Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-Being | I

Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | i

Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-Being

Socio-ecological Production Landscapes of Japan

Japan Satoyama Satoumi Assessment Summary for Decision Makers ii | Summary for Decision Makers

JSSA SCIENCE ASSESSMENT PANEL

Anantha Kumar Kota Asano Taisuke Miyauchi Unai Pascual Duraiappah Kyoto University, Japan Hokkaido University, Japan University of Cambridge, UK / Basque Centre for Climate Change, Basque (Co-chair) International Human Country Dimensions Programme on Global Envi- Erin Bohensky Yukihiro Morimoto ronemntal Change, Germany Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Kyoto University / Japan Association for Research Organisation, Australia Landscape Ecology, Japan Izumi Washitani Koji Nakamura The University of Tokyo, Japan (Co-chair) Kanazawa University, Japan Jeremy Seymour Eades Tohru Morioka Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan Kansai University, Japan Tomoya Akimichi Research Institute for Humanity and Hiroji Isozaki Toshihiko Nakamura Nature, Japan Sophia University, Japan Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Japan

JSSA REVIEW PANEL

Eduardo S. Brondizio Pushpam Kumar Harold Mooney Nobuyuki Yagi (Co-chair) Indiana University Bloom- University of Liverpool, United Kingdom Stanford University, United States / Inter- The University of Tokyo, Japan ington, United States national Programme of Biodiversity Science Koichiro Kuraji (DIVERSITAS) Tetsukazu Yahara Kazuhiro Kogure The University of Tokyo, Japan Kyushu University, Japan (Co-chair) The University of Tokyo, Ayumi Onuma Japan Paul Leadley Keio University, Japan Shori Yamamoto University of Paris-Sud XI, France National Institute for Agro-Environmental Takashi Kohyama Charles Perrings Sciences, Japan Hokkaido University, Japan Toshihiko Masui Arizona State University, United States National Institute for Environmental Stud- Makoto Yokohari Nicolas Kosoy ies, Japan Satoquo Seino The University of Tokyo, Japam McGill University, Canada Kyushu University, Japan

JSSA BOARD

Kazuhiko Takeuchi Takehiko Hobo Takaaki Koganezawa Junichi Takeda (Co-chair) Professor Emeritus, Shimane University / Professor, Miyagi University of Education Head of Secretariat, Satochi Network Vice Rector, United Nations University/ Chairman of the Board, Research Institute Professor, The University of Tokyo of Brackish Lakes of Shinji and Nakaumi Ryuichi Matsuno Masanori Tanimoto President, Ishikawa Prefectural University Governor of Ishikawa Prefecture Masataka Watanabe Masuhiro Izumiya (Co-chair) Mayor of Suzu Isamu Nagano Shin-ichi Yamamoto Professor, Keio University / Visiting Profes- Trustee & Vice President, Kanazawa Professor, Former Trustee & Vice President, sor, United Nations University Institute of Yukiko Kada University Nagoya University Advanced Studies Governor of Shiga Prefecture Reiko Nakamura Tetsuo Yanagi Akiko Domoto Keikichi Kihara Secretary-General, Ramsar Center Japan Professor, Kyushu University Former Governor of Chiba Prefecture / Honorary President, The Association of Na- Biodiversity Network Japan tional Trusts in Japan / Professor Emeritus, Tamotsu Koizumi Chiba University Director General, Environment and Isahiko Fujiwara Lifestyle Department, Miyagi Prefectural Journalist / Former Executive Director, For- Kihachiro Kikuzawa Government est Culture Association Professor, Ishikawa Prefectural University

JSSA GOVERNMENTAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE JSSA COORDINATOR

Tomohiro Oishi Masakazu Tokuda Mitsuo Yabe Maiko Nishi Deputy Director, Parks and Green Spaces Director, Policy Planning Division, Fisheries Director, Planning Division, Private Forest United Nations University Institute of Division, City and Regional Development Policy Planning Department, Fisher- Department, Forestry Agency, The Ministry Advanced Studies Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, ies Agency, The Ministry of Agriculture, of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Transport and Tourism Forestry and Fisheries

Masamichi Saigou Tsunao Watanabe Director, Environment and Biomass Policy Deputy Director General, Nature Conserva- Division, Minister’s Secretariat, The Minis- tion Bureau, Ministry of the Environment try of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 1

Summary for Decision Makers

Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-Being

Socio-ecological Production Landscapes of Japan

Japan Satoyama Satoumi Assessment 2 | Summary for Decision Makers

Suggested citation: United Nations University Japan Satoyama Satoumi Assessment, 2010. Institute of Advanced Studies Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human 6 F, International Organizations Center Well-being: Socio-ecological Production Landscapes Pacifico-Yokohama 1-1-1 Minato Mirai, of Japan – Summary for Decision Makers. Nishi-ku, Yokohama, 220-8502 Japan United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan. Tel: +81-45-221-2300, Fax: +81-45-221-2302 Email: [email protected] Copyright © 2010 United Nations University URL: http://www.ias.unu.edu

The views expressed in this publication are those Cover Photo: Mitsuhiko Imamori, Crevis of the authors and do not necessarily represent or reflect those of the institutions they belong to. ISBN 978-92-808-4512-9 (pb), ISBN 978-92-808-4513-6 (eb) Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 3

Table of Contents

JSSA Science Assessment Panel, JSSA Review Panel, JSSA Board, JSSA Governmental Advisory Committee inside cover

Foreword 4

Background: Origins and Rationale for the Assessment 8

What Are Satoyama and Satoumi, and How Have They Changed in the Last Fifty Years? 12

How Have Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Changed in Satoya- ma and Satoumi Landscapes, and, What Are the Main Causes? 16

Why are Changes in Satoyama and Satoumi a Concern? 21

What Has Been Done to Encourage Satoyama and Satoumi Systems at the National and International Levels? 25

What Is the Future for Satoyama and Satoumi Landscapes under Plausible Scenarios? 28

Key Findings What Has Been Learned from the JSSA? 34

Key Recommendations What Are the Implications for Policy-makers Moving Forward? 36

Appendix A: Authors I

Appendix B: Acronyms, Abbreviations, Figures, and Tables IV

Overview of Key Findings and Recommendations inside back cover 4 | Summary for Decision Makers

The open process led to the selection of a Foreword variety of assessment sites proposed by the interested stakeholders, which were grouped into five major clusters across Japan including: Hokkaido Cluster, Tohoku Cluster, Hokushinetsu Cluster, Kanto-chubu Cluster, and Western Japan Cluster. The Western Japan Cluster involves a sub-cluster that focuses on Seto Inland Sea as satoumi in addition to the general assessment of the Satoyama is a Japanese term for a mosaic satoyama in the whole region. Applying the of different ecosystem types— secondary Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) forests, farm lands, irrigation ponds, and conceptual framework, each cluster and grasslands — along with human settlements, sub-cluster assessed the historical context, which has been managed to produce bundles condition and trends, drivers of changes, of ecosystem services for human well-being. and responses with the focus on the links Satoyama found largely in rural and peri- between ecosystems and human well-being urban areas of Japan is a way of life; in other in regard to satoyama and satoumi in each lo- word a classical illustration of the symbiotic cality. Furthermore, the national assessment interaction between ecosystems and humans. was carried out concurrently to synthesise This concept has been recently extended the findings of the cluster assessments and to satoumi, which constitutes marine and inform policy and decision making at the coastal ecosystems. However, satoyama and national level and beyond. satoumi have been rapidly declining due to various factors including increased rural– Six reports as a series of “Experiences and urban migration, land-use conversion and Lessons from Clusters” were prepared only the abandonment of traditional agricultural in Japanese and present the findings of each cultivation. If this trend continues, vital ser- cluster and sub-cluster of the JSSA. A technical vices provided by satoyama and satoumi will volume, “Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and be adversely affected. Human Well-being: Socio-ecological Produc- tion Landscapes of Japan”, will be published The JapanSatoyama Satoumi Assessment in late 2010 in Japanese and in early 2011 in (JSSA) is an assessment on satoyama and sa- English to present the findings of the national toumi in Japan. The main objective of the JSSA assessment of the JSSA. This report presents a is to provide scientifically credible and policy- synthesis and integration of the findings from relevant information on the significance of the national assessment and the cluster assess- ecosystem services provided by satoyama and ments as a summary for decision-makers. satoumi and their contributions to economic and human development for the use of policy- The findings of the JSSA are expected to be makers. Having prepared since late 2006, the used for local and national plans, strategies JSSA was launched in March 2007 upon the and policies, and various relevant activities establishment of the Board that represents key in Japan, while they are to contribute to the “users” including those from national and local international processes on environment and governments, academia, and non-govern- development. The assessment, in particular, mental organisations. It was designed around is intended to provide substantial inputs to policy-relevant questions and users’ needs, the Satoyama Initiative, which is an interna- with the focus on the changes in ecosystem tional effort jointly initiated by the Ministry services for human well-being. of the Environment of Japan and United Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 5

Nations University Institute of Advanced Keita Aragane, Kazuhiro Aruga, Masahiko Studies (UNU-IAS) with the aim to promote Asada, Ryutaro Aoki, Kaori Bawden, Ademola socio-ecological production landscapes — Braimoh, Jinjiro Chino, Jean Pierre Contzen, drawing on lessons learnt from satoyama and Keiko Egusa, Kazuhiko Endo, Hiroyuki Fuku- satoumi in Japan. An international partner- moto, Taisei Fukunaga, Tetsuichi Hamaguchi, ship for the Satoyama Initiative is planned Keitaro Hara, Jun Harada, Kazuichi Hayaka- to be established at the tenth meeting of the wa, Shin-ichi Hayama, Shigeru Hayashi, Ka- Conference of the Parties to the Convention zumasa Hidaka, Hideaki Hirai, Naoto Hoshi, on Biological Diversity (CBD/COP-10) to be Tsuguo Hoshina, Hiromi Ikegami, Kazutaka held in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan in October 2010. Imaki, Takao Inaba, Tomoyasu Ishida, Koji Itonaga, Noriko Kaihatsu, Naoyuki Kaneda, This report would not have been possible Hiroyuki Kanemitsu, Shin-ichiro Kakuma, without the commitment of the more than Tetsuya Kasagi, Koji Kato, Teruo Katsuy- 200 authors, stakeholders, and reviewers ama, Seiichi Kawada, Hiroshi Kawase, Yuji who contributed their knowledge, creativity, Kawase, Hiroko Kimura, Kazuya Kimura, information, time, and efforts to the assess- Junji Kinoshita, Hideyuki Kitamura, Taiki ment process. We would like to express our Kobayashi, Masaaki Koganezawa, Shige- gratitude to the members of Science As- haru Kogushi, Yukichi Konohira, Michiharu sessment Panel, Cluster Working Groups, Kouno, Fumito Koike, Yoshikiyo Kondo, To- National Working Group, and Review Panel moyo Koyanagi, Hironao Kumagai, Kiyotaka (listed in Appendix A and the inside front Matsuba, Hideo Mima, Yoshiyuki Miyajima, cover), and appreciate the in-kind support Masaru Miyagawa, Jiro Miyakawa, Akiyoshi of their institutions, which enabled their Motoki, Nobuyuki Moroji, Noboru Murani- participation. shi, Takayuki Musha, Kunikatsu Nakajima, Masaaki Nakamura, Masakatsu Nakaura, We would also like to thank the members of Ryosuke Narinobo, Takayoshi Nishio, Yukari the Board and the Governmental Advisory Noguchi, Eikichi Nozaki, Tatsuya Nozawa, Committee (listed in the inside front cover) Hiroshi Ochiai, Masaki Okuyama, Minoru for the guidance and oversight they provided Ohki, Toshio Ohnishi, Kazutoshi Osawa, to the assessment process. The contributions Seiichi Ozawa, Kozou Saito, Keiichi Sakai, of former members of the Board were in- Teijirou Sakai, Yutaka Sakuma, Kazuya Sasaki, strumental in formulating the JSSA focus and Masaaki Sasaki, Uhei Sasao, Taishiro Sekine, process and these individuals include Hitoshi Hiroaki Senzaki, Tutomu Shigeta, Toru Shino- Arai, Habiba Gitay, Junichi Konno, Tosh- hara, Hidemi Shoji, Shu Sugawara, Masakazu isuke Maruyama, Yoshihide Sanbe, Takashi Tunoda, and Shigenobu Uchikawa. And, we would like to thank Kazuhiro Ueta for his contribution as a member of the Science As- sessment Panel during 2007-2008.

We wish to also thank the members par- ticipated in the exploratory stages (2006- 2009) who contributed to the designing and development of the JSSA process. In addition to a number of the current and former Board, Governmental Advisory Committee, Science Panel, and authors, they included Mineaki Aizawa, Minoru Akatsuka, Midori Aoyagi, 6 | Summary for Decision Makers

Suzuki, Wataru Suzuki, City, Toyama Family Park, Toyama Prefec- Sadatoshi Tabata, Shigeru tural Government, and Wajima City. Takahashi, Toshimitsu Taka- hashi, Toyohiko Takaoka, We would like to thank the host organi- Naoki Tanida, Shuhei sations of the working group meetings Tomimura, Hikaru Tomita, — Graduate School of Human and Envi- Tsunehisa Tsuchiya, Hiroshi ronmental Studies and Graduate School of Tsujii, Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Environmental Studies of Kyoto University, Katsuo Tsuchiya, Hitoshi Tohoku University, UNU-IAS Operating Unit Ueke, Koichi Uno, Kichiro Ishikawa/ Kanazawa, Utsunomiya Universi- Watanabe, Yutaka Yada, ty, and Yokohama National University, as well Yoshihito Yamada, Shigenori as the cooperating or supporting organisa- Yamaguchi, Masaru Yama- tions of the working group meetings — City moto, Masanobu Yamane, of Sendai, Ishikawa Prefectural Government, Kensuke Yanagi, Hideaki Kanazawa City, Kanazawa University, and Yokoo, and Keisuke Yoshida Ministry of the Environment of Japan for the support they provided to the process. We wish to also thank the invited speakers who provided influential remarks and valu- We are grateful to two co-chairs of the Re- able inputs into the discussions at the work- view Panel, Kazuhiro Kogure and Eduardo S. ing group meetings as well as the outreach Brondizio, who played a particularly impor- activities: Kiyoshi Asahina, Ahmed Djoghlaf, tant role during the review and revision of Thomas Elmqvist, Atsuhiro Kawasaki, the reports. Masahiro Kawatei, Takeshi Kiuchi, Yoichi Kobayashi, Daizaburo Kuroda, Fujio Kusu- We also thank the interns, volunteers and noki, Takehisa Matsubara, Keiichi Nakazawa, other contributors who worked with the Hitoshi Oshima, Frederik Schutyser, Takeo JSSA Secretariat, part-time members and the Shinmura, Kunio Suzuki, Masanori Tan- administrative staff of the Secretariat or- imoto, Hisae Tokumaru, Mitsuo Yabe, and ganisation, and colleagues of the Secretariat Makoto Yamazaki, Atsuhiro Yoshinaka. organisation and other organisations who were instrumental in facilitating the process: We also want to acknowledge the support Harumi Akiba, Mineaki Aizawa, Kaoru Aoki, of a number of organisations and networks Kota Asano, Natsumi Arai, Noriko Arai, Na- that provided information and data for the rengaowa Boa, Gulay Cetinkaya, Siew-Fong assessment work: Amamo Revival Col- Chen, Connie Cho, Laura Cocora, Jindan laboration in Kanazawa-Hakkei, Tokyo Bay Cui, Albert Djemetio, Rizalita Rosalejos Area, Hokuriku Regional Office of Minis- Edpalina, Wael M. El-Sayed, Ayako Fujitsu, try of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Asami Funyu, Takuya Furukawa, Naoya Ishikawa Prefectural Government, Kaga Furuta, Wu Yung Gong, Mai Hamaguchi, Jun City, Kanazawa City, Kureha Yukyu no Mori Harada, Ramu Hashimoto, Yurie Hashimoto, Steering Committee, Kurihara City, Nanao Yuho Hifumi, Ryuta Himori, Hideaki Hirai, City, Nomi City, Noto Marine Center, NPO Sofia R. Hirakuri, Miki Hirano, Yutaka Environmental Friendly Rice Network, NPO Hironaka, Man Yee Ho, Kurara Honda, Mio Mizumori no Sato, Sendai City, Sendai Igune Horiuchi, Kaoru Ichikawa, Toshihiko Iga- School, Sendai Region ESD/RCE Steering rashi, Yutaka Igeta, Masayuki Iigou, Hirotaka Committee, Suzu City, Tajiri District Office Iizuma, Masakazu Inagaki, Keiko Ioki, Yasu- of Ohsaki City, Tohoku Regional Office of nari Ishida, Hiroe Ishihara, Hiromasa Ishii, Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Toyama Yuuki Itakura, Chizuru Iwamoto, Yuki Iwata, Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 7

Ryohei Kada, Toshiya Kai, Chiho Kamiyama, Yoshiro Watanabe, Clarice Wilson Bernard Koji Kato, Sumi Kato, Yoshiyuki Kitagawa, Wong, and Zhirong. Dai Koide, Ryosuke Koike, Noriko Kono, Masashi Konoshima, Akira Koshino, Ryoko Special thanks are due to Larry Kibourne, Kosugi, Shohei Kurano, Reina Kurobori, Mai who skillfully edited this report, and to Kurumi, Masahiro Kusama, Noriko Kusamit- Louise Smith of the International Human su, Sung-Je Lee, Qiang Li, Hiroyuki Matsuda, Dimensions Programme on Global Environ- Manabu Matsumoto, Anne McDonald, mental Change (IHDP), who prepared the Kazem Vafadari Mehrizi, Akane Minohara, figures and designed this report. We would Daichi Miura Kiyoto Miyajima, Akira Mori, also like to acknowledge Yuko Horiki of Yuta Morii, Yukihiro Morimoto, Yuiko Mu- artpost inc. who prepared the illustrations of ranaga, Miyuki Murata, Taro Murao, Megumi the JSSA scenarios. Nakagawa, Marie Nakamura, Fumiko Nakao, Tohru Nakashizuka, Yukari Nakata, Kayoko Furthermore, we would like to thank the Nakayama, Naoki Nakayama, Chisa Nakaya- organisations that provided financial and ma, Naohi Natsukawa, Yosihiro Natuhara, in-kind support: Forest Culture Association, Hiroko Nishikata, Takayoshi Nishio, Lais Ishikawa Prefectural Government, Kanazawa Yumi Nitta, Kana Nomoto, Nahoko Ochiai, City, Kyoto University, Ministry of Educa- Noriko Oda, Tomoaki Ohka, Tatsuhiro tion, Culture, Supports, Science and Tech- Ohkubo, Akiko Oinuma, Kei Okuda, Hayato nology, Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Okuyama, Katsuhiro Ono, Kazutoshi Osawa, National Parks Association of Japan, Nippon Aino Ota, Miyako Otsuki, Hanayo Oya, Rui Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tohoku University, UNU- Ozaki, Nikhil Avinash Ranade, Ikuyo Saeki, IAS Operating Unit Ishikawa/ Kanazawa, Takehiro Sasaki, Satoru Sadohara, Mihoko Utsunomiya University, and Yokohama Sekiguchi, Shahenda, Yasutoki Shibata, National University. Yukie Shibata, Tadayoshi Shigeoka, Takayuki Shiono, Gauray Shrestha, Kazuko Sugimoto, We give special thanks for the contributions Suneetha M. Subramanian, Hanako Sato, of the current and former full-time staff of Sorgog, Kozue Suto, Toshimori Takahashi, the Secretariat at the UNU-IAS: W. Bradnee Yoshihito Takahashi, Miho Takai, Aya Chambers, Alphonse Kambu, Yoshihiro Na- Takatsuki, Akimichi Tega, Noriko Takemoto, tori, Maiko Nishi, Govindan Parayil, Hanano Motoshi Tomita, Utiang P. Ugbe, Yuhei Sasaki, Kiyoshi Tanikawa, and A. H. Zakri. Urata, Miho Yamamoto, Yuta Yamamoto, Christopher Yanto, Shunji Yachi, Junko Yoshida, Hajime Yoshino, Eriko Watanabe,

Prof. Kazuhiko Takeuchi Prof. Masataka Watanabe JSSA Board Co-chair JSSA Board Co-chair Vice Rector, United Nations University Professor, Keio University

Dr. Anantha Kumar Duraiappah Prof. Koji Nakamura JSSA Panel Co-chair JSSA Panel Co-chair Executive Director, International Human Dimension Programme Professor, Kanazawa University on Global Environmental Change (IHDP) 8 | Summary for Decision Makers

The JSSA is the first of its kind in Japan, Background: having been planned and developed since November 2006, involving national agencies, Origins and Rationale local and regional stakeholders and various segments of the academic community. Al- for the Assessment though not included in the original set of MA SGAs, it is expected to be incorporated and contribute to the global network of the MA SGAs that have been carried out around the world, while also informing the next global ecosystem assessment that is expected to be initiated in a few years.

As the first step in the JSSA, the United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU-IAS) and its then Special Pro- gramme, Ishikawa International Cooperation Research Centre (IICRC) organised the De- sign Meeting for the Sub-global Assessment The JapanSatoyama Satoumi Assessment of Satoyama on 24-25 November 2006 in (JSSA) is a study of the interaction between Kanazawa City of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, humans and terrestrial-aquatic landscape eco- to determine the architecture and process systems (satoyama) and marine-coastal eco- for the assessment. The meeting convened systems (satoumi) in Japan. It follows and ap- the key stakeholders from the research and plies the framework of sub-global assessments academic institutions, international organisa- (SGAs) developed by the Millennium Ecosys- tions, and the government, who discussed, tem Assessment (MA). The MA, commissioned clarified and determined the steps necessary by the then United Nations Secretary General for initiating the project on sub-global assess- Kofi Annan in 2000, focuses on changes in ment of satoyama. ecosystem services and their consequences on human well-being (ecosystem services being The Design Meeting was followed by the Users defined as the benefits people obtain from Meeting that also marked the launch of the SGA ecosystems). In addition to the global assess- of satoyama and satoumi in Japan on 8 March ment, the MA initiated a number of sub-global 2007 in Yokohama, Japan. The Users Meeting assessments to provide information at lower established the Board for the SGA and repre- scales that included regional, national and sub- sented major users including local communi- national assessments. ties, industries, local and national governments, research and academic intuitions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and international organisations. Some of the needs of the users who attended were discussed during the meeting, to be incorporated into the SGA as the project progresses.

An Explanatory Meeting for the SGA was organised on 7 June 2007 in order to enhance the understanding of the assessment initiative in Japan, followed by a Workshop that sought Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 9

wider consultation with users concerning •• To provide information of possible future the procedures of the assessment process on trends in ecosystem services provided by sa- 27 July 2007. Upon hearing the needs from toyama and satoumi under plausible futures the participants in the Workshop – which •• To identify sound policy responses to ad- if addressed could provide a wider range of dress the decline in ecosystem services stakeholder participation – the Secretariat through the use of satoyama and satoumi subsequently issued an announcement for management in Japan proposals for site selection for the study. This •• To provide the scientific basis for the use of was undertaken in August and September satoyama and satoumi in an international 2007 and has resulted in proposals from nine- context, and in particular, in the Satoyama teen interested organisations/groups. Initiative

Given that the Government of Japan will host the Tenth Conference of the Parties (COP10) Scope of JSSA to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), as well as the Fifth Meeting of the The timeframe of the assessment is changes Conference of the Parties serving as the that have occurred in satoyama and satoumi Meeting of the Parties (COP-MOP 5) to the in the last fifty years since the end of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in Nagoya, Second World War. This was chosen be- Japan in 2010, the SGA aims to provide inputs cause of rapid technological advances during into this process. Furthermore, should the this time, leading to economic, social, and integrated assessments similar to the MA be cultural transformations as Japan has moved repeated in five to ten years, the outcomes of from a largely rural and agrarian society to a the SGA are expected to inform the next MA. highly industrialised and urban one.

Geographically, the assessment was under- Goals and Objectives taken in five major “clusters” throughout

Japan, with the goal of encompassing Hokkaido The overarching goal of the JSSA is to provide different geographical, climatic, ecological, scientifically credible and policy-relevant social, economic, and political character- information on the significance of ecosystem istics. These clusters as shown in Figure services provided by satoyama and satoumi 1 are: and their contributions to economic and 1. Hokkaido Cluster human development for the use of policy- 2. Tohoku Cluster Tohoku makers. 3. Hokushinetsu Cluster 4. Kanto-chubu Cluster Specific objectives of the JSSA are: 5. Western Japan Cluster. •• To improve understanding of the relation-

ship between satoyama and satoumi with Figure 1 Hokushinetsu Clustering of JSSA biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being Kanto-chubu •• To provide policy-makers in Japan with a sound and credible scientific basis for the Satoyama Initiative the government intends to promote Western Japan - Seto Inland Sea Western Japan •• To establish credible baselines for a number of key ecosystem services provided by satoyama and satoumi 10 | Summary for Decision Makers

Methodology and the next half-century might impact the level Key Concepts of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and thus human well-being attainable, both in Japan The JSSA adopts the ecosystem services con- and globally. Figure 2 reflects the conceptual ceptual framework developed by the MA for framework adapted from the MA for the JSSA. the following reasons: •• The centrality of human well-being in con- The human impact upon ecosystem services siderations of ecosystem services includes “direct” and “indirect” drivers. •• Recognition of the interdependency, syn- Examples of direct drivers include changes ergy, and trade-offs between ecosystem in land use, pollution, and other instances in services and human well-being which human action has had a clear impact •• Acknowledgement of different temporal on ecosystems. and spatial scales that impact this interdependency – for example, how the increased Indirect drivers, as the name implies, are production of rice which occurs on a local more diffuse and often come to light only scale, by producing methane gases impacts by their impact on direct drivers. They climate regulation services at the global level include demographic, economic and cultural changes, as well as those brought about by Closely related to the notion of the inter- technology and socio-political transforma- dependency of human communities with tions – all of which affect ecosystems and the satoyama and satoumi is the concept of “bio- quality of their services. diversity,” which encompasses the values of diversity within the same species, diversity of These drivers are examined in the JSSA to see species, and the diversity of ecosystems. As both how satoyama and satoumi have been af- the concept implies, there is a strong correla- fected in more detail, and in the construction tion posited between an increase in biodiver- of scenarios for four different types of futures sity, the resilience of ecosystems, and human in which the ways humans and ecosystems well-being. Thus, a central focus of the JSSA interact leads to different outcomes in terms study is to closely detail how changes in of biodiversity and human well-being. satoyama and satoumi in Japan during the past fifty years have occurred, what their Finally, in analysing the interdependency Figure 2 Conceptual significance is for human well-being, and, of ecosystems and humans, the JSSA util- framework of JSSA looking forward, how transformations within ises a concept employed in the MA known as “interlinkage.” Interlinkage as shown in Figure 3 refers to three specific relationships within this report. First, there is interlinkage Direct Drivers Indirect Drivers between ecosystem services in satoyama and Land-use change Demographic change Climate change Economic change satoumi. In this instance, either under- or Invasive species Cultural change Over-exploitation Science and technology over-use of resources (provisioning services) Pollution Socio-political change can lead to degradation of the ecosystem. Under-use A second interlinkage is between ecosystems services and human well-being – in this case, Provisioning Security interactions between the two can lead to en- Services Basic Materials hanced or degraded results for either or both. Satoyama Regulating & Satoumi Services And the third interlinkage to be examined Health & Action Cultural is between space and time in satoyama and sa- Freedom of C hoice Supporting Services Services Social Relations toumi landscapes. For example, fertiliser used to improve crop yields in satoyama can lead Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 11

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES HUMAN WELL-BEING

Provisioning Security • Food • Personal safety • Water • Resource access • Wood and fiber • Security from disasters • Fuel • ... Basic material for good life Freedom of Satoyama • Adequate livelihoods choice and Supporting Regulating • Sufficient nutritious food action City, • Climate regulation • Nutrient cycling • Shelter Urban • Flood regulation Opportunity to • Soil formation • Access to goods Area be able to achieve • Primary • Disease regulation what an individual production • Water purification values doing and Satoumi Health being • ... • ... • Strength • Feeling well Cultural • Access to clean air & water • Aesthetic • Spiritual Social relations • Educational • Social cohesion • Recreational • Mutual respect • ... • Ability to help others

Interlinkage between Interlinkages in Interlinkage LEGEND ecosystem services and space and time between eco- human well-being system services

Figure 3 Interlinkage analysis for JSSA

to the downstream degradation of satoumi as 1. What are satoyama and satoumi and how excessive nutrient run-offs adversely affect have they changed in the last fifty years? coastal waters. This degradation does not im- 2. How have biodiversity and ecosystem mediately follow upon the use of commercial services changed in satoyama and satoumi fertilisers, but is a result over time. Finally, as landscapes, and, what are the main causes? this last instance indicates, bound up with the 3. Why are changes in satoyama and satoumi concept of interlinkage is acknowledgement a concern? that human interactions with their environ- 4. What has been done to encourage satoya- ment inherently involve “trade-offs” when ma and satoumi systems at the national and determining benefits. Here, the trade-off to international levels? be considered is whether improvement in 5. What is the future for satoyama and sa- crop yield due to use of commercial fertiliser toumi landscapes under plausible scenarios? is greater than the concurrent degradation of 6. What has been learned from the JSSA and satoumi due to nitrogen run-offs. what are the implications for policy-makers moving forward? The summary of the JSSA that follows is guid- ed by six key questions that have informed the study: 12 | Summary for Decision Makers

Satoumi, by contrast, is a term first used in the What Are Satoyama and Twentieth Century, and as illustrated in Figure 5 refers to Japan’s coastal areas where human Satoumi, and How Have interaction over time has resulted in a higher They Changed in the Last degree of productivity and biodiversity. Foundational to both concepts is the posit- Fifty Years? ing of a relationship of interaction between humans and their environment, coupled with the notion that properly maintained the relationship is mutually beneficial. It is for this reason that the concepts of satoyama and satoumi have importance not only for national policy-making in Japan, but may be applicable at the international level as well. The chief challenge with respect to the latter is determining whether or not satoyama and satoumi can be scaled up and globalised such that they can deliver economic and human Satoyama and Satoumi development opportunities to local communities in developed and developing countries. Satoyama and satoumi are Japanese concepts for long-standing traditions associated with land (satoyama) and more recently coastal History of satoyama (satoumi) management practices. These and satoumi traditions have, in the past, allowed sustainable use of the resources encompassed by As indicated above, the concept of satoyama satoyama and satoumi, thus providing a his- predates that of satoumi by many centuries. torical model for environmental stewardship First alluded to in 1661, the initial stand- and resource management that contributes alone use of the term “satoyama” occurs in to human well-being. Within the context of 1759, when it is used to refer to “the moun- the JSSA, satoyama and satoumi may also be tain areas that enclose villages, human habita- understood as useful heuristic devices for tions, and houses.” Until the 1970s most better framing and analysing the relation- definitions ofsatoyama included the notion ship between ecosystem services and human of human habitation in proximity to moun- well-being. tain areas whose resources were utilised by humans (as food, fuel, or fertiliser for crops). Of the two concepts, satoyama is the older, dating back to the Seventeenth Century. It is a Since the 1970s, however, with the advent term for landscapes that comprise a mosaic of of ecological and conservation studies, the different ecosystem types including secondary concept of satoyama has been expanded to forests, agricultural lands, irrigation ponds, include urban dwellers who reside far from and grasslands, along with human settlements forests and agrarian landscapes. This has as illustrated in Figure 4. These landscapes become possible as cultural and religious have been formed and developed through dimensions of satoyama have become appar- prolonged interaction between humans and ent in eco-tourism and social movements ecosystems, and are most often found in the which have extolled its healing and spiritual rural and peri-urban areas of Japan. qualities. Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 13

“Satoumi,” by contrast, is a term which only lands, plantation, grasslands, farmlands, Figure 4 Concept and characteristics of sa- pasture, irrigation ponds and canals, with an came into existence in 1998 to refer to the toyama spatial structure of coastal areas and the emphasis on the terrestrial ecosystems. a: coppice woodland for 2. Satoumi is a mosaic of both terrestrial and use and management of fisheries resources firewood and charcoal, within these areas. As intended by its author, aquatic ecosystems comprised of seashore, b: coniferous plantation, c: red pine woods，d: rocky shore, tidal flats, coral reefs, and sea- satoumi places emphasis upon “an enhance- homestead woodland, e: ment in biological productivity and biodiver- weed/grass beds, with an emphasis on the bamboo grove，f: grassland, g: rice paddy field, aquatic ecosystems. sity through human intervention.” Specifi- h: field, i: irrigation chan- cally, the origins of the concept can be traced 3. Satoyama and satoumi landscapes are man- nel, j: irrigation pond, k: settlements, l: livestock aged with a mix of traditional knowledge to the attempts by local communities to (cattle and chicken), understand the relationship between human and modern science (reflective of the socio- m: wild vegetables and mushrooms, n: pre- ecological contexts). beings and the sea in the coastal areas of the scribed burning of grass- Seto Inland Sea. 4. Biodiversity is a key element for the resil- land, o: maintenance of irrigation channel，p: iency and functioning of satoyama and management of coppice For the purposes of the JSSA assessment, we satoumi landscapes. woodland and bamboo grove, q: management definesatoyama and satoumi landscapes as of coniferous planta- a dynamic mosaic of managed socio-ecological tion, r: collecting leaves Recent changes in satoyama of deciduous woodland systems producing a bundle of ecosystem services for manure production, for human well-being. and satoumi in the past fifty s: charcoal burning, years t: shiitake mushroom production, u: shrine, v: The primary characteristics of these land- northern goshawk, w: Japanese salamander, x: scapes are: There has been a rapid decline in both types kingfisher, y: farmers and 1. Satoyama is a mosaic of both terrestrial and of landscapes in the last half century. This foresters, z: hikers aquatic ecosystems comprised of wood- has been brought about by a convergence of 14 | Summary for Decision Makers

Figure 5 Concept trends, some endemic to Japan, others global soil erosion prevention and a host of other, and characteristics of satoumi in origins. tertiary benefits bestowed by the traditional satoyama landscape. Moreover, the supply of a: river, b: beach, c: tidal These include rapid urbanisation within cheap timber from foreign markets further flat, d: coral reef, e: sea grass bed, f: diverse fish Japan resulting in a physical loss of satoyama exacerbated this trend, leading to the neglect and shellfish, g: plank- landscape as woodlands became converted and abandonment of the traditional satoyama ton, h: nutrient matters and sand, i: oyster to other uses (e.g. housing, golf courses), and landscape. aquaculture, j: fishing in a degradation of the landscape with the settlements, k: pine trees, l: fishermen, m: decline in a rural population base. With fewer Satoumi landscapes have undergone similar sea bathing, n: shellfish rural dwellers, there are less people available transformations brought about by rapid gathering, o: angler, p: nature observation, q: to make use of as well as manage satoyama industrialisation in Japan. These include a urban area, r: satoyama landscapes. This becomes apparent insatoya - loss of seashore area available for recreational ma that returns to a state of nature, character- and traditional fishing activities, as well as in- ized by unchecked growth in flora and fauna creased pollution which has affected marine formerly held in balance by satoyama forest fisheries. Over-fishing, a result of increasing and wildlife management techniques. intensification and use of mechanised techniques, has also impacted the satoumi fishing Conversion to coniferous tree plantation communities in some regions of Japan to from secondary woodland to supply Ja- rely on commercial off-shore fishing for their pan’s construction industry has also altered economic survival. satoyama landscapes. In many cases the monoculture plantation for timber production has disrupted key ecosystem services including adequate water supply, flood and Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 15

Ecosystem concepts common sioning services (timber, charcoal, organic to satoyama and satoumi fertilisers, agricultural production), regulating services (water regulation and purifica- Satoyama and satoumi landscapes provide tion, soil retention, disaster management), three key ecosystem services that may be and cultural services (sightseeing, spiritual conceptualised as: provisioning, regulating, values, eco-tourism). Also considered are and cultural. changes in nature conservation policies, promotion of recycling agriculture with organic Provisioning services are those resources farming at its core, resource utilisation by supplied by satoyama and satoumi to human tourism-related policies, and how generally communities. Satoyama provisioning services these factors affect human well-being. include timber for construction; fuel, in the form of wood and charcoal; and food, both wild game, rice, and edible species such as Summary mushrooms. Satoumi provisioning services include seafood and salt. Satoyama and satoumi are Japanese concepts for traditional land and coastal management Regulating services in satoyama include func- practices that have allowed the effective use tions such as climate control, water quality and maintenance of these landscapes by the control, wildlife habitat regulation, and Japanese people. As used in this current disaster control. Thus, they are traditional study, we define them asa dynamic mosaic of mainstays for the sustainable supply of many managed socio-ecological systems producing a provisioning services. bundle of ecosystem services for human well- being. Similarly, satoumi areas centered on tideland also provide regulating services in coastal Of critical importance for this study is the water environments through removal of nu- decline in both types of landscape since the trients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. In end of World War II. Subsequent chapters addition, diverse biological communities in will detail the root causes of this decline and satoumi such as sea grass beds are equipped possible courses of action. with high carbon dioxide fixation capabilities and provide climate control services.

Finally, cultural services provided by satoyama and satoumi are embedded in the very foundation of Japanese society and provide the basis for traditional satoyama/ satoumi landscape practices, such as how rice is grown, forests maintained and fishing undertaken. Indeed, it is the myriad of practices with respect to satoyama and satoumi that to a large extent comprise and define traditional Japanese culture.

In assessing changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services in the past half century and their causes, the JSSA focuses on biodiversity (natural forests and artificial forests), provi- 16 | Summary for Decision Makers

specific ecosystem services. With respect to How Have Biodiversity satoumi, the increase in importation of products meant more ships docking in Japanese and Ecosystem Services waters, and through the unloading of ballast, alien species were introduced into satoumi Changed in Satoyama that had harmful results on the ecosystem. and Satoumi Landscapes, 2. Culture and Religion – As a consequence of rapid economic expansion in and, What Are the Main post-war Japan, Japanese lifestyle and culture underwent significant changes. Introduction Causes? of Western foods led to a decrease in rice consumption, resulting in degradation of the satoyama landscape through under-utilisation. New forms of energy – oil and natural gas – quickly replaced wood as the traditional source of fuel, and this also led to a diminishment of satoyama provisioning services through abandonment. Cultural changes Direct and indirect factors became evident in the transformation of impacting satoyama and much satoyama landscape into golf courses satoumi and other non-traditional uses.

Indirect factors examined here are economics, 3. Science and Technology – Eco- culture and religion, science and technology, nomic growth both fostered and was fur- population, and public policy. Direct factors are thered by the development of new forms of changes in land use (development and loss of technology which impacted both satoyama mosaic), under-use, overhunting/overharvest- and satoumi. Small farms which had custom- ing, regional/global warming (climate change), arily used animals for ploughing fields were increases in non-native species, and pollution. replaced by large mechanised farms whose tools and methods (e.g. the use of commer- 1. Economics – At the end of World War cially produced fertilisers) replaced those II the Japanese economy grew rapidly. Two traditionally employed. Thus, the satoyama chief features of this economic expansion landscape has been significantly altered, were an increase in imports of timber and and some of its ecosystem services, such as other materials, and the massive plantation of providing potable water, were degraded by artificial forests comprised of shallow-rooted fertiliser run-off and the subsequent contami- coniferous trees. As a consequence both sa- nation of aquifers. In the satoumi landscape, toyama and satoumi landscapes experienced technology brought about more productive degradation in their output of ecosystem means of fishing, but this in turn led to over- services. In the case of satoyama, the reduced fishing. The marine landscape was further use of cedar and Japanese cypress due to altered as aquaculture was established as a the importation of cheaper timber from more efficient way to produce food. abroad resulted in abandonment of coniferous tree plantations that were converted 4. Population – A fourth indirect driver from traditional broad-leaved forests. This, impacting satoyama and satoumi ecosystems in turn, led to overpopulations of deer, and is the ageing population Japan is experienc- together these two factors led to degrading of ing. This, together with the rapid urbanisa- Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 17

40 35 1. Provisioning Services – The 30 25 impact of economic growth and urbanisa- 20 tion has been mixed with respect to various 15 provisioning services of satoyama, although 10 people (1000s) 5 overall, as noted at the outset of this chapter, 0 1960 ‘65 ‘70 ‘75 ‘80 ‘85 ‘90 ‘95 2000 ‘05 this ecosystem has experienced diminishing

Figure 6 Farm household population capacity in the past half century. The statistics after 1995 only include the population of commercial farmers’ households (‘Census of Agri- Looking at food services, rice paddies have culture and Forestry’, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan) seen a reduction in total cultivated acreage, but at the same time output has remained tion Japan experienced since the end of the consistent due to improved agricultural war resulting in a demographic shift from technology and methods. The major source rural to urban settings, caused the abandon- of degraded services here results from the use ment of satoyama and satoumi as shown of commercial fertilisers and pesticides, and in Figure 6. Another consequence of the their resultant pollution of streams, ground growth of cities was increased pollution, both waters, and tributaries leading to the coastal through emissions from industry and the satoumi ecosystem. Livestock production increase in sewage that had to be disposed grew rapidly in post-war Japan, although it of. Satoumi landscapes were also changed has declined somewhat in recent years. through population growth, as coastal areas were developed, also resulting in increased While total forest area in Japan has remained pollution to the marine ecosystem. constant through plantations and regrowth as well as land use change for development, 5. Public policy – With the growth of forestry provisioning services have gener- the factors described above, beginning in ally had mixed outcomes. Although the use 1968 Japan began to attempt to regulate of timber has decreased, timber supply has its growth in a planned manner with the increased in recent years from forest planta- establishment of the City Planning Act. The tions, but the nature and characteristics of Act sought to increase the transformation of the forest have changed from broad-leaved satoyama from farmland to residential land forests to coniferous plantations. However, in designated “urban” areas, while protect- the function of shallow-rooted coniferous ing further development of satoyama in forests in preventing soil runoff is inferior other areas. to that of the comparatively deep-rooted

In satoumi, fisheries regulations were enacted to stem the depletion of species through over-fishing of coastal regions of Japan, including satoumi areas.

Trends affecting ecosystem services

Transformations brought about by the five factors identified above have affected the provisioning, regulating, and cultural services of satoyama and satoumi ecosystems. 18 | Summary for Decision Makers

broad-leaved forests. In addition, the shrub during the past fifty years include 1- changes and herb vegetation in forest floors of the in satoyama forest from traditional second- afforested coniferous forests are also poorer ary wood land to coniferous tree plantations and often inferior to the broad-leaved forests brought about by the demands of the con- in terms of the soil-formation function of struction industry, 2- under-use of satoyama satoyama landscape. Under-use of forest forest brought about by decreases in rural satoyama has also resulted in a decrease in the populace, a shift from biomass energy to amount of collectable matsutake mushrooms. fossil fuel, and importation of cheap timber, Although mushroom production has in fact 3- loss of traditional satoyama as land is re- expanded overall, this is due to intensive developed for residential uses, and 4- decline indoor cultivation of mushrooms which are in farmland satoyama with reduced acreage energy and input intensive as compared to available for rice cultivation. Although the satoyama forests. Similarly, there has been relationship between land use change in sa- a decreased use of trees for timber and fuel, toyama and the occurrence of natural disasters leading to a degradation of satoyama, along such as floods has been never investigated at with the transformation of much satoyama the national scale, some local reports have landscape into residential and leisure areas shown that there is a relationship between through the construction, for instance, of golf decrease in rice paddy field area and increase courses. in flood damages.

Overall changes in the satoumi ecosystem mir- 3. Cultural Services – As the satoyama ror those of satoyama. Economic development landscape has changed since the Second coupled with technological modernisation World War, traditional handicrafts as an initially resulted in increases in fish catches. industry have declined. Contributing factors Over time, however, catches have diminished include the dwindling of a rural population as over-fishing has reduced fish populations which traditionally has produced handicrafts, and the fisheries industry in Japan has fallen the loss of satoyama resources, and the loss into stagnation. Marine coastal pollution has of local knowledge transmission which in further depleted satoumi resources, although the past provided raw material and cultural recent trends indicate an improvement in know-how for much of the handicrafts coastal water quality. Finally, climate change has had an impact as warming waters in parts Beginning in 2005, Japan began designating of Japan have led to decreased stocks of fish “cultural landscape” areas in an attempt to re- such as herring and cod that favor cold waters. assert links between one’s geographic environment and the history of the nation. However, 2. Regulating Services – Regulating this attempt has been stymied in rural areas services denote the benefits available from where there is insufficient population available regulation of ecosystem processes, including to maintain these designated areas, which thus the regulation of air quality, climate, water, revert quickly to a state of abandonment. erosion, disease, pests, and natural hazards such as floods; water purification and waste Satoumi cultural services have experienced treatment; and pollination. decline overall. Recreational fishing has been in decline for the past decade, while Transformations in land use are the key direct traditional activities such as shellfish gather- driver in changes in satoyama regulating ing and sea bathing have declined as more services, since they impact the ability of the and more beaches on the coast have been ecosystem to regulate many of the factors converted to other, commercial, uses and suf- listed above. The major changes in land use fered from pollution. Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 19

Table 1 Changes in ecosystem services and direct drivers (cntd. on p. 20) Direct Drivers

Human Enhanced or Ecosystem Services Use Degraded Indicators and Criteria Urbanisation Loss of mosaic Under-use Over- exploitation Global/regionl warming in alienIncrease invasive species Pollution

Rice Crop yield, cultivated area, yield per 10a

Livestock NA NA -

FOOD Matsutake mushrooms Yield

Marine Fishery Catch

Aquaculture NA Catch P r ovi s ionin g Timber Forestry production index, standing tree store

FIBER Firewood & Charcoal NA Forestry production index

Sericulture Cocoon harvest, Mulberry-grown area

Nox/Sox concentration, amount of yellow dust and Air quality regulation +/– +/– endocrine distrupting chemicals

Changes or fluctuations of temperature and Climate regulation +/– +/– precipitation

WATER Area of paddy fields, number Flood control REGULATION +/– +/– of irrigation ponds tin g Forest area, amount of chemical fertiliser and pesti- Water purification +/– +/– cide use, percentage of sewered population

Area of abandoned cultivated land, changes in forest Re gu l a Cultivated/forests +/– +/– type SOIL EROSION REGULATION Coastal +/– +/– Sediment supply

Amount of pesticide use, area of abandoned culti- Pest regulation and pollination vated land, changes in forest type

Finally, as technological forms of entertain- transformation, urbanisation, technological ment have increased in popularity among chil- advances, and cultural changes have contrib- dren, there is a corresponding diminishment uted to this. The most significant direct factor in the amount of time spent outdoors playing. has been the transformation in land use as Thus, bothsatoyama and satoumi ecosystem a result of the importation of cheap timber, services suffer from cultural under-use. the creation of artificial forests for Japan’s construction industry, and Japan’s move from an agrarian society to a highly urbanised one. Summary The second major factor is the rapidly ageing population which reduces the labor required During the past half century, Japan’s sa- to maintain satoyama and satoumi systems. toyama and satoumi ecosystems have been in Table 1 summarises the key trends in ecosys- decline. Indirect factors such as economic tem services, and drivers. 20 | Summary for Decision Makers

Table 1 ctnd. Changes in ecosystem services and direct drivers Direct Drivers

Human Enhanced or Ecosystem Services Use Degraded Indicators and Criteria Urbanisation Loss of mosaic Under-use Over- exploitation Global/regionl warming in alienIncrease invasive species Pollution

Number of temples and shrimes, area of sacred Religion NA - groves

Variety (number) of festivals, use of plants for flower SPIRITUAL Festival - dedication

Number of applications for ‘100 best satoyama Scenery - selection’

Number of participants, number of NGOs working Education - for satoyama conservation, area of activities, time to spend outdoors Game-hunting and RECRE- Number of participants (described in leisure white fishing, Gathering clams - ATION paper), number of facilities ura l Cu lt and wild vegetables

Climbing, Travel, Number of participants (described in leisure white - Green-tourism paper), number of facilities

Number of professionals, production, average age (in Traditional art - terms of education of successors) ART Number of professionals, production, average age (in Contemporary art NA - terms of education of successors)

Backed Without KEY TO TABLE 1 by data supporting data

A monotone increase (for human use column) or Mixed (trend increases and decreases) over past 50 enhanced (for enhanced or degraded column) for +/– years or some components/regions increase while the last 50 years others decrease

A monotone decrease (for human use column) or NA Not assessed enhanced (for enhanced or degraded column) for the last 50 years The direct drivers that have influenced ecosystem services No change (for both columns) for the last 50 years Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 21

ample, from the standpoint of provisioning, Why are Changes in maximising the number of coniferous trees in a forest for timber production can lead to Satoyama and Satoumi negative consequences in terms of the forest’s ability to provide regulating services, such as a Concern? soil and erosion protection.

Historically this interlinkage can be seen in the over-use of forests for production of firewood and charcoal from the period of the 1930s to the 1950s. A consequence of this over-use was denuded mountain sides that were unable to protect against soil run-off and flooding during rains. The re-growth of forests using fast growing coniferous trees, as noted above, which occurred in the building boom during post-war years, also led to degradation in the ability of satoyama ecosystems to provide critical regulating ser- Unless action is taken, these trends in the vices, as the shallow-rooted coniferous trees transformation of satoyama and satoumi are inferior to the deep-rooted broad-leaved landscapes over the past fifty years can be forests for preventing run-off. expected to continue into the future, with negative consequences for both biodiversity Similar issues arise in satoumi. Notably, in and human well-being. addition to fertiliser run-off pollution, with the development of aquaculture in post-war Japan, there has been an increase in marine The interlinkage of ecosystem pollution due to the accumulation of waste services products on seabeds resulting from artificial feeding. Thus, the ability ofsatoumi to Ecosystems services, such as provisioning, maintain its regulatory services affecting the regulating, and cultural, do not exist inde- health of its ecosystem is compromised. pendently of one another, but are fundamen- tally interlinked. Thus, changes in the status of one ecosystem service will inevitably affect Temporal and spatial that of other ecosystem services. For ex- interlinkages

In many cases the current deterioration of ecosystem services is a time-lagged response to changes that occurred much earlier. Deg- radation of satoumi due to pollution caused by the introduction of commercial fertilisers to satoyama landscapes (e.g. rice paddies) does not occur overnight, but only becomes manifest over many years of stream run-off containing excessive nitrogen. Similarly, the reduced ability of satoyama forests to guard against soil erosion did not happen 22 | Summary for Decision Makers

all at once, but only gradually over time as cultural ecosystem services resulting from native species were increasingly replaced interlinkage with other ecosystem elements. by shallow-rooted coniferous trees. Thus, Urbanisation, of course, has produced its although these interlinkages are present and own impacts, as large tracts of satoyama critical, because of temporal and spatial gaps landscape have been “swallowed up by cities,” it can be difficult to see clear cause-and-effect thus breaking the mosaic structure which is relationships. critical for satoyama landscapes.

Population interlinkages Impact of satoyama and satoumi on biodiversity As Japan’s overall population has declined due to falling birth rates, and relatedly, as its Although Japan is a developed nation that population has become more urban-based, has maintained a high level of biodiversity, there has been a marked decline in rural changes in satoyama and satoumi have nega- population since World War II. With this tively impacted this. Habitat modifications, decline, the capacity of rural dwellers both climate change, introduction of alien species, to utilise satoyama provisioning services (e.g. hunting, pollution, and under-utilisation of firewood) and thereby tomanage those ser- resources have contributed to an overall loss vices has deteriorated. In consequence, many of biodiversity in the past fifty years as shown satoyama landscapes have become overgrown in Figure 7 and 8, and this trend can be and overrun with species such as deer. This expected to continue if no immediate action kind of satoyama “returning to forest” is an- is taken. other example of decline in provisioning and

Figure 7 Drivers of decline in endangered Interlinkage between species Vascular ecosystem services and plants The drivers of reduc- human well-being tion of the species listed Brackish & in the Red Data Book freshwater fish (RDB) are generally While at first glance it might appear in- categorised into (A) development, Amphibians tuitively obvious that an increase in human (B) water pollution well-being should be positively linked to in- (including pesticide), Reptiles (C) Exploitation, creases in ecosystem services, this is not the (D) Succession, and case. Indeed, the relation of the two is best (E) Invasive Species. Mammals (Ministry of the Environ- characterised as one of “trade-offs,” a concept ment, Japan, 2010). introduced previously. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

14 With the fertiliser and fuel revolution follow- Figure 8 Species extinction CR (PE) 12 ing World War II, human well-being increased rates of vascular plants. EX or EW in Japan, but this was accompanied by a Blue bar indicates known 10 extinctions of species decline in satoyama ecosystem services as they (Extinct: EX, Extinct in 8 suffered in some cases from under-use, and the Wild: EW), and green bar indicates species 6 in others from deterioration in their ability to whose survival is not provide regulating services (watershed pollu- confirmed (Critically Extinctions per decade 4 Endangered: CR, Possibly tion from over-use of fertilisers, for instance). Extinct: PE) (Fujita et al., 2 unpublished). 0 In the case of satoumi, an increase in industri-

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 alisation brought about increased economic Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 23

opportunities in coastal areas, and was ac- Figure 9 The relations between natural environment and health in physical (a) and mental (b). Source: Tanaka, 2005 companied by their development and urbanisation. Yet this increase in human-well being Figure 9a was causally related to the deterioration of 4 the satoumi landscape as coastal areas were 3 correlation function : -0.637 lost to development, while marine pollution 2 increased as a result of industrial activity and 1 sewage from a swelling population. 0

This trade-off may be seen even in the case of -1 cultural services, which are associated with Level of physical unhealthiness -2 spiritual aspects of human well-being. With -3 the rapid urbanisation that occurred in post- -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 war Japan, the Japanese people experienced Level of local nature not only a loss of satoyama and satoumi, Figure 9b but an increasing distance from them. This 4 “separation” from nature has been negatively 3 correlation function : -0.763 correlated with trends in both physical and 2 mental health. This might have led to the 1 increase in mental depressions as illustrated in Figure 9. 0

-1 There is evidence that this trend may be Level of spiritual unhealthiness -2 reversing, however. As Figure 10 illustrates, -3 since 1980 there has been a steady and -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 marked increase in those who are seeking Level of local nature “spiritual affluence” versus “material affluence” in their lives. According to an opinion Figure 10 Aspiration for spiritual richness vs. material richness (1972-1999) poll conducted in 2009 by Japan’s Cabinet Office, 60.5 per cent of those surveyed 70 60 answered that they are pursuing spiritual Spiritual affluence richness in their future life, while just 30.2 50 per cent indicated that they are still pursuing 40 material richness. Contrast this with a similar opinion poll conducted in 1972, wherein 30 Material affluence those who wanted to pursue material rich- 20 Percentage of respondents (%) of respondents Percentage ness outnumbered those who wanted to 10 pursue spiritual richness. 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Spiritual affluence: willingness to focus on life with spiritual Loss of “commons” and affluence, as material affluence has been already satisfied to economic analysis some extent. Material affluence: willingness to focus on making life mate- rially affluent As the examples above make clear, short- Source: Based on results of opinion polls by the Cabinet Of- term increases in human well-being may be fice, Government of Japan accompanied by degradation of ecosystem services, which, over the long-term, may have 24 | Summary for Decision Makers

negative consequences on human well-being If the current trends in decline of satoyama, as biodiversity is diminished. satoumi and biodiversity are to be reversed, it is imperative that these two critical issues are Two factors have been critical in these win- addressed. lose scenarios between human well-being and satoyama and satoumi ecosystems. First, with the uprooting of the Japanese popula- Summary tion in post-war years as rural populations declined and urban ones swelled, there is col- Critical to understanding the causes of the lective loss of connection to one’s landscape. decline in satoyama and satoumi ecosystem Wherein traditionally those who worked services in the past fifty years is the concept the land and the waters assumed collective of “interlinkage,” which posits three distinc- responsibility for maintaining and protect- tive relationships the JSSA has examined: 1- ing them, in a rapidly urbanised, industria- the interlinkage between ecosystem services, lised Japan this sense of obligation to one’s which examines how changes in one type surroundings has been quickly lost. Thus, it of service will bring about changes in other becomes possible to pursue economic devel- types, 2- spatial and temporal interlinkages opment that produces short-term benefits to which are reflected in changes in ecosystem human well-being, while simultaneously de- services over time and distance, and 3- the grading the ecosystems necessary to sustain interlinkage between ecosystem services and well-being over the long haul. human well-being.

This loss of collective management ofsa - Causes for the decline in services reflective of toyama and satoumi landscape may be termed the first type of interlinkage are dominantly a loss of the “commons,” in the sense that tied to changes in satoyama and satoumi Garrett Hardin used the term in his seminal landscape in post-war years. Examples of work, TheTragedy of the Commons. However, the second type are found in human activity in contrast to Hardin’s work, which identified whose consequences only become evident individualistic over-use of commons as the over time or distance, such as the polluting source of its depletion, in Japan’s case, the effects of fertiliser use insatoyama landscapes cause for satoyama and satoumi degradation to satoumi through run-off. Finally, the third is collective under-use of these resources. cause for the decline in ecosystem services is exemplified in the under-use or even aban- The second critical factor has been an insuf- donment of traditional satoyama and satoumi ficiency/inability in studies to place an landscape, which has led to negative trends in economic value on biodiversity. Although the health and overall well-being in Japan. significance and importance of biodiversity is acknowledged to some extent among the general public, the research on economic val- uation of biodiversity has been very limited. This is simply because there are no markets for biodiversity, nor is there an established market price for it (in other words, most of the economic values in biodiversity belong to the non use-value category). It is therefore extremely difficult to evaluate the value of biodiversity. Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 25

regarding them occurs at the national level or What Has Been Done to below. However, in recent years international laws have gained some currency, as in the case Encourage Satoyama and of the UN’s Convention of the Law of the Sea.

Satoumi Systems at the Up until the 1980s, most laws regulating satoyama were focused on residential and com- National and International mercial land development. Since the Earth Summit in 1992, however, a series of laws Levels? has been implemented in Japan managing satoyama landscapes in their larger context. These include the Act on the Promotion of Nature Restoration, the Landscapes Act, and the Act on Promotion of Ecotourism.

In the case of satoumi, until the 1990s most legislation resembled a patchwork of regulations, dispersed among various and unconnected agencies. For instance, the Ports Despite the decline in satoyama and satoumi and Harbors Bureau fell under the aegis of ecosystems and ecosystem services in post- the Ministry of Transport, while the River war Japan, a variety of initiatives with respect Bureau fell under the Ministry of Construc- to the environment have been undertaken. In tion. Even with the establishment of a unified what follows these are examined, as well as department – the Ministry of Land, Infra- their effectiveness to date in restoring tradi- structure, Transport and Tourism – in 2001, tional Japanese landscapes. the new agency inherited this patchwork of unconnected and sometimes overlapping The framework for these types of initiatives regulations for satoumi landscape. (or “response”’) is taken from the MA and includes the following types: However, beginning with a series of initia- •• Legal tives by the 5th Comprehensive National De- •• Economic velopment Plan “Grand Design for the 21st •• Social and behavioral Century” in 1998, Japan has recognised that •• Technological its coastal areas constitute a unified ecosys- •• Cognitive tem and thus regulations could be developed that manage “projects, facilities, and use in The MA recognises that the implementation an integrated manner, while formulating of different types of responses will affect both integrated management planning of coastal the relationship between direct and indirect areas by local public organisations as the drivers affecting ecosystem services, and the main participants.” ecosystem services themselves (in terms of enhancing or degrading them). While national initiatives have emerged treating satoyama and satoumi as unified ecosystems, Japan has also seen an increase Impact of legal responses in the number of local and regional initiatives, reflecting a conscious decision at the national Since satoyama and satoumi landscapes exist level to decentralise decision-making when- within national borders, most legal regulation ever possible. This in turn reflects a growing 26 | Summary for Decision Makers

recognition that while satoyama and satoumi become more involved in such initiatives as are integrated ecosystems, nonetheless, they ways of enhancing their public image by very vary in important ways (types of flora and visibly demonstrating corporate responsibil- fauna, geography, etc.) as they exist in differ- ity for the environment. ent regions within Japan.

Impact of technological Impact of economic responses responses Technology development aimed at increas- Fewer economic responses, at either the na- ing yields of satoyama and satoumi resources tional or regional level, have been undertaken (provisioning services) while simultaneously as compared to legal initiatives. This is due in protecting those ecosystems (regulating ser- large part to the decline in economic value vices) is increasing. In the case of satoyama of satoyama and satoumi resources in the last ecosystems, improvements in fertilisers and half century, brought about by a decrease pesticides management have meant better in resource use through importation and yields while reducing damage to the ability of international trade, as well as by a declining satoyama to provide regulating services and and ageing population that has fewer material conserve biodiversity. Similarly, high resolu- resource needs. tion satellite images allow better forestry management; for example, by identifying Taxation has been the primary form of eco- areas where insect infestation threatens nomic regulation of satoyama and satoumi, satoyama forest. both through taxes that penalise corpora- tions for polluting these landscapes, and use New technologies focused on satoumi taxes that distribute the cost of maintaining include improved aquaculture and fisheries these ecosystems to those who benefit. With management techniques, which make greater respect to the later, for example, the Forest production possible without degrading the Environment Tax burdens citizens of various satoumi ecosystem. regions with the costs of maintaining forest satoyama whose benefits they enjoy (whether directly, through recreation, or indirectly, Impact of cognitive responses through protection the forests offer to water supplies and their prevention of soil erosion). There is growing recognition that traditional methods as well as advanced scientific knowledge must be integrated to protect the Impact of social and biodiversity within satoyama and satoumi behavioural responses ecosystems. This is not a call for a “return to nature” but rather acknowledgment that Citizens, non-profit organisations NPOs( ), traditional knowledge historically has suc- and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) cessfully allowed for both use and protection contribute significantly tosatoyama and of these landscapes, and so has much to teach satoumi management and conservation. This us in the present. is yet another instance where the government has employed a strategy of decentralisation Perhaps the most promising cognitive re- to foster regional and local initiatives which sponse has been a rediscovery of the idea of are thus more able to involve citizens and the “commons,” understood both as a system citizens’ groups. Businesses have similarly of co-management of natural resources, and Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 27

the natural resources themselves. The idea of society in policy discussions and implemen- the commons, has gained new currency as an tation. As we have seen, while economic re- opportunity to create a “new public” which sponses could be powerful tools to influence embraces decentralised, regional and local and inform policy, they have been relatively initiatives that involve government as well as ineffective due to their limited ability to as- private sector groups such as NPOs and NGOs. sign economic value to satoyama and satoumi landscapes and ecosystems.

Evaluation of effectiveness The chief challenges moving forward then, of response types are two-fold: 1- finding new and more effective ways to involve citizen and non-govern- Table 2 highlights the most effective form of mental participation in the re-establishment responses to satoyama and satoumi degrada- of satoyama and satoumi “commons,” and 2- tion. Both national policy, and importantly, creating economic incentives for protecting regional and local policies have shown the the non-economic values present in satoyama greatest impact and greatest potential. and satoumi. Legislation, especially at the regional and local levels has also acted synergistically with Table 2 Responses that are relatively effective in satoyama and satoumi cognitive and social/behavioural responses by promoting greater involvement by citizens 1 SATO 2 MOUNTAINS 3 OCEANS and non-governmental groups in aspects of (Agricultural communities & life- •• Satoyama conserva- •• Law Concerning planning and carrying out environmental styles, agricultural lands & rivers) tion ordinances (L9) Special Measures for Conservation of the •• Forest environmental initiatives. Indeed, citizen participation is •• Land use control (L9) Environment of the taxes (E1) now prescribed in many regulations passed Seto Inland Sea (L6) •• Biomass utilisation (E1) •• Forest certification since 2000. •• Satoumi conservation •• System of direct pay- systems (E2) ordinances (L9) ment systems to the Of the various responses outlined above, eco- hilly and mountainous •• Systems relating to areas (E3) prevention of marine nomic initiatives have been least successful. pollution (L6) •• Farm-water-environ- This is in part, as noted, due to the decline in ment conservation •• Water pollution resource usage. But more importantly, it re- reinforcement projects control (L6,T2) (E3) flects the limited ability of economic analysis to calculate non-economic use values found 4 BIODIVERSITY 5 ALL AREAS in satoyama and satoumi, considered either •• National Biodiversity Strategy and •• Environmental Impact Assessment Law in their human interactions (e.g. for their Action Plan (L6) (L6) spiritual value), or as stand-alone ecosystems •• Local biodiversity strategy (L9) •• Act on Promotion of Specified Non- which promote biodiversity (another value profit Activities (S3) that lies outside of an economic calculus). •• Nature restoration projects (T2) •• Scientific research by local universities and government (K1) •• Satoyama Initiative (K1) Summary •• Re-creation of regional cooperative bodies (New Commons) (K2) We have surveyed a number of types of responses to the decline in satoyama and The response typologies that are highly evaluated with respect to both the potential effectiveness to influence the driver, and the proximity to the driver (which are defined in the MA) include: L6 (domestic environmental satoumi in the past fifty years. Of those exam- legislation in the environmental sector), L7 (domestic environmental legislation outside the environmental sector), L9 (command-and-control interventions), E1 (incentive-based interventions), E3 (financial/mon- ined the most promising combine effective etary measures), S3 (empowering communities, etc.), T2 (restoring ecosystem services), and K2 (knowledge acquisition and acceptances). The responses that are highly valued in terms of efficiency and effectiveness, regulation through legislation, coupled with include: Direct Payment System to the Hilly and Mountainous Areas; Farm-water-environment Conservation Reinforcement Projects; Forest Environment Taxations; Forest Certification Systems; Systems Relating to the decentralised decision-making which allows Prevention of Marine Pollution; Water Pollution Control; and Nature Restoration Projects. This table lists the recent responses that are deemed to be more effective in satoyama and satoumi, in accordance with the greater participation by all segments of domains of the ecosystem services. 28 | Summary for Decision Makers

What Is the Future for Scenario analysis Satoyama and Satoumi In the MA, scenario analysis is utilised to discuss and examine diverse and various Landscapes under directions and possibilities of change which ecosystems might follow in the future. It is Plausible Scenarios? also used to discuss responses to changes. A scenario thus represents a plausible alternative future and indicates the feasible consequences under a specific hypothesis. Therefore, scenario analysis can be employed as a systematic method to creatively examine a complicated and uncertain future.

The JSSA adopts the methodology and structure of scenario analysis undertaken in the MA. It focuses on direct and indirect drivers that can bring about change in ecosystems, as well as on people’s attitudes and responses The JSSA examines four prospective scenarios to nature and ecosystem services. In this way for satoyama and satoumi in the year 2050. the JSSA has established four types of sce- The objective is to create heuristic or ana- narios for satoyama and satoumi in 2050. lytic scenarios representing different social, economic and political arrangements which In terms of methodology, scenarios may can serve as a basis for a discussion of current proceed via quantitative analysis, qualitative social choices and public policies analysis, or a combination of the two. Be- Figure 11 Positioning cause of the inability at present to sufficiently We begin by examining what a “scenario” is and characteristics of understand the causal relations of various four scenarios in JSSA as employed in this exercise. drivers impacting satoyama and satoumi, this study adopts a qualitative approach to scenario development. GLOBAL

Global Technotopia Global Environmental Citizens Structurally, the Assessment also adopts • Increased international residents & • Increased international residents & labors labors the MA’s use of two axes to identify possible • Counter urbanisation, increase in ex- • Population concentration in megacities change between rural and urban areas future developments: One (the vertical axis) • Liberalisation of trade & economy • Liberalisation and greening of trade & economy examines governance and economic develop- • Technology as foundation of nation under centralised governing system • Environment as foundation of nation ment in terms of localised versus globalised ap- under centralised governing system • Use of technologies for environmental (adaptation to nature) N ature O riented changes, and preferences for artificial • Adaptive management, eco-friendly proaches. The other (horizontal axis) looks environment design at ecosystem service management as nature oriented versus technology oriented. Techno Introvert Satoyama Satoumi Renaissance • Population concentration in cities • Counter urbanisation, increase in ex- (transformation of nature) TECHNOLOGY ORIENTED change between rural and urban areas Based on these sets of axes, the JSSA has • Protected trade and economy • Protected trade and economy • Promotion of technology-based nation developed four distinct futures for Japan • Growth of green economy and policies • Decentralisation of governmental in 2050. They are: Global Environmental authority • Promotion of the environmental Nation • Prefer to transform the environment to • Decentralisation of governmental Citizens, Global Technotopia, Techno Intro- effectively obtain ecosystem services authority vert, and, Satoyama/Satoumi Renaissance as • Prefer to use adaptive management, traditional/indigenous knowledge, etc. illustrated in Figure 11. LOCAL Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 29

It should be emphasised that this analysis has not tried to present a vision of what an ideal future for satoyama and satoumi would be, but merely different plausible outcomes given certain trends posited in the axes (local versus global, and, nature oriented versus technology oriented).

Global Environmental Citizens

In this scenario, there is expanded global migration of humans and labour forces, and emphasis is placed on the liberalisation of trade and the development of green econo- mies. It posits a centralised governing system in which investments and political interest increases in education, social security, and the environment. In the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, public works, and ecosystem management, society prefers to use eco- friendly technology for food production and management of satoyama and satoumi such as low input agriculture, nature restoration, Figure 12 Global Environmental Citizens and adaptive management involving various stakeholders.

Global Technotopia

As in the former scenario, there is expanded global migration coupled with liberalisation of trade and economic policies. A centralised government promotes the development of technology and amends national policies to enhance international cooperation. However, political and social interests towards education, social security, and the environment decrease. In food production, public works, and ecosystem management, society prefers to use technological development to effectively utilise and extract ecosystem services.

Figure 13 Global Technotopia 30 | Summary for Decision Makers

Techno Introvert

In this scenario, population decrease continues nationwide while the migration from rural to urban settings continues. In trade and the economy the government adopts protectionist policies, especially in critical industries to increase self-sufficiency in food and materials. Emphasis is placed on scientific and technical knowledge over traditional and indigenous knowledge. Although administrative power is decentralised, social bonds in local communities are weakened. In primary industries, public works, and ecosystem management, Figure 14 Techno Introvert society looks to technological developments to effectively utilise and extract ecosystem services such as food and water.

Satoyama Satoumi Renaissance

In our fourth scenario, excessive population concentration in mega-cities is reversed though a counter-urbanisation movement to the countryside. This is coupled with decentralised government authority and a gradually declining population. Government adopts protectionist policies for trade and the economy, especially in critical industries to improve self-sufficiency in food and materials, while embracing the idea of Figure 15 Satoyama Satoumi Renaissance a green economy. This means that in critical industries, public works, and ecosystem management, society prefers to use eco- friendly technology for food production and ecosystem management, such as low input agriculture, nature restoration, and adaptive management involving various stakeholders.

It is important to reiterate that it is very unlikely that any one of these scenarios will come to fruition as described in simple terms here. More likely is a future comprised of combinations of several or even all four. Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 31

Human well-being – Human well- Assessment of ecosystem ser- being will probably decrease under this vices, biodiversity and human scenario. While those ecosystems producing well-being in the 4 scenarios exports will prosper, other ecosystems not employed in trade abroad will see a loss of Each of the four futuristic scenarios pre- use resulting in their degradation, negatively sented above contains implications for 1- impacting human well-being in terms of the ecosystem services, 2- human well-being, and ability to rely upon satoyama and satoumi 3- biodiversity that can be assessed in terms regulating and cultural services. International of the concepts of enhanced or degraded, and trade will lead to greater dependence on im- increased or decreased. Below is a summary of ported goods and services, and lessened job these implications. security. In both instances, the loss of basic sources of human security decreases overall human well-being. Global Environmental Citizens

Ecosystem services – The globalisa- Global Technotopia tion of trade contributes to an increase in provisioning services as goods are exported Ecosystem services – in this scenario, to global markets. However, consumption food production increases due to globalisa- of domestic provisioning services is likely tion of trade. Because of the high reliance on to decrease, brought about by declining technology, this results in large-scale farm- population and the availability of cheap ing and the use of plant factories in some imported food and material goods. Because areas, with the result that regulating services, of increased demand for environmentally- such as flood regulation and maintenance of friendly produced goods and services abroad, traditional satoyama landscapes, is degraded. sustainable use and effective management of In the energy sector, the use of nuclear power satoyama and satoumi increases. However, and high-efficient thermal power generation this is somewhat offset by energy production increase, while the use of biomass and other policies which exploit the use of biomass renewable energies decrease. As the popula- and other renewable energy sources, poten- tion continues to stream to urban areas, both tially causing decline in some provisioning satoyama and satoumi landscapes are degrad- services. ed along with their cultural services (tourism, recreation, spiritual). Biodiversity – The introduction of alien species through importation could result in a decrease in biodiversity as native species are pushed out by newcomers. This is offset somewhat by increases in biodiversity through efficient use of provisioning services provided by traditional satoyama and satoumi landscapes. Also negatively impacting certain kinds of biodiversity is the trend to further urbanisation to the detriment of rural areas and thus to the maintenance of satoyama and satoumi within them. 32 | Summary for Decision Makers

Biodiversity – As in the previous sce- topia, protectionist policies enacted under nario, some kinds of biodiversity could be this scenario inhibit the importation of non- diminished as a result of global trade and native species and thus serve to protect if not importation policies, by technological ex- increase native biodiversity. ploitation of ecosystems as high-tech farming methods are fostered, and through the aban- Human well-being – Human well- donment of rural areas. Of the four scenarios, being increases in some cases under this biodiversity is probably most diminished in scenario as self-sufficiency leads to an in- this one. creased sense of security. However, for some, job losses will result as traditional industries Human well-being – Increased food are replaced by new mechanised ones. As and material production leads to increased more people flock to cities, those who are left security and human-well being. However, in rural areas will experience a decrease in counteracting this are decreased ecosystem well-being, reflecting a degraded social and services leading to cultural loss and perhaps cultural environment, and increased income job losses due to mechanisation. Coupled disparity between those in cities and those in with competition from in-migration of rural areas. labourers and increasing urbanisation, the overall result is a loss of a sense of security (in terms of job, neighbours, cultural traditions Satoyama Satoumi Renaissance and social relations). On the whole, human well-being decreases in this scenario. Ecosystem services – Protectionist trade policies encourage increased per-capita consumption of domestic food and materi- Techno Introvert als. However, since this is achieved using traditional satoyama and satoumi, the level Ecosystem services – In this scenario, of provisioning services will improve or protectionist trade policies designed to foster remain constant. In the energy sector the self-reliance contribute to increased hu- use of biomass and other renewable energies man use of ecosystem provisioning services. will increase. Overall this will contribute to However, because this expansion is achieved enhanced regulating services. Finally, the through an increase in indoor production counter urbanisation movement will result in facilities for agriculture and aquaculture, tra- increased human use of traditional satoyama ditional satoyama and satoumi will continue and satoumi landscapes, and thus in an en- to experience a decrease in use, thus resulting hancement of their cultural and provisioning as well in declines in regulating services. In services. the energy sector, the use of nuclear power and high-efficient thermal power generation Biodiversity – Biodiversity stands the replace biomass and other renewable ener- greatest opportunity to be maintained or gies. As with Global Technotopia, increased increased of the four scenarios. Because of urbanisation leads to degraded ecosystem the emphases upon sustainability through and cultural services within traditional sa- use and effective management ofsatoyama toyama and satoumi landscapes. and satoumi, traditional landscapes are more likely to experience an increase in human use Biodiversity – Similar results obtain as and in their capacity to provide renewable for Global Technotopia in terms of degraded provisioning and regulating services. biodiversity, for the same reasons enumer- ated above. However, unlike Global Techno- Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 33

Human well-being – Protectionist Summary trade policies combined with the encour- agement of conventional means to use and It is unlikely that any one of the four future maintain ecosystems leads to an increase in scenarios will come to fruition in the form human well-being, both as a fruit of the se- outlined above. Likewise, it is unlikely that curity brought about by self-sufficiency and any scenario will constitute an unmixed because of the benefits to be enjoyed from blessing in terms of its impact on ecosystem improved ecosystem services. However, to services, biodiversity, and human well-being some extent this increase is likely to be offset as shown in Table 3. as restrictions on imports lead to higher domestic prices for goods and services. As What is critical to future analyses of this sort well, those rural areas which do not realise a is development of quantitative methodolo- repopulation from the counter-urbanisation gies and spatial representation of potential movement will remain impoverished both changes that allow a better understanding of in terms of social and cultural services, and the interlinkages of satoyama and satoumi, material wealth. and more precise simulations of the consequences of changes in satoyama and satoumi under different scenarios.

Table 3 Changes in ecosystem services under scenarios

Global Satoyama Environmental Global Techno Satoumi Citizens Technotopia Introvert Renaissance enhanced/ enhanced/ enhanced/ enhanced/ human use human use human use human use Type and Category of Ecosystem Services degraded degraded degraded degraded

fuel (biomass, charcoal) energy electricity (wind, hydro)

fishery product PROVISION- ING food rice

vegetable

fiber material

atmospheric (climate regulation, air purification, etc)

REGULATING water (flood regulation, water storage, etc)

soil (landslide, soil erosion prevention)

shrines & temples, traditional knowledge

sceneries CULTURAL recreation (festivals, eco-tourism, farming experience)

art (traditional art, etc.)

Note KEY

Increase in human • Global Environmental Citizens and Satoyama Satoumi Renaissance will see increased use of biomass and use and enhance- other natural energy while Global Technotopia and Techno Introvert prefer to use nuclear energy and high- ment of services efficient power generation which will result in decline in the use of provisioning services of energy.

Consistent use • All scenarios but Techno Introvert could maintain current level of rice consumption either by export (rice in and services Global Environmental Citizens and Global Technotopia) or by increased per-capita consumption of domestic products (provision of rice in Satoyama Satoumi Renessance). This will contribute to maintain regulating services of air purification in the three scenarios although regulating services of water purification will be degraded in Decrease in human Global Environmental Citizens and Satoyama Satoumi Renaissance due to increase in vegetable production. use and deterioration of services • While Global Environmental Citizens will bring increased visitors from home and abroad for some of cultural services such as festivals and beautiful landscape of satoyama, those cultural services with low profile such as invisible indigenous knowledge and nameless traditional art will not be appreciated (cultural services of Global Environmental Citizens).

• Human use of regulating services decrease due to depopulation and rural-urban migration in Global Tech- notopia andTechno Introvert while increased exchange population and counter urbanisation will contribute to keep the human use of regulating services at current level in Global Environmental Citizens and Satoyama Satoumi Renaissance. 34 | Summary for Decision Makers

Key Findings satoyama ecosystems. More recent changes have been brought about by under-utilisation of satoyama as a result of the confluence of three factors: 1- economic globalisation What Has Been Learned resulting in greater importation of food and materials, 2- declining population in Japan, from the JSSA? and 3- continuing urbanisation. Satoumi ecosystems have suffered as well through over-development, pollution, and the effects of climate change on fisheries.

Continued loss of satoyama and 3 satoumi landscapes has important and potentially negative consequences for human well-being and biodiversity. There is, however, still a need for more research on satoyama and The critical feature of satoyama satoumi and contributions they might have in 1 and satoumi landscapes is the mosaic the future for human well-being. composition of different ecosystem types that are managed by humans to produce a bundle A continued loss of the resiliency of these of ecosystem services for human well-being. ecosystems will force greater dependency of Japan upon global trade and the importation As the JSSA demonstrates, managed ecosys- of food and critical materials. Although some tems such as satoyama and satoumi produce segments of society will benefit from this a higher level of biodiversity and ecosystem trade, other segments of society will experi- services than if they are degraded by human ence a loss of job security as a consequence misuse or left to revert back to their natural of globalisation and their reliance on external conditions. Although traditional uses of sa- sources for basic necessities. toyama and satoumi have changed during the past fifty years, there is a high potential of us- A further decrease in human well-being with ing these landscapes for sustainable agricul- the continued loss of satoyama and satoumi ture and to counter the negative environmen- landscapes will likely occur in the cultural tal externalities produced by urbanisation. arena, as increased urbanisation leads to a loss of social identity and social relations in an increasingly atomistic society removed Satoyama and satoumi have from its historical and cultural rootedness in 2 undergone significant changes over the traditional satoyama and satoumi. last fifty years which have caused a drop in the resiliency of the coupled socio-ecological pro- Biodiversity, while stronger in Japan than duction systems to provide a sustainable supply many developed countries, has suffered as of ecosystem services. well and is likely to continue to diminish, both as a result of importing non-native Initial drivers of these changes included the species which overrun traditional satoyama creation of artificial forests of coniferous and satoumi or else diminish their important trees for the timber and construction indus- regulatory functions, and of the under-use of tries, along with the importation of cheap these landscapes which then deteriorate and timber that degraded regulating services of return to a “state of nature.” Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | 35

Unconnected and piecemeal ap- Shitau Kai (Society for Longing for Forests 4 proaches to address biodiversity change for Oysters) begun in 1989 under the slogan and to protect environmental resources have “forest is a lover of ocean.” As a result, forest had only limited success. Integrated approaches functions like prevention of sediment dis- including citizen participation have been used charge and contamination of rivers, and the increasingly over the past ten years and show supplying of clean fresh water and nutrients, potential for reducing biodiversity loss and main- are being noted for their favourable effects on taining sustainable flows of ecosystem services. oceanic ecosystems.

The most successful policy that address satoyama and satoumi have been legal Critical to the success of a more responses, but many of these have not been 5 integrated and holistic approach to eco- designed to address the inter-connected na- system management is the creation of a new ture of satoyama and satoumi landscape that “commons,” understood both as a system of encompass woodlands, agricultural lands, co-management of ecosystem services and bio- inland waters and canals. However, with the diversity within private and public land, and as a decentralisation of legal authority beginning single system to produce a bundle of ecosystem in the 2000s, local governments have begun services for direct and indirect use by society. to develop local ordinances and biodiversity The new “commons” could provide the basis strategies, in which they address satoyama for sustainable development in both developing and satoumi management explicitly. Of those and developed countries. attempts undertaken in Japan to reverse the trend of ecosystem services decline, the most The term “commons” refers to a system of successful have involved 1- national and co-management of natural resources, or regional environmental protection and regu- the natural resources themselves. It may be latory laws, and, 2- a decentralised approach possible to form commons in various levels, that emphasises regionalism, participation by from regional to global. The traditional both governmental and non-governmental Japanese method of management like affilia- (e.g. NPOs, NGOs) entities, and recognition tion into satoyama, right to water, and fishery of non-economic, cultural values inherent in rights in satoumi, are examples of sustainable satoyama and satoumi landscapes. management at a regional scale. In Japan, the idea of commons is positioned as a new pub- An example of one such initiative is tree lic, within National Spatial Strategies of 2008. planting near coastal areas by the fishing Thenew public mentioned here refers to the industry, in recognition of the traditional be- idea to provide societal services that best lief that fish gather where trees are reflected suit regional needs through cooperation of on the water’s surface. In fact, this belief is local governments and various private sector scientifically supported by the interlinkages organisations like NPOs. It would be a societal between satoyama and satoumi, such that the system for sustaining functions that benefit health of one can affect that of the other. For the public related to ecosystem services pro- example, Miyagi Prefecture suffered from red vided by satoyama and satoumi. tides from mid-1960s to mid-1970s due to environmental deterioration, and was forced This will necessitate the development of a to conduct mass disposal of oysters. Recogn- new social contract fostering public con- ising that it is necessary to have and preserve sciousness which embraces decentralised, broad-leaved deciduous forests that contain regional and local initiatives that involve upstream rivers that flow into Kesennuma government as well as private sector groups bay, plantation activity by Kaki No Mori wo such as NPOs and NGOs. 36 | Summary for Decision Makers

Key Recommendations

What Are the Implications for Policy-makers Moving Forward?

Below are recommended critical next steps A ten-year research to further both our knowledge of satoyama 4 programme be established with and satoumi ecosystems and the development adequate funding and human resources to of policies – at national and international gain better understanding of the dynamics of levels – aimed at strengthening satoyama and satoyama and satoumi ecosystems, their link- satoumi landscapes in Japan and globally. ages, and their relationship with human well- being and biodiversity, which can provide Develop policies that take a inputs to international assessment processes 1 satoyama-satoumi approach in manag- like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ing biodiversity and ecosystem services. This Change (IPCC) and the potential new Inter- approach recognises the mosaic composi- governmental Platform on Biodiversity and tion of ecosystem types and their inherent Ecosystem Services (IPBES). interlinkages. Comprehensive, integrated The design of new 5 assessments of potential satoyama 2 institutions under the lens of and satoumi ecosystems across a number landscape governance that can manage both of developing and developed countries be public and private lands is needed to govern initiated to establish baselines on ecosystem the new “commons,” allowing decentralised services, and to form an epistemic commu- decision making on the use of land and water nity of scholars and practitioners within and bodies within a mosaic structure of different across countries who can continue to study ecosystem types. and provide guidance to policy-makers on satoyama and satoumi landscapes. Design institutions that 3 complement the institutions of the new “commons”, which ensure the equitable access and use of ecosystem services provided by satoyama and satoumi. Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | I

Appendix A • Yoshifumi Kodama, Utsunomiya • Kazuhiko Takeuchi, United Na- University tions University / The University • Ryo Kohsaka, Nagoya City of Tokyo University • Takakazu Yumoto, Research In- Authors • Yoji Kunimitsu, National Insti- stitute for Humanity and Nature tute for Rural Engineering of • Toyoaki Washida, Sophia Uni- NARO versity • Naoyuki Kurata, The University • Masataka Watanabe, Keio of Tokyo University / United Nations • Koichi Kuriyama, Kyoto Univer- University Institute of Advanced sity Studies • Hiroyuki Matsuda, Yokohama National University • Osamu Matsuda, Hiroshima Cluster Assessment University Authors • Junko Morimoto, Hokkaido University Hokkaido Cluster • Atsushi Nagamatsu, Miyazaki Municipal University • Tetsuya Aikoh, Hokkaido Uni- National Assessment • Satoshi Nakamura, The Univer- versity Authors sity of Tokyo • Seiichi Hamada, Hokkaido Re- • Koji Nakamura, Kanazawa search Organization • Jusen Asuka, Tohoku University University • Kaoru Hattori, Hokkaido Nation- • Anantha Kumar Duraiappah, • Toshihiko Nakamura, Natural al Fisheries Research Institute, International Human Dimensions History Museum and Institute, Fisheries Research Agency Programme on Global Environ- Chiba • Koichi Kaji, Tokyo University of mental Change • Maiko Nishi, United Nations Agriculture and Technology • Niina Hanihara, The University University Institute of Advanced • Hiroaki Kakizawa, Hokkaido of Tokyo Studies University • Shizuka Hashimoto, Kyoto • Shuzo Nishioka, National Insti- • Satoshi Kameyama, National In- University tute for Environmental Studies stitute for Environmental Studies • Naoki Hayashi, Yokohama Na- • Hiroki Oikawa, Yokohama Na- • Masami Kaneko, Rakuno tional University tional University Gakuen University • Shinji Hayashi, Association for • Satoru Okubo, The University of • Tetsuya Kondo, Hokkaido Uni- Shore Environment Creation Tokyo versity • Yuko Honda, Chiba Biodiversity • Toshiya Okuro, The University • Yasuo Konno, Obihiro University Center of Tokyo of Agriculture and Veterinary • Kaoru Ichikawa, United Nations • Hiroto Oura, The University of Medicine University Institute of Advanced Tokyo • Tsutomu Mano, Hokkaido Re- Studies • Kae Oyama, Chukyo University search Organization • Makoto Inoue, The University of • Osamu Saito, Waseda University • Hajime Matsushima, Hokkaido Tokyo • Hideaki Shibata, Hokkaido University • Hiroshi Isozaki, Sophia Univer- University • Taisuke Miyauchi, Hokkaido sity • Takeharu Shumiya, Nature Con- University • Ryohei Kada, Research Institute servation Society of Japan • Junko Morimoto, Hokkaido for Humanity and Nature • Toshimori Takahashi, Utsunomi- University • Shuichi Kito, The University of ya University • Mitsuru Osaki, Hokkaido Uni- Tokyo versity II | Summary for Decision Makers

• Takahiro Sajiki, National Re- • Mio Horiuchi, Kanazawa Uni- • Ryo Tsujimoto, Northwest search Institute of Fisheries Sci- versity Pacific Region Environmental ence, Fisheries Research Agency • Osamu Inamura, Uozu Aquar- Cooperation Center • Takuro Segawa, Asahikawa City ium • Shigeyuki Yamamoto, Toyama Museum • Heiichi Kawabata, Ishikawa Municipal Family Park Zoo • Yasushi Shoji, Hokkaido Uni- Sunrise Industries Creation Orga- • Hiroshi Yashiki, Niigata Prefec- versity nization/Kanazawa University ture Omi Syonen no Ie • Atsushi Shoji, National Agricul- • Kihachiro Kikuzawa, Ishikawa • Hiroshi Yoshida, Kanazawa tural Research Center for Hok- Prefectural University University kaido Region • Kohei Koyama, Ishikawa Prefec- • Mitsuru Yoneda, Hokkoku Shin- • Shiro Takayanagi, Hokkaido tural University bun/ Toyama Shinbun Research Organization • Eiji Kumazawa, Ishikawa Na- • Osamu Tsuji, Obihiro University tional College of Technology Kanto-Chubu Cluster of Agriculture and Veterinary • Noriko Kusamitsu, Environmen- Medicine tal Pollution Research & Analysis • Yasuhiro Hasegawa, Nagoya • Hisashi Yanagawa, Obihiro Center Co., Ltd City University University of Agriculture and • Anne McDonald, UNU-IAS Op- • Shinji Hayashi, Association for Veterinary Medicine erating Unit Ishikawa/Kanazawa Shore Environment Creation/ • Yusuke Yoshida, Hokkaido • Yasuo Matano, Noto Marine University of Human Arts and University Center Sciences • Masayuki Mikage, Kanazawa • Yuko Honda, Chiba Biodiversity Tohoku Cluster University Center • Shunichi Mitsuhashi, Ishikawa • Shoichiro Inoue, Ise Mikawa • Yoshihiko Hirabuki, Tohoku Forest Association Biosphere Network Gakuin University • Masahiro Nagano, Echigo-Mat- • Akiko Ishizaki, Pacific Consul- • Takaaki Koganezawa, Miyagi sunoyama Museum of Natural tants, Co., Ltd. University of Education Science • Tetsuya Kitazawa, Chiba Biodi- • Yoshinao Miyake, Hawaii Uni- • Koji Nakamura, Kanazawa versity Center versity University • Ryo Kohsaka, Nagoya City • Tohru Nakashizuka, Tohoku • Atsushi Ohwaki, Echigo-Mat- University University sunoyama Museum of Natural • Toshihiko Nakamura, Natural • Kiyoshi Saijo, Miyagi University Science History Museum and Institute, of Education • Tetsu Sato, Nagano University Chiba • Tetsuya Sasaki, Yagiyama-Mina- • Naoki Shioguchi, Japan Agricul- • Hideaki Nomura, University of mi Elementary School tural Cooperative Ishikawa Tokyo • Tohru Sasaki, Tohoku University/ • Reikichi Tachibana, Council for • Hisako Ogura, Chiba Prefectural Ishinomaki Senshu University the Protection of Cultural Prop- Environmental Research Center erties, Ishikawa Prefecture • Tatsuhiro Ohkubo, Utsunomiya Hokushinetsu Cluster • Masaki Takagi, Botanical Society University of Ishikawa • Toshiya Ohkuro, University of • Yuko Chiba, Former UNU-IAS • Shinichi Takemura, Komatsu City Tokyo Operating Unit Ishikawa/Ka- • Hiroshi Tanemoto, Ishikawa • Satoru Sadohara, Yokohama nazawa Organization for Agricultural National University • Tetsu Daimon, Ishikawa-ken His- Person • Yuki Sanpei, National Institute tory Museum • Genki Terauchi, Northwest for Environmental Studies • Norio Fuji, Kanazawa Universi- Pacific Region Environmental • Yuichi Sato, Yokohama National ty/ Kanazawa Gakuin University Cooperation Center University Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | III

• Toshimori Takahashi, Utsunomi- • Keiko Kuroda, Forestry and For- • Michio Tsutsumi, National ya University est Products Research Institute Agricultural Research Center for • Takahiro Tanaka, Hiroshima • Kyushu Regional Forest Office Western Region University • Masayoshi Maehata, Lake Biwa • Noboru Ueno, University of • Kazuko Yamaguchi, Pacific Con- Museum Miyazaki sultants, Co., Ltd. • Atsushi Makino, Lake Biwa • Toshikazu Urade, Osaka Prefec- • Miho Yamamoto, Utsunomiya Museum ture University University • Tohru Manabe, Kitakyushu • Atsushi Yamaba, Hiroshima • Masahiko Yoshida, Chiba Pre- Museum of Natural History & Prefectural Technology Research fecture Human History Institute • Masanori Masuda • Takakazu Yumoto, Research In- Western Japan Cluster • Taiki Masui, Tottori University/ stitute for Humanity and Nature PREC Institute Inc. • Tomoya Akimichi, Research In- • Tomoyuki Miura, University of Western Japan Cluster – stitute for Humanity and Nature Miyazaki Seto Inland Sea Group • Yasuyuki Aono, Osaka Prefec- • Yukihiro Morimoto, Kyoto Uni- ture University versity / Japan Association for • Akinori Ebara, Kansei Gakuin • Katsue Fukamachi, Kyoto Uni- Landscape Ecology University versity • Ryota Nagasawa, Tottori Uni- • Ichiro Imai, Hokkaido University • Kiyoto Fukudome, Former Aya versity • Yoshio Inouchi, Waseda Uni- Town Hall • Yosihiro Natuhara, Nagoya versity • Ichiro Fujikake, University of University • Junichiro Ishikawa, The Associa- Miyazaki • Junichi Ogura, Kyoto Seika tion for the Environmental Con- • Michiro Fujihara, University of University servation of The Seto Inland Sea Hyogo • Masahiko Ohsawa, University of • Etsuo Kobayashi, The Research • Mikoko Gouda, Teruha Forest Malaya Institute for the Seto Inland Sea/ Association • Kenichi Ohshima, Aya Town Hall Hyogo Environmetal Adavanced • Kenji Haji, Aya Fisheries coop- • Yoko Ohta, Open Network for Association erative Nature Conservation/Akiyoshi- • Osamu Matsuda, The Research • Yumiko Hayashi, Teruha Forest dai Museum of Natural History Institute for the Seto Inland Sea/ Association • Keiichi Oku, Forestry and Forest Hiroshima University • Masahito Inoue, The Shimane Products Research Institute • Toshinobu Terawaki, National Nature Museum of Mt. Sanbe • Morio Sakamoto, Teruha Forest Research Institute of Fisheries • Ayumi Imanishi, Kyoto Univer- Association Science sity • Shozo Shibata, Kyoto University • Tsunekazu Toda, Hiroshima • Junichi Imanishi, Kyoto Univer- • Takafumi Shibata, Ministry of University sity Agriculture, Forestry and Fisher- • Masahiro Tsuchioka, Hyogo • Tatsuya Ishida, Teruha Forest ies Prefeture Association • Katsunobu Shirakawa, Natural • Shinichi Ue, Hiroshima University • Keitaro Ito, Kyushu Institute of Museum of Geihoku • Masao Ukita, Yamaguchi Uni- Technology • Takeharu Shumiya, The Nature versity • Satoshi Ito, University of Mi- Conservation Society of Japan • Yoh Yamashita, Kyoto University yazaki • Misako Souma, Teruha Forest • Tetsuo Yanagi, Kyushu University • Mahito Kamata, The University Association • Ichiro Yuasa, Advanced Indus- of Tokushima • Yoshitaka Takahashi, National trial Science and Technology • Shingo Kaneko, Kyoto University Agricultural Research Center for • Hiromu Zenitani, Toyama Pre- • Kozo Kawano, Aya Town Hall Western Region / Aso Grassland fectural Agricultural, Forestry & Restoration Committee Fisheries Research Center IV | Summary for Decision Makers

Appendix B

Acronyms, Abbreviations, Figures, and Tables

Acronyms and Abbreviations Figures

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity Figure 1 Clustering of JSSA ...... 9 COP-10 Tenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties Figure 2 Conceptual framework of JSSA ...... 10 to the Convention on Biological Diversity Figure 3 Interlinkage analysis for JSSA ...... 11 COP-MOP 5 Fifth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties Figure 4 Concept and characteristics of satoyama 13 serving as the Meeting of the Parties Figure 5 Concept and characteristics of satoumi 14 CR Critically endangered Figure 6 Farm household population 17 EW Extinct in the wild Figure 7 Drivers of decline in endangered species . . . . 22 EX Extinct Figure 8 Species extinction rates of vascular plants . . . . 22 IICRC Ishikawa International Cooperation Research Figure 9 The relations between natural environment and Centre health in physical (a) and mental (b). 23 IPBES Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Figure 10 Aspiration for spiritual richness vs. material Ecosystem Services richness (1972-1999) ...... 23 IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Figure 11 Positioning and characteristics of JSSA Japan Satoyama Satoumi Assessment four scenarios in JSSA 28 MA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Figure 12 Global Environmental Citizens ...... 29 NGO Non-governmental organisation Figure 13 Global Technotopia 29 NPO Non-profit organisation Figure 14 Techno Introvert ...... 30 PE Possibly extinct Figure 15 Satoyama Satoumi Renaissance ...... 30 RDB Red Data Book SGA sub-global assessment Tables UN United Nations UNU-IAS United Nations University Institute of Advanced Table 1 Changes in ecosystem services and Studies direct drivers ...... 19-20 Table 2 Responses that are relatively effective in Chemical Symbols satoyama and satoumi 27 Table 3 Changes in ecosystem services under scenarios 33

NOx Nitrogen oxides

SOX Sulfur oxides Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-being | V

Condensed Overview (complete explanation p. 34-36)

Key Key Findings Recommendations

Mosaic Composition TAKE A Satoyama-Satoumi APPROACH 1 The critical feature of satoyama and satoumi 1 Develop policies that take a satoyama-satoumi landscapes is the mosaic composition of different approach in managing biodiversity and ecosystem ecosystem types that are managed by humans to produce a services. This approach recognises the mosaic composition of bundle of ecosystem services for human well-being. ecosystem types and their inherent interlinkages.

Drop in Resiliency Decentralised Decision-Making 2 Satoyama and satoumi have undergone significant 2 The design of new institutions under the lens of changes over the last fifty years which have caused landscape governance that can manage both public a drop in the resiliency of the coupled socio-ecological pro- and private lands is needed to govern the new “commons”, duction systems to provide a sustainable supply of ecosys- allowing decentralised decision making on the use of land tem services. and water bodies within a mosaic structure of different ecosystem types. Consequences for Humans and 3 Biodiversity Equitable Access and Use C ontinued loss of satoyama and satoumi landscapes 3 Design institutions that complement the institu- has important and potentially negative consequences for hu- tions of the new “commons”, which ensure the man well-being and biodiversity. There is, however, still a need equitable access and use of ecosystem services provided by for more research on satoyama and satoumi and the contribu- satoyama and satoumi. tion they might have in the future for human well-being. ten-year research programme Integrated Interventions 4 A ten-year research programme be established Unconnected and piecemeal approaches to address with adequate funding and human resources to 4 biodiversity change and to protect environmental gain better understanding of the dynamics of satoyama resources have had only limited success. Integrated ap- and satoumi ecosystems, their linkages, and their relation- proaches including citizen participation have been used ship with human well-being and biodiversity, which can increasingly over the past ten years and show potential for provide inputs to international assessment processes like the reducing biodiversity loss and maintaining sustainable flows Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the of ecosystem services. potential new Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). New “Commons” Critical to the success of a more integrated and Assessments with a wide scope 5 holistic approach to ecosystem management is 5 Comprehensive, integrated assessments of poten- creation of a new “commons,” understood as a system of tial satoyama and satoumi ecosystems across a co-management of ecosystem services and biodiversity with- number of developing and developed countries be initiated in private and public land, and as a single system to produce to establish baselines on ecosystem services, and to form an a bundle of ecosystem services for direct and indirect use epistemic community of scholars and practitioners within by society. The new “commons” could provide the basis for and across countries who can continue to study and provide sustainable development in both developing and developed guidance to policy-makers on satoyama and satoumi land- countries. scapes. The JSSA is an experimental exercise for “I think satoyama landscape is a very current concept, be- Japanese society that includes local sci- cause increasingly the global community has been sensitised entists, policy-makers, and practitioners, to the linkage between ecosystem services and human well- among others. In order to create a plat- being. If you look at the ecosystem services that satoyama form for translating scientific knowledge and satoyama like landscapes provide, satoyama is a very into policy and relevant actions at the local timely concept to be advanced in today’s increasingly urban- and national levels, it attempts to provide ized world.” relevant information and useful models for ecosystem capacity assessment. A. H. Zakri, Science Advisor to the Government of Malaysia (Interview conducted at the Asia Pacific Regional Workshop on the Sa- We hope that the JSSA is a useful vehicle toyama Initiative concept, 1-3 October, 2009, Penang, Malaysia) through its findings for stakeholders at- tempting to promote sustainable development. It is also hoped that the outcome of “Satoyama accounts for approximately 60% of Ishikawa the JSSA will be a base for future scientific Prefecture’s land. A number of spectacular satoyama areas activities that contribute to improving deci- still remain in Ishikawa Prefecture. I believe that satoyama, sions and actions affecting ecosystems and as a model of coexistence between humans and nature, is human well-being for future generations. a precious heritage for people in Ishikawa, Japan, and over the world, and it should be passed down to future generations.”

Masanori Tanimoto, Governor of Ishikawa Prefecture (Statement at the CBD/COP9 Side Event, 28 May 2008 in Bonn)