, Parks and Gardens, Scheduled Ancient Monuments, and instance there would be a lower degree of effect on workers than a World Heritage Site within 5km of the development. These on the residential receptors. are itemised at 3.4 above. 4.3.32 Workers at the ‘Aggregate Industries’ cement works are 4.3.27 Cultural Heritage is not assessed here, however, it is worth represented by dismissed Viewpoint 10, which has no view in noting that several of the dismissed viewpoints were chosen reality, and drivers of vehicles associated with the cement works specifically for their proximity to Cultural Heritage destinations. are classed as highway users. Reasons for their dismissal are detailed in Table LV2.

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4.3.33 Other workers that may experience views will most likely be on site and the panels. Viewpoints to the north of the site do not their journey to or from work in the nearby towns. They will be have greater than a Slight effect, even at close range. travelling on the roads, and can be considered in the category of regular highways users (see above). 4.3.39 As the site becomes smaller as a proportion of the view, the degree of effect in any direction diminishes with distance. For views beyond 3km away, such as at Viewpoints 06, 07 and 09, The Wider Area even sensitive receptors experience only a Slight-Minimal degree of effect. 4.3.34 Due to the size and scale of this proposal, it is considered that the Degree of its effect on the wider area (beyond 10km) will be Minimal.

4.3.35 The Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) Figures 01 - 04 provide an indication of visibility over the wider area. The ‘Bare-earth’ ZTVs (Figs 01 and 03) are included principally because it is industry-standard practice to do so.

4.3.36 The “With Obstructions” ZTVs (Figures 02 and 04) are more meaningful - see Appendix 3: ZTV Methodology. They present a more realistic impression of actual visibility but do not comprehensively demonstrate additional screening effects of all localised banks, hedgerows, individual trees and any taller buildings and tree groups that are not included in OS data.

4.3.37 Visibility will occur in mostly north-east and south-easterly directions, in a zone approximately 10km around the solar farm. Due to the topography of the undulating landscape, and screening effect of vegetation and built form, Fig 02 shows that there is a small proportion of visibility generally.

4.3.38 As shown in Table LV2, the degree of effect is greater from those locations south of the site, due to the orientation of the

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5 ASH DIEBACK Effects of Ash Dieback on the assessment of the proposed solar farm

Introduction 5.1.4 It is unlikely that there will be any adverse Visual effects resulting from Ash Dieback, and no specific alteration to the 5.1.1 The potential effects of Ash Dieback (Chalara fraxinea) merit degree of Landscape effects of the proposal. separate consideration. As at spring 2014, most aspects of the potential effects of the disease are far from being understood, including:

• its rate of progress - how soon it may reach the study area;

• how quickly it will cause deterioration of trees of different ages;

• the final extent of the effects it will have, particularly upon mature Ash trees.

5.1.2 It is clear, however, that there is no practical cure for the disease at this time, and a precautionary approach would suggest that significant loss of Ash trees should be anticipated.

Ash trees within the Study Area

5.1.3 Ash trees are present but do not account for a significant proportion of local tree cover, which is generally of a mixed nature.

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6 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS • cumulative landscape effects are effects that ‘can impact on either the physical fabric or character of the landscape, or any special values attached to it'; 6.1 GUIDANCE • cumulative visual effects are effects that can be caused by 6.1.1 Due to the existence of a number of other planning applications combined visibility, which ‘occurs where the observer is able for solar farms within 15km of the site, including 13 approved to see two or more developments from one viewpoint' and/or applications (none built as yet) and two built, consideration has sequential effects which ‘occur when the observer has to been given to potential cumulative effects. move to another viewpoint to see different developments'. (SNH, 2012) 6.1.2 The Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment, Guidelines for Landscape and 6.1.4 In accordance with this guidance, this cumulative assessment Visual Impact Assessment, 3rd Edition (GLVIA3) refers to the will deal primarily with the effects of other solar farm previous volume's description of cumulative effect as follows: developments in relation to the proposed solar farm. It is also noted, however, that other structures exist within this landscape, "Cumulative landscape and visual effects result from additional primarily agricultural buildings, low level electricity lines, changes to the landscape or visual amenity caused by the quarries, transport infrastructure, distant wind turbines and a proposed development in conjunction with other developments radio, that contribute to the cumulative effect of man-made (associated with it or separate to it) or actions that occurred in elements. the past, present or are likely to occur in the foreseeable future."

6.2 STUDY AREA 6.1.3 GLVIA3 also points to the Scottish National Heritage Guidance 2012, which was developed specifically in relation to wind farms, 6.2.1 The Study Area for the Cumulative Impact Assessment and uses the following definitions: corresponds with that of the LVIA, and is best indicated by the extent of the ZTVs in Figures 01-04. • cumulative effects as ‘the additional changes caused by a proposed development in conjunction with other similar developments or as the combined effect of a set of 6.3 BASE LINE developments, taken together'; 6.3.1 Within 5km there is 1 approved solar farm at Bradley Nook Farm (east-north-east), under 0.5Ha/50kW, and so quite a different size to the 17ha/7MWp proposal at Smith Hall Farm.

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6.3.2 Between 5 and 15km there are 11 approved solar farms and solar farm in isolation, are considered to be Medium to Low one built, which range in size from 4kW - 50kW. There is one adverse, as described in section 3.6. 6MW solar farm, around 14km south-west, which has been approved. 6.4.3 The cumulative effect on landscape character, of the solar farms described above, is unlikely to be of a higher degree than Slight, 6.3.3 There is a cluster of four refused planning applications for solar given the low number and small size of each of the farms to the east of Belper, which are well within The Derwent developments, distances between developments and their Valley Mills World Heritage Site. relatively low-lying nature.

6.3.4 Figure 02, Zone of Theoretical Visibility ‘with obstructions’, 6.4.4 The subject of this assessment, the solar farm at Smith Hall suggests that there would be no inter-visibility with the other Farm, will not, of itself, combine with other approved solar farms identified approved developments, although it is accepted that to create more than a Minimal cumulative effect upon this does not prevent sequential visual effects, or cumulative Landscape Character. landscape effects.

6.4 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ON LANDSCAPE CHARACTER

6.4.1 GLVIA3 states that: The most significant cumulative landscape effects are likely to be those that would give rise to changes in the landscape character of the study area of such an extent as to have major effects on its key characteristics and even, in some cases to transform it into a different landscape type. This may be the case where the project being considered itself tips the balance through its additional effects. The emphasis must always remain on the main project being assessed and how or whether it adds to or combines with the others being considered to create a significant cumulative effect.

6.4.2 If all built, the full range of solar farms consented would be unlikely to have any cumulative effect on local landscape character. The effects on landscape character, of the proposed

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6.5 CUMULATIVE VISUAL EFFECTS 6.5.2 When referring to Figure 17, Viewpoint 07, which is located 3.90km from the proposed Smith Hall Farm Solar Farm, it is clear 6.5.1 GLVIA 3 defines the following categories of cumulative visual that it forms a minor element in the view. This, along with the effects: fact that, within 10km, all of the other proposed solar farm developments are much smaller in size, demonstrates that, in Types of Cumulative visual effects (GLVIA3, based on SNH, any combined view, at least one of the developments would be of 2012) Minimal effect.

Generic Specific Characteristics 6.5.3 If all these developments are constructed, due to their locations and the distances between the proposals, there is little potential Combined In Where two or more Occurs where the combination developments are or would be of occasional sequential effects in the area. observer is able to within the observer's arc of see two or more vision at the same time without developments moving her/his head Residential Receptors from one viewpoint. In Where the observer has to 6.5.4 There are unlikely to be any residential receptors which would be succession turn her/his head to see the able to see other proposals in the same view as Smith Hall Farm various developments - actual Solar Farm. and visualised

Sequential Frequently Frequently sequential means Occurs when the sequential the features appear regularly Recreational and Cultural Receptors observer has to and with short time lapses move to another between instances depending 6.5.5 These receptors are recognised as being of High sensitivity, but viewpoint to see on speed of travel and also, within the main visual assessment, as experiencing the same or distance between the generally Medium-Low magnitude of effect. different viewpoints. developments. Sequential effects Occasionally Occasionally sequential 6.5.6 If built, it is considered that other approved solar farms will may be assessed sequential means longer time lapses probably be so minor as to result in Slight to Minimal cumulative for travel along between appearances would effects to these receptors. regularly-used occur because the observer is routes such as moving very slowly and/or major roads or there are larger distances popular paths. between the viewpoints.

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Highway users and Workers

6.5.7 Highway users and Workers are considered as having Low sensitivity to development. Potential effects would generally be of Low magnitude, resulting in Slight to Minimal cumulative effects to these receptors.

6.5.8 These potential cumulative effects are, therefore, anticipated to be Slight to Minimal.

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APPENDIX 1 - METHODOLOGY Smith Hall Farm Solar Appendix 1 - Methodology: Factors and Criteria Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment

Table LM1: Landscape Sensitivity - Factors affecting assessment - all or some may apply Susceptibility: Value: Summary:

Evaluation of the Based on consideration of replaceability (is it common or uncommon) and contribution to wider landscape value, A combination of landscape element reflecting designations at national and local levels, including: Susceptibility and to the type of change Value, arising from the • internationally valued landscapes recognised as World Heritage Sites; specific proposal, as • nationally valued landscapes; (National Parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, National Scenic Areas or recorded as High, opposed to other equivalent areas); Medium, Low, generalised • locally valued landscapes, for example local authority landscape designations; Negligible statements of • landscapes valued at a community level; sensitivity, • related designations such as Conservation Areas, historic landscapes; • cultural associations; recorded as High, Medium, Low, Range of factors that can help in the identification of valued landscapes: Negligible • Landscape quality (condition): A measure of the physical state of the landscape. It may include the extent to which typical character is represented in individual areas, the intactness of the landscape and the condition of individual elements; • Scenic quality: The term used to describe landscapes that appeal primarily to the senses (primarily but not wholly the visual senses); • Rarity: The presence of rare elements or features in the landscape or the presence of a rare Landscape Character Type; • Representativeness: Whether the landscape contains a particular character and/or features or elements which are considered particularly important examples; • Conservation interests: The presence of features of wildlife, earth science or archaeological or historical and cultural interest can add to the value of the landscape as well as having value in their own right; • Recreation value: Evidence that the landscape is valued for recreational activity where experience of the landscape is important; • Perceptual aspects: A landscape may be valued for its perceptual qualities, notably wildness and/or tranquillity; • Associations: Some landscapes are associated with particular people, such as artists or writers, or events in history that contribute to perceptions of the natural beauty of the area.

recorded as High, Medium, Low, Negligible Ref GLVIA3 p76-90

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Table LM2: Landscape Magnitude - Factors affecting assessment - all or some may apply

Size/scale: Geographic Scale: Duration: Reversibility: Summary:

In relation to: In relation to the landscape Anticipated life of the • Reversible (capable of A combination of Size, Scale, element, at: development: being removed with no Duration, Reversibility • the extent of landscape discernable after-effect) element to be lost as a • site level, within the • short (0-5 years) • Partially reversible recorded as High, Medium, result of the proposal; development site; • medium (5-10 years) (subject to either physical Low, Negligible • the degree to which an • immediate setting of the • long-term (10-25 years) extent or possible degree aesthetic or perceptual site; • indefinite or permanent of restoration, eg filling of a aspect will be altered; • local level eg 0.5~3km; quarry) • change to a critical or • landscape character • Irreversible in practical distinctive character type; terms - for example • regional extent housing development recorded as Major, Moderate, Minor, Negligible

Ref GLVIA3 p90-91

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Table LM3: Landscape Sensitivity and Magnitude - Indicative Criteria - all or some may apply

Landscape Sensitivity - Indicative Criteria Landscape Magnitude - Indicative Criteria

A landscape of national or international importance, designated Large change in landscape characteristics over an extensive landscapes e.g. National Parks; area, ranging to intensive change over a more limited area A landscape or landscape components of distinctive character particularly susceptible to change from disturbance; High No or little potential for substitution or replacement ; Landscapes assessed as having low capacity to accommodate proposed form of change; Iconic or distinctive landscape with a strong sense of place.

A landscape of regional importance Considerable changes to landscape in localised area, ranging A landscape of relatively common characteristics, reasonably tolerant of to small changes over a large area. changes Medium Some potential for substitution or replacement Landscapes assessed as having some tolerance of the proposed change subject to design and mitigation.

A landscape of local importance Small change in any landscape components Good potential for substitution or replacement Landscape characteristics and features that do not make a significant Low contribution to landscape character or distinctiveness locally, or which are untypical or uncharacteristic of landscape type. Landscapes assessed as being generally tolerant of the proposed change, subject to design and mitigation.

Published sensitivity or capacity studies are also referenced to establish landscape sensitivity.

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Table LM4: Landscape - Degree of Effect (combination of sensitivity and magnitude) - Indicative Criteria

Degree of Effect Indications - the Proposal:-

• is at complete variance with the landform, scale and pattern of the landscape; Very Substantial • permanently degrades, diminishes or destroys the integrity of valued characteristic features, elements and/or their setting; C results in a highly sensitive landscape completely degraded

• degrades the integrity of the landscape; • is damaging to a high quality landscape; Substantial • causes considerable change to the features, qualities or character of a highly sensitive landscape; C results in long term or permanent large, or large to medium change, with little or no scope for mitigation; C results in great improvement, sufficient to upgrade overall landscape character

• is out of scale with the landscape or at odds with the local pattern and landform; • has an effect on an area of recognised landscape quality; C has effects that cannot be fully mitigated; Moderate C creates change to landscape character, features, or elements of medium or medium-high sensitivity landscape or lesser change in highly sensitive landscape; C is a medium term change with scope for mitigation; C causes change to the landscape over a wide area sufficient to alter perceptions or larger change over a smaller area

• does not quite fit into the landform and scale of the landscape; • affects an area of recognised landscape character; Slight • causes short term localised or limited change to the existing landscape character; C has considerable scope for mitigation; C causes discernible or localised improvement to the existing landscape

• complements, or results in no change to, the scale, landform and pattern of the landscape; • maintains existing landscape quality; Minimal C Little change to the existing landscape character; C The change is difficult to discern

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Table LM5: Scale of Landscape Degree of Effect

• Loss of mature or diverse landscape components, features, characteristics, aesthetic or perceptual qualities; Greater degree of effect • Effects on rare, distinctive, particularly representative landscape character; • Loss of higher* value elements, features, characteristics, aesthetic or perceptual qualities.

• Loss of new, uniform, homogeneous components, features, characteristics, qualities; Lesser degree of effect • Effects on areas in poorer condition or degraded character; • Effects on lower value landscapes.

Based on GLVIA3 p92 (*error in book, which states ‘lower value elements’)

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Table VM1: Visual Sensitivity - Factors affecting assessment - all or some may apply

Susceptibility: Value: Summary:

• residents at home; Taking account of: A combination of • people, whether residents or visitors, engaged in Susceptibility and outdoor recreation, including use of public rights of • the value attached to particular views, for example in Value, way, whose attention or interest is likely to be relation to heritage assets, or through planning focussed on the landscape and on particular designations; recorded as High, views; • indicators of the value attached to views by visitors, for Medium, Low, More • visitors to heritage assets, or to other attractions, example through appearance in guidebooks or on Negligible susceptible where views of the surroundings are an important tourist maps, through provision of facilities provided for contributor to the experience; their enjoyment (such as parking places, sign boards • communities where views contribute to the and interpretive material) and references to them in landscape setting enjoyed by residents in the area; literature or art (for example ‘Ruskin’s View’) . • recreational travellers on road, rail, or other transport routes, particularly those making use of recognised scenic routes.

• non-recreational travellers such as commuters/workers using road, rail, or other transport routes; • people engaged in outdoor sport or recreation Less which does not involve or depend upon susceptible appreciation of views of the landscape; • people at their place of work whose attention may be focussed on their work or activity not on their surroundings and where the setting is not important to the quality of working life.

recorded as High, Medium, Low, Negligible recorded as High, Medium, Low, Negligible

Ref GLVIA3 p113-114

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Table VM2: Visual Magnitude - Factors affecting assessment - all or some may apply

Size/scale: Geographic Scale: Duration: Reversibility: Summary:

In relation to: Taking into consideration: Anticipated life of the • Reversible (capable of A combination of Size, • the scale of the change in the • angle of view in development: being removed with no Scale, Duration, view: loss or addition of features in relation to the main • short (0-5 years) discernable after-effect) Reversibility the view, changes in its activity of the receptor; • medium (5-10 years) • Partially reversible composition, & the proportion of • distance of the • long-term (10-25 years) (subject to either to recorded as High, Medium, the view occupied by the proposed viewpoint from the • indefinite or permanent physical extent or possible Low, Negligible development; proposed development; degree of restoration, eg • the degree of contrast or • extent of the area over filling of a quarry) integration of any new features or which the changes • Irreversible in practical changes in the landscape with the would be visible: site terms - for example existing or remaining landscape level, within the housing development elements and characteristics in development site; terms of form, scale and mass, immediate setting of line, height, colour and texture; the site; local level eg • the relative amount of time over 0.5~3km; landscape which it will be experienced and character type; whether views will be full, partial regional extent or glimpses.

Ref GLVIA3 p90-91

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Table VM3: Visual Sensitivity & Magnitude - Indicative Criteria - all or some may apply

Visual Sensitivity - Indicative Criteria Visual Magnitude - Indicative Criteria

High Residents in their homes (particularly when using daytime Large scale of change, high degree of contrast, clear or full view; rooms) and gardens; Angle of view close to line of sight of receptor, relatively close or visible Users of outdoor recreational facilities including strategic across a large area; recreational footpaths, cycle routes or long distance Public Long term to indefinite duration, irreversible Rights of Way, viewpoints and beauty spots where attention is focussed on the landscape; Tourists and visitors using recognised scenic routes.

Medium Users of outdoor recreational facilities including play areas, Medium scale of change, medium degree of contrast, partial view; local recreational footpaths, cycle routes or Public Rights of Angle of view peripheral to line of sight of receptor, in middle distance Way and whose attention may be focussed on their activity. or visible across a moderate area; Medium term to duration, reversible

Low Users of commercial buildings, or commercially engaged Limited scale of change, small degree of contrast and partial or pedestrians or vehicle users; road users, whose attention may glimpsed view; be focussed on their work or activity, rather than the wider Angle of view outside line of sight of receptor, distant or visible across landscape. a small area; Short term duration, reversible

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Table VM4: Visual Degree of Effect (combination of sensitivity and magnitude) - Indicative Criteria - all or some may apply

Degree of Effect The Proposal causes:-

Very Substantial • Complete change in the existing view

• Significant deterioration in the existing view, close to receptors or visible across a large area; Substantial • Large scale of change or visual intrusion for the most sensitive receptors at valued locations; • A change of long term to indefinite duration, or which is irreversible.

• A noticeable deterioration in the existing view; • A medium scale of change or intrusion experienced by receptors of medium sensitivity; Moderate • Change indirectly viewed, in middle distance or visible across a limited area, of medium duration, reversible; • Alternatively, a high magnitude of change experienced by low-sensitivity receptors, or a low magnitude of change experienced by high-sensitivity receptors.

• A perceptible deterioration in the existing view; • A limited scale of change, experienced by receptors of low sensitivity; Slight • A partial view which is distant or visible across a small area; • Short term duration, reversible.

Minimal • No discernable deterioration in the existing view

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Table LVM1: Assessing Degree of Effect

The graph, right, shows how the nature of the receptor (Sensitivity) and the nature of the effect (Magnitude) are combined to reach an overall assessment of Degree of Effect. The table is based on GLVIA3 p37 and IEMA ‘The State of EIA Practice in the UK’ (IEMA 2011) p61.

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Table LVM2: Nature of Effect - adverse or beneficial

When assessing impacts on Landscape Resource and Visual Receptors, the following categorisation has been used:

Adverse - the integrity of the landscape, or key characteristics, are weakened, or there is detriment to visual amenity;

Neutral - the integrity or key characteristics, or the value of the view, are not affected;

Beneficial - the integrity or key characteristics, or visual amenity, are strengthened.

It is accepted that any individual’s perception of, and reaction to, a development, such as a solar farm in the landscape, may be positive, neutral or negative. Nonetheless, it is reasonable to consider that the effects of solar farms, which can be only partially mitigated, should be regarded as being adverse upon the landscape resource and upon visual amenity.

For the purposes of this assessment, all effects are assumed to be adverse, unless otherwise specifically mentioned.

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APPENDIX 2 - GLOSSARY Smith Hall Farm Solar Appendix 2 - Glossary Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment

Access land Elements Land where the public have access either by legal right or by informal agreement. Individual parts which make up the landscape, such as, for example, trees, hedges and buildings. Baseline studies Work done to determine and describe the environmental conditions against which any Enhancement future changes can be measured or predicted and assessed. Proposals that seek to improve the landscape resource and the visual amenity of the proposed development site and its wider setting, over and above its baseline condition. Characterisation The process of identifying areas of similar landscape character, classifying and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) mapping them and describing their character. The process of gathering environmental information; describing a development; identifying and describing the likely significant environmental effects of the project; Characteristics defining ways of preventing/avoiding, reducing or offsetting or compensating for any Elements, or combinations of elements, which make a contribution to distinctive adverse effects; consulting the general public and specific bodies with responsibilities landscape character. for the environment; and presenting the results to the competent authority to inform the decision on whether the project should proceed. Compensation Measures devised to offset or compensate for residual adverse effects which cannot be Environmental statement (ES) prevented/avoided or further reduced. A statement that includes the information that is reasonably required to assess the environmental effects of the development and which the applicant can, having regard in Competent authority particular to current knowledge and methods of assessment, reasonably be required to The authority which determines the application for consent, permission, licence or other compile, but that includes at least the information referred to in the EIA regulations. authorisation to proceed with a proposal. It is the authority that must consider the environmental information before granting any kind of authorisation. Feature Particularly prominent or eye-catching elements in the landscape, like tree clumps, Consultation bodies church towers, or wooded skylines OR a particular aspect of the project proposal. Any body specified in the relevant EIA regulations which the competent authority must consult in respect of an EIA, and which also has a duty to provide a scoping opinion GLVIA2 and information. Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 2nd Edition (2002), produced by the Landscape Institute and the Institute of Environmental Management & Designated landscape Assessment. Areas of landscape identified as being of importance at international, national or local levels, either defined by statute or identified in development plans or other documents. GLVIA3 Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 3rd Edition (2013), produced Development by the Landscape Institute and the Institute of Environmental Management & Any proposal that results in a change to the landscape and/or visual environment. Assessment.

Direct effects Heritage Effects that are directly attributable to the proposed development. The historic environment and especially valued assets and qualities such as historic buildings and cultural traditions.

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Indirect effects Effects that result indirectly from the proposed project, as a Landscape Character Areas (LCAs) consequence of the direct effects, often occurring away from the site, or as a result of a These are single unique areas which are the discrete geographical areas of a particular sequence of interrelationships or as a result of a complex pathway. They may be landscape type. separated in distance or in time from the source of the effects. For example (reference Landscape Character Assessment Guidance 2002): Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor are LCAs. Iterative design process The process by which project design is amended and improved by successive stages Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) of refinement which respond to growing understanding of environmental issues. Landscape character assessment is the process of identifying and describing variation in the character of the landscape, and using this information to assist in managing Key characteristics change in the landscape. It seeks to identify and explain the unique combination of Those combinations of elements which are particularly important to the current elements and features that make landscapes distinctive. The process results in the character of the landscape and help to give an area its particularly distinctive sense of production of a Landscape Character Assessment. place. Landscape Character Types (LCTs) Land use These are distinct types of landscape that are relatively homogeneous in character. What land is used for, based on broad categories of functional land cover such as They are generic in nature in that they may occur in different areas in different parts of urban and industrial use and the different types of agriculture and forestry. the country, but wherever they occur they share broadly similar combinations of geology, topography, drainage patterns, vegetation and historical land use and Land cover settlement pattern, and perceptual and aesthetic attributes. The surface cover of the land, usually expressed in terms of vegetation cover or lack of For example (reference Landscape Character Assessment Guidance 2002): Dartmoor it. Related to but not the same as land use. Plateau Top and Dartmoor River Valleys are LCTs.

Landform Landscape classification The shape and form of the land surface which has resulted from combinations of A process of sorting the landscape into different types using selected criteria but without geology, geomorphology, slope, elevation and physical processes. attaching relative values to different sorts of landscape.

Landscape Landscape effects An area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and Effects on the landscape as a resource in its own right. interaction of natural and/or human factors. Landscape quality (condition) Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) A measure of the physical state of the landscape. It may include the extent to which A tool used to identify and assess the likely significance of the effects of change typical character is represented in individual areas, the intactness of the landscape and resulting from development on both the landscape as an environmental resource in its the condition of individual elements. own right and on people’s views and visual amenity. Landscape receptors Landscape character Defined aspects of the landscape resource that have the potential to be affected by a A distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape that makes proposal. one landscape different from another, rather than better or worse.

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Landscape strategy Sensitivity The overall vision and objectives for what the landscape should be like in the future, A term applied to specific receptors, combining judgments of the susceptibility of the and what is thought to be desirable for a particular landscape type or area as a whole, receptor to the specific type of change or development proposed and the value related usually expressed in formally adopted plans and programmes or related documents. to that receptor.

Landscape value Significance The relative value that is attached to different landscapes by society. A landscape may A measure of the importance or gravity of the environmental effect, defined by be valued by different stakeholders for a whole variety of reasons. significance criteria specific to the environmental topic.

Magnitude (of effect) Solar Farm A term that combines judgments about the size and scale of the effect, the extent of the A collection of Photovoltaic cells designed to produce electricity on a commercial scale, area over which it occurs, whether it is reversible or irreversible and whether it is short connected to the national electricity grid. or long term in duration. Stakeholders Parameters The whole constituency of individuals and groups who have an interest in a subject or A limit or boundary which defines the scope of a particular process or activity. place.

Perception Susceptibility Combines the sensory (that we receive through our senses) with the cognitive (our The ability of a defined landscape or visual receptor to accommodate the specific knowledge and understanding gained from many sources and experiences). proposed development without undue negative consequences.

Photomontage Tranquillity see Landscape receptors and Visual receptors. A state of calm and quietude associated with peace, considered to be a significant asset of landscape. Photovoltaic (PV) The creation of voltage or electric current in a material upon exposure to light. Visual amenity The overall pleasantness of the views people enjoy of their surroundings, which Receptors provides an attractive visual setting or backdrop for the enjoyment of activities of the Individuals and/or defined groups of people who have the potential to be affected by a people living, working, recreating, visiting or travelling through an area. proposal. Visual effects Scheduled Ancient Monument (SAM) Effects on specific views and on the general visual amenity experienced by people. A nationally important archaeological site or monument, given legal protection by being placed on a list, or 'schedule', managed in England by English Heritage. Visual receptors Individuals and/or defined groups of people who have the potential to be affected by a Scoping proposal. The process of identifying the issues to be addresses by an EIA. It is a method of ensuring that an EIA focusses on the important issues and avoids those that are Visualisation considered to be less significant. Computer simulation, photomontage or other technique to illustrate the predicted appearance of a development.

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Wireframe/Wireline The use of line-based computer visualisation, usually aligned with or overlaid on a photo, to demonstrate the location of the proposed development, by reference to topography of other visible elements within the computer model.

Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV, sometimes Zone of Visual Influence ZVI) A map, usually digitally produced, showing areas of land within which a development is theoretically visible.

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APPENDIX 3 - ZTV METHODOLOGY Smith Hall Farm Solar Farm ZTV Methodology

Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) - Methodology

The Site and Targets ‘With Obstructions’ ZTV

The northern third of the proposed Smith Hall Farm solar farm site Obstructions are imported into the GIS software in the form of Ordnance slopes generally north-east, whilst the southern two-thirds slope roughly Survey building and woodland data (VectorMap), and assigned a height south-south-east. A rolling hill separates these two areas. of 8.5m and 12m above ground respectively, subject to local conditions. Localised vegetation is also digitised, using aerial photography and It was therefore decided to select two target points, which represent the Google Street view as a reference for vegetation location and height. main areas of the solar farm as it would be seen from north and south. Target positions were also selected to reduce close interaction with on- The ZTV analysis was repeated, this time using the imported/digitised site boundary and internal hedges and trees, which are to be retained obstructions as part of the assessment. As for the ‘Bare Earth’ ZTV, grid within the development site. cells were tested at 20m centres for visibility of the two target points, and again marked in pink for T1 and blue for T2. ‘Bare Earth’ ZTV Given the relatively low height of the targets (2m) it is not surprising that Ordnance Survey Landform Profile terrain data (10 metre grid), was incorporation of localised obstructions results in a much reduced ZTV. imported into GIS software. For each of the two target points, and using a ‘transmitter’ height of 2.0m to represent the top of the panels, the GIS Whilst the ‘With Obstructions’ ZTV is only a modelled representation of software sampled the surrounding terrain at 20m centres. The receptor visibility on the ground, it provides a more accurate impression of reality viewing height was set to 1.8m above the terrain. This represents the than a ‘Bare Earth’ ZTV alone. eye height of a tall person and is, therefore, more likely to provide a positive visibility result than if a more ‘average’ eye height (of say 1.5m) Scales were used. The ZTVs are presented at 1:100,000 (approximately 31km x 29km) to Each 20 metre grid cell sample point was tested for visibility of one of illustrate effects across the wider area; and at 1:50,000 (15km x 14km) the target points and, if positive, the cell was marked as representing to provide greater clarity of localised effects. an area within the Zone of Theoretical Visibility.

The north-facing ZTV (Target 1) is coloured pink, the south-facing ZTV (Target 2) is coloured blue. This gives a clear distinction as to which areas would see which part of the solar farm. Where the two areas overlap, they are coloured purple, indicating that most of the solar farm would be visible from these areas.

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