SOCIOECONOMIC RESEARCH & MONITORING KEYS NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY

Dr. Vernon R. (Bob) Leeworthy Leader, Coastal and Ocean Resource Economics Program NOAA/NOS/Special Projects – N/MB7 1305 East West Highway, SSMC4, 9th floor Silver Spring, MD 20910 (301) 713-3000 ext. 138 [email protected] http://marineeconomics.noaa.gov

1. 1995-96 Study on Recreation-Tourism “Linking the Economy and Environment of the /”

• Serves as the Census of outdoor recreation and tourism in Florida Keys (approximately every 10 years). • Surveys of both residents of Monroe County and visitors to Monroe County. • Detailed estimates of recreation activity use by type of user (resident vs visitor); region of use (Upper, Middle, Lower Keys and ); mode of access (shore modes and boat modes, boat modes broken-down into private boat, rental boat and for hire/guide boats, i.e. charter, or party/head boats); for visitors by season (summer and winter)—annual estimates for residents. Measures: Number of participants and person-days of activity. • Economic Impact or Contribution to Local Economy (expenditures, sales/output, income and employment, including multiplier impacts) • Nonmarket economic use value (consumer’s surplus – amount people are willing to pay above and beyond what is required to pay to consume a good or service). Visitors only. • Importance-satisfaction ratings for 25 natural resource attributes, facilities and services (e.g., amount of living coral on the reefs, mooring buoys near coral reefs, service and friendliness of the people). 1995-96 Study on Recreation-Tourism (continued)

• Socioeconomic Profiles (Place of residence, age, sex, race/ethnicity, Household income, type of household, party size, party type, number of children, education level, employment status, and disabilities) • Annual number of visits, annual number of days of visitation, length of stay per visit. • Special issue questions: primary purpose of trip, special events attendance, return trips, second home ownership, use of own boat in Keys, use of AM radio stations for information about Keys, environmental behavior/concern index. • NOT DESIGNED TO BE REEF USE SPECIFIC. • Currently in process of planning ten-year replication of study. 2. 2000-2001 “Socioeconomic Study of Reefs in Southeast, Florida”

• Geographic Scope: Palm Beach, Broward, -Dade and Monroe Counties (Monroe County—FKNMS) • Reef Types: Artificial and Natural • User Type: Resident and nonresident boaters of each county (separate surveys). Also survey of General Visitors to each county. • Use estimates by county; type of reef (artificial or natural); type of user (resident or visitor to county); type of activity (fishing, , , and viewing-- including glass-bottom boat rides); for visitors by season (summer and winter) and for residents, annual estimates. • Measures of Use: Person-days of use. For visitors, also person-trips. • Economic Impact or Contribution to Local County Economies (e.g. expenditures, sales/output, value added, income and employment). This is done for each county, by type of user (resident vs. visitor) and by type of reef (artificial or natural). • Nonmarket economic use value (consumer’s surplus – amount people are willing to pay above and beyond what is required to pay to consume a good or service). This was done by county, by type of user and type of reef (existing artificial, existing natural and new artificial) and by type of activity (fishing, snorkeling and scuba diving).

2000-2001 “Socioeconomic Study of Reefs in Southeast, Florida” (continued)

• Socioeconomic Profiles of reef users (place of residence, sex, age, race/ethnicity, household income, years boating in Southeast Florida, Length of boat, and membership in fishing or diving clubs. • Attitudes of Resident Reef Users on No-take Areas (existing areas in FKNMS, new areas off their county of residence, new areas in other study area counties and percent of natural reefs in their county of residence that should be protected by no- take areas). For Monroe County residents, additional areas with no-take protection. • For FKNMS several additional issues were addressed: Five-year replication of Importance-Satisfaction ratings and estimates of use in no-take areas (18 Sanctuary Preservation Areas and the Sambos Ecological Reserve. The Tortugas Ecological Reserve was still going through a public process of being established. For four topic areas (diversity, abundance, amount of living coral, and water clarity) five-year changes in socioeconomic and ecological measures were compared. • This study was extended to Martin County, Florida in 2003-2004. • Currently the State of Florida and seven west central and southwestern Florida counties have a scope of work out for competitive bid to extend the study. 3. U.S.S. Spiegel Grove (2001-2002 and 2002-2003)

• Test if introduction of an artificial reef in a natural reef environment would reduce pressure (use) on surrounding natural reefs. • Win-Win. Total use increased with increases in total dive shop business and increase in local economy (sales/output, income and employment), while usage on surrounding natural reefs declined. • Artificial reefs can be used to expand carrying capacity.

4. Recreational Spiny Lobster (2001)

• Annual survey for estimating catch and effort since 1992 (Florida Marine Research Institute-FMRI, now the Fish and Wildlife Research Institute-FWRI). • Two Seasons: Two-day Sport Season and Regular Season • Socioeconomic add-ons to survey in 1992 and 2001. • Economic Impact or Contribution to Monroe County economy (expenditures, sales/output, income and employment) by season. • Willingness to pay for changes in bag limits. Commercial Fishing

1. Baseline Economic Impact – Monroe County – 1995-96

• Study done at University of under contract to Monroe County Commercial Fishermen. Thomas J. Murray one of the authors now at Virginia Institute for Marine Sciences (VIMS). • Harvest revenues marked-up for wholesale, retail and restaurant and estimated sales/output, income and employment.

2. Commercial Fishing Panels - 1998 to Present

• Panels created to monitor impact of no-take areas. • Four panels: 1) Marine life collectors, 2) Fishermen displaced from the Sambos Ecological Reserve, 3) Tortugas fishermen and 4) Monroe County fishermen that did not fish in the no-take areas (control panel). • Monitor catch, distribution of catch and financial performance (costs & earnings) on an annual basis. • Monitor regional trends in catch, economy, regulations and environment. • Socioeconomic profiles of panel members and investment in fisheries. • Data collection for year seven has begun. Contract for year eight soon to be in process. Commercial Fishing (continued)

3. Tortugas 2000 – Baseline to support effort to create the Tortugas Ecological Reserve

• Mapped catch for 1,020 nautical square mile study area by species/species groups (spiny lobster, reef fish, shrimp and king mackerel). • Mapped in 1-minute by 1-minute cells or 1 nautical square mile cells. • All data placed in geographic information system (GIS) for analysis of no-take reserve alternatives. • Economic models developed in Excel Workbook to estimate socioeconomic impacts. • Economic measures included: ex vessel value (total revenue to fishermen), wholesale value/processing value, retail value, restaurant value and economic impact (total output, income and employment) to Monroe, Lee and Collier Counties. • Other economic measures included: consumer’s surplus (losses to consumers based on increase in prices and return to labor and capital. • Socioeconomic Profiles of Fishermen (age, years fishing in Monroe, years fishing in Tortugas, race/ethnicity, membership in organizations, occupation (full or part- time), percent of income from fishing, percent of income from Tortugas, family members supported, primary hauling port, and fish house uses. • Costs and earnings and investment in fishing also obtained. Commercial Fishing (continued)

4. Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of Sanctuary Management Strategies and Regulations – Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

• 1995-96 Sea Grant Study (Milon, Suman, Shivlani and Cochran – University of Miami and University of Florida). • Three User Groups: Commercial fishermen, Dive Shop Owners/Operators and members of local environmental groups. • 2005-06 Replication of Study – Study is currently underway. Thomas J. Murray and Associates and Dan Suman and Manoj Shivlani from University of Miami.

5. Tortugas 2000 – “A Post Mortem Evaluation of Actual versus Projected Socioeconomic Impacts of the Tortugas Ecological Reserve”

• NOAA Fisheries Marine Fisheries Initiative (MARFIN) Project by Thomas J. Murray and Associates and Manoj Shivlani (University of Miami). • Also included year six data collection for the Commercial Fishing Panels. • Draft report currently available. Current and Future Efforts - Attempting to Integrate

1. Florida Reef Resiliency Program 2. Ten-year Replication of Recreation-Tourism Study in Florida Keys (includes elements of 2000-2001 reef study). 3. NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Projects • Tortugas Ecological Reserve: Integrated Assessment • Ecosystems: Societal Values, Preferences, and Policy/Management • Both of these projects are being led by Dr. David Loomis at the University of MA-Amherst, Human Dimensions Program. 4. Socioeconomic Impact of Climate Change on Reef in FKNMS • NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program is funding Australian economist, Hans Hoegh-Guldberg, to extend his study of the to the reefs in the FKNMS. 5. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative • State of Florida is conducting study on reefs starting from the northern boundary of north through Martin County, Florida.