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Coastal Change in the Pacific Islands

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Coastal Change in the Pacific Islands COASTAL CHANGE IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS VOLUME ONE: A Guide to Support Community Understanding of Coastal Erosion and Flooding Issues This document is made possible by the generous support of the Australian Government funded community based adaptation project led by The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), the Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region project funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), and United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Suggested Citation: Gombos, M., Ramsay, D., Webb, A., Marra, J., Atkinson, S., & Gorong, B. (Eds.). (2014). Coastal Change in the Pacific Islands, Volume One: A Guide to Support Community Understanding of Coastal Erosion and Flooding Issues. Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia: Micronesia Conservation Trust. Front cover photos by Arthur Webb, Doug Ramsay, Meghan Gombos, and Arthur Webb (top left to right); and Doug Ramsay (center) Back cover photos by Fenno Brunken (top) and Doug Ramsay (bottom) Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................5 About This Guide .....................................................................................................................................8 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Audience ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Context ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Volume 1: Outreach — How Coastlines Work and What Factors Influence Coastal Change ...11 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Session One: How the Coastline Works ......................................................................................... 12 The Coastline and Active Shoreline ................................................................................................................... 12 Group Activity: Preparing the Group to Discuss Coastal Change ...................................................................... 15 The Sediment Cell................................................................................................................................................... 16 Sediment Sources .................................................................................................................................................... 17 Sediment Sinks ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Community Coastal Story 1: Ngaraard, Palau ....................................................................................................... 19 The Sediment Balance ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Case Study 1: Fanafuti, Tuvalu................................................................................................................................... 24 Long-Shore Movement .......................................................................................................................................... 25 Natural Defenses That Help Manage the Sediment Balance ........................................................................ 25 Session Two: Natural Events That Influence Coastal Change ..................................................... 28 Storm Events ............................................................................................................................................................ 28 Climate Variability ................................................................................................................................................... 30 Case Study 2: Ngkesill Island in Rock Islands, Palau ............................................................................................. 32 Movement of Land Masses .................................................................................................................................... 33 Case Study 3: Torres Islands, Vanuatu ...................................................................................................................... 34 Session Three: Human Activities That Influence Coastal Change .............................................. 36 Practices That Negatively Impact Natural Defenses....................................................................................... 36 Case Study 4: Druadrua Island, Fiji ........................................................................................................................... 39 Community Coastal Story 2: Mele Beach in Mele, Vanuatu .............................................................................. 40 Poor Coastal Development Practices ................................................................................................................ 43 Community Coastal Story 3: Melekeok, Palau ........................................................................................................ 45 Hard Defenses and Other Structures on the Shoreline ................................................................................ 47 Case Study 5: Niutao, Tuvalu ...................................................................................................................................... 50 Case Study 6: Sandy Beach Hotel in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia ............................................... 51 Climate Change ....................................................................................................................................................... 53 Case Study 7: Lifuka, Tonga......................................................................................................................................... 55 Session Four: What Actions Can We Take to Reduce the Negative Impacts of Coastal Change on Our Community? .............................................................................................................. 57 Good Community Planning That Includes Outreach, Stakeholder Engagement, Coastline Assessment, and Action Development .............................................................................................................. 58 Case Study 8: Kemur Beab Beach, Rock Islands, Palau ........................................................................................ 59 Protect and Enhance Natural Coastal Defenses .............................................................................................. 61 Case Study 9: Tarawa, Kiribati .................................................................................................................................... 63 3 Ensure Resilient Development Practices ........................................................................................................... 64 Case Study 10: Atafu, Tokelau .................................................................................................................................... 66 Use Hard Defenses Wisely ................................................................................................................................... 69 Monitoring and Recording Coastal Change ...................................................................................................... 70 Case Study 11: Kosrae Shoreline Management Plan ............................................................................................ 72 References ............................................................................................................................................... 74 Key Concepts ......................................................................................................................................... 75 4 COASTAL CHANGE IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS VOLUME ONE: A Guide to Support Community Understanding of Coastal Erosion and Flooding Issues Acknowledgements The editors would like to thank the following individuals, listed in alphabetical order, who contributed to the development of this guide: Wayne Andrew (Hathohoebei Organization for People and Environment); William Atu (The Nature Conservancy); Dr. Christopher Bartlett (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit); Fenno Brunken (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, GIZ); Dr. Patrick Colin (Coral Reef Research Foundation); Carol Emaurois (Palau International Coral Reef Institute); Karl Fellenius (University of Hawaii, Sea Grant); Andy George (Kosrae Conservation & Safety Organization); Surech Hideyos (One Reef Micronesia); Robert Jackson (Kosrae Island Resource Management Authority); Dr. Pongie Kichawen (Mwanus Endras Tribal Network); Dr. Gabriel Kulwaum (The Nature Conservancy); Michael Lameier (U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration); Phillip Malsale (Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department); Manuai Matawai (The Nature Conservancy); Xavier Matsutaro (Palau Office of
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