Gorta: Bulwer’s influx in Tasman Sea 145 INFLUX OF THE PANTROPICAL BULWER’S PETREL BULWERII INTO THE TASMAN SEA

SIMON B. Z. GORTA

Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia ([email protected])

Received 03 November 2020, accepted 13 December 2020

ABSTRACT

GORTA, S.B.Z. 2021. Southern influx of the pantropical Bulwer’s Petrel Bulweria bulwerii into the Tasman Sea. Marine Ornithology 49: 145–150.

Seabirds exploit marine habitats for resources, responding to many complex environmental signals that ultimately drive their distributions. Occasionally, influxes of to regions outside their normal range occur and determining the drivers of these patterns can aid in understanding their ecology and their conservation. I documented five birdwatching observations of Bulwer’s Petrel Bulweria bulwerii in the Tasman Sea between 24 January and 08 March 2020, roughly 2 000 km south of their core range. Based on demographic, environmental, and anecdotal observations of , cetaceans, and bait fish, I suggest that the influx was most likely resource-driven, rather than accidental, age-related, or directly linked to adverse weather. Increasingly frequent observations of Bulwer’s Petrel off eastern Australia may also indicate a southward distributional shift in this pantropical seabird, and monitoring of this potential shift will depend on the documentation of further observations.

Key words: , seabird, vagrant, extralimital, East Australian Current, tropicalisation, marine productivity

INTRODUCTION Marine areas are inherently difficult to survey, so most of the unusual influxes of seabirds that have been documented are from Seabirds represent a diverse and functionally important group nearshore or beach-washed records; therefore, counts are likely to of predators in marine ecosystems and spend most of their underestimate the number of involved. Influxes are also often lives at sea. When at sea, their movements are associated associated with severe storms that can drive seabirds close to or with environmental and biological factors. Following resources, onto shore where they can be more readily observed. For example, seabirds can exploit regions that have high marine productivity large wrecks of southern seabirds normally found in subantarctic relative to the surrounding ocean (e.g., frontal or upwelling zones; latitudes, including Aphrodroma brevirostris and Cox et al. 2018), as well as areas with high commercial fishing Blue Petrel Halobaena caerulea, were recorded on the beaches activity (e.g., Oro et al. 2004; Bartumeus et al. 2010). These of southern Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa in winter movements can also be associated with environmental variables of 1984 (Brown et al. 1986, Powelsland 1986, Ryan et al. 1989). such as sea-surface temperature (SST), primary productivity, and These events were directly associated with storms that brought the wind (e.g., Pakhomov & McQuaid 1996, Quillfeldt et al. 2015, birds ashore, but in New Zealand and South Africa, the birds were De Pascalis et al. 2020). Meteorological disturbances such as also observed at sea beforehand, indicating that they may have low-pressure systems can lead to avoidance behaviour in some been driven into these areas by other factors, such as food resource species (Weimerskirch & Prudor 2019), as well as displacement limitations associated with shifts in broad-scale meteorological from their normal range. Warming SSTs and shifting productivity processes (Ryan et al. 1989, Duffy 1990). In another example, caused by climate change are associated with tropicalisation unprecedented numbers of Brown Booby Sula leucogaster were (poleward shifts in taxon distributions, community composition, observed in waters off the northeastern USA in 2018, although the and function; Vergés et al. 2014), which may also be happening in cause of this influx was not determined (Ramírez-Garofalo 2019). some seabird communities (e.g., Gorta et al. 2019). Many species Recording these events is important, as they can provide insights also perform annual migrations and disperse seasonally to distinct into movement patterns and changes in seabird distributions, which marine regions (e.g., breeding and non-breeding distributions as can aid our ability to understand and conserve these species and in Rayner et al. 2011), though tracking of breeding adults does their ecosystems. not capture the annual movements of all birds within a population (see Priddel et al. 2014). Movements in response to resources Here, I describe an unprecedented influx of Bulwer’s Petrel and migrations can differ within species among age classes, with Bulweria bulwerii into the Tasman Sea off southeastern Australia, younger, less experienced birds often foraging in less productive based on a series of birdwatching observations and records of marine regions than adults (Péron & Grémillet 2013, Fayet et al. birds in care during January–March 2020. Bulwer’s are 2015, Grecian et al. 2018). Explanations for seabirds occurring abundant and pantropically distributed across the Atlantic, Indian, in extralimital regions can be complex but can provide valuable and Pacific oceans, but have occasionally been observed north insights into seabird ecology, particularly when these occurrences and south of this region (Megysi & O’Daniel 2020). In Australia, include multiple individuals. this species is commonly found off the northwestern coast (GBIF

Marine Ornithology 49: 145–150 (2021) 146 Gorta: Bulwer’s Petrel influx in Tasman Sea

2020) and has been recorded several times in the Coral Sea (e.g., Environmental conditions varied among records; however, ocean Cheshire 1989), including some recent records around 28°S salinity was fairly constant for all records for which it could be (Stewart 2018, 2020; McGovern 2020). There are also records of measured (Table 1). vagrants from southwestern Victoria (e.g., Carter & Reid 1989, Schultz 1992) and southwestern Western Australia (Palliser 2018). On 24 January 2020, a single birdwatcher reported a Bulwer’s Petrel A beach-washed specimen from the Cook Strait, New Zealand, in flying south among foraging Wedge-tailed Ardenna January 1998 represents the only prior record from the Tasman pacifica from North Head, Manly in Sydney (Table 1). No rainy Sea (Medway 2001). weather or strong winds were reported on the day of this observation, although a maximum wind gust of 54 km/h from the north-northwest RESULTS (i.e., offshore) occurred within the 24 hours before the observation was made (Table 1). No photographs were taken, and this report had Bulwer’s Petrel records not been submitted to NSWORAC at the time of publication.

Five reports of Bulwer’s Petrel were made by birdwatchers in the On 28 January 2020, a Bulwer’s Petrel was found on the balcony of western Tasman Sea between 24 January and 08 March 2020. These the Cronulla Returned Services League (RSL) Club in southeastern included photographs of two birds found ashore but later released, Sydney and taken into care (Table 1; Fig. 1). Strong winds from the one photographed at sea, and two sight records from land, all south-southwest the night before may have exhausted the bird and in southeastern Australia. All records except one were accepted by driven it to land (Table 1). The bird remained in care supervised the New South Wales Ornithological Records Appraisal Committee by L. Smith of the Southern Ocean Seabird Study Association (NSWORAC; Table 1, Appendix 1, available on the website). (http://www.sossa-international.org/) and others until it was flown

TABLE 1 Bulwer’s Petrel Bulweria bulwerii records from the Tasman Sea within New South Wales (NSW) and the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) for January– March 2020 Sea-surface Wind Maritime Salinity Depth Date Location temperature (km/h Summaryd jurisdiction (PSU)a (m)c (±1 °C)a direction)b 24 Jan 2020 NSW Coastal waters off 23 11 SE 35.5 10–20 Sight record by one observer from North Head, Manly (54 NNW) land of a single bird flying south (33°49′S, 151°19′E) among foraging Wedge-tailed Shearwaters. Not reviewed by NSWORAC. 28 Jan 2020 NSW Ashore at Cronulla 23 15 SSW 35.6 Ashore Single bird found on the balcony RSL Club, Cronulla (63 SSW) of the Cronulla RSL Club, taken (34°03′S, 151°09′E) into care and photographed. Later released off Darwin on 14 Feb 2020. Accepted by NSWORAC. 29 Jan 2020 NSW Coastal waters off 24 17 SSE 35.5 10–20 Sight record by three observers Mistral Point, Maroubra (39 S) from land of a single bird observed (33°56.5′S, 151°16.0′E) flying south among foraging Wedge- tailed Shearwaters. Accepted by NSWORAC. 10 Feb 2020 NSW Ashore at Camden Head 20 35 ENE 35.5 Ashore Single bird ashore taken into (31°38.6′S, 152°50.1′E) (43 ENE) care during a large low-pressure event off the Australian east coast. Photographed and later released at nearby Perpendicular Point on 11 Feb 2020. Accepted by NSWORAC. 08 Mar 2020 Australian At sea 315 km east 26 46 S N/A 4961 Single bird photographed and EEZ of Sydney (N/A) flushed off the water while resting (34°03′S, 154°40′E) with Grey-faced Petrels at sea. Accepted by NSWORAC. a Sourced from the Integrated Marine Observing System (https://portal.aodn.org.au/); PSU = practical salinity units b Sourced from the Bureau of Meteorology (http://www.bom.gov.au/). Nearshore/shore observations provided are the wind speed/ direction, along with the strongest gust in the 24 hours before the observation (parentheses). N/A = not available. c Source: Amante & Eakins 2009 d NSWORAC = New South Wales Ornithological Records Appraisal Committee

Marine Ornithology 49: 145–150 (2021) Gorta: Bulwer’s Petrel influx in Tasman Sea 147 to Darwin, where it was released on 14 February 2020 (Lilleyman had occurred within the previous 24 hours, indicating moderate 2020). During its time in care, measurements, multiple photographs onshore or parallel-to-shore winds leading up to the observation (Fig. 1; Appendix 1), and a blood sample were obtained. All (Table 1). feathers appeared fresh and no moult was evident, indicating that it was likely a first-year bird, fledged in the 2019 northern summer On the evening of 10 February 2020, an exhausted Bulwer’s (Fig. 1; Appendix 1). Petrel was delivered to P. West (Hastings Birdwatchers, http:// www.hastingsbirdwatchers.org.au/) at Camden Head on the Mid The next day (29 January 2020), three birdwatchers on land North Coast region of New South Wales before being released observed a Bulwer’s Petrel flying south among a stream of hundreds nearby the following day at Perpendicular Point (Table 1). This of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters from Mistral Point, Maroubra in record was associated with a low-pressure system off the eastern Sydney (Table 1; Appendix 1). Conditions were relatively calm with coast of Australia, which produced moderate to strong winds that no rain, although a maximum wind gust of 39 km/h from the south were predominantly easterly to northeasterly, reaching 35 km/h

Fig . 1 . Photographs of three of the five Bulwer’s Petrel Bulweria bulwerii recorded in the Tasman Sea in early 2020. (a, b) A first-year bird was found on 28 January in Cronulla, pictured resting on a carer’s hand and with wings outstretched to show a subtle pale ulnar bar and fresh, same-age wing feathers (photographs by G. Barwell). (c, d) Another bird was found on 10 February at Camden Head; its older age-class than the Cronulla bird is evidenced by obvious primary and secondary moult (see Appendix 2; photographs and film by P. West). (e, f) The last bird was observed at sea 315 km east of Sydney on 08 March (photographs by S.N.G. Howell). It was also of an older age-class than the Cronulla bird and showed a diagnostic pale ulnar bar (e), along with late-stage primary moult and small size compared to a Grey-faced Petrel Pterodroma gouldi (f).

Marine Ornithology 49: 145–150 (2021) 148 Gorta: Bulwer’s Petrel influx in Tasman Sea the day the petrel was found and 43 km/h the day prior (Table 1). the 2020 influx, five separate records were documented over Along with the winds, a total of 371.8 mm of rain fell between 44 days, including four in an 18-day period, and spanned roughly 06 and 13 February, including 142.2 mm on 09 February alone, 300 km2. Four of the observations occurred around 34°S, which the day before the petrel was found. The bird was photographed coincides with the latitude of Sydney, a major city with more (Appendix 1; Fig. 1) and filmed upon release (Appendix 2). potential observers than elsewhere along the New South Wales Notably, this individual was undergoing both primary and secondary coast. Furthermore, non-breeding Bulwer’s Petrels in the southern moult, indicating that it was of an older age-class than the Cronulla Atlantic Ocean show predominantly nocturnal flight at latitudes individual (Fig. 1; Appendix 2). south of 20°S, and this species often occupies offshore pelagic and continental slope regions (Rodríguez et al. 2013, Dias et al. Almost a month after the Camden Head record, one Bulwer’s Petrel 2015, Ramos et al. 2015), which would make observations difficult was photographed at sea by S.N.G. Howell roughly 315 km east of for birdwatchers, particularly from land. As such, it is possible Sydney on 08 March 2020 (Table 1; Fig. 1). The bird was loosely that more individuals were present than reported, and that the associated with a group of Grey-faced Petrels Pterodroma gouldi in spatial and temporal distribution of the five records indicate this strong southerly winds and large swell (Fig. 1). This individual was event was an influx of Bulwer’s Petrel into the Tasman Sea, rather also undergoing primary moult, indicating it too was of an older than coincidental or accidental occurrence of vagrant individuals age-class than the Cronulla bird. independent of each other.

Other observations Based on the observed absence or presence of moult, the influx also involved at least two distinct generations: a first-year individual that Seabirds and cetaceans were observed feeding on abundant large likely fledged in mid-2019 and two older immature or adult birds. balls of bait fish (including blue mackerel Scomber australasicus) The other two birds were not observed well enough to age. Age- at the sea surface off Maroubra, Sydney during 44.5 hours of land- related patterns in dispersal from breeding grounds and foraging based observations from 28 January to 20 February 2020. During distribution are poorly known for Bulwer’s Petrel (Megysi & this period, three of the five Bulwer’s Petrel observations were O’Daniel 2020); in other seabirds, these patterns can differ with age made. Seabird species observed feeding on these bait balls included (Péron & Grémillet 2013, Fayet et al. 2015, Grecian et al. 2018). common shoreline and largely coast-restricted species such as However, both first-year and more mature birds were observed, Silver Gull Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae and Greater Crested providing little support for the notion that extralimital juvenile Tern Thalasseus bergii, as well as more pelagic seabirds: Pomarine dispersal was accidental. The blood sample from the Cronulla bird Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus, Parasitic Jaeger S. parasiticus, Sooty has been stored at the Australian Museum, but in the absence of Tern Onychoprion fuscatus, White Tern Gygis alba, Australasian prior work genetically differentiating Bulwer’s Petrel populations, Gannet Morus serrator, Wedge-tailed (numbering analysis was not undertaken. Thus, the breeding location of this >1 000 on some occasions and the most abundant in attendance), bird (and potentially most or all of the birds involved in this influx) Flesh-footed Shearwater A. carneipes, Fluttering Shearwater will remain unknown, though geographically, they are likely from gavia, Streaked Shearwater Calonectris leucomelas, and a colony or colonies in the northwestern or central Pacific Ocean White-necked Petrel Pterodroma cervicalis. Furthermore, a number (e.g., the Ogasawara Islands roughly 6 500 km north of Sydney), of cetaceans were also observed feeding, included four large which is within the migration distance recorded in the Atlantic unidentified Balaenoptera whales, short-beaked common dolphin (Ramos et al. 2015). Delphinus delphis (including two pods of over 100 individuals), Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin Tursiops aduncus (pods of up to In the absence of severe weather conditions to displace these birds 10 individuals), and false killer whales Pseudorca crassidens (one southwards from their usual range (e.g., a tropical cyclone that pod of six individuals). moved south from the Coral Sea to the Tasman Sea, as in Roderick & Richardson (2013) and Tapim (2013)), high resource availability DISCUSSION is most likely to have attracted and sustained the petrels in the Tasman Sea. Like the widespread northerly influx of southern Though there has been a recent increase in the number Bulwer’s seabirds in 1984 (Ryan et al. 1989, Duffy 1990), local weather Petrels sighted in the southern Coral Sea (Tapim 2013; Stewart conditions may have increased visibility of this influx, but these 2018, 2020; McGovern 2020), the southern limit of their core conditions cannot directly explain the presence of Bulwer’s Petrel range is understood to be the northern Coral Sea (Cheshire 1989, beforehand in the region. Older and more experienced seabirds Menkhorst et al. 2017). The five observations described were made often exploit regions with higher resource reward than younger ~2 000 km south of this region. These observations represent the birds in many seabird species (Péron & Grémillet 2013, Fayet et al. second to sixth records of Bulwer’s Petrel in the Tasman Sea and 2015, Grecian et al. 2018), and non-breeding adult Bulwer’s Petrels the first records within the coastal waters of New South Wales and in the Atlantic travel from their breeding grounds at 38°N to 20°S inside Australia’s Exclusive Economic Zone in the Tasman Sea. in pursuit of productive foraging grounds (Ramos et al. 2015). The For the five observations reported here, I have relied on written presence of moulting (older) Bulwer’s Petrel during the 2020 influx descriptions, photographs, video footage of the birds, and the and coincident land-based observations of various coastal and environmental conditions surrounding the sightings to infer both the pelagic avian and mammalian marine predators foraging in the area, potential scale and cause of this influx. among which two Bulwer’s Petrel were observed, lends support to the theory that this influx was resource-driven. Prior records of vagrant Bulwer’s Petrel in the region, including one from the Tasman Sea in New Zealand, have exclusively Observations of Bulwer’s Petrel in the southern Coral Sea involved spatially and temporally isolated individuals (e.g., Carter have been increasing. In 2013, an exhausted individual found & Reid 1989, Schultz 1992, Medway 2001, Palliser 2018). In in Toowoomba, Queensland (west of the southern Coral Sea)

Marine Ornithology 49: 145–150 (2021) Gorta: Bulwer’s Petrel influx in Tasman Sea 149 was associated with Cyclone Oswald, which may have driven DIAS, M.P., ALHO, M., GRANADEIRO, J.P. & CATRY, P. the bird south from tropical northern Australia (Tapim 2013). 2015. Wanderer of the deepest seas: migratory behaviour and Subsequently, pelagic birdwatching trips regularly surveying distribution of the highly pelagic Bulwer’s petrel. Journal of waters east of Southport, Queensland, recorded their first Ornithology 156: 955–962. Bulwer’s Petrel in 2017, followed by records in January and DUFFY, D.C. 1990. Seabirds and the 1982–1984 El Niño- December 2019 (Stewart 2018, 2020; McGovern 2020). Climatic Southern Oscillation. In: GLYNN, P.W. (Ed.) Global Ecological warming of the Tasman Sea is occurring relatively quickly due Consequences of the 1982–83 El Nino—Southern Oscillation. to the strengthening of the East Australian Current, resulting in Elsevier Oceanography Series, volume 52. Amsterdam, The tropicalisation of ecological communities (Vergés et al. 2014), Netherlands: Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/S0422-9894(08)70043-6 potentially including seabirds (Gorta et al. 2019). Increasing GBIF (GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY INFORMATION FACILITY) presence of Bulwer’s Petrel may be part of this shift. Timely 2020. GBIF Occurrence Download. Copenhagen, Denmark: documentation of such phenomena is paramount to understanding Global Biodiversity Information Facility. [Accessed online at the effects of fast-changing environmental conditions in our https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ceq87k on 20 September 2020.] marine ecosystems, and documentation of further observations GORTA, S.B.Z., SMITH, J.A., EVERETT, J.D. ET AL. 2019. over time will be critical to confirm this theory. Pelagic citizen science data reveal declines of seabirds off south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation 235: 226–235. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.007 GRECIAN, W.J., LANE, J.V., MICHELOT, T., WADE, H.M. & I would like to acknowledge the contributions of those who HAMER, K.C. 2018. Understanding the ontogeny of foraging observed, cared for, and documented the five Bulwer’s Petrels behaviour: insights from combining marine predator bio- involved in the 2020 influx, and those who provided media and logging with satellite-derived oceanography in hidden Markov descriptions: M. Ronan (the Manly bird); G. Barwell, M. Cannon, models. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 15: 20180084. V. Mourik, and L. Smith (the Cronulla bird, nicknamed doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0084 “Buggerlugs”); R. Griffin and D. Mitford (the Maroubra bird with FAYET, A.L., FREEMAN, R., SHOJI, A., PADGET, O., PERRINS, SBZG); P. West (the Camden Head bird); and S.N.G. Howell (the C.M. & GUILFORD, T. 2015. Lower foraging efficiency in bird sighted at sea, 315 km east of Sydney). 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