Wednesday, November 10, 2010

Part III

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and ; Review of Native That Are Candidates for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Wildlife and Plants during the period Species-specific information and October 1, 2009, through September 30, materials we receive will be available Fish and Wildlife Service 2010. for public inspection by appointment, We request additional status during normal business hours, at the 50 CFR Part 17 information that may be available for appropriate Regional Office listed below [Docket No. FWS–R9–ES–2010–0065; MO– the 251 candidate species identified in under Request for Information in 9221050083–B2] this CNOR. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. General DATES: We will accept information on information we receive will be available Endangered and Threatened Wildlife any of the species in this Candidate at the Branch of Candidate and Plants; Review of Native Species Notice of Review at any time. Conservation, Arlington, VA (see That Are Candidates for Listing as address above). Endangered or Threatened; Annual ADDRESSES: This notice is available on Candidate Notice of Review Notice of Findings on Resubmitted the Internet at http:// Petitions; Annual Description of www.regulations.gov and http:// Background Progress on Listing Actions www.fws.gov/endangered/what-we-do/ cnor.html. Species assessment forms The Act of 1973, AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, with information and references on a as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) Interior. particular candidate species’ range, (Act), requires that we identify species of wildlife and plants that are ACTION: Notice of review. status, habitat needs, and listing priority assignment are available for review at endangered or threatened, based on the SUMMARY: In this Candidate Notice of the appropriate Regional Office listed best available scientific and commercial Review (CNOR), we, the U.S. Fish and below in SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION or information. As defined in section 3 of Wildlife Service (Service), present an at the Branch of Candidate the Act, an endangered species is any updated list of and species Conservation, Arlington, VA (see species which is in danger of native to the United States that we address below), or on our Web site throughout all or a significant portion of regard as candidates for or have (http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/pub/ its range, and a threatened species is proposed for addition to the Lists of SpeciesReport.do? any species which is likely to become Endangered and Threatened Wildlife listingType=C&mapstatus=1). Please an endangered species within the and Plants under the Endangered submit any new information, materials, foreseeable future throughout all or a Species Act of 1973, as amended. comments, or questions of a general significant portion of its range. Through Identification of candidate species can nature on this notice to the Arlington, the Federal rulemaking process, we add assist environmental planning efforts by VA, address listed below. Please submit species that meet these definitions to providing advance notice of potential any new information, materials, the List of Endangered and Threatened listings, allowing landowners and comments, or questions pertaining to a Wildlife at 50 CFR 17.11 or the List of resource managers to alleviate threats particular species to the address of the Endangered and Threatened Plants at 50 and thereby possibly remove the need to Endangered Species Coordinator in the CFR 17.12. As part of this program, we list species as endangered or threatened. appropriate Regional Office listed in maintain a list of species that we regard Even if we subsequently list a candidate SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. as candidates for listing. A candidate species, the early notice provided here species is one for which we have on file FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: The could result in more options for species sufficient information on biological Endangered Species Coordinator(s) in management and recovery by prompting vulnerability and threats to support a the appropriate Regional Office(s), or candidate conservation measures to proposal to list as endangered or Chief, Branch of Candidate alleviate threats to the species. threatened, but for which preparation The CNOR summarizes the status and Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife and publication of a proposal is threats that we evaluated in order to Service, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Room precluded by higher priority listing determine that species qualify as 420, Arlington, VA 22203 (telephone actions. We may identify a species as a candidates and to assign a listing 703–358–2171; facsimile 703–358– candidate for listing after we have priority number (LPN) to each species or 1735). Persons who use a conducted an evaluation of its status on to determine that species should be telecommunications device for the deaf our own initiative, or after we have removed from candidate status. (TDD) may call the Federal Information made a positive finding on a petition to Additional material that we relied on is Relay Service (FIRS) at 800–877–8339. list a species, in particular we have available in the Species Assessment and SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: We found that listing is warranted but Listing Priority Assignment Forms request additional status information precluded by other higher priority (species assessment forms, previously that may be available for any of the listing action (see the Petition Findings called candidate forms) for each candidate species identified in this section, below). candidate species. CNOR. We will consider this We maintain this list of candidates for Overall, this CNOR recognizes five information to monitor changes in the a variety of reasons: To notify the public new candidates, changes the LPN for status or LPN of candidate species and that these species are facing threats to four candidates, and removes one to manage candidates as we prepare their survival; to provide advance species from candidate status. listing documents and future revisions knowledge of potential listings that Combined with other decisions for to the notice of review. We also request could affect decisions of environmental individual species that were published information on additional species to planners and developers; to provide separately from this CNOR in the past consider including as candidates as we information that may stimulate and year, the current number of species that prepare future updates of this notice. guide conservation efforts that will are candidates for listing is 251. You may submit your information remove or reduce threats to these This document also includes our concerning this notice in general or for species and possibly make listing findings on resubmitted petitions and any of the species included in this unnecessary; to request input from describes our progress in revising the notice by one of the methods listed in interested parties to help us identify Lists of Endangered and Threatened the ADDRESSES section. those candidate species that may not

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require protection under the Act or magnitude threats. Since we do not assigned to LPN 3). In summary, the additional species that may require the routinely quantify how likely or how LPN ranking system provides a basis for Act’s protections; and to request soon extinction would be expected to making decisions about the relative necessary information for setting occur absent listing, we must evaluate priority for preparing a proposed rule to priorities for preparing listing proposals. factors that contribute to the likelihood list a given species. No matter which We strongly encourage collaborative and time scale for extinction. We LPN we assign to a species, each species conservation efforts for candidate therefore consider information such as: included in this notice as a candidate is species, and offer technical and The number of populations and/or one for which we have sufficient financial assistance to facilitate such extent of range of the species affected by information to prepare a proposed rule efforts. For additional information the threat(s); the biological significance to list it because it is in danger of regarding such assistance, please of the affected population(s), taking into extinction or likely to become contact the appropriate Regional Office consideration the life-history endangered within the foreseeable listed under Request for Information or characteristics of the species and its future throughout all or a significant visit our Web site, http://www.fws.gov/ current abundance and distribution; portion of its range. endangered/what-we-do/cca.html. whether the threats affect the species in For more information on the process only a portion of its range, and if so the and standards used in assigning LPNs, Previous Notices of Review likelihood of persistence of the species a copy of the 1983 guidance is available We have been publishing candidate in the unaffected portions; the severity on our Web site at: http://www.fws.gov/ notices of review (CNOR) since 1975. of the effects and the rapidity with endangered/esa-library/pdf/48fr43098- The most recent CNOR (prior to this which they have caused or are likely to 43105.pdf. For more information on the CNOR) was published on November 9, cause mortality to individuals and LPN assigned to a particular species, the 2009 (74 FR 57804). CNORs published accompanying declines in population species assessment for each candidate since 1994 are available on our Web levels; whether the effects are likely to contains the LPN chart and a rationale site, http://www.fws.gov/endangered/ be permanent; and the extent to which for the determination of the magnitude what-we-do/cnor.html. For copies of any ongoing conservation efforts reduce and immediacy of threat(s) and CNORs published prior to 1994, please the severity of the threat. assignment of the LPN; that information contact the Branch of Candidate As used in our priority-ranking is summarized in this CNOR. Conservation (see ADDRESSES section system, immediacy of threat is This revised notice supersedes all above). categorized as either ‘‘imminent’’ or previous animal, plant, and combined On September 21, 1983, we published ‘‘nonimminent’’ and is not a measure of candidate notices of review. guidance for assigning an LPN for each how quickly the species is likely to Summary of This CNOR candidate species (48 FR 43098). Using become extinct if the threats are not this guidance, we assign each candidate addressed; rather, immediacy is based Since publication of the previous an LPN of 1 to 12, depending on the on when the threats will begin. If a CNOR on November 9, 2009 (74 FR magnitude of threats, immediacy of threat is currently occurring or likely to 57804), we reviewed the available threats, and taxonomic status; the lower occur in the very near future, we information on candidate species to the LPN, the higher the listing priority classify the threat as imminent. ensure that a proposed listing is (that is, a species with an LPN of 1 Determining the immediacy of threats justified for each species, and would have the highest listing priority). helps ensure that species facing actual, reevaluated the relative LPN assigned to Section 4(h)(3) of the Act (15 U.S.C. identifiable threats are given priority for each species. We also evaluated the 1533(h)(3)) requires the Secretary to listing proposals over those for which need to emergency-list any of these establish guidelines for such a priority- threats are only potential or species that species, particularly species with high ranking guidance system. As explained are intrinsically vulnerable to certain priorities (i.e., species with LPNs of 1, below, in using this system we first types of threats but are not known to be 2, or 3). This review and reevaluation categorize based on the magnitude of presently facing such threats. ensures that we focus conservation the threat(s), then by the immediacy of Our priority ranking system has three efforts on those species at greatest risk the threat(s), and finally by taxonomic categories for taxonomic status: Species first. status. that are the sole members of a ; In addition to reviewing candidate Under this priority-ranking system, full species (in genera that have more species since publication of the last magnitude of threat can be either ‘‘high’’ than one species); and subspecies and CNOR, we have worked on numerous or ‘‘moderate to low.’’ This criterion distinct population segments of findings in response to petitions to list helps ensure that the species facing the vertebrate species (DPS). We also apply species, and on proposed and final greatest threats to their continued this last category to species that are determinations for rules to list species existence receive the highest listing threatened or endangered in only under the Act. Some of these findings priority. It is important to recognize that significant portions of their ranges and determinations have been all candidate species face threats to their rather than their entire ranges. completed and published in the Federal continued existence, so the magnitude The result of the ranking system is Register, while work on others is still of threats is in relative terms. For all that we assign each candidate a listing under way (see Preclusion and candidate species, the threats are of priority number of 1 to 12. For example, Expeditious Progress, below, for details). sufficiently high magnitude to put them if the threat(s) is of high magnitude, Based on our review of the best in danger of extinction, or make them with immediacy classified as imminent, available scientific and commercial likely to become in danger of extinction the listable entity is assigned an LPN of information, with this CNOR we in the foreseeable future. But for species 1, 2, or 3 based on its taxonomic status identify five new candidate species (see with higher magnitude threats, the (i.e., a species that is the only member New Candidates, below), change the threats have a greater likelihood of of its genus would be assigned to the LPN for four candidates (see Listing bringing about extinction or are LPN 1 category, a full species to LPN 2, Priority Changes in Candidates, below) expected to bring about extinction on a and a subspecies, DPS, or a species that and determine that a listing proposal is shorter time scale (once the threats are is threatened or endangered in only a not warranted for one species and thus imminent) than for species with lower significant portion of its range would be remove it from candidate status (see

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Candidate Removals, below). Combined published on September 14, 2010 (75 FR between riffles and pools (runs and with the other decisions published 56028). glides) in moderate to high gradient separately from this CNOR for Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus streams with bedrock, boulder, and individual species that previously were urophasianus)—We previously cobble substrates. In most recent candidates, a total of 251 species announced candidate status for this surveys, the Kentucky arrow darter has (including 110 plant and 141 animal species, and described the reasons and been observed in streams ranging in size species) are now candidates awaiting data on which the finding was based, in from first to third order, with most preparation of rules proposing their a separate warranted-but-precluded individuals occurring in second order listing. These 251 species, along with 12-month petition finding published on streams in watersheds encompassing 7.7 the 18 species currently proposed for March 23, 2010 (75 FR 13910). square miles (20 square kilometers) or listing (includes 1 species proposed for Greater sage-grouse, Bi-State DPS less. Kentucky arrow darters feed on a listing due to similarity in appearance), (Centrocercus urophasianus)—We variety of aquatic invertebrates, but are included in Table 1. previously announced candidate status adults feed predominantly on larval Table 2 lists the changes from the for this species, and described the mayflies (order Ephemeroptera), previous CNOR, and includes 55 species reasons and data on which the finding specifically the families Heptageniidae identified in the previous CNOR as was based, in a separate warranted-but- and Baetidae. Rangewide surveys from either proposed for listing or classified precluded 12-month petition finding 2007 to 2009 revealed that the Kentucky as candidates that are no longer in those published on March 23, 2010 (75 FR arrow darter has disappeared from categories. This includes 54 species for 13910). portions of its range. During these which we published a final rule to list, Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus surveys, the species was observed at plus the 1 species that we have minimus)—We previously announced only 33 of 68 historical streams and 45 determined does not meet the definition candidate status for this species, and of 100 historical sites. of endangered or threatened and described the reasons and data on The subspecies’ habitat and range therefore does not warrant listing. We which the finding was based, in a have been severely degraded and limited by water pollution from surface have removed this species from separate warranted-but-precluded coal mining and gas-exploration candidate status in this CNOR. 12-month petition finding published on September 28, 2010 (75 FR 59803). activities; removal of riparian New Candidates vegetation; stream channelization; Reptiles increased siltation associated with poor Below we present a brief summary of Tucson Shovel-Nosed Snake mining, logging, and agricultural one new fish, one new snail, one new (Chionactis occipitalis klauberi)—We practices; and deforestation of crustacean, and two new plant previously announced candidate status watersheds. The threats are high in candidates, which we are recognizing in for this species, and described the magnitude because they are widespread this CNOR. Complete information, reasons and data on which the finding across the subspecies’ range. In including references, can be found in was based, in a separate warranted-but- addition, the magnitude (severity or the species assessment forms. You may precluded 12-month petition finding intensity) of these threats, especially obtain a copy of these forms from the published on March 31, 2010 (75 FR impacts from mining and gas- Regional Office having the lead for the 16050). exploration activities, is high because species, or from our Web site (http:// _ these activities have the potential to ecos.fws.gov/tess public/pub/ Amphibians alter stream water quality permanently SpeciesReport.do?listingType=C Jemez Mountains salamander throughout the range by contributing &mapstatus=1). For these species, we (Plethodon neomexicanus)—We sediment, dissolved metals, and other find that we have on file sufficient previously announced candidate status solids to streams supporting Kentucky information on biological vulnerability for this species, and described the arrow darters, resulting in direct and threats to support a proposal to list reasons and data on which the finding mortality or reduced reproductive as endangered or threatened, but that was based, in a separate warranted-but- capacity. The threats are imminent preparation and publication of a precluded 12-month petition finding because the effects are manifested proposal is precluded by higher priority published on September 9, 2010 (75 FR immediately and will continue for the listing actions (i.e., it met our definition 54822). foreseeable future. Consequently, we of a candidate species). We also note assigned an LPN of 3 to this subspecies. Fish below that nine other species— Arctic grayling, Missouri River DPS Sprague’s pipit, greater sage-grouse, Least chub (Iotichthys (Thymallus arcticus)—We previously Bi-State DPS of greater sage-grouse, phlegethontis)—We previously announced candidate status for this Gunnison sage-grouse, least chub, upper announced candidate status for this species, and described the reasons and Missouri River DPS of Arctic grayling, species, and described the reasons and data on which the finding was based, in Tucson shovel-nosed snake, Jemez data on which the finding was based, in a separate warranted-but-precluded Mountains salamander, and Agave a separate warranted-but-precluded 12-month petition finding published on eggersiana—were identified as 12-month petition finding published on September 8, 2010 (75 FR 54707). candidates earlier this year as a result of June 22, 2010 (75 FR 35398). separate petition findings published in Kentucky arrow darter (Etheostoma Snails the Federal Register. sagitta spilotum)—The following Rosemont talussnail (Sonorella summary is based on information in our rosemontensis)—the following summary Birds files. The Kentucky arrow darter is a is based on information in our files. The Sprague’s pipit (Anthus spragueii)— rather large (total length of 4.6 inches petition we received on June 24, 2010, We previously announced candidate (116 millimeters)), brightly colored provided no new information beyond status for this species, and described the darter that is restricted to the upper what we had already included in our reasons and data on which the finding Kentucky River basin in eastern assessment of this species. The was based, in a separate warranted-but- Kentucky. The species’ preferred habitat Rosemont talussnail, a land snail in the precluded 12-month petition finding consists of pools or transitional areas family Helminthoglyptidae, is known

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from three talus slopes in the Santa Rita disturbance. In addition, climate change the increased frequency and extent of Mountains, Pima County, Arizona. The has the potential to adversely affect the wildfires. primary threat to Rosemont talussnail is species, particularly if it results in a ORV use, which is currently hard rock mining. The entire range of significant change in the amount of considered the most immediate threat to the species is located on patented precipitation in the Washington, DC, Astragalus cusickii var. packardiae and mining claims and can reasonably be area. its habitat, was not identified as a threat expected to be subjected to mining Although all five known sites of during the original 1999 surveys for this activities in the foreseeable future. Hard occurrence face threats to the hydrology species, but monitoring conducted in rock mining typically involves the and water quality of their springs, these 2008 and 2009 indicate it has since blasting of hillsides and the crushing of threats are chronic in nature and appear become a widespread activity, occurring ore-laden rock. Such activities would to be increasing only gradually and are throughout the limited range of A. kill talussnails and render their habitats not currently resulting in major cusickii var. packardiae. ORVs are unsuitable for occupation. Since mining mortality events or impairment of traveling directly through outcrops may occur across the entire range of the reproduction. Thus, the threats are occupied by A. cusickii var. packardiae, species within the foreseeable future, moderate in magnitude. Several threats as well as along the rims, spur ridges, potentially resulting in rangewide are imminent because they are ongoing and slope bases that form the margins of habitat destruction and population and expected to continue. Therefore, we the occupied outcrops, with tracks losses, the threats are of a high assigned this species LPN of 8. ranging from single passage treads to magnitude. However, mining on major hill climbing runways. Based on patented mining claims, although a Flowering Plants monitoring data, this use appears to be reasonably anticipated action, is neither Agave eggersiana (no common increasing in scope and has resulted in currently ongoing nor imminent. name)—We previously announced the crushing of A. cusickii var. Although the Rosemont Copper Mine is candidate status for this species, and packardiae plants, as well as scheduled to commence as soon as described the reasons and data on accelerated erosion of the fine, loose 2011, there exists uncertainty regarding which the finding was based, in a substrate occupied by this species. Based on this information, the its scope, and therefore its potential separate warranted-but-precluded magnitude of the primary threats to effect on habitat of the Rosemont 12-month petition finding published on Astragalus cusickii var. packardiae and talussnail. Accordingly, we find that September 22, 2010 (75 FR 57720). overall threats to the Rosemont its habitat is high because ORV use, Astragalus cusickii var. packardiae wildfires, and nonnative invasive talussnail are nonimminent and we (Packard’s milkvetch)—The following assign an LPN of 5 to this species. species affect the species throughout its summary is based on information range, appear to be increasing in extent, Crustaceans contained in our files. This plant is a and result in severe and direct impacts Kenk’s amphipod (Stygobromus narrow endemic located in northeastern to individuals and population levels., kenki)—Amphipods of the genus Payette County, Idaho. Its entire known Because these threats are ongoing Stygobromus, occur in groundwater and range is only approximately 10 square throughout A. cusickii var. packardiae’s groundwater-related habitats. In the case miles (26 square kilometers). The light- limited range, these threats are of Kenk’s amphipod, these include colored, sparsely vegetated sedimentary imminent. Thus, we assign an LPN of 3 seeps, small springs, and possibly wells. outcrops to which this species is to this plant variety. Kenk’s amphipod is a small, eyeless, restricted are found scattered Mimulus fremontii var. unpigmented crustacean adapted for throughout the landscape, but are vandenbergensis (Vandenberg survival in subterranean habitats. It can limited in extent. The size of occupied monkeyflower)—Mimulus fremontii var. be found in dead leaves or fine sediment outcrops ranges from less than 0.04 vandenbergensis is a small, short-lived submerged in the waters of its spring/ hectares (0.1 acre) to approximately 1.2 annual herb in the Phrymaceae family seep outflows. The species is currently hectares (3 acres). The entire population (no common family name). It ranges known only from five spring or seep of A. cusickii var. packardiae is from 0.5 to 10 inches (1 to 20 sites in Washington, DC, and currently estimated at 5,000 plants centimeters) tall and produces flowers Montgomery County, Maryland. Four of located within 26 occurrences (17 on that are bright yellow with reddish these sites are within the Rock Creek Bureau of Land Management, 4 on State, brown markings near the mouth. The drainage, and the fifth is within the and 5 on private land). seeds are small and numerous, and seed Northwest Branch drainage. The primary threats to Astragalus is likely dispersed by the wind as the Within the limited area encompassing cusickii var. packardiae include seed pods open. As with other annual the current range of this species, the wildfire, nonnative invasive plant species that are sensitive to annual vast majority of potential expanses of species, and more recently, off-road levels of rainfall, germination of habitat large enough to support this vehicle (ORV) use. Vegetation within resident seed banks may be low or species have been significantly the range of A. cusickii var. packardiae nonexistent in unfavorable years, with impacted or completely destroyed by was originally sagebrush-steppe habitat; little or no aboveground expression of urban and suburban development. however, due to habitat impacts from a the species visible. Kenk’s amphipod is now vulnerable century of wildfires, livestock use, and Mimulus fremontii var. because of its limited geographic invasive nonnative plant species, much vandenbergensis occurs only in western distribution and infringement of urban of the area has been converted to annual Santa Barbara County, California, at development on its habitat. Degradation grassland dominated by two nonnative lower elevations and closer to the coast, of water quality and modifications of grass species, Bromus tectorum in sandy openings of coastal scrub, hydrology are among the principal (cheatgrass) and Taeniatherum caput- chaparral, and woodlands on an old threats to this species’ spring or seep medusae (medusahead). Invasive dune sheet known as Burton Mesa. habitats. Specific threats include toxic nonnative plants affect A. cusickii var. Seven populations occur across the spills, non-point source pollution, packardiae directly through mesa over a distance of approximately sanitary sewer leaks, excessive competition and indirectly by providing 6 miles, generally in alignment with the stormwater flows, and additional land continuous fine fuels that contribute to prevailing winds. Two populations

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occur on Vandenberg Air Force Base, reflects efforts to ensure national Texas, appears to be restricted to those two occur on State Park lands at La consistency as well as closer adherence portions of wetlands that are exposed to Purisima State Historic Park, two occur to the 1983 guidelines in assigning these open sun and normally hold standing primarily on Department of Fish and numbers, rather than an actual change water early in the growing season, with Game lands on Burton Mesa Ecological in the nature of the threats. water levels dropping during late Reserve, and one occurs primarily on Snails summer and fall. This habitat has been private lands. affected by drainage or filling of The threats currently facing Mimulus Page springsnail (Pyrgulopsis floodplain depressions and oxbows, fremontii var. vandenbergensis include morrisoni)—The following summary is stream channelization, road alteration and destruction of habitat based on information contained in our construction, timber harvesting, files. The Page springsnail is known to from development and associated agricultural activities (primarily exist only within a complex of springs secondary impacts, including increased mowing and grazing), and herbicide use. located within an approximately 0.93- fragmentation, alteration of hydrology, Threats that continue to affect the mi (1.5-km) stretch along the west side competition with nonnative species, species include wetland alteration, and alteration of fire regimes. The taxon of Oak Creek around the community of herbicide use, grazing, mowing during is also threatened with stochastic Page Springs, and within springs the species’ growing and flowering extinction due to small population size: located along Spring Creek, tributary to period, and genetic swamping by other Of the 7 populations, 3 have supported Oak Creek, Yavapai County, Arizona. fewer than 100 individuals based on at The primary threat to the Page Hibiscus species. least 2 years of observations. We springsnail is modification of habitat by A 1995 status survey of 10 counties consider competition with nonnative domestic, agricultural, ranching, fish resulted in confirmation of the species plant species to be the largest and most hatchery, and recreational activities. at only three sites, but in three separate immediate threat: Veldt grass, pampas Many of the springs where the species counties and three different watersheds, grass, bromes, Sahara mustard, star occurs have been subjected to some suggesting a relatively wide historical thistle, Italian thistle, and bull thistle level of such modification. Based on range. These three populations were all are present at various sites where recent survey data, it appears that the within highway rights-of-way and Mimulus fremontii var. vandenbergensis Page springsnail is abundant within vulnerable to herbicides and adjacent occurs. Habitat for one population on natural habitats and persists in modified agricultural activities. As of 2005, only private land was graded in 2007 in habitats, albeit at reduced densities. 20 plants remained at one of these sites. preparation for construction of a Arizona Game and Fish Department Additional surveys for Hibiscus housing development. Construction has (AGFD) management plans for the dasycalyx discovered new populations. been stalled, and in the meantime, veldt Bubbling Ponds and Page Springs fish About 300 plants were found on land grass has become established in the hatcheries include commitments to owned by Temple-Inland Corporation in graded lot and has increased the rate at replace lost habitat and to monitor east Trinity County. Smaller plant which this species is spreading in remaining populations of invertebrates numbers have been seen at this site and such as the Page springsnail. The AGFD adjacent habitat for Mimulus fremontii in 2005 no plants were observed. This and the Service recently entered into a var. vandenbergensis, including the site may be too dry to support this Candidate Conservation Agreement with Burton Mesa Ecological Reserve. Veldt species, possibly due to changes in the Assurances that calls for evaluating the grass is also present and rapidly wetland’s hydrology. Another site restoration and creation of natural spreading at population sites on discovered on land previously owned springhead integrity, including springs Vandenberg Air Force Base and La by Champion International Corporation on AGFD properties. In fact, several Purisima State Historic Park. (near White Rock Creek in west Trinity The threats are of a high magnitude conservation measures have already County) once supported 300–400 plants. because all three of the largest been implemented. Also, the National This site was modified in 2007. In west populations are at risk of being lost from Park Service recently acquired Shea Houston County, a population of 300 to the invasion of nonnative species. The Springs, a site that the Page springsnail third largest population is also occupied historically, and has expressed 400 plants discovered on private land threatened by secondary impacts from a an interest in restoring natural has been purchased by the Natural Area planned development and firefighting springhead integrity to that site. Preservation Association in order to activities. Losses of some or all of the Accordingly, implementation of the protect this land in perpetuity. In east three largest populations will increase CCAA reduces the magnitude of threats Houston County, a population the risk of extinction of the taxon as a to a moderate level and greatly reduces discovered in Compartment 55 in Davy whole because the remaining the chances of extirpation or extinction. Crockett National Forest numbered over populations are smaller and more The immediacy of the threat of 1,000 in 2006. In 2000, nearly 800 vulnerable to stochastic extirpation, groundwater withdrawal is uncertain, plants were introduced into which compounds the other threats due to conflicting information regarding Compartments 16 and 20 of Davy these small populations face. The imminence. However, overall, the Crockett National Forest as part of a threats are ongoing and, therefore, threats are imminent, because reintroduction effort. One population imminent. Consequently, we have modification of the species’ habitat by retained high numbers (350 in 2006), assigned a LPN of 3 to this plant variety. threats other than groundwater but was subjected to high water withdrawal is currently occurring. conditions in 2007 and may have been Listing Priority Changes in Candidates Therefore, we are changing the LPN for adversely affected. The second site was We reviewed the LPN for all the Page springsnail from a 2 to an 8. affected by a change in hydrology and candidate species and are changing the had declined to 50 plants in 2006. In numbers for the following species Flowering Plants 2004, 200 plants were placed in a discussed below. Some of the changes Hibiscus dasycalyx (Neches River wetland in Compartment 11 of Davy reflect actual changes in either the rose-mallow)—The following summary Crockett National Forest, but only 10 magnitude or immediacy of the threats. is based on information contained in plants were seen in 2006. High water For some species, the LPN change our files. This species, found in eastern from heavy spring and summer rains

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prevented further assessment of these species, and illegal dumping—threaten the petition we received on October 27, rose-mallow sites. nearly all remaining populations. 1983. This species is restricted to The threats to the species continue to However, some efforts are under way to calcareous soils derived from oil shale be of a high magnitude because all of use prescribed fire to control exotics on barrens of the Green River Formation in the populations are severely affected by conservation lands where this species the Uinta Basin of northeastern Utah some combination of the threats, and occurs. and adjacent Colorado. There are 14 the effectiveness of the re-introduction There are some circumstances that occurrences known in Utah and 1 in and preservation efforts has not been may mitigate the impacts of the threats Colorado. Most of the occupied habitat established. After evaluating the current upon the species. For example, a survey of the White River beardtongue is conditions of the species’ habitat, we conducted in 2009 showed within developed and expanding oil now find that threats are imminent approximately 74,000 plants on a non- and gas fields. The location of the overall. Threats are currently occurring conservation, public site in Miami-Dade species’ habitat exposes it to destruction and ongoing for nearly all of the County; this is far more plants than was from road, pipeline, and well site populations (herbicides and adjacent previously known. Although a portion construction in connection with oil and agricultural activities for the 3 of the plants will be affected by gas development. Recreational off-road populations identified in 1995, and development, approximately 60,000 are vehicle use, heavy grazing by livestock, hydrology alteration and other anticipated to be protected and managed and wildlife and livestock trampling are modifications for the 2 populations in through a Conservation Easement. additional threats. A future threat (and east Trinity County and the 3 Consequently, the majority of the largest potentially the greatest threat) to the populations reintroduced in Davy occurrence in Miami-Dade County is species is oil shale development. Crockett National Forest). Thus, in light expected to be conserved and managed. In the 2009 CNOR, we found the of this information and to ensure In addition, much of the pine rockland threats were nonimminent and high consistency in the application of our on Big Pine Key, the location of the magnitude. However, traditional oil and listing priority process we have changed largest occurrence in the Keys, is gas energy development in the area has the LPN from a 5 to a 2 for the Neches protected from development. expanded into habitat for this species, River rose-mallow to reflect imminent Nevertheless, due to the small and and therefore the threat is now threats of high magnitude. fragmented nature of the current imminent. In addition, BLM has Linum arenicola (Sand flax)—The population, stochastic events, disease, adopted a Special Status Species policy following summary is based on or genetic bottlenecks may strongly and has included in its current Resource information contained in our files. Sand affect this species in the Keys. One Management Plan commitments to flax is found in pine rockland and marl example is Hurricane Wilma, which protect this species. These protections prairie habitats, which require periodic inundated most of the species’ habitat lessen the extent of traditional oil and wildfires in order to maintain an open, on Big Pine Key in 2005, and plants gas development impacts to this species, -free subcanopy and reduce leaf- were not found 8–9 weeks post-storm; so that the threat is now of moderate litter levels. Based upon available data, the density of sand flax declined to zero magnitude. The threat from off-road there are 11 extant occurrences of sand in all management units at The Nature vehicles is also moderate because BLM flax; 11 others have been extirpated or Conservancy’s preserve in 2006. In a limited all vehicles to designated routes, destroyed. For the most part, only small 2007 post-hurricane assessment, sand thus avoiding beardtongue habitat. and isolated occurrences remain in low flax was found in northern plots, but not Based on current information, we are lying areas in a restricted range of in any of the southern plots on Big Pine changing the LPN from a 6 to a 9 for this southern Florida and the Florida Keys. Key. More current data are not available. plant variety. In general, viability is uncertain for 9 of Overall, the magnitude of threats is 11 occurrences. high, because the threats affect all 11 Candidate Removals Sand flax is threatened by habitat loss known occurrences of the species, and As summarized below, we have and degradation due to development; can result in a precipitous decline to the evaluated the threats to the following climatic changes and sea-level rise, population levels, particularly when species and considered factors that, which ultimately are likely to combined with the potential impacts individually and in combination, substantially reduce the extent of from hurricanes or other natural currently or potentially could pose a available habitat; fire suppression and disasters. Because development is not risk to this species and its habitat. After difficulty in applying prescribed fire; immediate for the majority of the largest a review of the best available scientific road maintenance activities; exotic population in Miami-Dade County and and commercial data, we conclude that species; illegal dumping; natural another population in the Keys is also listing this species under the disturbances, such as hurricanes, largely protected from development Endangered Species Act is not tropical storms, and storm surges; and since much of it is within public and warranted because the species is not the small and fragmented nature of the private conservation lands, the threat of likely to become an endangered species current population. Reduced pollinator habitat loss is now nonimminent. In within the foreseeable future throughout activity and suppression of pollinator addition, sea level rise is a long-term all or a significant portion of its’ range. populations from pesticides used in threat since we do not have evidence Therefore, we find that proposing a rule mosquito control and decreased seed that it is currently affecting any to list it is not warranted, and we no production due to increased seed population of sand flax. Therefore, longer consider it to be a candidate predation in a fragmented wildland based upon new information (new species for listing. We will continue to urban interface may also affect sand survey date showing a much larger monitor the status of this species and to flax; however, not enough information population of plants), and reduced accept additional information and is known on this species’ reproductive immediacy of threats, we changed the comments concerning this finding. We biology or life history to assess these LPN of this species from a 2 to a 5. will reconsider our determination in the potential threats. Some of the threats to Penstemon scariosus var. albifluvis event that new information indicates the species—including fire suppression, (White River beardtongue)—The that the threats to the species is of a difficulty in applying prescribed fire, following summary is based on considerably greater magnitude or road maintenance activities, exotic information contained in our files and imminence than identified through

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assessments of information contained in is more widespread in its range than 1. The petitioned action is not our files, as summarized here. was previously understood, and based warranted; on our review of the best available 2. The petitioned action is warranted information, we no longer conclude that (in which case we are required to Palm Springs round-tailed ground threats across this newly expanded promptly publish a proposed regulation (Xerospermophilus tereticaudus range put the taxon in danger of to implement the petitioned action; chlorus)—The following summary is extinction. Moreover, this subspecies is once we publish a proposed rule for a based on information contained in our not endangered or threatened in a species, section 4(b)(5) and 4(b)(6) files. No new information was provided significant portion of the range because govern further procedures regardless of in the petition we received on May 11, the conservation actions and current whether we issued the proposal in 2004. The Palm Springs round-tailed protections provided in Death Valley response to a petition); or was believed to be make it so it is not endangered or 3. The petitioned action is warranted limited in range to the Coachella Valley threatened in any portion of the range. but (a) the immediate proposal of a region of Riverside County, California. In summary, the existing conservation regulation and final promulgation of a The primary habitat in the Coachella provided by MSHCP in the Coachella regulation implementing the petitioned Valley for round-tailed ground squirrel Valley, along with the data showing the action is precluded by pending is the dunes and mesquite hummocks subspecies has an expanded range over proposals to determine whether any associated with Prosopis glandulosa var. which the threats are nonsignificant to species is endangered or threatened, and torreyana (honey mesquite) and to a the taxon as a whole, we find listing of (b) expeditious progress is being made lesser extent those dunes and the Palm Springs round-tailed ground to add qualified species to the lists of hummocks associated with Larrea squirrel (X. t. chlorus) throughout all or endangered or threatened species. tridentata (creosote), or other a significant portion of its range is no (We refer to this third option as a vegetation. The primary threat to longer warranted. The subspecies no ‘‘warranted-but-precluded finding.’’) ‘‘ ’’ X. t. chlorus in the Coachella Valley was longer meets our definition of a We define candidate species to mean those species for which the from habitat loss due to urban candidate, and we have removed it from Service has on file sufficient development and drops in the candidate status. groundwater table, which eliminated information on biological vulnerability much of the honey mesquite in the Petition Findings and threat(s) to support issuance of a Coachella Valley and fragmented habitat proposed rule to list, but for which The Act provides two mechanisms for occupied by this subspecies. The issuance of the proposed rule is considering species for listing. One Coachella Valley Association of precluded (61 FR 64481; December 6, method allows the Secretary, on his Governments (CVAG) developed a 1996). This standard for making a own initiative, to identify species for Multiple Species Habitat Conservation species a candidate through our own listing under the standards of section Plan (MSHCP) that was reviewed and initiative is identical to the standard for approved by the Service in 2008. 4(a)(1). We implement this through the making a warranted-but-precluded Habitat conservation and monitoring candidate program, discussed above. 12-month petition finding on a petition actions that have been implemented The second method for listing a species to list, and we add all petitioned species since 2008 specifically for X. t. chlorus provides a mechanism for the public to for which we have made a warranted- have significantly eliminated the threat petition us to add a species to the Lists. but-precluded 12-month finding to the of urban development to the taxon. To The CNOR serves several purposes as candidate list. date, conservation for X. t. chlorus part of the petition process: (1) In some Therefore all candidate species includes protection of 244 acres of instances (in particular, for petitions to identified through our own initiative mesquite hummocks as a result of the list species that the Service has already already have received the equivalent of MSHCP, in addition to 104 acres of identified as candidates on its own substantial 90-day and warranted-but- mesquite hummocks on conservation initiative), it serves as the petition precluded 12-month findings. lands in existence prior to permitting finding; (2) it serves as a ‘‘resubmitted’’ Nevertheless, we review the status of the MSHCP. Protection of additional petition finding that the Act requires the the newly petitioned candidate species habitat (desert shrub communities and Service to make each year; and (3) it and through this CNOR publish specific other sandy areas with appropriate documents the Service’s compliance section 4(b)(3) findings (i.e., substantial vegetation known to harbor the with the statutory requirement to 90-day and warranted-but-precluded subspecies at lower densities) is also monitor the status of species for which 12-month findings) in response to the anticipated in other portions of the plan listing is warranted-but-precluded to petitions to list these candidate species. area. Although we do not rely upon ascertain if they need emergency listing. We publish these findings as part of the future implementation of the additional First, the CNOR serves as a petition first CNOR following receipt of the habitat protections anticipated in the finding in some instances. Under petition. Since publication of the CNOR MSHCP, we do expect conservation section 4(b)(3)(A), when we receive a in 2009, we received petitions to list actions specific to X. t. chlorus to listing petition, we must determine three candidate species, the Florida continue as a result of the commitment within 90 days, to the maximum extent bonneted bat, headwater chub, and by CVAG and the MSHCP. practicable, whether the petition Rosemont talussnail (we received this More significant than the ongoing presents substantial information petition after we initiated our conservation measures is the fact that indicating that listing may be warranted assessment of this species for candidate recent results of both morphological and (a ‘‘90-day finding’’). If we make a status). We are making substantial genetic studies indicate its range is positive 90-day finding, we must 90-day findings and warranted-but- substantially larger than previously promptly commence a status review of precluded 12-month findings for these believed. Analysis of experimental the species under section 4(b)(3)(A); we species as part of this notice. We have samples show X. t. chlorus is found in must then make and publish one of identified the candidate species for Hinkley Valley and Death Valley, three possible findings within which we received petitions by the code expanding the range at minimum 150 12 months of the receipt of the petition ‘‘C*’’ in the category column on the left miles northward. Because X. t. chlorus (a ‘‘12-month finding’’): side of Table 1.

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Second, the CNOR serves as a preclusion on a nationwide basis to 4(b)(3)(B), in the previous CNOR. We ‘‘resubmitted’’ petition finding. Section ensure that the species most in need of have incorporated new information we 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act requires that listing will be addressed first and also gathered since the prior finding and, as when we make a warranted-but- because we allocate our listing budget a result of this review, we are making precluded finding on a petition, we are on a nationwide basis (see below). continued warranted-but-precluded to treat such a petition as one that is Regional priorities can also be discerned 12-month findings on the petitions for resubmitted on the date of such a from Table 1, which includes the lead these species. finding. Thus, we must make a 12- region and the LPN for each species. The immediate publication of month petition finding in compliance Our preclusion determinations are proposed rules to list these species was with section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act at least further based upon our budget for listing precluded by our work on higher once a year, until we publish a proposal activities for unlisted species only, and priority listing actions, listed below, to list the species or make a final not- we explain the priority system and why during the period from October 1, 2009, warranted finding. We make these the work we have accomplished does through September 30, 2010. We will annual findings for petitioned candidate preclude action on listing candidate continue to monitor the status of all species through the CNOR. species. candidate species, including petitioned Third, through undertaking the Pursuant to section 4(b)(3)(C)(ii) and species, as new information becomes analysis requires to complete the CNOR, the Administrative Procedure Act (5 available to determine if a change in the Service determines if any candidate U.S.C. 551 et seq.), any party with status is warranted, including the need species needs emergency listing. Section standing may challenge the merits of to emergency-list a species under 4(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the Act requires us to any not-warranted or warranted-but- section 4(b)(7) of the Act. ‘‘implement a system to monitor precluded petition finding incorporated In addition to identifying petitioned effectively the status of all species’’ for in this CNOR. The analysis included candidate species in Table 1 below, we which we have made a warranted-but- herein, together with the administrative also present brief summaries of why precluded 12-month finding, and to record for the decision at issue each of these candidates warrants ‘‘make prompt use of the [emergency (particularly the supporting species listing. More complete information, listing] authority [under section 4(b)(7)] assessment form), will provide an including references, is found in the to prevent a significant risk to the well adequate basis for a court to review the species assessment forms. You may being of any such species.’’ The CNOR petition finding. obtain a copy of these forms from the plays a crucial role in the monitoring Nothing in this document or any of Regional Office having the lead for the system that we have implemented for all our policies should be construed as in species, or from the Fish and Wildlife candidate species by providing notice any way modifying the Act’s Service’s Internet Web site: http:// that we are actively seeking information requirement that we make a resubmitted ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/pub/Species regarding the status of those species. We 12-month petition finding for each Report.do?listingType=C&mapstatus=1. review all new information on petitioned candidate within 1 year of As described above, under section 4 of candidate species as it becomes the date of publication of this CNOR. If the Act we may identify and propose available, prepare an annual species we fail to make any such finding on a species for listing based on the factors assessment form that reflects monitoring timely basis, whether through identified in section 4(a)(1), and section results and other new information, and publication of a new CNOR or some 4 also provides a mechanism for the identify any species for which other form of notice, any party with public to petition us to add a species to emergency listing may be appropriate. If standing may seek judicial review. the lists of threatened species or we determine that emergency listing is In this CNOR, we continue to address endangered species under the Act. appropriate for any candidate we will the concerns of the courts by including Below we describe the actions that make prompt use of the emergency specific information in our discussion continue to preclude the immediate listing authority under section 4(b)(7). on preclusion (see below). In preparing proposal and final promulgation of a We have been reviewing and will this CNOR, we reviewed the current regulation implementing each of the continue to review, at least annually, status of, and threats to, the 166 petitioned actions for which we have the status of every candidate, whether or candidates and 5 listed species for made a warranted-but-precluded not we have received a petition to list which we have received a petition and finding, and we describe the it. Thus, the CNOR and accompanying for which we have found listing or expeditious progress we are making to species assessment forms constitute the reclassification from threatened to add qualified species to, and remove Service’s annual finding on the status of endangered to be warranted but species from, the lists of endangered or petitioned species pursuant to section precluded. We also reviewed the current threatened species. 4(b)(3)(C)(i). status of, and threats to, the Canada lynx A number of court decisions have in New Mexico for which we received Preclusion and Expeditious Progress elaborated on the nature and specificity a petition to add that State to the listed Preclusion is a function of the listing of information that must be considered range. We find that the immediate priority of a species in relation to the in making and describing the findings in issuance of a proposed rule and timely resources that are available and the cost the CNOR. The previous CNOR, which promulgation of a final rule for each of and relative priority of competing was published on November 9, 2009 these species has been, for the preceding demands for those resources. Thus, in (74 FR 57804), describes these court months, and continues to be, precluded any given fiscal year (FY), multiple decisions in further detail. As with by higher priority listing actions. factors dictate whether it will be previous CNORs, we continue to Additional information that is the basis possible to undertake work on a listing incorporate information of the nature for this finding is found in the species proposal regulation or whether and specificity required by the courts. assessments and our administrative promulgation of such a proposal is For example, we include a description record for each species. precluded by higher priority listing of the reasons why the listing of every Our review included updating the actions. petitioned candidate species is both status of, and threats to, petitioned The resources available for listing warranted and precluded at this time. candidate or listed species for which we actions are determined through the We make our determinations of published findings, pursuant to section annual Congressional appropriations

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process. The appropriation for the ensure that some funding is available to ‘‘substantial information’’ finding, that Listing Program is available to support address other listing activities’’ (H.R. No. finding is made at the point when the work involving the following listing 107–103, 107th Congress, 1st Session, Service is deciding whether or not to actions: Proposed and final listing rules; June 19, 2001)). In FY 2002 and each commence a status review that will 90-day and 12-month findings on year until FY 2006, the Service has had determine the degree of threats facing petitions to add species to the Lists of to use virtually the entire critical habitat the species, and therefore the analysis Endangered and Threatened Wildlife subcap to address court-mandated underlying the statement is more and Plants (Lists) or to change the status designations of critical habitat, and relevant to the use of the warranted-but- of a species from threatened to consequently none of the critical habitat precluded finding, which is made when endangered; annual ‘‘resubmitted’’ subcap funds have been available for the Service has already determined the petition findings on prior warranted- other listing activities. In FY 2007, we degree of threats facing the species and but-precluded petition findings as were able to use some of the critical is deciding whether or not to commence required under section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of habitat subcap funds to fund proposed a rulemaking. the Act; critical habitat petition listing determinations for high-priority In FY 2010, $10,471,000 is the findings; proposed and final rules candidate species. In FY 2009, while we amount of money that Congress designating critical habitat; and were unable to use any of the critical appropriated for the Listing Program litigation-related, administrative, and habitat subcap funds to fund proposed (that is, the portion of the Listing program-management functions listing determinations, we did use some Program funding not related to critical (including preparing and allocating of this money to fund the critical habitat habitat designations for species that are budgets, responding to Congressional portion of some proposed listing already listed). Therefore, a proposed and public inquiries, and conducting determinations so that the proposed listing is precluded if pending proposals public outreach regarding listing and listing determination and proposed with higher priority will require critical habitat). The work involved in critical habitat designation could be expenditure of at least $10,471,000, and preparing various listing documents can combined into one rule, thereby being expeditious progress is the amount of be extensive, and may include, but is more efficient in our work. In FY 2010, work that can be achieved with not limited to: Gathering and assessing we are using some of the critical habitat $10,471,000. Since court orders the best scientific and commercial data subcap funds to fund listing actions requiring critical habitat work will not available and conducting analyses used with statutory deadlines. require use of all of the funds within the as the basis for our decisions; writing We make our determinations of critical habitat subcap, we are using preclusion on a nationwide basis to and publishing documents; and $1,114,417 of our critical habitat subcap ensure that the species most in need of obtaining, reviewing, and evaluating funds in order to work on as many of listing will be addressed first and also public comments and peer-review our required petition findings and because we allocate our listing budget comments on proposed rules and listing determinations as possible. This on a nationwide basis. Through the incorporating relevant information into brings the total amount of funds we listing cap, the critical habitat subcap, final rules. The number of listing have for listing action in FY 2010 to and the amount of funds needed to actions that we can undertake in a given $11,585,417. year also is influenced by the address court-mandated critical habitat complexity of those listing actions; that designations, Congress and the courts The $11,585,417 is being used to fund is, more complex actions generally are have in effect determined the amount of work in the following categories: more costly. The median cost for money available for other listing Compliance with court orders and preparing and publishing a 90-day activities nationwide. Therefore, the court-approved settlement agreements finding is $39,276; for a 12-month funds in the listing cap, other than those requiring that petition findings or listing finding, $100,690; for a proposed rule needed to address court-mandated determinations be completed by a with critical habitat, $345,000; and for critical habitat for already listed species, specific date; section 4 (of the Act) a final listing rule with critical habitat, represent the resources we must take listing actions with absolute statutory the median cost is $305,000. into consideration when we make our deadlines; essential litigation-related, We cannot spend more than is determinations of preclusion and administrative, and listing program- appropriated for the Listing Program expeditious progress. management functions; and high- without violating the Anti-Deficiency Congress identified the availability of priority listing actions for some of our Act (see 31 U.S.C. 1341(a)(1)(A)). In resources as the only basis for deferring candidate species. In 2009, the addition, in FY 1998 and for each fiscal the initiation of a rulemaking that is responsibility for listing foreign species year since then, Congress has placed a warranted. The Conference Report under the Act was transferred from the statutory cap on funds which may be accompanying Public Law 97–304, Division of Scientific Authority, expended for the Listing Program, equal which established the current statutory International Affairs Program, to the to the amount expressly appropriated deadlines and the warranted-but- Endangered Species Program. Therefore, for that purpose in that fiscal year. This precluded finding, states that the starting in FY 2010, a portion of our cap was designed to prevent funds amendments were ‘‘not intended to funding is being used to work on the appropriated for other functions under allow the Secretary to delay actions described above as they apply to the Act (for example, recovery funds for commencing the rulemaking process for listing actions for foreign species. This removing species from the Lists), or for any reason other than that the existence has the potential to further reduce other Service programs, from being used of pending or imminent proposals to list funding available for domestic listing for Listing Program actions (see House species subject to a greater degree of actions. Although there are currently no Report 105–163, 105th Congress, 1st threat would make allocation of foreign species issues included in our Session, July 1, 1997). resources to such a petition [that is, for high-priority listing actions at this time, Since FY 2002, the Service’s budget a lower-ranking species] unwise.’’ many actions have statutory or court- has included a critical habitat subcap to Although that statement appeared to approved settlement deadlines, thus ensure that some funds are available for refer specifically to the ‘‘to the increasing their priority. The budget other work in the Listing Program (‘‘The maximum extent practicable’’ limitation allocations for each specific listing critical habitat designation subcap will on the 90-day deadline for making a action are identified in the Service’s FY

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2010 Allocation Table (part of our 50 individuals, or fewer than 4 species will receive funding to administrative record). populations, originally comprised a minimize the amount of time and Based on our September 21, 1983, group of approximately 40 candidate resources required to complete each guidance for assigning an LPN for each species (‘‘Top 40’’). These 40 candidate listing action. candidate species (48 FR 43098), we species have had the highest priority to Based on these prioritization factors, have a significant number of species receive funding to work on a proposed we continue to find that proposals to list with an LPN of 2. Under this guidance, listing determination. As we work the petitioned candidate species we assign each candidate an LPN of 1 through proposed and final listing rules included in Table 1 are all warranted to 12, depending on the magnitude of for those 40 candidates, we apply the but precluded. threats (high or moderate to low), ranking criteria to the next group of immediacy of threats (imminent or candidates with LPNs of 2 and 3 to As explained above, a determination nonimminent), and taxonomic status of determine the next set of highest that listing is warranted but precluded the species (in order of priority: priority candidate species. Finally, must also demonstrate that expeditious Monotypic genus (a species that is the proposed rules for reclassification of progress is being made to add and sole member of a genus), species, or part threatened species to endangered are remove qualified species to and from of a species (subspecies, distinct lower priority, since as listed species, the Lists of Endangered and Threatened population segment, or significant they are already afforded the protection Wildlife and Plants. As with our portion of the range)). The lower the of the Act and implementing ‘‘precluded’’ finding, the evaluation of listing priority number, the higher the regulations. However, for efficiency whether progress in adding qualified listing priority (that is, a species with an reasons, we may choose to work on a species to the Lists has been expeditious LPN of 1 would have the highest listing proposed rule to reclassify a species to is a function of the resources available priority). endangered if we can combine this with for listing and the competing demands Because of the large number of high- work that is subject to a court- for those funds. Given the limited priority species, we have further ranked determined deadline. resources available for listing, we find the candidate species with an LPN of 2 With our workload so much bigger that we made expeditious progress in by using the following extinction-risk than the amount of funds we have to FY 2010 in the Listing Program. type criteria: International Union for the accomplish it, it is important that we be (Although we do not discuss it in detail Conservation of Nature and Natural as efficient as possible in our listing here, we are making expeditious Resources (IUCN) Red list status/rank, process. Therefore, as we work on progress in removing species from the Heritage rank (provided by proposed rules for the highest priority list under the Recovery program in light NatureServe), Heritage threat rank species in the next several years, we are of the resource available for delisting, (provided by NatureServe), and species preparing multi-species proposals when which is funded by a separate line item currently with fewer than 50 appropriate, and these may include in the budget of the Endangered Species individuals, or 4 or fewer populations. species with lower priority if they Program. During FY 2010, we have Those species with the highest IUCN overlap geographically or have the same completed two proposed delisting rules rank (critically endangered), the highest threats as a species with an LPN of 2. and two final delisting rules.) Progress Heritage rank (G1), the highest Heritage In addition, we take into consideration in adding qualified species to the list threat rank (substantial, imminent the availability of staff resources when included preparing and publishing the threats), and currently with fewer than we determine which high-priority following determinations:

FY 2010 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS

Publication date Title Actions FR pages

10/08/2009 ...... Listing Lepidium papilliferum (Slickspot Peppergrass) Final Listing Threatened ...... 74 FR 52013–52064. as a Threatened Species Throughout Its Range. 10/27/2009 ...... 90-day Finding on a Petition To List the American Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 74 FR 55177–55180. Dipper in the Black Hills of South Dakota as Threat- Not substantial. ened or Endangered. 10/28/2009 ...... Status Review of Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) Notice of Intent to Conduct Status 74 FR 55524–55525. in the Upper Missouri River System. Review for Listing Decision. 11/03/2009 ...... Listing the British Columbia Distinct Population Seg- Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 74 FR 56757–56770. ment of the Queen Charlotte Goshawk Under the Endangered Species Act: Proposed rule. 11/03/2009 ...... Listing the Salmon-Crested Cockatoo as Threatened Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 74 FR 56770–56791. Throughout Its Range with Special Rule. 11/23/2009 ...... Status Review of Gunnison sage-grouse Notice of Intent to Conduct Status 74 FR 61100–61102. (Centrocercus minimus). Review for Listing Decision. 12/03/2009 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List the Black-tailed Notice of 12-month petition finding, 74 FR 63343–63366. as Threatened or Endangered. Not warranted. 12/03/2009 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List Sprague’s Pipit as Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 74 FR 63337–63343. Threatened or Endangered. Substantial. 12/15/2009 ...... 90-Day Finding on Petitions To List Nine Species of Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 74 FR 66260–66271. Mussels From Texas as Threatened or Endangered Substantial. With Critical Habitat. 12/16/2009 ...... Partial 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List 475 Spe- Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 74 FR 66865–66905. cies in the Southwestern United States as Threat- Not substantial and Substantial. ened or Endangered With Critical Habitat Critical Habitat.

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FY 2010 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS—Continued

Publication date Title Actions FR pages

12/17/2009 ...... 12-month Finding on a Petition To Change the Final Notice of 12-month petition finding, 74 FR 66937–66950. Listing of the Distinct Population Segment of the Warranted but precluded. Canada Lynx To Include New Mexico. 1/05/2010 ...... Listing Foreign Bird Species in Peru and Bolivia as Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 605–649. Endangered Throughout Their Range. 1/05/2010 ...... Listing Six Foreign Birds as Endangered Throughout Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 286–310. Their Range. 1/05/2010 ...... Withdrawal of Proposed Rule to List Cook’s Petrel ..... Proposed rule, withdrawal ...... 75 FR 310–316. 1/05/2010 ...... Final Rule to List the Galapagos Petrel and Heinroth’s Final Listing Threatened ...... 75 FR 235–250. Shearwater as Threatened Throughout Their Ranges. 1/20/2010 ...... Initiation of Status Review for Agave eggersiana and Notice of Intent to Conduct Status 75 FR 3190–3191. Solanum conocarpum. Review for Listing Decision. 2/09/2010 ...... 12-month Finding on a Petition to List the American Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 6437–6471. Pika as Threatened or Endangered. Not warranted. 2/25/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Sonoran Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 8601–8621. Desert Population of the Bald Eagle as a Threat- Not warranted. ened or Endangered Distinct Population Segment. 2/25/2010 ...... Withdrawal of Proposed Rule To List the South- Withdrawal of Proposed Rule to List 75 FR 8621–8644. western Washington/Columbia River Distinct Popu- lation Segment of Coastal Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) as Threatened. 3/18/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List the Berry Cave Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 13068–13071. salamander as Endangered. Substantial. 3/23/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List the Southern Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 13717–13720. Hickorynut Mussel (Obovaria jacksoniana) as En- Not substantial. dangered or Threatened. 3/23/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List the Striped Newt Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 13720–13726. as Threatened. Substantial. 3/23/2010 ...... 12-Month Findings for Petitions to List the Greater Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 13910–14014. Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) as Warranted but precluded. Threatened or Endangered. 3/31/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List the Tucson Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 16050–16065. Shovel-Nosed Snake (Chionactis occipitalis Warranted but precluded. klauberi) as Threatened or Endangered with Critical Habitat. 4/5/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List Thorne’s Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 17062–17070. Hairstreak as threatened or Endangered. Substantial. 4/6/2010 ...... 12-month Finding on a Petition To List the Mountain Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 17352–17363. Whitefish in the Big Lost River, Idaho, as Endan- Not warranted. gered or Threatened. 4/6/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List a Stonefly Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 17363–17367. (Isoperla jewetti) and a Mayfly (Fallceon eatoni) as Not substantial. Threatened or Endangered with Critical Habitat. 4/7/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to Reclassify the Delta Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 17667–17680. Smelt From Threatened to Endangered Throughout Warranted but precluded. Its Range. 4/13/2010 ...... Determination of Endangered Status for 48 Species Final Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 18959–19165. on Kauai and Designation of Critical Habitat. 4/15/2010 ...... Initiation of Status Review of the North American Wol- Notice of Initiation of Status Review 75 FR 19591–19592. verine in the Contiguous United States. for Listing Decision. 4/15/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List the Wyoming Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 19592–19607. Pocket Gopher as Endangered or Threatened with Not warranted. Critical Habitat. 4/16/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List a Distinct Popu- Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 19925–19935. lation Segment of the Fisher in Its United States Substantial. Northern Rocky Mountain Range as Endangered or Threatened with Critical Habitat. 4/20/2010 ...... Initiation of Status Review for Sacramento splittail Notice of Initiation of Status Review 75 FR 20547–20548. (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus). for Listing Decision. 4/26/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List the Harlequin But- Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 21568–21571. terfly as Endangered. Substantial. 4/27/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List Susan’s Purse- Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 22012–22025. making Caddisfly (Ochrotrichia susanae) as Threat- Not warranted. ened or Endangered. 4/27/2010 ...... 90-day Finding on a Petition to List the Mohave Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 22063–22070. Ground Squirrel as Endangered with Critical Habitat. Substantial. 5/4/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List Hermes Copper Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 23654–23663. Butterfly as Threatened or Endangered. Substantial. 6/1/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List Castanea pumila Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 30313–30318. var. ozarkensis. Substantial.

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FY 2010 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS—Continued

Publication date Title Actions FR pages

6/1/2010 ...... 12-month Finding on a Petition to List the White-tailed Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 30338–30363. Prairie Dog as Endangered or Threatened. Not warranted. 6/9/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List van Rossem’s Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 32728–32734. Gull-billed Tern as Endangered or Threatened. Substantial. 6/16/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on Five Petitions to List Seven Spe- Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 34077–34088. cies of Hawaiian Yellow-faced Bees as Endangered. Substantial. 6/22/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List the Least Chub Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 35398–35424. as Threatened or Endangered. Warranted but precluded. 6/23/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List the Honduran Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 35746–35751. Emerald Hummingbird as Endangered. Substantial. 6/23/2010 ...... Listing Ipomopsis polyantha (Pagosa Skyrocket) as Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 35721–35746. Endangered Throughout Its Range, and Listing Proposed Listing Threatened Penstemon debilis (Parachute Beardtongue) and Phacelia submutica (DeBeque Phacelia) as Threat- ened Throughout Their Range. 6/24/2010 ...... Listing the Flying Earwig Hawaiian Damselfly and Pa- Final Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 35990–36012. cific Hawaiian Damselfly As Endangered Through- out Their Ranges. 6/24/2010 ...... Listing the Cumberland Darter, Rush Darter, Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 36035–36057. Yellowcheek Darter, Chucky Madtom, and Laurel Dace as Endangered Throughout Their Ranges. 6/29/2010 ...... Listing the Mountain Plover as Threatened ...... Reinstatement of Proposed Listing 75 FR 37353–37358. Threatened. 7/20/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List Pinus albicaulis Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 42033–42040. (Whitebark Pine) as Endangered or Threatened Substantial. with Critical Habitat. 7/20/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List the Amargosa Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 42040–42054. Toad as Threatened or Endangered. Not warranted. 7/20/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List the Giant Palouse Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 42059–42066. Earthworm (Driloleirus americanus) as Threatened Substantial. or Endangered. 7/27/2010 ...... Determination on Listing the Black-Breasted Puffleg Final Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 43844–43853. as Endangered Throughout its Range; Final Rule. 7/27/2010 ...... Final Rule to List the Medium Tree-Finch Final Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 43853–43864. (Camarhynchus pauper) as Endangered Through- out Its Range. 8/3/2010 ...... Determination of Threatened Status for Five Penguin Final Listing Threatened ...... 75 FR 45497–45527. Species. 8/4/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Mexican Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 46894–46898. Gray Wolf as an Endangered Subspecies With Crit- Substantial. ical Habitat. 8/10/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List Arctostaphylos Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 48294–48298. franciscana as Endangered with Critical Habitat. Substantial. 8/17/2010 ...... Listing Three Foreign Bird Species from Latin America Final Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 50813–50842. and the Caribbean as Endangered Throughout Their Range. 8/17/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List Brian Head Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 50739–50742. Mountainsnail as Endangered or Threatened with Not substantial. Critical Habitat. 8/24/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List the Oklahoma Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 75 FR 51969–51974. Grass Pink Orchid as Endangered or Threatened. Substantial. 9/1/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List the White-Sided Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 53615–53629. Jackrabbit as Threatened or Endangered. Not warranted. 9/8/2010 ...... Proposed Rule To List the Ozark Hellbender Sala- Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 54561–54579. mander as Endangered. 9/8/2010 ...... Revised 12-Month Finding to List the Upper Missouri Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 54707–54753. River Distinct Population Segment of Arctic Grayling Warranted but precluded. as Endangered or Threatened. 9/9/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List the Jemez Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 54822–54845. Mountains Salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus) Warranted but precluded. as Endangered or Threatened with Critical Habitat. 9/15/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List Sprague’s Pipit Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 56028–56050. as Endangered or Threatened Throughout Its Warranted but precluded. Range. 9/22/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List Agave Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 57720–57734. eggersiana (no common name) as Endangered. Warranted but precluded. 9/28/2010 ...... Determination of Endangered Status for the African Final Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 59645–59656. Penguin. 9/28/2010 ...... Determination for the Gunnison Sage-grouse as a Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 59803–59863. Threatened or Endangered Species. Warranted but precluded.

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FY 2010 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS—Continued

Publication date Title Actions FR pages

9/30/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List the Pygmy Notice of 12-month petition finding, 75 FR 60515–60561. Rabbit as Endangered or Threatened. Not warranted.

Our expeditious progress also timelines, that is, timelines required lower priority if they overlap included work on listing actions that we under the Act. Actions in the bottom geographically or have the same threats funded in FY 2010 but have not yet section of the table are high-priority as the species with the high priority. been completed to date. These actions listing actions. These actions include Including these species together in the are listed below. Actions in the top work primarily on species with an LPN same proposed rule results in section of the table are being conducted of 2, and, as discussed above, selection considerable savings in time and under a deadline set by a court. Actions of these species is partially based on funding, compared to preparing separate in the middle section of the table are available staff resources, and when proposed rules for each of them in the being conducted to meet statutory appropriate, include species with a future.

ACTIONS FUNDED IN FY 2010 BUT NOT YET COMPLETED

Species Action

Actions Subject to Court Order/Settlement Agreement 6 Birds from Eurasia ...... Final listing determination. Flat-tailed horned lizard ...... Final listing determination. Mountain plover 3 ...... Final listing determination. 6 Birds from Peru ...... Proposed listing determination. Sacramento splittail ...... 12-month petition finding. Pacific walrus ...... 12-month petition finding. Wolverine ...... 12-month petition finding. Solanum conocarpum ...... 12-month petition finding. Desert tortoise—Sonoran population ...... 12-month petition finding. Thorne’s Hairstreak butterfly 3 ...... 12-month petition finding. Hermes copper butterfly 3 ...... 12-month petition finding. Actions with Statutory Deadlines Casey’s june beetle ...... Final listing determination. Georgia pigtoe, interrupted rocksnail, and rough hornsnail ...... Final listing determination. 7 Bird species from Brazil ...... Final listing determination. Southern rockhopper penguin—Campbell Plateau population ...... Final listing determination. 5 Bird species from Colombia and Ecuador ...... Final listing determination. Queen Charlotte goshawk ...... Final listing determination. 5 species southeast fish (Cumberland darter, rush darter, yellowcheek darter, chucky Final listing determination. madtom, and laurel dace). Salmon crested cockatoo ...... Proposed listing determination. CA golden trout ...... 12-month petition finding. Black-footed albatross ...... 12-month petition finding. Mount Charleston blue butterfly ...... 12-month petition finding. Mojave fringe-toed lizard 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. Kokanee—Lake Sammamish population 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. Cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. Northern leopard frog ...... 12-month petition finding. Tehachapi slender salamander ...... 12-month petition finding. Coqui Llanero ...... 12-month petition finding. Dusky tree vole ...... 12-month petition finding. 3 MT invertebrates (mist forestfly (Lednia tumana), Oreohelix sp. 3, Oreohelix sp. 31) from 12-month petition finding. 206 species petition. 5 UT plants (Astragalus hamiltonii, Eriogonum soredium, Lepidium ostleri, Penstemon 12-month petition finding. flowersii, Trifolium friscanum) from 206 species petition. 2 CO plants (Astragalus microcymbus, Astragalus schmolliae) from 206 species petition ...... 12-month petition finding. 5 WY plants (Abronia ammophila, Agrostis rossiae, Astragalus proimanthus, Boechere 12-month petition finding. (Arabis) pusilla, Penstemon gibbensii) from 206 species petition. Leatherside chub (from 206 species petition) ...... 12-month petition finding. Frigid ambersnail (from 206 species petition) ...... 12-month petition finding. Gopher tortoise—eastern population ...... 12-month petition finding. Wrights marsh thistle ...... 12-month petition finding. 67 of 475 southwest species ...... 12-month petition finding. Grand Canyon scorpion (from 475 species petition) ...... 12-month petition finding. Anacroneuria wipukupa (a stonefly from 475 species petition) ...... 12-month petition finding. Rattlesnake-master borer (from 475 species petition) ...... 12-month petition finding. 3 Texas ( furtiva, Sphingicampa blanchardi, Agapema galbina) (from 475 species 12-month petition finding. petition). 2 Texas shiners (Cyprinella sp., Cyprinella lepida) (from 475 species petition) ...... 12-month petition finding. 3 South Arizona plants (Erigeron piscaticus, Astragalus hypoxylus, Amoreuxia gonzalezii) 12-month petition finding. (from 475 species petition).

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ACTIONS FUNDED IN FY 2010 BUT NOT YET COMPLETED—Continued

Species Action

5 Central Texas mussel species (3 from 475 species petition) ...... 12-month petition finding. 14 parrots (foreign species) ...... 12-month petition finding. Berry Cave salamander 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. Striped Newt 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. Fisher—Northern Rocky Mountain Range 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. Puerto Rico Harlequin Butterfly ...... 12-month petition finding. Western gull-billed tern ...... 12-month petition finding. Ozark chinquapin (Castanea pumila var. ozarkensis) ...... 12-month petition finding. HI yellow-faced bees ...... 12-month petition finding. Giant Palouse earthworm ...... 12-month petition finding. Whitebark pine ...... 12-month petition finding. OK grass pink (Calopogon oklahomensis) 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. Southeastern pop snowy plover & wintering pop. of piping plover 1 ...... 90-day petition finding. Eagle Lake trout 1 ...... 90-day petition finding. Smooth-billed ani 1 ...... 90-day petition finding. Bay Springs salamander 1 ...... 90-day petition finding. 32 species of snails and slugs 1 ...... 90-day petition finding. 42 snail species (Nevada & Utah) ...... 90-day petition finding. Red knot roselaari subspecies ...... 90-day petition finding. Peary caribou ...... 90-day petition finding. Plains bison ...... 90-day petition finding. Spring Mountains checkerspot butterfly ...... 90-day petition finding. Spring pygmy sunfish ...... 90-day petition finding. Bay skipper ...... 90-day petition finding. Unsilvered fritillary ...... 90-day petition finding. Texas kangaroo rat ...... 90-day petition finding. Spot-tailed earless lizard ...... 90-day petition finding. Eastern small-footed bat ...... 90-day petition finding. Northern long-eared bat ...... 90-day petition finding. Prairie chub ...... 90-day petition finding. 10 species of Great Basin butterfly ...... 90-day petition finding. 6 sand dune (scarab) beetles ...... 90-day petition finding. Golden-winged warbler ...... 90-day petition finding. Sand-verbena moth ...... 90-day petition finding. 404 Southeast species ...... 90-day petition finding. High-Priority Listing Actions 3 19 Oahu candidate species 2 (16 plants, 3 damselflies) (15 with LPN = 2, 3 with LPN = 3, 1 Proposed listing. with LPN =9). 19 Maui-Nui candidate species 2 (16 plants, 3 tree snails) (14 with LPN = 2, 2 with LPN = 3, Proposed listing. 3 with LPN = 8). Dune sagebrush lizard (formerly Sand dune lizard) 3 (LPN = 2) ...... Proposed listing. 2 Arizona springsnails 2 (Pyrgulopsis bernadina (LPN = 2), Pyrgulopsis trivialis (LPN = 2)) ...... Proposed listing. New Mexico springsnail 2 (Pyrgulopsis chupaderae (LPN = 2)) ...... Proposed listing. 2 mussels 2 (rayed bean (LPN = 2), snuffbox No LPN) ...... Proposed listing. 2 mussels 2 (sheepnose (LPN = 2), spectaclecase (LPN = 4)). Proposed listing. Altamaha spinymussel 2 (LPN = 2) ...... Proposed listing. 8 southeast mussels (southern kidneyshell (LPN = 2), round ebonyshell (LPN = 2), Alabama Proposed listing. pearlshell (LPN = 2), southern sandshell (LPN = 5), fuzzy pigtoe (LPN = 5), Choctaw bean (LPN = 5), narrow pigtoe (LPN = 5), and tapered pigtoe (LPN = 11)). 1 Funds for listing actions for these species were provided in previous FYs. 2 Although funds for these high-priority listing actions were provided in FY 2008 or 2009, due to the complexity of these actions and competing priorities, these actions are still being developed. 3 Partially funded with FY 2010 funds; also will be funded with FY 2011 funds.

We also funded work on resubmitted information in our resubmitted petition Because the majority of these species petitions findings for 162 candidate findings for the 43 candidate species for were already candidate species prior to species (species petitioned prior to the which we are preparing proposed listing our receipt of a petition to list them, we last CNOR). We did not include new determinations; see summaries below had already assessed their status using information in our resubmitted petition regarding publication of these funds from our Candidate Conservation finding for the Columbia Basin determinations (these species will Program. We also continue to monitor population of the greater sage-grouse in remain on the candidate list until a the status of these species through our this notice, as the significance of the proposed listing rule is published). We Candidate Conservation Program. The Columbia Basin DPS to the greater sage- also funded a revised 12-month petition cost of updating the species assessment grouse will require further review and finding for the candidate species that we forms and publishing the joint we will update our finding at a later are removing from candidate status, publication of the CNOR and date (see 75 FR 13909; March 23, 2010). which is being published as part of this resubmitted petition findings is shared We also did not include new CNOR (see Candidate Removals).

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between the Listing Program and the new information was presented in the and abundance, and disruption of Candidate Conservation Program. petition received on January 29, 2010. the maternal period. Prolonged periods During FY 2010, we also funded work Endemic to south Florida, this species of cold temperatures may have severe on resubmitted petition findings for has been found at 12 locations, 5 on impacts on the population and increase uplisting six listed species, for which private land and 7 on public land. The risks from other threats by weakening petitions were previously received. entire population may number less than individuals, extirpating colonies, or We have endeavored to make our a few hundred individuals. Results from further reducing colony sizes. Although listing actions as efficient and timely as a rangewide acoustical survey found a disease is a significant threat for other possible, given the requirements of the small number of locations where calls bat species, it is not known to be a relevant law and regulations, and were recorded, and low numbers of calls threat for the Florida bonneted bat at constraints relating to workload and were recorded at each location. Few this time. The protection currently personnel. We are continually active roost sites are known; all are afforded the Florida bonneted bat is considering ways to streamline artificial (i.e., bat houses). Prolonged limited, provides little protection to the processes or achieve economies of scale, cold temperatures in January and species’ occupied habitat, and includes such as by batching related actions February 2010 affected one active roost; no provisions to protect suitable but together. Given our limited budget for it is not clear what effect the prolonged unoccupied habitat within the vicinity implementing section 4 of the Act, the cold had on the species. Efforts are of known colony sites. Overall, we find actions described above collectively under way to confirm presence at all the magnitude of threats is high due to constitute expeditious progress. previously documented sites. the severity of the threats on this Although we have not been able to Occurrences are threatened by loss species. We find that most of the threats resolve the listing status of many of the and conversion of habitat to other uses are currently occurring and, candidates, several programs in the and habitat alteration (e.g., removal of consequently, overall, threats are Service contribute to the conservation of old trees with cavities, removal of imminent. Therefore, we assigned an these species. In particular, the manmade structures with suitable LPN of 2 to this species. Candidate Conservation program, which roosting sites); this threat is expected to Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat, American is separately budgeted, focuses on continue and increase. Although Samoa DPS (Emballonura semicaudata providing technical expertise for occurrences on conservation lands are semicaudata)—The following summary developing conservation strategies and inherently more protected than those on is based on information contained in agreements to guide voluntary on-the- private lands, habitat alteration during our files. No new information was ground conservation work for candidate management practices may affect provided in the petition we received on and other at-risk species. The main goal natural roosting sites even on May 11, 2004. This small bat is a of this program is to address the threats conservation lands if Florida bonneted member of the Emballonuridae, an Old facing candidate species. Through this bats are present but undetected. World bat family that has an extensive program, we work with our partners Therefore, occupied and potential distribution, primarily in the tropics. (other Federal agencies, State agencies, habitat on forested or wooded lands, The Pacific sheath-tailed bat was once Tribes, local governments, private both private and public, continues to be common and widespread in Polynesia landowners, and private conservation at risk. The species is vulnerable to a and Micronesia and it is the only organizations) to address the threats to wide array of natural and human insectivorous bat recorded from a large candidate species and other species at- factors: Low population size, restricted part of this area. The species as a whole risk. We are currently working with our range, low fecundity, large distances (E. semicaudata) occurred on several of partners to implement voluntary between occupied locations, and small the Caroline Islands (Palau, Chuuk, and conservation agreements for more than number of occupied locations. Such Pohnpei), Samoa (Independent and 140 species covering 5 million acres of factors may make recolonization American), the Mariana Islands (Guam habitat. In some instances, the sustained unlikely if any site is extirpated and and the CNMI), Tonga, Fiji, and implementation of strategically may make the species vulnerable to Vanuatu. While populations appear to designed conservation efforts extinction due to genetic drift, be healthy in some locations, mainly in culminates in making listing inbreeding depression, extreme weather the Caroline Islands, they have declined unnecessary for species that are events, and random or chance changes substantially in other areas, including candidates for listing or for which to the environment. Where the species Independent and American Samoa, the listing has been proposed. occurs in or near human dwellings or Mariana Islands, Fiji, and possibly structures, it is at risk to persecution, Tonga. Scientists recognize four Findings for Petitioned Candidate removal, and disturbance. Disturbance subspecies: E. s. rotensis, endemic to the Species from humans, either intentional or Mariana Islands (Guam and the Below are updated summaries for inadvertent, can occur at any of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana petitioned candidates for which we occurrences of this bat on either private Islands (CNMI)); E. s. sulcata, occurring published findings, pursuant to section or conservation lands. Disturbance of in Chuuk and Pohnpei; E. s. palauensis, 4(b)(3)(B). We are making continued maternity roosts is of particular concern found in Palau; and E. s. semicaudata, warranted-but-precluded 12-month due to this species’ low fecundity and occurring in American and Independent findings on the petitions for these small population. Pesticide applications Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, and Vanuatu. The species (for our revised 12-month may be affecting its foraging base, candidate assessment form addresses petition findings for species we are especially in coastal areas. the distinct population segment (DPS) of removing from candidate status, see Due to its overall vulnerability, E. s. semicaudata that occurs in summaries above under ‘‘Candidate intense hurricanes are a significant American Samoa. Removals’’). threat; this threat is expected to E. s. semicaudata historically continue or increase in the future. occurred in American and Independent Mammals Intense storms can cause mortality Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, and Vanuatu. It is Florida bonneted bat (Eumops during the storm, exposure to predation extant in Fiji and Tonga, but may be floridanus)—The following summary is immediately following the storm, loss of extirpated from Vanuatu and based on information in our files. No roost sites, impacts on foraging areas Independent Samoa. There is some

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concern that it is also extirpated from high, the threats are ongoing, and Isolation of occupied patches by areas of American Samoa, the location of this therefore, imminent, and the taxon is a unsuitable habitat and high predation DPS, where surveys are currently subspecies. rates are resulting in local extirpation of ongoing to ascertain its status. The New England cottontail (Sylvilagus New England cottontails from small factors that led to the decline of this transitionalis)—The following summary patches. The range of the New England subspecies and the DPS are poorly is based on information contained in cottontail has contracted by 75 percent understood; however, current threats to our files and information received in or more since 1960 and current land this subspecies and the DPS include response to our notice published on uses in the region indicate that the rate habitat loss, predation by introduced June 30, 2004, when we announced our of change, about 2 percent range loss per species, and its small population size 90-day petition finding and initiation of year, will continue. Additional threats and distribution, which make the taxon a status review (69 FR 39395). We include competition for food and habitat extremely vulnerable to extinction due received the petition on August 30, with introduced eastern cottontails and to typhoons and similar natural 2000. The New England cottontail (NEC) large numbers of native white-tailed catastrophes. Thus, the threats are high is a medium-to-large sized cottontail deer; inadequate regulatory mechanisms in magnitude. The Pacific sheath-tailed rabbit that may reach 1,000 grams in to protect habitat; and mortality from bat may also by susceptible to weight, and is one of two species within predation. The magnitude of the threats disturbance to roosting caves. The LPN the genus Sylvilagus occurring in New continues to be high, because they occur for E. s. semicaudata is 3 because the England. New England cottontails are rangewide, and have a severe negative magnitude of the threats is high, the considered habitat specialists, in so far effect on the survival of the species. threats are ongoing, and therefore, as they are dependent upon early- They are imminent because they are imminent, and the taxon is a distinct successional habitats typically ongoing. Thus, we retained an LPN of 2 population segment of a subspecies. described as thickets. The species is the for this species. Conservation measures Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat only endemic cottontail in New that address the threats to the species (Emballonura semicaudata rotensis), England. Historically, the NEC occurred are being developed. Guam and the Commonwealth of the in seven States and ranged from Fisher, West Coast DPS (Martes Northern Mariana Islands—The southeastern New York (east of the pennanti)—The following summary is following summary is based on Hudson River) north through the based on information contained in our information contained in our files. No Champlain Valley, southern Vermont, files and in the Service’s initial new information was provided in the the southern half of New Hampshire, warranted-but-precluded finding petition we received on May 11, 2004. southern Maine, and south throughout published in the Federal Register on This small bat is a member of the Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode April 8, 2004 (68 FR 18770). The fisher Emballonuridae, an Old World bat Island. The current range of the NEC has is a carnivore in the family Mustelidae family that has an extensive declined substantially and occurrences and is the largest member of the genus distribution, primarily in the tropics. have become increasingly separated. Martes. Historically, the West Coast The Pacific sheath-tailed bat was once The species’ distribution is fragmented population of the fisher extended south common and widespread in Polynesia into five apparently isolated from British Columbia into western and Micronesia and it is the only metapopulations. The area occupied by Washington and Oregon, and in the insectivorous bat recorded from a large the cottontail has contracted from North Coast Ranges, Klamath-Siskiyou part of this area. E. s. rotensis is approximately 90,000 sq km to 12,180 Mountains, and Sierra Nevada in historically known from the Mariana sq km. Recent surveys indicate that the California. Because of a lack of Islands and formerly occurred on Guam longterm decline in NEC continues. For detections with standardized survey and in the CNMI on Rota, Aguiguan, example, surveys for the species in early efforts over much of the fisher’s Tinian (known from prehistoric records 2008 documented the presence of NEC historical range, the fisher is believed to only), Saipan, and possibly Anatahan in 7 of the 23 New Hampshire locations be extirpated or reduced to scattered and Maug. Currently, E. s. rotensis that were known to be occupied in 2002 individuals from the lower mainland of appears to be extirpated from all but one and 2003. Similarly, surveys in Maine British Columbia through Washington island in the Mariana archipelago. The found the species present in 12 of 57 and northern Oregon and in the central single remaining population of this sites identified in an extensive survey and northern Sierra Nevada in subspecies occurs on Aguiguan, CNMI. that spanned the years 2000 to 2004. California. Native extant populations of Threats to this subspecies have not Unlike the New Hampshire study, fisher are isolated to the North Coast of changed over the past year. The primary several new sites were documented in California, the Klamath-Siskiyou threats to the subspecies are ongoing Maine during 2008. Some have Mountains of northern California and habitat loss and degradation as a result suggested that the decline in NEC southern Oregon, and the southern of feral goat (Capra hircus) activity on occurrences in 2008 may be attributed Sierra Nevada in California. the island of Aguiguan and the taxon’s to persistent snow cover throughout Descendents of a fisher reintroduction small population size and limited northern New England during the effort also occur in the southern distribution. Predation by nonnative winter of 2007–2008. Similar surveys Cascades in Oregon. The Washington species and human disturbance are also were conducted during the winter of Department of Fish and Wildlife in potential threats to the subspecies. The 2009 in Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode conjunction with the Olympic National subspecies is believed near the point Island, and New York. The results are Park has completed the third year of a where stochastic events, such as pending further analysis. It is estimated reintroduction effort as the State’s first typhoons, are increasingly likely to that less than one-third of the occupied step in implementing their recover goals affect its continued survival. The sites occur on lands in conservation for fisher. The California Department of disappearance of the remaining status and fewer than 10 percent are Fish and Game and other collaborators population on Aguiguan would result in being managed for early-successional began the first year of their translocation the extinction of the subspecies. Thus, forest species. efforts into the northern Sierra Nevada the threats are high in magnitude. The The primary threat to the New during the winter of 2009–2010. LPN for E. s. rotensis remains at 3 England cottontail is loss of habitat Estimates of fisher numbers in native because the magnitude of the threats is through succession and alteration. populations of the West Coast DPS vary

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widely. A rigorous monitoring program uses moist, streamside, dense riparian/ variety of human activities that is lacking for the northern California wetland vegetation. Recent genetic permanently alter the habitat. The threat southern Oregon and southern Oregon studies confirm that the New Mexico of invasive plant species to the quality Cascades populations, making estimates meadow jumping mouse is a distinct of a highly specific habitat requirement of fisher numbers for these two subspecies from other Zapus hudsonius is high and constant. There are few populations difficult. The fisher subspecies, confirming the currently known populations of each subspecies. monitoring program in the southern accepted subspecies designation. A limited dispersal capability, and the Sierra Nevada population has provided The threats that have been identified loss and degradation of additional preliminary estimates indicating no are excessive grazing pressure, water patches of appropriate habitat will decline in the index of abundance use and management, highway further isolate populations and increase within the monitored portion of the reconstruction, development, recreation, their vulnerability to extinction. Loss of population. There is a high degree of and beaver removal. any of the subspecies will reduce the genetic relatedness within some Since the early to mid-1990s over 100 genetic diversity and the likelihood of populations. The two populations of historical localities have been surveyed. continued existence of the T. mazama native fisher in the northern California Currently only 24 are extant, 11 in New subspecies complex in Washington. southern Oregon and southern Sierra Mexico (including one that is The threats are imminent. Two of the Nevada are separated by four times the contiguous with the Colorado locality) subspecies (Cathlamet and Tacoma) are species’ maximum dispersal distance. and 13 in Arizona. Moreover, the highly likely extinct. The status of T. m. The extant fisher populations are either fragmented nature of its distribution is douglasii is unknown, but its location in small (southern Sierra Nevada and also a major contributor to the a matrix of towns means it’s threatened southern Oregon Cascades) and are vulnerability of this species and by encroaching development. Two isolated from one another or both. increases the likelihood of very small, gravel pits are operating on part of the Major threats that fragment or remove isolated populations being extirpated. remaining Roy Prairie pocket gopher key elements of fisher habitat include The insufficient number of secure habitat, and another one occurs in the various forest vegetation management populations, and the destruction, area of the Tenino pocket gopher. The practices such as timber harvest and modification, or curtailment of its largest populations of two other fuels-reduction treatments. Other habitat, continue to pose the most subspecies (Shelton and Olympia) are potential major threats in portions of the immediate threats to this species. located on airports with planned range include: Large stand-replacing Because the threats affect the jumping development. Yelm pocket gophers are wildfires, changes in forest composition mouse in all but two of the extant also threatened by proposed and structure related to climate change localities, the threats are of a high development. Due to its low genetic effects, forest and fuels management, magnitude. These threats are currently diversity, isolation, and potential for and urban and rural development. occurring and, therefore, are imminent. natural habitat alterations in the future, Threats to fishers that lead to direct Thus, we continue to assign an LPN of T. m. melanops (Olympic pocket mortality and injury include: Collisions 3 to this subspecies. gopher) is susceptible to stochastic with vehicles; predation; and viral Mazama pocket gopher (Thomomys events and small population effects borne diseases such as rabies, mazama ssp. couchi, douglasii, such as genetic drift and founder effects. parvovirus, and canine distemper. glacialis, louiei, melanops, pugetensis, Thus, we assign an LPN of 3 to these Existing regulatory mechanisms on tacomensis, tumuli, yelmensis)—The subspecies. Federal, State, and private lands do not following summary is based on Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys provide sufficient protection for the key information contained in our files. No gunnisoni)—This species occurs in elements of fisher habitat, or the new information was provided in the Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and certainty that conservation efforts will petition received December 11, 2002. Utah. However, only the significant be effective or implemented. The Seven of the nine subspecies of pocket portion of the range in the montane magnitude of threats is high as they gopher are associated with glacial portions of central and south central occur across the range of the DPS outwash prairies in western Washington Colorado and north central New Mexico resulting in a negative impact on fisher (T. m. melanops is found on alpine is included on our list of candidates. distribution and abundance. However, meadows in Olympic National Park, and Within this portion of the range, plague the threats are nonimminent as the T. m. oregonus is found in extreme has significantly reduced the number greatest long-term risks to the fisher in southwest Washington). Of these seven and size of populations, resulting in its west coast range are the subsequent subspecies, five are likely still extant considerable effects to the species. ramifications of the isolation of small (couchi, glacialis, pugetensis, tumuli, Populations within montane habitat populations and their interactions with and yelmensis). Few of these glacial have distinct disadvantages in resisting the listed threats. The three remaining outwash prairies remain in Washington the effects of plague due to a high areas containing fisher populations today. Historically, such prairies were abundance of fleas that spread plague, appear to be stable or not rapidly patchily distributed, but the area they small populations that cannot recover in declining based on recent survey and occupied totaled approximately 170,000 numbers from plague epizootics, and monitoring efforts. Therefore, we acres (Stinson 2005). Now, residential isolated populations that limit the assigned an LPN of 6 to this DPS. and commercial development and in- ability to recolonize. Poisoning and New Mexico meadow jumping mouse growth of woody and/or nonnative shooting continue to be threats to the (Zapus hudsonius luteus)—The vegetation have further reduced their Gunnison’s prairie dog within the following summary is based on numbers. In addition, development in or montane portion of its range and information contained in our files and adjacent to these prairies has likely contribute to the decline of the species the petition we received October 15, increased predation on Mazama pocket when combined with the effects of 2008. The New Mexico meadow gophers by dogs and cats. disease. Agriculture, urbanization, jumping mouse (jumping mouse) is The magnitude of threat is high due roads, and oil and gas development each endemic to New Mexico, Arizona, and to populations with patchy and isolated currently affect a small percentage of a small area of southern Colorado. The distributions in habitats highly desirable Gunnison’s prairie dog habitat. Plague is jumping mouse nests in dry soils but for development and subject to a wide significantly affecting the remaining

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small, isolated populations. Plague following summary is based on large-scale efforts to convert suitable epizootics can extirpate populations information contained in our files and habitat to agriculture, and windpower there within a short timeframe (3 to 10 in the petition we received on March 2, project impacts can be minimized years). We have assigned an LPN of 3 to 2000. The Washington ground squirrel through compliance with the Oregon this species due to imminent threats of is endemic to the Deschutes–Columbia State Endangered Species Act (OESA) a high magnitude in a significant Plateau sagebrush-steppe and grassland and/or the Columbia Basin Ecoregion portion of its range. communities in eastern Oregon and wind energy siting and permitting Southern Idaho ground squirrel south-central Washington. Although guidelines. We also consider the ( brunneus endemicus)— widely abundant historically, recent potential development of shooting The following summary is based on surveys suggest that its current range ranges on the Naval Weapons Systems information contained in our files. No has contracted toward the center of its Training Facility as nonimminent new information was provided in the historical range. Approximately two- because the proposed action is still petition we received on May 11, 2004. thirds of the Washington ground being developed, making us unable to The southern Idaho ground squirrel is squirrel’s total historical range has been assess its timing and impact, which endemic to four counties in southwest converted to agricultural and residential could be minimized through Idaho; its total known range is uses. The most contiguous, least- compliance with the OESA. We, approximately 425,630 hectares disturbed expanse of suitable habitat therefore, have retained an LPN of 5 for (1,051,752 acres). Threats to southern within the species’ range occurs on a this species. Idaho ground include: Habitat site owned by Boeing, Inc. and on the Birds degradation and fragmentation; direct Naval Weapons Systems Training killing from shooting, trapping, or Facility near Boardman, Oregon. In Spotless crake, American Samoa DPS poisoning; predation; competition with Washington, the largest expanse of (Porzana tabuensis)—The following Columbian ground squirrels; and known suitable habitat occurs on State summary is based on information inadequacy of existing regulatory and Federal lands. contained in our files. No new mechanisms. Habitat degradation and information was provided in the Agricultural, residential, and fragmentation appear to be the primary petition we received on May 11, 2004. windpower development, among other threats to the species. Nonnative Porzana tabuensis is a small, dark, forms of development, continue to annuals now dominate much of this cryptic rail found in wetlands and rank eliminate Washington ground squirrel species’ range, have changed the species scrub or forest in the Philippines, composition of vegetation used as forage habitat in portions of its range. Australia, Fiji, Tonga, Society Islands, for the southern Idaho ground squirrel, Throughout much of its range, Marquesas, Independent Samoa, and and have altered the fire regime by Washington ground squirrels are American Samoa (Ofu, Tau). The genus accelerating the frequency of wildfire. threatened by the establishment and Porzana is widespread in the Pacific, Habitat deterioration, destruction, and spread of invasive plant species, where it is represented by numerous fragmentation contribute to the current particularly cheatgrass, which alter island-endemic and flightless species patchy distribution of southern Idaho available cover and food quantity and (many of which are extinct as a result ground squirrels. Based on recent quality, and increase fire intervals. of anthropogenic disturbances) as well genetic work, southern Idaho ground Additional threats include habitat as several more cosmopolitan species, squirrels are subject to more genetic fragmentation, recreational shooting, including P. tabuensis. No subspecies of drift and inbreeding than expected. genetic isolation and drift, and P. tabuensis are recognized. Two Candidate Conservation predation. Potential threats include The American Samoa population is Agreements with Assurances (CCAAs) disease, drought, and possible the only population of spotless crakes have been completed for this species in competition with related species in under U.S. jurisdiction. The available recent years. Both CCAAs include disturbed habitat at the periphery of information indicates that distinct conservation measures that provide their range. In Oregon, some threats are populations of the spotless crake, a additional protection to southern Idaho being addressed as a result of the State species not noted for long-distance ground squirrels from recreational listing of this species, and by dispersal, are definable. The population shooting and other direct killing on implementation of the Threemile of spotless crakes in American Samoa is enrolled lands, and also allow the State Canyon Farms Multi-Species Candidate discrete in relation to the remainder of of Idaho, the Service, and BLM to Conservation Agreement with the species as a whole, which is investigate ways of restoring currently Assurances (CCAA). In Washington, distributed in widely separated degraded habitat. At this time, the there are currently no formal agreements locations. Although the spotless crake acreage enrolled through these two with private landowners or with State or (and other rails) have dispersed widely CCAAs is 38,756 ha (95,767 ac), or Federal agencies to protect the in the Pacific, island rails have tended 9 percent of the known range Washington ground squirrel. to reduce or lose their power of flight approximately. While the ongoing Additionally, no State or Federal over evolutionary time and so become conservation efforts have helped to management plans have been developed isolated (and vulnerable to terrestrial reduce the magnitude of threats to that specifically address the needs of the predators such as rats). The population moderate, habitat degradation remains species or its habitat. Since current and of this species in American Samoa is the primary threat to the species potential threats are widespread and, in therefore distinct based on geographic throughout most of its range. This threat some cases, severe, we conclude the and distributional isolation from is imminent due to the ongoing and magnitude of threats remains high. The spotless crake populations on other increasing prevalence and dominance of Washington ground squirrel has both islands in the oceanic Pacific, the nonnative vegetation, and the current imminent and nonimminent threats. At Philippines, and Australia. The patchy distribution of the species. Thus, a range-wide scale, we conclude the American Samoa population of the we assign an LPN of 9 to this threats are nonimminent based largely spotless crake links the Central and subspecies. on the following: The CCAA addressed Eastern Pacific portions of the species’ Washington ground squirrel the imminent loss of a large portion of range. The loss of this population would (Spermophilus washingtoni)—The habitat to agriculture, there are no other result in an increase of roughly 500

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miles (805 kilometers) in the distance application. Principal causes of riparian Tonga and Fiji (G. s. vitiensis), but between the central and eastern habitat losses are conversion to because morphological differences Polynesian portions of the spotless agricultural and other uses, dams and between the two are minimal, we are crake’s range, and could result in the river-flow management, stream not recognizing separate subspecies at isolation of the Marquesas and Society channelization and stabilization, and this time. Islands populations by further limiting livestock grazing. Available breeding In American Samoa, the friendly the potential for even rare genetic habitats for cuckoos have also been ground-dove has been found on the exchange. Based on the discreteness and substantially reduced in area and islands of Ofu and Olosega (Manua significance of the American Samoa quality by groundwater pumping and Group). Threats to this subspecies have population of the spotless crake, we the replacement of native riparian not changed over the past year. consider this population to be a distinct habitats by invasive nonnative plants, Predation by nonnative species and vertebrate population segment. particularly tamarisk. Overuse by natural catastrophes such as hurricanes Threats to this population have not livestock has been a major factor in the are the primary threats to the changed over the past year. The degradation and modification of subspecies. Of these, predation by population in American Samoa is riparian habitats in the western United nonnative species is thought to be threatened by small population size, States. The effects include changes in occurring now and likely has been limited distribution, predation by plant community structure and species occurring for several decades. This nonnative mammals, continued composition and in relative abundance predation may be an important development of wetland habitat, and of species and plant density. These impediment to increasing the natural catastrophes such as hurricanes. changes are often linked to more population. Predation by introduced The co-occurrence of a known predator widespread changes in watershed species has played a significant role in of ground-nesting birds, the Norway rat hydrology. Livestock grazing in riparian reducing, limiting, and extirpating (Rattus norvegicus), along with the habitats typically results in reduction of populations of island birds, especially extremely restricted observed plant species diversity and density, ground-nesters like the friendly ground- distribution and low numbers, indicate especially of palatable broadleaf plants dove, in the Pacific and other locations that the magnitude of the threats to the like willows and cottonwood saplings, worldwide. Nonnative predators known American Samoa DPS of the spotless and is one of the most common causes or thought to occur in the range of the crake continues to be high, because the of riparian degradation. In addition to friendly ground-dove in American threats significantly affect the species destruction and degradation of riparian Samoa are feral cats (Felis catus), survival. The threats are ongoing, and habitats, pesticides may affect cuckoo Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans), black therefore imminent. Based on this populations. In areas where riparian rats (R. rattus), and Norway rats (R. assessment of existing information habitat borders agricultural lands— e.g., norvegicus). In January 2004 and February of 2005, about the imminence and high in California’s Central Valley— hurricanes virtually destroyed the magnitude of these threats, we assigned pesticide use may indirectly affect habitat of G. stairi in the area on Olosega the spotless crake an LPN of 3. cuckoos by reducing prey numbers, or Yellow-billed cuckoo, western U.S. Island that the species had been most by poisoning nestlings if sprayed DPS (Coccyzus americanus)—The frequently recorded. Although this directly in areas where the birds are following summary is based on species has coexisted with severe storms nesting. A group comprised of Federal, information contained in our files and for millennia, this example illustrates State, and nongovernmental agencies the petition we received on February 9, the potential for natural disturbance to organized by the Service (Region 8, 1998. See also our 12-month petition exacerbate the effect of anthropogenic Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office) is finding published on July 25, 2001 (66 disturbance on small populations. FR 38611). The yellow-billed cuckoo is in the process of completing a Consistent monitoring using a variety of a medium-sized bird of about 12 inches rangewide conservation assessment and methods over the last 5 years yielded (30 centimeters) in length with a strategy for the Western yellow-billed few observations and no change in the slender, long-tailed profile and a fairly cuckoo. The assessment is in early relative abundance of this taxon in stout and slightly down-curved bill. stages of development, with work American Samoa. The total population Plumage is grayish-brown above and beginning on a conservation strategy size is poorly known, but is unlikely to white below, with rufous primary flight expected in 2011. The LPN for the number more than a few hundred pairs. feathers with the tail feathers boldly yellow-billed cuckoo remains a 3, with The distribution of the friendly ground- patterned with black and white below. imminent threats of high magnitude. dove is limited to steep, forested slopes Western cuckoos breed in large blocks Friendly ground-dove, American with an open understory and a substrate of riparian habitats (particularly Samoa DPS (Gallicolumba stairi)—The of fine scree or exposed earth; this woodlands with cottonwoods (Populus following summary is based on habitat is not common in American fremontii) and willows (Salix sp.). information contained in our files. No Samoa. The threats are ongoing and, Dense understory foliage appears to be new information was provided in the therefore, imminent and the magnitude an important factor in nest-site petition we received on May 11, 2004. is moderate because the relative selection, while cottonwood trees are an The genus Gallicolumba is distributed abundance has remained the same for important foraging habitat in areas throughout the Pacific and Southeast several years. Thus, we assign this where the species has been studied in Asia. The genus is represented in the subspecies an LPN of 9. California. We consider the yellow- oceanic Pacific by six species: Three are Streaked horned lark (Eremophila billed cuckoos that occur in the western endemic to Micronesian islands or alpestris strigata)—The following United States as a distinct population archipelagos, two are endemic to island summary is based on information segment (DPS). The area for this DPS is groups in French Polynesia, and G. contained in our files. No new west of the crest of the Rocky stairi is endemic to Samoa, Tonga, and information was provided in the Mountains. Fiji. Some authors recognize two petition we received on December 11, The threats currently facing the subspecies of the friendly ground-dove, 2002. The streaked horned lark occurs yellow-billed cuckoo include habitat one, slightly smaller, in the Samoan in Washington and Oregon, and is loss, over-grazing, and pesticide archipelago (G. s. stairi), and one in thought to be extirpated in British

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Columbia, Canada. The streaked horned of invasive plant species is high and 2008. The rufa subspecies is one of six lark nests on bare ground in sparsely constant, aside from a few restoration recognized subspecies of red knot, and vegetated sites in short-grass dominated sites. The numbers of individuals are one of three subspecies occurring in habitats, such as native prairies, coastal low and the numbers of populations are North America. This subspecies makes dunes, fallow and active agricultural few. In addition, estimates of lambda one of the longest-distance migrations fields, seasonal wetlands, moderately- to using data from all Washington sites known in the animal kingdom, as it heavily-grazed pastures, seasonal suggest a rapidly declining population. travels between breeding areas in the mudflats, airports, and dredge- Over-wintering birds are concentrated central Canadian Arctic and wintering deposition sites in and along the tidal in larger flocks and subject to areas that are primarily in southern reach of the Columbia River. In unpredictable wintering habitat loss South America along the coast of Chile Washington, surveys show that there are (especially in Oregon), potentially and Argentina. They migrate along the approximately 330 remaining breeding affecting a large portion of the Atlantic coast of the United States, birds. In Oregon, the breeding population at one time. In Washington, where they may be found from Maine to population is estimated to be over 500 known populations occur on airports, Florida. birds. military bases, coastal beaches, and The Delaware Bay area (in Delaware The streaked horned lark’s breeding Columbia River islands, where and New Jersey) is the largest known habitat continues to be threatened by management, training activities, spring migration stopover area, with far loss and degradation due to conversion recreation, and dredge-material fewer migrants congregating elsewhere of native grasslands to other uses (such deposition continue to negatively along the Atlantic coast. The as agriculture, homes, recreational areas, impact streaked horned lark breeding concentration in the Delaware Bay area and industry), encroachment of woody and wintering (although current work occurs from the middle of May to early vegetation, invasion of nonnative plant being conducted by TNC may ultimately June, corresponding to the spawning species (e.g., Scot’s broom, sod-forming lessen this last threat). In Oregon, season of horseshoe crabs. The knots grasses, and beachgrasses), and breeding and wintering sites occur on feed on horseshoe crab eggs, rebuilding dredging-related activities. Native Columbia River islands, in cultivated energy reserves needed to complete prairies have been nearly eliminated grass fields, grazed pastures, fallow migrations to the Arctic and arrive on throughout the range of the species. It is fields, roadside shoulders, Christmas the breeding grounds in good condition. estimated that less than 1 to 3 percent tree farms, seasonal wetlands, restored In the past, horseshoe crab eggs at of the native grassland and savanna wet prairie, and wetland mudflats. Such Delaware Bay were so numerous that a remains. And those that remain have areas continue to be subject to negative knot could dependably eat enough in been invaded by nonnative sod-forming impacts such as dredge material two to three weeks to double its weight. grasses. Coastal nesting areas have deposition, development, plowing, Surveys at wintering areas and at suffered the same fate. A recent mowing, pesticide and herbicide Delaware Bay during spring migration purchase of prairie lands in Washington applications, trampling, vehicle traffic, indicate a substantial decline in the red has secured habitat that would have and recreation. knot in recent years. At the Delaware been developed. Its status as suitable The threats are imminent, as a result Bay area, peak counts between 1982 and lark nesting habitat is unknown. of continued loss of suitable lark 1998 were as high as 95,360 individuals. Wintering habitats are seemingly few, habitat, high nest-predation rates, low Counts may vary considerably between and are susceptible to unpredictable adult survival, and low fecundity. Low years. Some of the fluctuations can be conversion to unsuitable over-wintering adult survival and fecundity rates in the attributed to predator-prey cycles in the habitat, plant succession, and invasion Puget lowlands are of particular breeding grounds, and counts show that by nonnative plants. Where larks concern. Loss of habitat is being caused knots rebound from such reductions. inhabit manmade habitats similar in by development on and adjacent to Peak counts of red knots observed structure to native prairies (such as several of its nesting areas, including during aerial surveys flown in Delaware airports, military reservations, continued expansions of the Fort Lewis Bay from 2004 to 2008 were consistently agricultural fields, and dredge-formed Gray Army Airfield West Ramp and the below 16,000 birds, with an alltime low islands), or where they occur adjacent to Olympia Airport. Wintering populations of only 12,375 red knots found in 2007. human habitation, they are subjected to are at risk in Oregon due to the manner In recent years, the highest a variety of unintentional human in which larks gather in large flocks that concentrations of red knots at the disturbances. These include mowing, are vulnerable to stochastic events, and Delaware Bay stopover have been recreational and military activities, also due to the fact that their wintering within Mispillion Harbor, Delaware, an plowing, flooding, and dredge-material habitat occurs on privately owned area that has likely been undercounted deposition during the nesting season, as agricultural lands that are subject to during past aerial surveys. Beginning in well as intentional disturbances such as unpredictable conversion. Other 2009, a new survey methodology was at the Joint Base Lewis–McChord Field ongoing threats include those occurring implemented for the Delaware Bay where falcons and a dog are used to on the Joint Base Lewis-McChord Field stopover area to include ground counts haze birds in order to avoid aircraft (hazing birds off the airfields, RODEO, that more accurately reflect collisions, and the biennial (but and Air Expo). Based on imminent concentrations of red knots using opposite year) RODEO and Air Expo threats of a high magnitude, we Mispillion Harbor and to include aerial events that occur on or adjacent to lark continue to assign an LPN of 3 to this surveys of red knots using Atlantic nesting habitat. In some areas, subspecies. coastal marshes near Stone Harbor, New landowners have taken steps to improve Red knot (Calidris canutus rufa)—The Jersey. The highest count using the new streaked horned lark nesting habitat. following summary is based on methodology showed 27,187 red knots The magnitude of threat is high due information contained in our files and in Delaware and 900 in New Jersey, for to small populations with low genetic information provided by petitioners. a total count of 28,087 birds. Poor diversity, rapidly declining populations, Four petitions to emergency list the red weather conditions in 2009 prevented and patchy and isolated habitats in knot have been received: One on August aerial surveys during the period when areas desirable for development, many 9, 2004, two others on August 5, 2005, red knots were thought to be at a peak, of which remain unsecured. The threat and the most recent on February 27, so no comparison with the past aerial

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survey peak count method was possible. number of 102,659 crabs landed in the best available information; the While the number of red knots using Delaware in 2009 and no crabs population could decline substantially Delaware Bay likely increased in 2009, harvested in New Jersey. No horseshoe if such harvest continues. Future much of the increase is attributed to crabs have been landed for bait in New subsistence harvests in Alaska, by improved survey methods and an Jersey since 2007 as a result of the State- themselves, constitute a threat to the expanded area of coverage. imposed harvest moratorium. In the species rangewide. This subsistence Counts in recent years in South Delaware Bay area, continued harvest is occurring despite the species America also are substantially lower recruitment of small horseshoe crabs being closed to hunting under the than in the past. In the mid-1980s, an has been observed, with a substantial Migratory Bird Treaty Act. In addition, estimated 67,500 red knots were increase in numbers of the smallest up to several hundred yellow-billed observed from Tierra del Fuego, Chile sizes of immature males and females in loons may be taken annually on Russian and along the coast of Argentina to 2009 over previous years. The breeding grounds, and small numbers of northern Patagonia. Since 2003, the continued increase in immature males yellow-billed loons are reported in largest concentrations of red knots have and females would be expected in a harvests in other areas in Alaska outside occurred at the principal wintering recovering population and suggests of the subsistence harvest area and in areas in Bahia Lomas and other portions recent harvest restrictions may be Canada. of Tierra del Fuego and southern having the desired effect, but it may be Other risk factors evaluated, including Patagonia, with few birds found further several more years until this increase is oil and gas development (i.e., north along the coast of Argentina. More realized in spawning age adults, as disturbance, changes in freshwater than 50,000 red knots were counted in horseshoe crabs need 8 to10 years to chemistry and pollutant loads, and the principal winter areas in 1985 and reach sexual maturity. changes in freshwater hydrology); 2000. Since 2005, fewer than 18,000 Other identified threat factors include pollution; overfishing; climate change; have been counted within the same habitat destruction due to beach erosion vessel traffic; commercial- and area, with only 16,260 red knots and various shoreline protection and subsistence-fishery bycatch; and observed in 2010. stabilization projects that are affecting contaminants other than those The primary threat to the red knot has areas used by migrating knots for associated with oil and gas, were not been attributed to destruction and foraging, the inadequacy of existing found to be threats to the species. modification of its habitat, particularly regulatory mechanisms, human Although these other risk factors may the reduction in key food resources disturbance, and competition with other not rise to the level of a threat resulting from reductions in horseshoe species for limited food resources. Also, individually, when taken collectively crabs, which are harvested primarily for the concentration of red knots in the with the effects of subsistence hunting use as bait and secondarily to support Delaware Bay areas and at a relatively in other areas, they may reduce the a biomedical industry. Commercial small number of wintering areas makes rangewide population even further. One harvest increased substantially in the the species vulnerable to potential large- or more of the threats discussed above 1990s. Research shows that since 1998, scale events such as oil spills or severe is occurring throughout the range of the a high proportion of red knots leaving weather. Overall, we conclude that the yellow-billed loon, either in its breeding the Delaware Bay failed to achieve threats, in particular the modification of or wintering grounds, or during threshold departure masses needed to habitat through harvesting of horseshoe migration; therefore, the threats are fly to breeding grounds and survive an crabs, are severe enough to put the imminent. The magnitude of the initial few days of snow cover, and this viability of the knot at substantial risk primary threat to the species, corresponded to reduced annual and is therefore of a high magnitude. subsistence harvest, is moderate. survival rates and reduced reproductive The threats are currently occurring, and Although subsistence harvest is success. Since 1999, to protect the therefore imminent because of ongoing, the numbers taken have varied Atlantic coast population of the continuing suppressed horseshoe-crab- substantially between years. In addition, horseshoe crab and to increase egg forage conditions for red knot we have concerns about the precision of availability of horseshoe crab eggs in within the Delaware Bay stopover. the numbers reported. Thus, we Delaware Bay for hemispheric migratory Based on imminent threats of a high assigned the yellow-billed loon an LPN shorebird populations, a series of timing magnitude, we retain an LPN of 3 for of 8. restrictions and substantially lower this subspecies. Kittlitz’s murrelet (Brachyramphus harvest quotas have been adopted by the Yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii)— brevirostris)—The following summary is Atlantic States Marine Fisheries The following summary is based on based on information contained in our Commission, as well as by the States of information contained in our files and files and the petition we received on New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. In the petition we received on April 5, May 9, 2001. Kittlitz’s murrelet is a March 2008, New Jersey passed 2004. The yellow-billed loon is a small diving seabird whose entire North legislation imposing a moratorium on migratory bird. Solitary pairs breed on American population, and a majority of horseshoe crab harvest or landing lakes in the arctic tundra of the United the world’s population, inhabits within the State until such time as the States, Russia, and Canada from June to Alaskan coastal waters discontinuously red knot has fully recovered. September. During the remainder of the from Point Lay south to northern The reductions in commercial year, the species winters in more portions of Southeast Alaska. Most horseshoe crab harvest by Atlantic southern coastal waters of the Pacific Kittlitz’s murrelets are associated with coastal States since 1999 are substantial. Ocean and the Norway and North Seas. tidewater glaciers, but some occur in From 2004 to 2009, annual landings of During most of the year, individual areas not currently influenced by horseshoe crabs have been reduced by yellow-billed loons are so widely glaciers. Genetic analyses suggest very over 70 percent from the reference dispersed that high adult mortality from low rates of immigration and emigration period landings of the mid- to late- any single factor is unlikely. However, between Kittlitz’s murrelets in the 1990s. For Delaware and New Jersey, during migration, yellow-billed loons western Aleutian Islands, where there the decline in horseshoe crab landings are more concentrated and are subject to are no extant glaciers, and birds for bait has decreased from 726,660 subsistence harvest that at current levels occupying mainland fjords, where there reported in 1999 to a preliminary appears to be unsustainable, based on are glaciers today. For 2010, we estimate

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the world-wide abundance of Kittlitz’s was detected at the largest nesting facility and visiting tanker vessels, noise murrelets to be between 30,900 and colony in southern California, possibly from the facilities or from helicopters 56,800 individuals. In some regions of due to high levels of predation on eggs visiting the facilities, and the threat of Alaska, Kittlitz’s murrelets have by the endemic deer mouse (Peromyscus oil spills associated with visiting tanker declined at a rate of up to 20 percent maniculatus elusus). Identified threats vessels. However, these facilities are between two decadal periods (1988– include introduced predators at nesting early in the complex and long-term 1999 and 2004–2007). colonies, oil spills and oil pollution, planning processes, and it is possible Threats to Kittlitz’s murrelets include reduced prey availability, human that none of these facilities will be built. large-scale processes such as global disturbance, and artificial light In addition, none of them are directly climate change and marine regime pollution. adjacent to nesting colonies, where their shifts. These large-scale processes may Although substantial declines in the impacts would be expected to be more influence Kittlitz’s murrelet survival Xantus’s murrelet population likely significant. The remaining threats to the and reproduction. Glacial retreat is a occurred over the last century, some of species are of a high magnitude but global phenomenon that affects many of the largest threats are being addressed, nonimminent. Therefore, we retained an the glaciers with which Kittlitz’s and, to some degree, ameliorated. LPN of 5 for this species. murrelets are associated. This glacial Declines and possible extirpations at Lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus retreat may be changing forage fish several nesting colonies were thought to pallidicinctus)—The following availability, and may contribute to loss have been caused by nonnative summary is based on information of nesting habitat and increased predators, which have been removed contained in our files and the petition predation on Kittlitz’s murrelets. Other from many of the islands where they received on October 5, 1995. Additional threats include oil spills, bycatch in once occurred. Most notably, since information can be found in the commercial gillnet fisheries, and 1994, Island Conservation and Ecology 12-month finding published on June 7, disturbance by tour boats. Catastrophic Group has systematically removed rats, 1998 (63 FR 31400). Biologists estimate events such as oil spills could have a cats, and dogs from every murrelet that the occupied range has declined by significant negative effect on the nesting colony in Mexico, with the 92 percent since the 1800s. The most population of this already diminished exception of cats and dogs on serious threats to the lesser prairie- species. Kittlitz’s murrelets are believed Guadalupe Island. In 2002, rats were chicken are loss of habitat from to have been negatively affected by the eradicated from Anacapa Island in conversion of native rangelands to Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William southern California, which has resulted introduced forages and cultivated crops; Sound in 1989. Mortality as bycatch in in improvements in reproductive conversion of suitable restored habitat commercial fishing may be a significant success at that island. In southern in the Conservation Reserve Program to factor in their population decline. Tour California, efforts to restore nesting cropland; cumulative habitat boat visitation to glacial fjords is a habitat on Santa Barbara Island through degradation caused by severe grazing; growing industry, and this activity may the Montrose Settlements Restoration and energy development, including increasingly disrupt Kittlitz’s murrelet Project may benefit the Xantus’s transmission, and wind, oil, and gas feeding behavior; tour boats may also murrelet population at that island. development. Additional threats are provide artificial perch sites for avian Artificial lighting from squid fishing woody plant invasion of open prairies predators. and other vessels, or lights on islands, due to fire suppression, herbicide use Based on the observed population remains a potential threat to the species. (including resumption of herbicide use trajectory and the severity of ongoing Bright lights make Xantus’s murrelets in shinnery oak habitat), and habitat threats (rapid glacial retreat, acute and more susceptible to predation, and they fragmentation caused by structural and chronic oil spills, commercial gillnet can also become disoriented and transportation developments. Many of fishing, and human disturbance from exhausted from continual attraction to these threats may exacerbate the normal tour boats), the threats to this species bright lights. Chicks can become effects of periodic drought on lesser are high in magnitude and imminent. disoriented and separated from their prairie-chicken populations. In many Therefore, we assigned an LPN of 2 to parents at sea, which could result in cases, the remaining suitable habitat has this species. death of the dependent chicks. High- become fragmented by the spatial Xantus’s murrelet (Synthliboramphus wattage lights on commercial market arrangement of these individual threats. hypoleucus)—The following summary is squid (Loligo opalescens) fishing vessels Habitat fragmentation can be a threat to based on information contained in our used at night to attract squid to the the species through several files and the petition we received on surface of the water in the Channel mechanisms: Remaining habitat patches April 16, 2002. The Xantus’s murrelet is Islands was the suspected cause of may become smaller than necessary to a small seabird in the family Alcidae unusually high predation on Xantus’s meet the requirements of individuals that occurs along the west coast of North murrelets by western gulls (Larus and populations, necessary habitat America in the United States, Mexico, occidentalis) and barn owls (Tyto alba) heterogeneity may be lost to areas of and Canada. The species has a limited at Santa Barbara Island in 1999. To homogeneous habitat structure, and the breeding distribution, only nesting on address this threat, in 2000, the probability of recolonization decreases the Channel Islands in southern California Fish and Game Commission as the distance between suitable habitat California and on islands off the west required light shields and a limit of patches expands. We have determined coast of Baja California, Mexico. 30,000 watts per boat; it is unknown if that the overall magnitude of threats to Although data on population trends are this is sufficient to reduce impacts. the lesser prairie-chicken throughout its scarce, the population is suspected to Since 1999, no significant squid fishing range is high, and that the threats are have declined greatly over the last has occurred near any of the colonies in ongoing, and thus imminent. century, mainly due to introduced the Channel Islands; however, this Consequently, we have retained an LPN predators such as rats (Rattus sp.) and remains a potential future threat. of 2 for this species. feral cats (Felis catus) to nesting islands, A proposal to build three liquid Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus with possible extirpations on three natural gas facilities near the Channel urophasianus), Columbia Basin DPS— islands in Mexico. A dramatic decline Islands could affect the nesting colonies The following summary is based on (up to 70 percent) from 1977 to 1991 due to bright lights at night from the information in our files and a petition,

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dated May 14, 1999, requesting the is a small seabird that is found in is due primarily to predation by listing of the Washington population of several areas of the subtropical Pacific nonnative predators introduced by the western sage-grouse (C. u. phaios). and Atlantic Oceans. In the Pacific, humans, including the domestic cat On May 7, 2001, we concluded that there are three widely separated (Felis catus), small Indian mongoose listing the Columbia Basin DPS of the breeding populations—one in Japan, (Herpestes auropunctatus), common western sage-grouse was warranted, but one in Hawaii, and one in the barn owl (Tyto alba), black rat (R. precluded by higher-priority listing Galapagos. Populations in Japan and the rattus), Polynesian rat (R. exulans), and actions (66 FR 22984); this population Galapagos are comparatively large and Norway rat (R. norvegicus), which occur was historically found in northern number in the thousands, while the throughout the main Hawaiian Islands, Oregon and central Washington. Hawaiian birds represent a small, with the exception of the mongoose, Following our May 7, 2001, finding, the remnant population of possibly only a which is not established on Kauai. Service received additional petitions few hundred pairs. Band-rumped storm- Attraction of fledglings to artificial requesting listing actions for various petrels are most commonly found in lights, which disrupts their night-time other greater sage-grouse populations, close proximity to breeding islands. The navigation, resulting in collisions with including one for the nominal western three populations in the Pacific are building and other objects, and subspecies, dated January 24, 2002, and separated by long distances across the collisions with artificial structures such three for the entire species, dated June ocean where birds are not found. as communication towers and utility 18, 2002, and March 19 and December Extensive at-sea surveys of the Pacific lines are also threats. Erosion of nest 22, 2003. The Service subsequently have revealed a broad gap in sites caused by the actions of nonnative found that the petition for the western distribution of the band-rumped storm- ungulates is a potential threat in some subspecies did not present substantial petrel to the east and west of the locations. Efforts are under way in some information (68 FR 6500), and that Hawaiian Islands, indicating that the areas to reduce light pollution and listing the greater sage-grouse distribution of birds in the central mitigate the threat of collisions, but throughout its historical range was not Pacific around Hawaii is disjunct from there are no large-scale efforts to control warranted (70 FR 2244). These latter other nesting areas. The available nonnative predators in the Hawaiian findings were remanded to the Service information indicates that distinct Islands. The threats are imminent for further consideration. In response, populations of band-rumped storm- because they are ongoing, and they are we initiated a new range-wide status petrels are definable and that the of a high magnitude because they can review for the entire species (73 FR Hawaiian population is distinct based severely affect the survival of this DPS 10218). On March 5, 2010, we found on geographic and distributional leading to a relatively high likelihood of that listing of the greater sage-grouse isolation from other band-rumped extinction. Therefore, we assign this was warranted but precluded by higher storm-petrel populations in Japan, the distinct population segment an LPN of priority listing actions (75 FR 13909; Galapagos, and the Atlantic Ocean. A 3. March 23, 2010), and it was added to population also can be considered Elfin-woods warbler (Dendroica the list of candidates. We also found discrete if it is delimited by angelae)—The following summary is that the western subspecies of the international boundaries that have based on information contained in our greater sage-grouse, the taxonomic differences in management control of files. No new information was provided entity we relied on in our DPS analysis the species. The Hawaiian population of in the petition we received on May 11, for the Columbia Basin population, was the band-rumped storm-petrel is the 2004. Dendroica angelae, or elfin-woods no longer considered a valid subspecies. only population within U.S. borders or warbler, is a small entirely black and In light of our conclusions regarding the under U.S. jurisdiction. Loss of the white warbler, distinguished by its invalidity of the western sage-grouse Hawaiian population would cause a white eyebrow stripe, white patches on subspecies, the significance of the significant gap in the distribution of the ear covers and neck, incomplete eye Columbia Basin DPS to the greater sage- band-rumped storm-petrel in the ring, and black crown. The elfin-woods grouse will require further review. As Pacific, and could result in the complete warbler was at first thought to occur priorities allow the Service intends to isolation of the Galapagos and Japan only in the high elevation dwarf or elfin complete an analysis to determine if this populations without even occasional forests, but has since been found at population continues to warrant genetic exchanges. Therefore, the lower elevations including shade coffee recognition as a DPS in accordance with population is both discrete and plantations and secondary forests. This our Policy Regarding the Recognition of significant, and constitutes a DPS. species builds a compact cup nest, Distinct Population (61 FR 4722; The band-rumped storm-petrel usually close to the trunk and well February 7, 1996). Until that time, the probably was common on all of the hidden among the epiphytes of a small Columbia Basin DPS will remain a main Hawaiian Islands when tree, and its breeding season extends candidate for listing as a separate Polynesians arrived about 1,500 years from March to June. It forages in the population of greater sage-grouse. Even ago, based on storm-petrel bones found middle part of trees, gleaning if this population does not meet our in middens on the island of Hawaii and from leaves in the outer portion of the DPS policy, the greater sage-grouse in excavation sites on Oahu and tree crown. The elfin-woods warbler has population in the Columbia Basin will Molokai. Nesting colonies of this been documented from four locations in remain a candidate for listing as part of species in the Hawaiian Islands Puerto Rico: Luquillo Mountains (El the greater sage-grouse entity. currently are restricted to remote cliffs Yunque National Forest), Sierra de Band-rumped storm-petrel, Hawaii on Kauai and Lehua Island and high- Cayey, and the Commonwealth forests DPS (Oceanodroma castro)—The elevation lava fields on Hawaii. of Maricao and Toro Negro. However, it following summary is based on Vocalizations of the species were heard has not been recorded again in Toro information contained in our files and in Haleakala Crater on Maui as recently Negro and Cayey, following the passing the petition we received on May 8, as 2006; however, no nesting sites have of Hurricane Hugo in 1989. In 2003 and 1989. No new information was provided been located on the island to date. The 2004, surveys were conducted for the in the second petition received on May significant reduction in numbers and elfin-woods warbler in the Carite 11, 2004. The band-rumped storm-petrel range of the band-rumped storm-petrel Commonwealth Forest, Toro Negro

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Forest, Guilarte Forest, Bosque del Reptiles Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Pueblo, Maricao Forest and the El Northern Mexican Gartersnake Missouri, New York, Ohio, Yunque National Forest, but only (Thamnophis eques megalops)—The Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Ontario. detected the species in the latter two. In following summary is based on Although the current range of S. c. the Maricao Commonwealth Forest, 778 information contained in our files. The catenatus resembles the subspecies’ elfin woods warblers were recorded, northern Mexican gartersnake generally historical range, the geographic and in the El Yunque National Forest, occurs in three types of habitat: distribution has been restricted by the 196 elfin-woods warblers were (1) Ponds and cienegas; (2) lowland loss of the subspecies from much of the recorded. river riparian forests and woodlands; area within the boundaries of that range. The elfin-woods warbler is currently and (3) upland stream gallery forests. Approximately 40 percent of the threatened by habitat modification. Within the United States, the counties that were historically occupied Destruction of elfin forest and distribution of the northern Mexican by S. c. catenatus no longer support the subspecies. S. c. catenatus is currently Podocarpus forest by the installation of gartersnake has been reduced by close to listed as endangered in every State and infrastructure (e.g., telecommunication 90 percent and it occurs in fragmented province in which it occurs, except for towers, recreational facilities) threatens populations within the middle/upper Verde River drainage, middle/lower Michigan where it is designated as a the long-term survival of this species. species of special concern. Each State Loss of this type of habitat has been Tonto Creek, and the upper Santa Cruz River, as well as in a small number of and Canadian province across the range curtailed but potential for loss still isolated wetland habitats in of S. c. catenatus has lost more than 30 exists due to Commonwealth agencies southeastern Arizona; its status in New percent, and for the majority more than other than DNER. Furthermore, Mexico is uncertain. Within Mexico, the 50 percent, of their historical restoration of this habitat would take northern Mexican gartersnake is populations. Furthermore, less than 35 decades to complete. Present regulatory distributed along the Sierra Madre percent of the remaining populations processes, both Commonwealth and Occidental and the Mexican Plateau in are considered secure. Approximately Federal, promote the protection of these the Mexican states of Sonora, 59 percent of the remaining S. c. areas. Conversion of elfin-woods Chihuahua, Durango, Coahila, catenatus populations occur wholly or warbler habitat of better quality (e.g., Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Nayarit, Hidalgo, in part on public land, and Statewide mature secondary forests, young Jalisco, San Luis Potosı´, Aguascalientes, and/or site-specific Candidate secondary forests, and shaded-coffee Tlaxacala, Puebla, Me´xico, Michoaca´n, Conservation Agreements with plantations) along the periphery of the Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Quere´taro. The Assurances (CCAAs) are currently being Maricao Commonwealth Forest to primary threat to the northern Mexican developed for many of these areas in marginal habitat (e.g., pastures, dry gartersnake is competition and Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. slope forests, residential rural forests, predation from nonnative species such In 2004, a Candidate Conservation gallery forests, and un-shaded coffee as sportfish, bullfrogs, and crayfish. Agreement (CCA) with the Lake County plantations) may result in ineffective Degradation and elimination of its Forest Preserve District in Illinois was corridors for dispersal and expansion of habitat and native prey base are also completed. In 2005, a CCA with the elfin-woods warbler populations. While significant threats, most notably in areas Forest Preserve District of Cook County there is an effort to restore sun-coffee where nonnative species co-occur. in Illinois was completed. In 2006, a plantations to shade-coffee habitat, Threats, particularly competition and CCAA with the Ohio Department of other habitats adjacent to the Maricao predation by nonnative species, are high Natural Resources Division of Natural Forest may still be affected by in magnitude since they result in direct Areas and Preserves was completed for residential development. mortality or reduced reproductive Rome State Nature Preserve in Ashtabula County. The magnitude of The listing priority number was capacity and may be irreversible in complex habitat resulting in a relatively threats is moderate at this time. originally assessed as a 5 (high However, populations soon to be under magnitude, non-imminent threats). This high likelihood of extinction. The threats are ongoing and, therefore, CCAs and CCAAs have a low to was changed during the 2009 CNOR. imminent. Thus, we retained an LPN of moderate likelihood of persisting and Our analysis of the five listing factors 3 for this subspecies. remaining viable. Other populations are revealed that only factors A and D Sand dune lizard (Sceloporus likely to suffer additional losses in applied to the species. Although habitat arenicolus)—We continue to find that abundance and genetic diversity and modification is occurring, it is limited, listing this species is warranted but some will likely be extirpated unless as the species is found mostly on precluded as of the date of publication threats are removed in the near future. protected lands managed by the of this notice. However, we are working Declines have continued or may be Commonwealth and Federal agencies. on a proposed listing rule that we accelerating in several states. Thus, we We found no indication that the two expect to publish prior to making the are monitoring the status of this species populations of elfin-woods warbler are next annual resubmitted 12-month to determine if a change in listing declining in numbers. We also found petition finding. priority is warranted. Furthermore, we that it can thrive in disturbed and Eastern massasauga rattlesnake are working with several experts and plantation habitats, and rebounds and (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus)—The partners in the development of an recovers well, in a relatively short time, following summary is based on extinction risk model for the subspecies, from the damaging effects of hurricanes information contained in our files. No and the results of this work may to the forest structure. Therefore, the new information was provided in the indicate that a change in listing priority magnitude of threats is moderate to low. petition received on May 11, 2004. The number is appropriate. Threats of These threats are not imminent, because eastern massasauga is one of three habitat modification, habitat succession, most of the range of the elfin-woods recognized subspecies of massasauga. It incompatible land management warbler is within protected lands. As a is a small, thick-bodied rattlesnake that practices, illegal collection for the pet result, we assigned an LPN of 11 to this occupies shallow wetlands and adjacent trade, and human persecution are species. upland habitat in portions of Illinois, ongoing and imminent threats to many

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remaining populations, particularly populations that are isolated and small. has been degraded, habitat loss does not those inhabiting private lands. We Trapping and occurrence data indicate represent an imminent threat, primarily conclude that emergency listing is not the Louisiana pine snake is currently because the rate of habitat loss appears warranted and have kept the LPN at 9 restricted to seven disjunct populations; to be declining on public lands. for this subspecies. five of the populations occur on federal However, all populations require active Black pine snake (Pituophis lands and two occur mainly on private habitat management, and the lack of melanoleucus lodingi)—The following industrial timberlands. Currently adequate habitat remains a threat for summary is based on information occupied habitat in Louisiana and Texas several populations. The potential contained in our files. No new is estimated to be approximately threats to a large percentage of extant information was provided in the 163,000 acres, with 53 percent occurring Louisiana pine snake populations, petition we received on May 11, 2004. on public lands and 47 percent in coupled with the likely permanence of There are historical records for the black private ownership. these effects and the species’ low pine snake from one parish in All remnant Louisiana pine snake fecundity and low population sizes Louisiana, 14 counties in Mississippi, populations have been affected by (based on capture rates and occurrence and 3 counties in Alabama west of the habitat loss and all require active habitat data), lead us to conclude that the Mobile River Delta. Black pine snake management. A Candidate Conservation threats have significant effect on the surveys and trapping indicate that this Agreement (CCA) was completed in survival of the species and therefore species has been extirpated from 2003 to maintain and enhance occupied remain high in magnitude. Thus, based Louisiana and from four counties in and potential habitat on public lands, on nonimminent, high-magnitude Mississippi. Moreover, the distribution and to protect known Louisiana pine threats, we assign a listing priority of remaining populations has become snake populations. On Federal lands, number of 5 to this species. highly restricted due to the destruction signatories of the Louisiana pine snake Sonoyta mud turtle (Kinosternon and fragmentation of the remaining CCA currently conduct habitat sonoriense longifemorale)—The longleaf pine habitat within the range of management (i.e., prescribed burning following summary is based on the subspecies. Most of the known and thinning) that is beneficial to the information contained in our files. No Mississippi populations are Louisiana pine snake. This proactive new information was provided in the concentrated on the DeSoto National habitat management has likely slowed petition we received on May 11, 2004. Forest. Populations occurring on or reversed the rate of Louisiana pine The Sonoyta mud turtle occurs in a properties managed by State and other snake habitat degradation on many spring and pond at Quitobaquito governmental agencies as gopher portions of federal lands. The largest Springs on Organ Pipe Cactus National tortoise mitigation banks or wildlife extant Louisiana pine snake population Monument in Arizona, and in the Rio sanctuaries represent the best exists on private industrial timberlands. Sonoyta and Quitovac Spring of Sonora, opportunities for long-term survival of Although two conservation areas are Mexico. Loss and degradation of stream the subspecies in Alabama. Other managed to benefit Louisiana pine habitat from water diversion and factors affecting the black pine snake snakes on this property, the majority of groundwater pumping, along with its include vehicular mortality and low the intervening occupied habitat is very limited distribution, is the primary reproductive rates, which magnify the threatened by land management threat to the Sonoyta mud turtle. threats from destruction and activities (habitat conversion to short- Sonoyta mud turtles are highly aquatic fragmentation of longleaf pine habitat rotation pine plantations) that decrease and depend on permanent water for and increase the likelihood of local habitat quality. survival. The area of southwest Arizona . Due to the imminent threats Three of the remnant Louisiana pine and northern Sonora where the Sonoyta of high magnitude caused by the past snake populations may be vulnerable to mud turtle occurs is one of the driest destruction of most of the longleaf pine decreased demographic viability or regions of the southwest. Continuing habitat of the black pine snake, and the other factors associated with low drought, irrigated agriculture, and continuing persistent degradation of population sizes and demographic development in the region, is expected what remains, we assigned an LPN of 3 isolation. Although these remnant to cause surface water in the Rio to this subspecies. Louisiana pine snake populations are Sonoyta to dwindle further and Louisiana pine snake (Pituophis intrinsically vulnerable and thus therefore have a significant impact on ruthveni)—The following summary is threatened by these factors, it is not the survival of this subspecies, which based on information contained in our known if they are presently actually may also be vulnerable to aerial files and the petition we received on facing these threats. Because all extant spraying of pesticides on nearby July 19, 2000. The Louisiana pine snake populations are currently isolated and agricultural fields. We retained an LPN historically occurred in the fire- fragmented by habitat loss in the matrix of 3 for this subspecies because threats maintained longleaf pine ecosystem between populations, there is little are of a high magnitude and continue to within west-central Louisiana and potential for dispersal among remnant date, and therefore are imminent. extreme east-central Texas. Most of the populations or for the natural re- historical longleaf pine habitat of the colonization of vacant habitat patches. Amphibians Louisiana pine snake has been Thus, the loss of any remnant Columbia spotted frog, Great Basin destroyed or degraded due to logging, population is likely to be permanent. DPS (Rana luteiventris)—The following fire suppression, roadways, short- Other factors affecting the Louisiana summary is based on information rotation silviculture, and grazing. In the pine snake throughout its range include contained in our files and the petition absence of recurrent fire, suitable low fecundity, which magnifies other we received on May 1, 1989. Currently, habitat conditions for the Louisiana threats and increases the likelihood of Columbia spotted frogs appear to be pine snake and its primary prey, the local extirpations, and vehicular widely distributed throughout Baird’s pocket gopher (Geomys mortality, which may significantly affect southwestern Idaho, southeastern breviceps), are lost due to vegetative Louisiana pine snake populations. Oregon, northeastern and central succession. The loss and fragmentation While the extent of Louisiana pine Nevada, but local populations within of the longleaf pine ecosystem has snake habitat loss has been great in the this general area appear to be small and resulted in extant Louisiana pine snake past and much of the remaining habitat isolated from each other. Recent work

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by researchers in Idaho and Nevada yellow-legged frog is from Butte and watershed, and a tributary of Cole have documented the loss of historically Plumas Counties in the north to Tulare Creek; no data showing increase in known sites, reduced numbers of and Inyo Counties in the south. A mountain yellow-legged frogs at these individuals within local populations, separate population in southern sites is available. and declines in the reproduction of California is already listed as In California, chytridiomycosis, more those individuals. Small, highly endangered (67 FR 44382). Based on commonly known as chytrid fungus fragmented populations, characteristic mitochondrial DNA, morphological, and (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) or of the majority of existing populations acoustic studies, Vredenburg et al. Bd, has been detected in many of Columbia spotted frogs in the Great recently recognized two distinct species amphibian species, including the Basin, are highly susceptible to of mountain yellow-legged frog in the mountain yellow-legged frog within the extinction processes. Sierra Nevada, R. muscosa and R. Sierra Nevada. Recent research has Poor management of Columbia sierrae. This taxonomic distinction has shown that this pathogenic fungus has spotted frog habitat—including water been recently adopted by the American become widely distributed throughout development, improper grazing, mining Society of Ichthyologists and the Sierra Nevada, and that infected activities, and nonnative species—has Herpetologists, the Herpetologists’ mountain yellow-legged frogs often die and continues to contribute to the League, and the Society for the Study of soon after metamorphosis. Several degradation and fragmentation of Amphibians and Reptiles. The infected and uninfected populations habitat. Emerging fungal diseases such Vredenburg study determined that two were monitored in Sequoia and Kings as chytridiomycosis and the spread of species exist, as described by Camp, but Canyon National Parks over multiple parasites may be contributing factors to have different geographical ranges than years, documenting dramatic declines Columbia spotted frog population first described. Camp described R. and extirpations in infected but not in declines throughout portions of its muscosa as only occurring in southern uninfected populations. In the summer range. Effects of climate change, such as California. A recent study determined of 2005, 39 of 43 populations assayed in drought, and stochastic events such as that R. muscosa also occurs in the Yosemite National Park were positive fire often have detrimental effects to southern portion of the Sierra Nevada, for chytrid fungus. small isolated populations and can often and R. sierrae occurs both in the The current distribution of the Sierra exacerbate existing threats. A 10-year southern and northern portions of the Nevada mountain yellow-legged frog is Conservation Agreement and Strategy Sierra Nevada, with no range overlap. restricted primarily to public lands at was signed in September 2003 for both At this time, we have not adopted this high elevations, including streams, the Northeast and the Toiyabe taxonomic distinction of two species lakes, ponds, and meadow wetlands subpopulations in Nevada. The goals of and continue to recognize mountain located on national forests, including wilderness and non-wilderness on the the conservation agreements are to yellow-legged frogs in the Sierra Nevada forests, and national parks. In several reduce threats to Columbia spotted frogs Mountains of California as R. muscosa areas where detailed studies of the and their habitat to the extent necessary and as the candidate entity. to prevent populations from becoming effects of chytrid fungus on the extirpated throughout all or a portion of Predation by introduced trout is the mountain yellow-legged frog are on- their historical range and to maintain, best-documented cause of the decline of going, substantial declines have been enhance, and restore a sufficient the Sierra Nevada mountain yellow- observed over the past several years. For number of populations of Columbia legged frog, because it has been example, in 2007 surveys in Yosemite spotted frogs and their habitat to ensure repeatedly observed that fishes and National Park, mountain yellow-legged their continued existence throughout mountain yellow-legged frogs rarely co- frogs were not detectable at 37 percent their historical range. Additionally, a exist. Mountain yellow-legged frogs and of 285 sites where they had been Candidate Conservation Agreement with trout (native and nonnative) do co-occur observed in 2000–2002; in 2005 in Assurances was completed in 2006 for at some sites, but these co-occurrences Sequoia and Kings Canyon National the Owyhee subpopulation at Sam probably are mountain yellow-legged Parks, mountain yellow-legged frogs Noble Springs, Idaho. Several habitat frog populations with negative were not detected at 54 percent of sites enhancement projects have been population growth rates in the absence where they had been recorded 3 to 8 conducted throughout their range which of immigration. To help reverse the years earlier. A compounding effect of have benefitted these populations. decline of the mountain yellow-legged disease-caused extinctions of mountain Based on imminent threats of moderate frog, the Sequoia and Kings Canyon yellow-legged frogs is that magnitude, we assigned a listing National Parks have been removing recolonization may never occur, because priority number of 9 to this DPS of the introduced trout since 2001. Over streams connecting extirpated sites to Columbia spotted frog. 18,000 introduced trout have been extant populations now contain Mountain yellow-legged frog, Sierra removed from 11 lakes since the project introduced fishes, which act as barriers Nevada DPS (Rana muscosa)—The started in 2001. The lakes are to frog movement within following summary is based on completely-to-mostly fish-free and metapopulations. The most recent information contained in our files and substantial mountain yellow-legged frog assessment of the species status in the the petition received on February 8, population increases have resulted. The Sierra Nevada indicates that mountain- 2000. Also see our 12-month petition California Department of Fish and Game yellow legged frogs occur at less than 8 finding published on January 16, 2003 has also removed or is in the process of percent of the sites from which they (68 FR 2283) and our amended removing nonnative trout from a total of were historically observed. A group of 12-month petition finding published on between 10 and 20 water bodies in the prominent scientists further suggest a 10 June 25, 2007 (72 FR 34657). The Inyo, Humboldt-Toiyabe, Sierra, and El percent decline per year in the number mountain yellow-legged frog inhabits Dorado National Forests. In the El of remaining Rana mucosa populations the high-elevation lakes, ponds, and Dorado National Forest golden trout is likely. Based on threats that are streams in the Sierra Nevada Mountains were removed from Leland Lakes, and imminent (because they are ongoing) of California, from near 4,500 feet (ft) attempts have been made to remove and high-magnitude (because they (1,370 meters (m)) to 12,000 ft (3,650 m). trout from two sites near Gertrude Lake, significantly affect the survival of the The distribution of the mountain three lakes in the Pyramid Creek DPS throughout its range), we continue

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to assign the population of mountain the introduction of exotic predators and protection measures for new yellow-legged frog in the Sierra Nevada competitors. In 2005, the National Park development occurring in the recharge an LPN of 3. Service, in cooperation with the Service and contributing zones of the Edwards Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa)— and various other Federal, State, and Aquifer. However, Chapter 245 of the The following summary is based on local partners, developed a conservation Texas Local Government Code permits information contained in our files and agreement and strategy intended to ‘‘grandfathering’’ of State regulations. the petition we received on May 4, improve the status of the species Grandfathering allows developments to 1989. Historically, the Oregon spotted through prescribed management actions be exempted from any new local or frog ranged from British Columbia to the and protection. Conservation actions State requirements for water quality Pit River drainage in northeastern identified for implementation in the controls and impervious cover limits if California. Based on surveys of agreement and strategy include captive the developments were planned prior to historical sites, the Oregon spotted frog rearing of tadpoles for translocation and the implementation of such regulations. is now absent from at least 76 percent refugium populations, habitat and As a result of the grandfathering law, of its former range. The majority of the natural history studies, habitat very few developments have followed remaining Oregon spotted frog enhancement, population and habitat the Edwards Rules. New developments populations are small and isolated. monitoring, and translocation. New sites are still obligated to comply with The threats to the species’ habitat within the historical range of the species regulations that were applicable at the include development, livestock grazing, have been successfully established with time when project applications for introduction of nonnative plant species, captive-reared frogs. Conservation is development were first filed. In vegetation succession, changes in proceeding under the agreement and addition, it is significant that even if hydrology due to construction of dams strategy; however, additional time is they were followed with every new and alterations to seasonal flooding, needed to determine whether or not the development, the Edwards Rules do not lack of management of exotic vegetation, agreement and strategy will be effective span the entire watershed for Barton predators, and poor water quality. in eliminating or reducing the threats to Springs. Consequently, development Additional threats to the species are the point that the relict leopard frog can occurring outside these jurisdictions can predation by nonnative fish and be removed from candidate status. have negative consequences on water introduced bullfrogs; competition with However, because of these conservation quality and thus have an impact on the bullfrogs and nonnative fish for habitat; efforts, the magnitude of existing threats species. and diseases, such as oomycete water is low to moderate. These threats remain Water-quality impacts threaten the mold Saprolegnia and chytrid fungus nonimminent since there are no continued existence of the Austin blind infections. The magnitude of threat is pending projects or actions that would salamander by altering physical aquatic high for this species because this wide adversely affect frog populations or habitats and the food sources of the range of threats to both individuals and threaten surface water associated with salamander. We consider the threats to their habitats could seriously reduce or known sites occupied by the frog. be imminent because urbanization is eliminate any of these isolated Therefore, we assigned an LPN of 11 to ongoing and continues to expand over populations and further reduce the this species. the Barton Springs Segment of the species’ range and potential survival. Austin blind salamander (Eurycea Edwards Aquifer and water quality Habitat restoration and management waterlooensis)—The following summary continues to degrade. While the City of actions have not prevented population is based on information contained in Austin and many other partners are declines. The threats are imminent our files. No new information was actively working on conservation of the because each population is faced with provided in the petition received on Barton Springs salamander, and the multiple ongoing and potential threats May 11, 2004. The Austin blind Austin blind salamander benefits from as identified above. Therefore, we retain salamander is known to occur in and all of the ongoing conservation actions an LPN of 2 for the Oregon spotted frog. around three of the four spring sites that that are being conducted for the Barton Relict leopard frog (Lithobates comprise the Barton Springs complex in Springs salamander, these efforts have onca)—The following summary is based the City of Austin, Travis County, not yet been successful in improving on information contained in our files Texas. Primary threats to this species water quality. In addition, the existence and the petition we received on May 9, are degradation of water quality due to of the species continues to be threatened 2002. Natural relict leopard frog expanding urbanization. The Austin by hazardous chemical spills within the populations are currently only known to blind salamander depends on a constant Barton Springs Segment of the Edwards occur in two general areas in Nevada: supply of clean water in the Edwards Aquifer, which could result in direct Near the Overton Arm area of Lake Aquifer discharging from Barton Springs mortality. Because the Austin blind Mead and Black Canyon below Lake for its survival. Urbanization salamander is known from only three Mead. These two areas comprise a small dramatically alters the normal clustered spring sites and must rely on fraction of the historical distribution of hydrologic regime and water quality of clear, clean spring discharges from the the species, which included: springs, an area. Increased impervious cover Edwards Aquifer for its survival, streams, and wetlands found within the caused by development increases the degraded water quality poses a severe Virgin River drainage downstream from quantity and velocity of runoff that threat to the entire population, and is the vicinity of Hurricane, Utah; along leads to erosion and greater pollution therefore a high-magnitude threat. Thus, the Muddy River, Nevada; and along the transport. Pollutants and contaminants we maintained the LPN of 2 for this Colorado River from its confluence with that enter the Edwards Aquifer are species. the Virgin River downstream to Black discharged in salamander habitat at Georgetown salamander (Eurycea Canyon below Lake Mead, Nevada and Barton Springs and could have serious naufragia)—The following summary is Arizona. morphological and physiological effects based on information contained in our Suggested factors contributing to the to the salamander. files. No new information was provided decline of the species include alteration The Texas Commission on in the petition received on May 11, of aquatic habitat due to agriculture and Environmental Quality adopted the 2004. The Georgetown salamander is water development, including Edwards Rules in 1995 and 1997, which known from spring outlets along five regulation of the Colorado River, and require a number of water quality tributaries to the San Gabriel River and

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one cave in the City of Georgetown, working to protect habitat and acquire protection measures for development in Williamson County, Texas. The land within the contributing watershed the Edwards Aquifer region of Texas; Georgetown salamander has a very for the Georgetown salamander. Also, however, it is unknown if these limited distribution and depends on a they are conducting monitoring and measures will be implemented constant supply of clean water from the data collecting activities in an effort that throughout a large portion of the Northern Segment of the Edwards is expected to lead to the development watershed or if they will be effective in Aquifer for its survival. of a conservation strategy for this maintaining or improving water quality. Primary threats to this species are species. These conservation actions Water-quality impacts threaten the degradation of water quality due to reduce the magnitude of the threat to continued existence of the Jollyville expanding urbanization. Increased the Georgetown salamander to a Plateau salamander by altering physical impervious cover by development moderate level by reducing the amount aquatic habitats and the food sources of increases the quantity and velocity of of development occurring in the portion the salamander, producing negative runoff that leads to erosion and greater of the watershed that affects the species. population responses. Such responses pollution transport. Pollutants and Thus, we maintained the LPN of 8 for have been documented at both the contaminants that enter the Edwards this species. individual level (mortalities and Aquifer are discharged from spring Jollyville Plateau salamander (Eurycea deformities) and the population level outlets in salamander habitat and have tonkawae)—The following summary is (significant declines in abundance over serious morphological and physiological based on information gathered during a the last 10 years and extirpation at one effects to individuals of the species. status review of this species (72 FR site). We find the overall negative The Texas Commission on 71039, December 13, 2007). The response by the salamander to be at a Environmental Quality adopted the Jollyville Plateau salamander occurs in moderate level because deformities and Edwards Rules in 1995 and 1997, which the Jollyville Plateau and Brushy Creek deaths of salamanders have been limited require a number of water quality areas of the Edwards Plateau in Travis in scope to a few localities and only one protection measures for new and WilliamsonCounties, Texas. This location may have experienced an development occurring in the recharge species has a limited distribution and extirpation. Otherwise, the current and contributing zones of the Edwards depends on a constant supply of clean range of the salamander changed little Aquifer. New developments are still water from the Northern Segment of the from the known historical range. Thus, obligated to comply with regulations Edwards Aquifer for its survival. The we maintained the LPN of 8 for this that were applicable at the time when primary threat to this species is species. project applications were first filed. degradation of water quality due to Salado salamander (Eurycea However, Chapter 245 of the Texas expanding urbanization. Increased chisholmensis)—The following Local Government Code permits impervious cover by development summary is based on information ‘‘grandfathering’’ of state regulations. increases the quantity and velocity of contained in our files. No new Grandfathering allows developments to runoff that leads to erosion and greater information was provided in the be exempted from any new local or state pollution transport. Pollutants and petition we received on May 11, 2004. requirements for water quality controls contaminants that enter the Edwards The Salado salamander is historically and impervious cover limits if the Aquifer are discharged from spring known from two spring sites, Big developments were planned prior to the outlets in salamander habitat and have Boiling Springs and Robertson Springs, implementation of such regulations. As serious morphological and physiological near Salado, Bell County, Texas. We a result of the grandfathering law, very effects on individual of the species. have received only one anecdotal report few developments have followed the The Texas Commission on of a salamander sighting in Big Boiling Edwards Rules. In addition, it is Environmental Quality adopted the Springs in 2008; prior to that, the significant that even if they were Edwards Rules in 1995 and 1997, which salamander had not been sighted there followed with every new development, require a number of water quality since 1991. Texas Parks and Wildlife the Edwards Rules do not span the protection measures for new Department has been conducting regular entire watershed for the Edwards development occurring in the recharge surveys at Robertson Springs since June Aquifer. The TCEQ has developed and contributing zones of the Edwards 2009 and has rediscovered the Salado voluntary water-quality protection Aquifer. However, Chapter 245 of the salamander at this site. measures for development in the Texas Local Government Code permits Primary threats to this species are Edwards Aquifer region of Texas; ‘‘grandfathering’’ of state regulations. habitat modification and degradation of however, it is unknown if these Grandfathering allows developments to water quality due to expanding measures will be implemented be exempted from any new local or state urbanization. The Salado salamander throughout a large portion of the requirements for water quality controls depends on a constant supply of clean watershed or if they will be effective in and impervious cover limits if the water from the Northern Segment of the maintaining or improving water quality. developments were planned prior to the Edwards Aquifer for its survival. Development occurring outside the implementation of such regulations. As Pollutants and contaminants that enter TCEQ’s jurisdiction can have negative a result of the grandfathering law, very the Edwards Aquifer discharge in consequences on water quality and thus few developments have followed the salamander habitat and have affect the species. Water-quality impacts Edwards Rules. New developments are morphological and physiological effects threaten the continued existence of the still obligated to comply with on the salamander. We do not know Georgetown salamander by altering regulations that were applicable at the how likely spills are to occur within the physical aquatic habitats and the food time when project applications for contributing watersheds of the springs sources of the salamander. The threats development were first filed. In that support this species. However, are imminent because urbanization is addition, it is significant that even if several groundwater incidents have ongoing and continues to expand over they were followed with every new occurred within Salado salamander the Northern Segment of the Edwards development, the Edwards Rules do not habitat in recent years. The salamander Aquifer. However, Williamson County span the entire watershed for the is reasonably expected to be vulnerable and the Williamson County Edwards Aquifer. The TCEQ has to catastrophic hazardous materials Conservation Foundation are actively developed voluntary water quality spills, groundwater contamination from

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the Northern Segment of the Edwards harvesting and associated road Extensive survey work was conducted Aquifer, and impacts to its surface development can severely alter the in the 1990s to look for additional habitat. In addition, Big Boiling Springs terrestrial environment and result in the populations. As a result of that work, is located near Interstate Highway 35 reduction and occasional extirpation of the species was documented at 14 sites and in the center of the Village of amphibian populations in the Sierra in 5 counties. Salado. Traffic and urbanization is Nevada. They also create habitat gaps Water-quality degradation is the likely to increase the threat of that may act as dispersal barriers and biggest threat to the continued existence contamination of spills, higher levels of contribute to the fragmentation of of the Black Warrior waterdog. Most impervious cover, and subsequent Yosemite toad habitat and populations. streams that have been surveyed for the impacts to groundwater. These threats Trails (foot, horse, bicycle, or off- waterdog showed evidence of pollution significantly affect the survival of this highway motor vehicle) compact soil in and many appeared biologically species, and groundwater contamination riparian habitat, which increases depauperate. Sources of point and and impacts to surface habitat are erosion, displaces vegetation, and can nonpoint pollution in the Black Warrior ongoing. Moreover, we do not have lower the water table. Trampling or the River Basin have been numerous and information that the magnitude or collapsing of burrows by widespread. Pollution is generated from imminence of the threats to the species recreationists, pets, and vehicles could inadequately treated effluent from has changed since our previous lead to direct mortality of all life stages industrial plants, sanitary landfills, assessment when we concluded there of the Yosemite toad and disrupt their sewage treatment plants, poultry are ongoing, and therefore, imminent behavior. Various diseases have been operations, and cattle feedlots. Surface threats of a high magnitude. Therefore, confirmed in Yosemite toads. Mass die- mining represents another threat to the we maintained the LPN of 2 for this offs of amphibians have been attributed biological integrity of waterdog habitat. species. to: chytrid fungal infections of Runoff from old, abandoned coal mines Yosemite toad (Bufo canorus)—The metamorphs and adults; Saprolegnia generates pollution through following summary is based on fungal infections of eggs; iridovirus acidification, increased mineralization, information contained in our files and infection of larvae, metamorphs, or and sediment loading. The North River, the petition we received on April 3, adults; and bacterial infections. Locust Fork, and Mulberry Fork, all 2000. See also our 12-month petition Yosemite toads probably are exposed to streams that this species inhabits, are on finding published on December 10, 2002 a variety of pesticides and other the Environmental Protection Agency’s (67 FR 75834). Yosemite toads are chemicals throughout their range. list of impaired waters. An additional moderately sized toads, with females Environmental contaminants could threat to the Black Warrior waterdog is having black spots edged with white or negatively affect the species by causing the creation of large impoundments that cream that are set against a grey, tan, or direct mortality; suppressing the have flooded thousands of square brown background. Males have a nearly immune system; disrupting breeding hectares of its habitat. These uniform coloration of yellow-green to behavior, fertilization, growth or impoundments are likely marginal or olive drab to greenish brown. Yosemite development of young; and disrupting unsuitable habitat for the salamander. toads are most likely to be found in the ability to avoid predation. Suitable habitat for the Black Warrior areas with thick meadow vegetation or There is no indication that any of waterdog is limited and available data patches of low willows near or in water, these threats are ongoing or planned and indicate extant populations are small and use rodent burrows for the threats are therefore nonimminent. and their viability is questionable. This overwintering and temporary refuge In addition, since there are a number of situation is pervasive and problematic; during the summer. Breeding habitat substantial populations and these water quality issues are persistent and includes the edges of wet meadows, threats tend to have localized effects, regulatory mechanisms are not slow-flowing streams, shallow ponds, the threats are moderate to low in ameliorating these threats, though we and shallow areas of lakes. The magnitude. In addition, almost all of the have no indication of population historical range of Yosemite toads in the species’ range occurs on Federal land, declines, at present. We hope additional Sierra Nevada occurs from the Blue which protects the species from private surveys may clarify the status of Lakes region north of Ebbetts Pass development and facilitates populations in face of existing threats. (Alpine County) to south of Kaiser Pass management of the species by Federal Therefore, the overall magnitude of the in the Evolution Lake/Darwin Canyon agencies. We therefore retained an LPN threat is moderate. Water quality area (Fresno County). The historical of 11 for the Yosemite toad. degradation in the Black Warrior basin elevational range of Yosemite toads is Black Warrior waterdog (Necturus is ongoing; therefore, the threats are 1,460 to 3,630 m (4,790 to 11,910 ft). alabamensis)—The following summary imminent. We assigned an LPN of 8 to The threats currently facing the is based on information contained in this species. Yosemite toad include cattle grazing, our files. No new information was timber harvesting, recreation, disease, provided in the petition we received on Fishes and climate change. Inappropriate May 11, 2004. The Black Warrior Headwater chub (Gila nigra)—The grazing has been shown to cause loss in waterdog is a salamander that inhabits following summary is based on vegetative cover and destroys peat streams above the Fall Line within the information contained in our files, the layers in meadows, which lowers the Black Warrior River Basin in Alabama. 12-month finding published in the groundwater table and summer flows. There is very little specific locality Federal Register on May 3, 2006 (71 FR This may increase the stranding and information available on the historical 26007), and in the petition received mortality of tadpoles, or make these distribution of the Black Warrior November 9, 2009. The headwater chub areas completely unsuitable for waterdog since little attention was given is a moderate-sized cyprinid fish. The Yosemite toads. Grazing can also to this species between its description range of the headwater chub has been degrade or destroy moist upland areas in 1937 and the 1980s. At that time, reduced by approximately 60 percent. used as non-breeding habitat by there were a total of only 11 known Seventeen streams (125 miles (200 Yosemite toads and collapse rodent historical records from 4 Alabama kilometers) of stream) are thought to be burrows used by Yosemite toads as counties. Two of these sites have now occupied out of 27 streams (312 miles cover and hibernation sites. Timber been inundated by impoundments. (500 kilometers) of stream) formerly

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occupied in the Gila River Basin in stability of existing populations. yarrowi). The New Mexico Department Arizona and New Mexico. All remaining Currently 10 of the 17 extant stream of Game and Fish lists the roundtail populations are fragmented and isolated populations are considered stable based chub as endangered and has created a and threatened by a combination of on abundance and evidence of recovery plan for the species: Colorado factors. recruitment. Based on our assessment, River Basin Chubs (Roundtail Chub, Headwater chub are threatened by threats (nonnative species, habitat loss Gila Chub (G. intermedia), and introduced nonnative fish that prey on from land uses) remain imminent and Headwater Chub) Recovery Plan, which them and compete with them for food. are of a moderate magnitude. Thus, we was approved by the New Mexico State Habitat destruction and modification have retained an LPN of 8 for this Game Commission on November 16, have occurred and continue to occur as species. 2006. Both the Arizona Agreement and a result of dewatering, impoundment, Roundtail Chub (Gila robusta) Lower the New Mexico Recovery Plan channelization, and channel changes Colorado River Distinct Population recommend preservation and caused by alteration of riparian Segment—The following summary is enhancement of extant populations and vegetation and watershed degradation based on information contained in our restoration of historical roundtail-chub from mining, grazing, roads, water files and the 12-month finding populations. The recovery and pollution, urban and suburban published in the Federal Register on conservation actions prescribed by development, groundwater pumping, July 7, 2009 (74 FR 32352). The Arizona and New Mexico plans, which and other human actions. Existing roundtail chub is a moderate to large we predict will reduce and remove regulatory mechanisms do not appear to cyprinid fish. The range of the roundtail threats to this species, will require be adequate for addressing the impact of chub has been reduced by further discussions and authorizations nonnative fish and also have not approximately 68 to 82 percent. Thirty- before they can be implemented, removed or eliminated the threats that three streams are currently occupied, although some actions have been continue to be posed through habitat representing approximately 18 to 32 completed and several are planned for destruction or modification. The percent of the species’ former range, or the immediate future. Although threats fragmented nature and rarity of existing 800 km (500 miles) to 1350 km (840 mi) are ongoing, existing information populations makes them vulnerable to of 3050 km (1895 mi) of formerly indicates long-term persistence and other natural or manmade factors, such occupied streams in the Gila River Basin stability of existing populations. as drought and wildfire. Climate change in Arizona and New Mexico. Most of the Currently 9 of the 33 extant stream is predicted to worsen these threats remaining populations are fragmented populations are considered stable based though increased aridity of the region, and isolated, and all are threatened by on abundance and evidence of thus reducing stream flows and a combination of factors. recruitment. Based on our assessment, warming aquatic habitats, which makes Roundtail chub are threatened by threats (nonnative species, habitat loss introduced nonnative fish that prey on them more suitable to nonnative from land uses) remain imminent and them and compete with them for food. species. are of a moderate magnitude. Thus, we The Arizona Game and Fish Habitat destruction and modification have retained an LPN of 9 for this Department has finalized the Arizona have occurred and continue to occur as distinct population segment. Statewide Conservation Agreement for a result of dewatering, impoundment, Roundtail Chub (G. robusta), Headwater channelization, and channel changes Arkansas darter (Etheostoma Chub, Flannelmouth Sucker caused by alteration of riparian cragini)—The following summary is (Catostomus latipinnis), Little Colorado vegetation and watershed degradation based on information contained in our River Sucker (Catostomus spp.), from mining, grazing, roads, water files. No new information was provided Bluehead Sucker (C. discobolus), and pollution, urban and suburban in the petition we received on May 11, Zuni Bluehead Sucker (C. discobolus development, groundwater pumping, 2004. This fish species occurs in yarrowi). The New Mexico Department and other human actions. Existing Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, of Game and Fish recently listed the regulatory mechanisms do not appear to and Oklahoma. The species is found headwater chub as endangered and be adequate for addressing the impact of most often in sand- or pebble-bottomed created a recovery plan for the species: nonnative fish and also have not pools of small, spring-fed streams and Colorado River Basin Chubs (Roundtail removed or eliminated the threats that marshes, with cool water and broad- Chub, Gila Chub (G. intermedia), and continue to be posed through habitat leaved aquatic vegetation. Its current Headwater Chub) Recovery Plan, which destruction or modification. The distribution is indicative of a species was approved by the New Mexico State fragmented nature and rarity of existing that once was widely dispersed Game Commission on November 16, populations makes them vulnerable to throughout its range, but has been 2006. Both the Arizona Agreement and other natural or manmade factors, such relegated to isolated areas surrounded the New Mexico Recovery Plan as drought and wildfire. Climate change by unsuitable habitat that prevents recommend preservation and is predicted to worsen these threats dispersal. Factors influencing the enhancement of extant populations and though increased aridity of the region, current distribution include: Surface restoration of historical headwater-chub thus reducing stream flows and and groundwater irrigation resulting in populations. The recovery and warming aquatic habitats, which makes decreased flows or stream dewatering; conservation actions prescribed by them more suitable to nonnative the dewatering of long reaches of Arizona and New Mexico plans, which species. riverine habitat necessary for species we predict will reduce and remove The Arizona Game and Fish movement when surface flows do occur; threats to this species, will require Department has finalized the Arizona conversion of prairie to cropland which further discussions and authorizations Statewide Conservation Agreement for influences groundwater recharge and before they can be implemented, Roundtail Chub, Headwater Chub (G. spring flows; water quality degradation although some actions have been nigra), Flannelmouth Sucker from a variety of sources; and the completed and several are planned for (Catostomus latipinnis), Little Colorado construction of dams which act as the immediate future. Although threats River Sucker (Catostomus spp.), barriers preventing emigration upstream are ongoing, existing information Bluehead Sucker (C. discobolus), and and downstream through the reservoir indicates long-term persistence and Zuni Bluehead Sucker (C. discobolus pool. The magnitude of threats facing

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this species is moderate to low, given regions characterized by sink holes, also been found in the Wichita River the number of different locations where abrupt ridges, caves, and underground (within the Red River Basin), where it the species occurs and the fact that no streams), the Central Perryville Karst may have once naturally occurred but single threat or combination of threats and Mystery-Rimstone Karst in Perry has since been extirpated. Current affects more than a portion of the County, southeast Missouri. Grotto information indicates that the widespread population occurrences. sculpins have been documented in only population upstream of Possum Overall, the threats are nonimminent five cave systems (Burr et al. 2001, p. Kingdom Reservoir is apparently stable, since groundwater pumping is declining 284). The current overall range of the while the population downstream of the and development, spills, and runoff are grotto sculpin has been estimated to reservoir may be extirpated, not currently affecting the species encompass approximately 260 square representing a reduction of rangewide. Thus, we are retaining an kilometers (100 square miles). approximately 69 percent of its LPN of 11 for the Arkansas darter. The small population size and historical range. Pearl darter (Percina aurora)—The endemism of the grotto sculpin make it The most significant threat to the following summary is based on vulnerable to extinction due to genetic existence of the sharpnose shiner is information contained in our files. Little drift, inbreeding depression, and potential reservoir development within is known about the specific habitat random or chance changes to the its current range. The current water plan requirements or natural history of the environment (Smith 1974, p. 350). The for Texas provides several reservoir Pearl darter, a small fish in the Percidae species’ karst habitat is located down- options that could be implemented family. Pearl darters have been collected gradient of the city of Perryville, within the Brazos River drainage. from a variety of river/stream attributes, Missouri, which poses a potential threat Additional threats include irrigation mainly over gravel bottom substrate. if contaminants from this urban area and water diversion, sedimentation, This species is historically known only enter cave streams occupied by grotto desalination, industrial and municipal from localized sites within the sculpins. Various agricultural discharges, agricultural activities, in- Pascagoula and Pearl River drainages in chemicals, such as ammonia, nitrite/ stream sand and gravel mining, and the two states. Currently, the Pearl darter is nitrate, acetochlor, dieldrin, and spread of invasive saltcedar. The current considered extirpated from the Pearl atrazine have been detected at levels limited distribution of the sharpnose River drainage and rare in the high enough to be detrimental to aquatic shiner within the Upper Brazos River Pascagoula River drainage. Since 1983, life within the Perryville Karst area. Basin makes it vulnerable to the range of the Pearl darter has Many of the sinkholes in Perry County catastrophic events such as the decreased by 55 percent. contain anthropogenic refuse, ranging introduction of competitive species or The Pearl darter is vulnerable to non- from household cleansers and sewage to prolonged drought. State law does not point-source pollution caused by used pesticide and herbicide containers. provide protection for the sharpnose urbanization and other land use As a result, potential water shiner. The magnitude of threat is activities; gravel mining and resultant contamination from various sources of considered high since reservoir changes in river geomorphology, point and non-point pollution poses a development within the species’ current especially head cutting; and the significant threat to the grotto sculpin. range may render remaining habitat possibility of water quantity decline Of the five cave systems documented to unsuitable. The threats are from the proposed Department of have grotto sculpins, populations in two nonimminent because the most Energy Strategic Petroleum Reserve cave systems have had fish kills in significant threat—major reservoir project and a proposed dam on the recent times. Predatory fish such as projects—is not likely to occur in the Bouie River. Additional threats are common carp, fat-head minnow, yellow near future, and there is potential for posed by the apparent lack of adequate bullhead, green sunfish, bluegill, and implementing other water-supply State and Federal water quality channel catfish occur in all of the caves options that could preclude reservoir regulations due to the continuing occupied by grotto sculpin. These development. For these reasons, we degradation of water quality within the potential predators may escape surface assigned an LPN of 5 to this species. species’ habitat. The Pearl darter’s farm ponds that unexpectedly drain Smalleye shiner (Notropis buccula)— localized distribution and apparent low through sinkholes into the underground The following summary is based on population numbers may indicate a cave systems and enter Grotto sculpin information contained in our files. No species with lower genetic diversity habitat. No regulatory mechanisms are new information was provided in the which would also make this species in place that would provide protection petition we received on May 11, 2004. more vulnerable to catastrophic events. to the grotto sculpin. Current threats to The smalleye shiner is a small, pallid Threats affecting the Pearl darter are the habitat of the grotto sculpin may minnow endemic to the Brazos River localized in nature, affecting portions of exacerbate potential problems Basin in Texas. The population of the population within the drainage, associated with its low population smalleye shiners within the Upper thus, we assigned a threat magnitude of numbers and increase the likelihood of Brazos River drainage (upstream of moderate to low for this species. In extinction. Due to the high magnitude of Possum Kingdom Reservoir) is addition, the threats are imminent since ongoing, and thus imminent, threats we apparently stable. However, the shiner the identified threats are currently assigned this species an LPN of 2. may be extirpated downstream from the impacting this species in some portions Sharpnose shiner (Notropis reservoir, representing a reduction of of its range. Therefore, we have assigned oxyrhynchus)—The following summary approximately 54 percent of its a listing priority number of 8 for this is based on information contained in historical range. species. our files. No new information was The most significant threat to the Grotto sculpin (Cottus sp., sp. nov.)— provided in the petition we received on existence of the smalleye shiner is The following summary is based on May 11, 2004. The sharpnose shiner is potential reservoir development within information contained in our files. No a small, slender minnow, endemic to its current range. The current water plan new information was provided in the the Brazos River Basin in Texas. for Texas provides several reservoir petition we received on May 11, 2004. Historically, the sharpnose shiner options that could be implemented The Grotto sculpin, a small fish, is existed throughout the Brazos River and within the Brazos River drainage. restricted to two karst areas (limestone several of its major tributaries. It has Additional threats include irrigation

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and water diversion, sedimentation, treatments in the Nutria and Pescado response to warmer water temperatures desalination, industrial and municipal rivers between 1960 and 1975. Large caused by climate change. Wildfire and discharges, agricultural activities, in- numbers of Zuni bluehead suckers were drought (stream drying) are additional stream sand and gravel mining, and the killed during these treatments. The Zuni threats to Rio Grande cutthroat trout spread of invasive saltcedar. The current bluehead sucker is most likely populations that are likely to increase in limited distribution of the smalleye extirpated from Rio Pescado as none magnitude in response to climate shiner within the Upper Brazos River have been collected from that river since change. Research is occurring to assess drainage makes it vulnerable to 1993. the effects of climate change on this catastrophic events such as the The New Mexico Department of Game subspecies, and agencies are working to introduction of competitive species or and Fish developed a recovery plan for restore historically occupied streams. prolonged drought. State law does not Zuni bluehead sucker which was The threats are of moderate magnitude provide protection for the smalleye approved by the New Mexico State because there is good distribution and a shiner. The magnitude of threat is high Game Commission on December 15, comparatively large number of since the major threat of reservoir 2004. The recovery plan recommends populations across the landscape, some development within the species’ current preservation and enhancement of extant populations have few threats present, range may render its remaining habitat populations and restoration of historical and in other areas management actions unsuitable. The threats are Zuni bluehead sucker populations. We are being taken to help control the threat nonimminent because major reservoir predict that the recovery actions of nonnative trout. Overall, the threats projects are not likely to occur in the prescribed by the recovery plan will are ongoing and, therefore, imminent. near future and there is potential for reduce and remove threats to this Based on imminent threats of moderate implementing other water-supply subspecies, but they will require further magnitude, we assigned an LPN of 9 to options that could preclude reservoir discussions and authorizations before this subspecies. development. For these reasons, we they can be implemented and threats are Clams assigned a LPN of 5 to this species. reduced. Because of the ongoing threats Zuni bluehead sucker (Catostomus of high magnitude, including loss of Texas hornshell (Popenaias popei)— discobolus yarrowi)—The following habitat (historical and current from The following summary is based on summary is based on information beaver activity), degradation of information contained in our files and contained in our files. No new remaining habitat (nonnative species information provided by the New information was provided in the and land development), drought, fire, Mexico Department of Game and Fish petition we received on May 11, 2004. and climate change, we maintained an and Texas Parks and Wildlife The Zuni bluehead sucker is a colorful LPN of 3 for this subspecies. Department. No new information was fish less than 8 inches long. The range Rio Grande cutthroat trout provided in the petition received on of the Zuni bluehead sucker has been (Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis)—The May 11, 2004. The Texas hornshell is a reduced by over 95 percent. The Zuni following summary is based on freshwater mussel found in the Black bluehead sucker currently occupies 3 information contained in our files and River in New Mexico, and the Rio river miles (4.8 kilometers) in three our status review published on May 14, Grande and the Devils River in Texas. headwater streams of the Rio Nutria in 2008 (73 FR 27900). Rio Grande Until March 2008, the only known New Mexico, and potentially occurs in cutthroat trout is one of 14 subspecies extant populations were in New 27.5 miles in (44 kilometers) the of cutthroat trout found in the western Mexico’s Black River and one locality in Kinlichee drainage of Arizona. United States. Populations of this the Rio Grande near Laredo, Texas. In However, the number of occupied miles subspecies are in New Mexico and March 2008, two new localities were in Arizona is unknown and the genetic Colorado in drainages of the Rio Grande, confirmed in Texas—one in the Devils composition of these fish is still under Pecos, and Canadian Rivers. Although River and one in the mainstem Rio investigation. once widely distributed in connected Grande in the Rio Grande Wild and Zuni bluehead sucker range reduction stream networks, Rio Grande cutthroat Scenic River segment downstream of and fragmentation is caused by trout populations now occupy about 10 Big Bend National Park. discontinuous surface-water flow, percent of historical habitat, and the The primary threats to this species are introduced species, and habitat populations are fragmented and isolated habitat alterations such as stream bank degradation from fine sediment from one another. The majority of channelization, impoundments, and deposition. Zuni bluehead sucker populations occur in high elevation diversions for agriculture and flood persist in very small creeks that are streams. control; contamination of water by oil subject to very low flows and drying Major threats include the loss of and gas activity; alterations in the during periods of drought. Because of suitable habitat that has occurred and is natural riverine hydrology; and climate change (warmer air likely to continue occurring due to increased sedimentation and flood temperatures), stream flow is predicted water diversions, dams, stream drying, pulses from prolonged overgrazing and to decrease in the Southwest, even if habitat quality degradation, and changes loss of native vegetation. Although precipitation were to increase in hydrology, introduction of nonnative riverine habitats throughout the species’ moderately. Warmer winter and spring trout and ensuing competition, known occupied range are under temperatures cause an increased predation, and hybridization, and constant threat from these ongoing or fraction of precipitation to fall as rain, whirling disease. In addition, average potential activities, numerous resulting in a reduced snow pack, an air temperatures in the southwest have conservation actions that will benefit earlier snow melt, and a longer dry increased about 1 °C (2.5 °F) in the past the species are under way in New season leading to decreased stream flow 30 years, and they are projected to Mexico, including the completion of a in the summer and a longer fire season. increase by another 1.2 to 2.8 °C (3 to State recovery plan for the species and These changes would have a negative 7 °F) by 2050. Because trout require cold the drafting of a Candidate Conservation effect on Zuni bluehead sucker. Another water, and water temperatures depend Agreement with Assurances, and are major impact to populations of Zuni in large part on air temperature, there is beginning in Texas on the Big Bend bluehead sucker was the application of concern that the habitat of Rio Grande reach of the Rio Grande. Due to these fish toxicants through at least two dozen cutthroat trout will further decrease in ongoing conservation efforts, the

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magnitude of the threats is moderate. enrichment, and coal processing precluded as of the date of publication However, the threats to the species are pollution) which result in mortality or of this notice. However, we are working ongoing, and remain imminent. Thus, reduced reproductive output. Since the on a proposed listing rule that we we maintained the LPN of 8 for this threats are ongoing, they are imminent. expect to publish prior to making the species. We assigned an LPN of 2 to this mussel next annual resubmitted 12-month Fluted kidneyshell (Ptychobranchus species. petition finding. subtentum)—The following summary is Neosho mucket (Lampsilis Slabside pearlymussel (Lexingtonia based on information contained in our rafinesqueana)—The following dolabelloides)—The following summary files. No new information was provided summary is based on information is based on information contained in in the petition we received on May 11, contained in our files. No new our files. No new information was 2004. The fluted kidneyshell is a information was provided in the provided in the petition we received on freshwater mussel (Unionidae) endemic petition we received on May 11, 2004. May 11, 2004. The slabside to the Cumberland and Tennessee River The Neosho mucket is a freshwater pearlymussel is a freshwater mussel systems (Cumberlandian Region) in mussel native to Arkansas, Kansas, (Unionidae) endemic to the Cumberland Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, and Oklahoma. The species and Tennessee River systems Virginia. It requires shoal habitats in has been extirpated from approximately (Cumberlandian Region) in Alabama, free-flowing rivers to survive and 62 percent (835 river miles (1,334 river Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. It successfully recruit new individuals kilometers)) of its range. Most of this requires shoal habitats in free-flowing into its populations. decline has occurred in Kansas and rivers to survive and successfully recruit This species has been extirpated from Oklahoma. The Neosho mucket survives new individuals into its populations. numerous regional streams and is no in four river drainages; however, only Habitat destruction and alteration longer found in the State of Alabama. one of these, the Spring River, currently (e.g., impoundments, sedimentation, Habitat destruction and alteration (e.g., supports a relatively large population. and pollutants) are the chief factors impoundments, sedimentation, and Significant portions of the historic contributing to the decline of this pollutants) are the chief factors that range have been inundated by the species, which has been extirpated from contributed to its decline. The fluted construction of at least 11 dams. numerous regional streams and is no kidneyshell was historically known Channel instability downstream of these longer found in Kentucky. The slabside from at least 37 streams but is currently dams has further reduced suitable pearlymussel was historically known restricted to no more than 12 isolated habitat and mussel distribution. Range from at least 32 streams, but is currently populations. Current status information restriction and population declines have restricted to no more than 10 isolated for most of the 12 populations deemed occurred due to habitat degradation stream segments. Current status to be extant is available from recent attributed to urbanization, information for most of the 10 periodic sampling efforts (sometimes impoundments, mining, sedimentation, populations deemed to be extant is annually) and other field studies, and agricultural pollutants. Rapid available from recent periodic sampling particularly in the upper Tennessee development and urbanization in the efforts (sometimes annually) and other River system. Some populations in the Illinois River watershed will likely field studies. Comprehensive surveys Cumberland River system have had continue to increase channel instability, have taken place in the Middle and recent surveys as well (e.g., Wolf, Little sedimentation, and eutrophication. The North Forks Holston River, Paint Rock Rivers; Little South Fork; Horse Lick, recent rapid decline of the entire mussel River, and Duck River in the past Buck Creeks). Populations in Buck community in the Arkansas portion of several years. Based on recent Creek, Little South Fork, Horse Lick the Illinois River, including Neosho information, the overall population of Creek, Powell River, and North Fork mucket, is alarming, and it is possible the slabside pearlymussel is declining Holston River have clearly declined the species will be extirpated from rangewide. Of the five streams in which over the past two decades. Based on approximately 30 river miles (48 river the species remains in good numbers recent information, the overall kilometers) in the very near future. The (e.g., Clinch, North and Middle Forks population of the fluted kidneyshell is Illinois River once represented one of Holston, Paint Rock, Duck Rivers), the declining rangewide. At this time, the the two viable populations, but Middle and upper North Fork Holston species remains in large numbers and is continued viability of this stream Rivers have undergone drastic recent viable in just the Clinch River/Copper population is doubtful and extirpation declines, while the Clinch population Creek, although smaller, viable is imminent. The remaining extant has been in a longer-term decline. Most populations remain (e.g., Wolf, Little, populations are vulnerable to random of the remaining five populations (e.g., North Fork Holston Rivers; Rock Creek). catastrophic events (e.g., flood scour, Powell River, Big Moccasin Creek, Most other populations are of drought, toxic spills), land use changes Hiwassee River, Elk River, Bear Creek) questionable or limited viability, with within the limited range, and genetic have doubtful viability, and several if some on the verge of extirpation (e.g., isolation and the deleterious effects of not all of them may be on the verge of Powell River; Little South Fork; Horse inbreeding. These threats have led to the extirpation. Lick, Buck, Indian Creeks). We hope species being intrinsically vulnerable to The threats remain high in magnitude, that newly reintroduced populations in extirpation. Although state regulations since all populations of this species are the Little Tennessee, Nolichucky, and limit harvest of this species, there is severely affected in numerous ways Duck Rivers will begin to reverse the little protection for habitat. The threats (impoundments, sedimentation, small downward population trend of this are high in magnitude as they occur population size, isolation of species. The threats are high in throughout the range of this species, and populations, gravel mining, municipal magnitude, since the majority of the majority of these threats are ongoing pollutants, agricultural runoff, nutrient populations of this species are severely and imminent. Thus, we assigned a enrichment, and coal processing affected by numerous threats listing priority number of 2 to this pollution) which result in mortality or (impoundments, sedimentation, small species. reduced reproductive output leading to population size, isolation of Alabama pearlshell (Margaritifera a relatively high likelihood of populations, gravel mining, municipal marrianae)—We continue to find that extinction. We assigned an LPN of 2 to pollutants, agricultural runoff, nutrient listing this species is warranted but this mussel species.

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Snails establish after these storms. All live sisi declines from drought, pumping of Phantom Cave snail (Cochliopa snails have been found in the leaf litter groundwater, and potentially of climate texana) and Phantom springsnail beneath remaining intact forest canopy. change. Additional threats include (Tryonia cheatumi)—The following No snails were found in areas bordering water contamination from accidental summary is based on information agricultural plots or in forest areas that releases of petroleum products, as their contained in our files. No new were severely damaged by three habitat is in an active oil and gas field. information was provided in the hurricanes (1987, 1990, and 1991). Also, a nonnative aquatic snail petition we received on May 11, 2004. Under natural historical conditions, loss (Melanoides sp.) was introduced into Phantom Cave snail and Phantom of forest canopy to storms did not pose the native snails’ habitat and may springsnail are small aquatic snails that a great threat to the long-term survival compete with endemic snails for space of these snails; enough intact forest with and resources. The magnitude of threats occur in three spring outflows in the healthy populations of snails would is high because limited distribution of Toyah Basin in Reeves and Jeff Davis support dispersal back into newly these narrow endemics makes any Counties, Texas. The primary threat to both species is regrown canopy forest. However, the impact from increasing threats (e.g., loss the loss of surface flows due to presence of alien weeds such as mile-a- of springflow, contaminants, and minute vine (Mikania micrantha) may nonnative species) likely to result in the declining groundwater levels from reduce the likelihood that native forest extinction of the species. These species drought, pumping for agricultural will re-establish in areas damaged by occur in one location in an arid region production, and potentially climate the hurricanes. This loss of habitat to currently plagued by drought and change. Much of the land immediately storms is greatly exacerbated by ongoing aquifer withdrawals, making surrounding their spring habitat is expanding agriculture. Agricultural the eventual loss of spring flow an owned and managed by The Nature plots on Tutuila have spread from low imminent threat of total habitat loss. Conservancy, Bureau of Reclamation, elevation up to middle and some high Thus, we maintained the LPN of 2 for and Texas Parks and Wildlife elevations, greatly reducing the forest both species. Department. However, the water needed area and thus reducing the resilience of Fragile tree snail (Samoana fragilis)— to maintain their habitat has declined native forests and its populations of The following summary is based on due to a reduction in spring flows, native snails. These reductions also information contained in our files. No possibly as a result of private increase the likelihood that future new information was provided in the groundwater pumping in areas beyond storms will lead to the extinction of petition we received on May 11, 2004. that controlled by these landowners. As populations or species that rely on the A tree-dwelling species, the fragile tree an example, Phantom Lake Spring, one remaining canopy forest. In an effort to snail is a member of the Partulidae of the sites of occurrence, has already eradicate the giant African snail family of snails, and is endemic to the ceased flowing and aquatic habitat is (Achatina fulica), the alien rosy islands of Guam and Rota (Mariana artificially supported only by a pumping carnivore snail (Euglandia rosea) was Islands). Requiring cool and shaded system. The magnitude of the threats is introduced in 1980. The rosy carnivore native forest habitat, the species is now high because spring flow loss would snail has spread throughout the main known from one population on Guam result in complete habitat destruction island of Tutuila. Numerous studies and from one population on Rota. and permanent elimination of all show that the rosy carnivore snail feeds This species is currently threatened populations of the species. The on endemic island snails including the by habitat loss and modification and by immediacy of the threats is imminent, sisi, and is a major agent in their predation from nonnative predatory as evidenced by the drastic decline in declines and extirpations. At present, snails and flatworms. Large numbers of spring flow at Phantom Lake Spring that the major threat to long-term survival of Philippine deer (Cervus mariannus) is currently happening and may the native snail fauna in American (Guam and Rota), pigs (Sus scrofra) extirpate these populations in the near Samoa is predation by nonnative (Guam), water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) future. Declining spring flows in San predatory snails. These threats are (Guam), and cattle (Bos taurus) (Rota) Solomon Spring are also becoming ongoing and are therefore imminent. directly alter the understory plant evident and will affect that spring site Since the threats occur throughout the community and overall forest as well within the foreseeable future. entire range of the species, have a severe microclimate, making it unsuitable for Thus, we maintained the LPN of 2 for effect on the survival of the snails, snails. Predation by the alien rosy both species. leading to a relatively high likelihood of carnivore snail (Euglandina rosea) and Sisi snail (Ostodes strigatus)—The extinction, they are of a high magnitude. the Manokwar flatworm (Platydemus following summary is based on Therefore we assigned this species an manokwari) is a serious threat to the information contained in our files. No LPN of 2. survival of the fragile tree snail. Field new information was provided in the Diamond Y Spring snail observations have established that the petition we received on May 11, 2004. (Pseudotryonia adamantina) and rosy carnivore snail and the Manokwar The sisi snail is a ground-dwelling Gonzales springsnail (Tryonia flatworm will readily feed on native species in the Potaridae family, and is circumstriata)—The following summary Pacific island tree snails, including the endemic to American Samoa. The is based on information contained in Partulidae, such as those of the Mariana species is now known from a single our files. No new information was Islands. The rosy carnivore snail has population on the island of Tutuila, provided in the petition we received on caused the extirpation of many American Samoa. May 11, 2004. Diamond Y Spring snail populations and species of native snails This species is currently threatened and Gonzales springsnail are small throughout the Pacific islands. The by habitat loss and modification and by aquatic snails endemic to Diamond Y Manokwar flatworm has also predation from nonnative predatory Spring in Pecos County, Texas. The land contributed to the decline of native tree snails. The decline of the sisi in surrounding the spring and its outflow snails, in part due to its ability to ascend American Samoa has resulted, in part, channels are owned and managed by into trees and bushes that support from loss of habitat to forestry and The Nature Conservancy. native snails. Areas with populations of agriculture and loss of forest structure to These snails are primarily threatened the flatworm usually lack partulid tree hurricanes and alien weeds that with habitat loss due to springflow snails or have declining numbers of

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snails. Because all of the threats occur endemic in the Mariana Islands, files. No new information was provided rangewide, have a significant effect on remaining population sizes are often in the petition we received on May 11, the survival of this snail species, leading small. 2004. A tree-dwelling species, to a relatively high likelihood of This species is currently threatened Langford’s tree snail is a member of the extinction, they are high in magnitude. by habitat loss and modification and by Partulidae family of snails, and is The threats are also ongoing and thus predation from nonnative predatory known from one population on the are imminent. Therefore, we assigned snails and flat worms. Throughout the island of Aguiguan. this species an LPN of 2. Mariana Islands, feral ungulates (pigs This species is currently threatened Guam tree snail (Partula radiolata)— (Sus scrofa), Philippine deer (Cervus by habitat loss and modification and by The following summary is based on mariannus), cattle (Bos taurus), water predation from nonnative predatory information contained in our files. No buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), and goats snails. In the 1930s, the island of new information was provided in the (Capra hircus)) have caused severe Aguiguan was mostly cleared of native petition we received on May 11, 2004. damage to native forest vegetation by forest to support sugar cane and A tree-dwelling species, the Guam tree browsing directly on plants, causing pineapple production. The abandoned snail is a member of the Partulidae erosion, and retarding forest growth and fields and airstrip are now overgrown family of snails and is endemic to the regeneration. This in turn reduces the with alien weeds. The remaining native island of Guam. Requiring cool and quantity and quality of forested habitat forest understory has greatly suffered shaded native forest habitat, the species for the humped tree snail. Currently, from large and uncontrolled populations is now known from 22 populations on populations of feral ungulates are found of alien goats and the invasion of weeds. Guam. on the islands of Guam (deer, pigs, and Goats (Capra hircus) have caused severe This species is primarily threatened water buffalo), Rota (deer and cattle), damage to native forest vegetation by by predation from nonnative predatory Aguiguan (goats), Saipan (deer, pigs, browsing directly on plants, causing snails and flatworms. In addition, the and cattle), Alamagan (goats, pigs, and erosion, and retarding forest growth and species is also threatened by habitat loss cattle), and Pagan (cattle, goats, and regeneration. This in turn reduces the and degradation. Predation by the alien pigs). Goats were eradicated from quantity and quality of forested habitat rosy carnivore snail (Euglandina rosea) Sarigan in 1998 and the humped tree for Langford’s tree snail. Predation by and the alien Manokwar flatworm snail has increased in abundance on the alien rosy carnivore snail (Platydemus manokwari) is a serious that island, likely in response to the (Euglandina rosea) and by the threat to the survival of the Guam tree removal of all the goats. However, the Manokwar flatworm (Platydemus snail (see summary for the fragile tree population of humped tree snails on manokwari) (see summary for the fragile snail, above). On Guam, open Anatahan is likely extirpated due to the tree snail, above) is also a serious threat agricultural fields and other areas prone massive volcanic explosions of the to the survival of Langford’s tree snail. to erosion were seeded with island beginning in 2003 and still All of the threats are occurring tangantangan (Leucaena leucocephala) continuing, and the resulting loss of up rangewide and no efforts to control or by the U.S. Military. Tangantangan to 95 percent of the vegetation on the eradicate the nonnative predatory snail grows as a single species stand with no island. Predation by the alien rosy species or to reduce habitat loss are substantial understory. The carnivore snail (Euglandina rosea) and being undertaken. The magnitude of microclimatic condition is dry with the alien Manokwar flatworm threats is high because they result in little accumulation of leaf litter humus (Platydemus manokwari) is a serious direct mortality or significant and is particularly unsuitable as Guam threat to the survival of the humped tree population declines to Langford’s tree tree snail habitat. In addition, native snail (see summary for the fragile tree snail rangewide. A survey of Aguiguan forest cannot reestablish and grow snail, above). The magnitude of threats in November 2006 failed to find any live where this alien weed has become is high because these alien predators Langford’s tree snails. These threats are established. Because all of the threats cause significant population declines to also ongoing and thus are imminent. occur rangewide, have a significant the humped tree snail rangewide. These Therefore, we assigned this species an effect on the survival of this snail threats are ongoing and thus are LPN of 2. species, leading to a relatively high imminent. Therefore, we assigned this Newcomb’s tree snail (Newcombia likelihood of extinction, they are high in species an LPN of 2. cumingi)—We continue to find that magnitude. The threats are also ongoing Lanai tree snail (Partulina listing this species is warranted but and thus are imminent. Therefore, we semicarinata)—We continue to find that precluded as of the date of publication assigned this species an LPN of 2. listing this species is warranted but of this notice. However, we are working Humped tree snail (Partula gibba)— precluded as of the date of publication on a proposed listing rule that we The following summary is based on of this notice. However, we are working expect to publish prior to making the information contained in our files. No on a proposed listing rule that we next annual resubmitted petition 12- new information was provided in the expect to publish prior to making the month finding. petition we received on May 11, 2004. next annual resubmitted petition Tutuila tree snail (Eua zebrina)—The A tree-dwelling species, the humped 12-month finding. following summary is based on tree snail is a member of the Partulidae Lanai tree snail (Partulina information contained in our files. No family of snails, and was originally variabilis)—We continue to find that new information was provided in the known from the island of Guam and the listing this species is warranted but petition we received on May 11, 2004. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana precluded as of the date of publication A tree-dwelling species, the Tutuila tree Islands (islands of Rota, Aguiguan, of this notice. However, we are working snail is a member of the Partulidae Tinian, Saipan, Anatahan, Sarigan, on a proposed listing rule that we family of snails, and is endemic to Alamagan, and Pagan). Most recent expect to publish prior to making the American Samoa. The species is known surveys revealed a total of 13 next annual resubmitted petition from 32 populations on the islands of populations on the islands of Guam, 12-month finding. Tutuila, Nuusetoga, and Ofu. Rota, Aguiguan, Sarigan, Saipan, Langford’s tree snail (Partula This species is currently threatened Alamagan, and Pagan. Although still the langfordi)—The following summary is by habitat loss and modification and by most widely distributed tree snail based on information contained in our predation from nonnative predatory

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snails and rats. All live Tutuila tree Conservation measures implemented by evapotranspiration, and decreased soil snails were found on understory the Bureau of Land Management moisture which may reduce the amount vegetation beneath remaining intact include the installation of fencing to of groundwater recharge. Widespread, forest canopy. No snails were found in exclude livestock, wild horses, burros long-term drought could affect spring areas bordering agricultural plots or in and other large mammals; closing of flow quantity and quality, negatively forest areas that were severely damaged access roads to spring, riparian, and affecting the springsnail populations. by three hurricanes (1987, 1990, and wetland areas and the limiting of Based on these nonimminent threats 1991). (See summary for the sisi snail, vehicles to designated routes; the that are currently of a low magnitude, above, regarding impacts of alien weeds establishment of a designated we retained a listing priority number of and of the rosy carnivore snail.) Rats campground away from the habitats of 11 for this species. (Rattus spp) have also been shown to sensitive species; the installation of Gonzales springsnail (Tryonia devastate snail populations, and rat- educational signage; and, increased staff circumstriata)—See summary above chewed snail shells have been found at presence, including law enforcement under Diamond Y Spring snail sites where the Tutuila snail occurs. At and a volunteer site steward during the (Pseudotryonia adamantina). present, the major threat to the long- 6-month period of peak visitor use. Huachuca springsnail (Pyrgulopsis term survival of the native snail fauna These conservation measures have thompsoni)—The following is based on in American Samoa is predation by reduced the magnitude of threat to the information contained in our files. No nonnative predatory snails and rats. The species to moderate to low; all new information was provided in the magnitude of threats is high because remaining threats are nonimminent and petition we received on May 11, 2004. they result in direct mortality or involve long-term changes to the habitat The Huachuca springsnail inhabits significant population declines to the for the species resulting from past approximately 16 springs and cienegas Tutuila tree snail rangewide. The threats impacts. Until a monitoring program is at elevations of 4,500 to 7,200 feet in are also ongoing and thus are imminent. in place that allows us to assess the southeastern Arizona (14 sites) and Therefore, we assigned this species an long-term trend of the species, we have adjacent portions of Sonora, Mexico (2 LPN of 2. assigned an LPN of 11. sites). The springsnail is typically found Chupadera springsnail (Pyrgulopsis Gila springsnail (Pyrgulopsis gilae)— in the shallower areas of springs or chupaderae)—We continue to find that The following summary is based on cienegas, often in rocky seeps at the listing this species is warranted but information contained in our files and spring source. Ongoing threats include precluded as of the date of publication the petition we received on November habitat modification and destruction of this notice. However, we are working 20, 1985. Also see our 12-month through catastrophic wildfire; drought; on a proposed listing rule that we petition finding published in the streamflow alteration; and, potentially, expect to publish prior to making the Federal Register on October 4, 1988 (53 grazing, recreation, military activities, next annual resubmitted petition FR 38969). The Gila springsnail is an and timber harvest. Overall, the threats 12-month finding. aquatic species known from 13 are moderate in magnitude because Elongate mud meadows springsnail populations in New Mexico. Surveys threats are not occurring throughout the (Pyrgulopsis notidicola)—The following conducted in 2008 and 2009 located 14 range of the species uniformly and not summary is based on information additional populations bringing the total all populations would likely be affected contained in our files. No new known to 27. Given the new population simultaneously by any of the known information was provided in the information, as well as new information threats. In addition, multiple petition received on May 11, 2004. on threats, we are currently assessing landowners (U.S. Forest Service, Fort Pyrgulopsis notidicola is endemic to the status of this species. Huachuca, and The Nature Soldier Meadow, which is located at the The long-term persistence of the Gila Conservancy) are including northern extreme of the western arm of springsnail is contingent upon consideration for the springsnail or the Black Rock Desert in the transition protection of the riparian corridor and other co-occurring listed species in their zone between the Basin and Range maintenance of flow to ensure activities (reducing fuel loads, avoiding Physiographic Province and the continuous, oxygenated flowing water occupied sites during military Columbia Plateau Province, Humboldt within the species’ required thermal operations). The threats are ongoing County, Nevada. The type locality, and range. Occupied Gila springsnail and, thus, imminent. Therefore, we have the only known location of the species, localities on Federal lands surveyed in assigned an LPN of 8 to this species. occurs in four separate stretches of 2008 and 2009 are subject to light levels New Mexico springsnail (Pyrgulopsis thermal (between 45° and 32° Celsius, of recreational use only at the thermal thermalis)—The following summary is 113° and 90° Fahrenheit) aquatic springs, and overall, recreational based on information contained in our habitat. The first stretch is the largest at activities do not appear to be affecting files and the petition received on approximately 600 m (1,968 ft) long and springsnail populations. The level of November 20, 1985. Also see our 12- 2 m (6.7 ft) wide. The other stretches recreational impacts at thermal springs month petition finding published on where P. notidicola occurs are less than on private lands is unknown. Sites October 4, 1988 (53 FR 38969). In 6 m (19.7 ft) long and 0.5 m (1.6 ft) visited in 2008 were excluded from addition, we have received new wide. Pyrgulopsis notidicola occurs grazing. Although elk use at some of the information on populations and threats only in shallow, flowing water on gravel springs was evident, the level of impact to the species, which we are currently substrate. The species does not occur in was low. Of greatest concern are the assessing. The New Mexico springsnail deep water (i.e., impoundments) where very small size of the isolated occupied is an aquatic species known from twelve water velocity is low, gravel substrate is habitats and the potential effects of separate populations associated with a absent, and sediment levels are high. climate change. Although the effect series of spring-brook systems along the The species and its habitat are climate change will have on the springs Gila River in the Gila National Forest in threatened by recreational use in the of the Southwest is unpredictable, mean Grant County, New Mexico. areas where it occurs as well as the annual temperature in New Mexico has The long-term persistence of the New ongoing impacts of past water increased by 0.6 degrees per decade Mexico springsnail is contingent upon diversions and livestock grazing and since 1970. Higher temperatures lead to protection of the riparian corridor current off-highway vehicle travel. higher evaporation rates, increased immediately adjacent to springhead and

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springrun habitats. Although the New Mauna Kea Science Reserve, as well as Miami blue butterfly (Cyclargus Mexico springsnail populations may be two cinder cones located in the State Ice thomasi bethunebakeri)—The following stable, the sites inhabited by the species Age Natural Area Reserve, are not summary is based on information are subject to levels of recreational use currently undergoing development nor contained in our files and in the petition and livestock grazing that can negatively are they the site of any planned we received on June 15, 2000. affect this species. If these uses remain development. Thus, the threats, Historically, the Miami blue was most at the current or lower levels, they will although ongoing, do not occur across common on the south Florida mainland not pose an imminent threat to the the entire range of the wekiu bug. and the Florida Keys, with a range species. Of greater concern is drought, Because there are occupied locations extending north to Hillsborough and which could affect spring discharge and that are not subject to the primary threat Volusia Counties. It is presently located increases the potential for fire. Although of astronomy development, the overall at two sites in the Keys. In 1999, a the effect global climate change may magnitude of the threat is moderate. The metapopulation was discovered at Bahia have on streams and forests of the immediacy of the threats is imminent Honda State Park (BHSP) on Bahia Southwest is unpredictable, mean because there are still significant parts Honda Key, and in 2006 a second annual temperature in New Mexico has of the wekiu bug’s range where metapopulation was discovered on the increased by 0.6 degrees per decade development is occurring. Therefore, we outer islands of Key West National since 1970. Higher temperatures lead to assigned this species an LPN of 8. Wildlife Refuge (KWNWR). The BHSP higher evaporation rates which may Mariana eight spot butterfly metapopulation appears restricted to a reduce the amount of runoff and (Hypolimnas octucula mariannensis)— couple hundred individuals at most; the groundwater recharge. Increased The following summary is based on KWNWR metapopulation was believed temperatures may also increase the information contained in our files. No to be several hundred in 2006–2007, but extent of area influenced by drought and new information was provided in the appears to be lower in abundance now. fire. Large fires have occurred in the petition we received on May 11, 2004. Capacity to expand at either site or Gila National Forest and subsequent The Mariana eight spot butterfly is a successfully emigrate from either site floods and ash flows have severely nymphalid butterfly species that feeds appears to be very low due to the affected aquatic life in streams. If the upon two host plants, Procris sedentary nature of the butterfly and drought continues or worsens, the pedunculata and Elatostema calcareum. isolation of habitats. Reintroduction imminence of threats from decreased Endemic to the islands of Guam and efforts have not been successful. The discharge and fire will increase. Based Saipan, the species is now known from Miami blue is predominantly a coastal on these nonimminent threats of a low ten populations on Guam. This species species, occurring in disturbed and magnitude, we retain an LPN of 11 for is currently threatened by predation and early successional habitats such as the this springsnail. parasitism. The Mariana eight spot edges of tropical hardwood hammock, Page springsnail (Pyrgulopsis butterfly has extremely high mortality of coastal berm forest, coastal prairie, and morrisoni)—See above in ‘‘Listing eggs and larvae due to predation by along trails and other open sunny areas, Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ The alien ants and wasps. Because the threat and historically in pine rockland. These above summary is based on information of parasitism and predation by habitats provide hostplants for larvae contained in our files. and nectar sources for adults in close Phantom springsnail (Tyronia nonnative insects occurs rangewide and proximity, as the species requires. cheatumi)—See summary above under can cause significant population Phantom Cave snail (Cochliopa texana). declines to this species, they are high in Major threats to the butterfly include Three Forks springsnail (Pyrgulopsis magnitude. The threats are imminent few occurrences, limited population trivialis)—We continue to find that because they are ongoing. Therefore, we size and range, hurricanes, mosquito listing this species is warranted but assigned an LPN of 3 for this subspecies. control activities, and herbivory of precluded as of the date of publication Mariana wandering butterfly (Vagrans hostplants by iguanas. Damage to host of this notice. However, we are working egestina)—The following summary is plants from iguanas at BHSP is an on a proposed listing rule that we based on information contained in our ongoing and significant threat; although expect to publish prior to making the files. No new information was provided active steps are being taken by the State next annual resubmitted petition 12- in the petition we received on May 11, and partners to reduce this threat, this month finding. 2004. The Mariana wandering butterfly metapopulation is now at risk. Climatic is a nymphalid butterfly species which changes and sea level rise are long-term Insects feeds upon a single host plant species, threats that will reduce the extent of Wekiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola)—The Maytenus thompsonii. Originally known habitat. Accidental harm or habitat following summary is based on from and endemic to the islands of destruction and illegal collection may information contained in our files. No Guam and Rota, the species is now also pose threats to the survival due to new information was provided in the known from one population on Rota. small population sizes. Loss of genetic petition we received on May 11, 2004. This species is currently threatened by diversity within the small and isolated The wekiu bug belongs to the true bug alien predation and parasitism. The populations may be occurring. The family, Lygaeidae, and is endemic to the Mariana wandering butterfly is likely survival of the Miami blue depends on island of Hawaii. This species only predated by alien ants and parasitized protecting the species’ currently occurs on the summit of Mauna Kea and by native and nonnative parasitoids. occupied habitat from further feeds upon other insect species which Because the threats of parasitism and degradation and fragmentation; are blown to the summit of this large predation by nonnative insects occur restoring potentially suitable habitat volcano. The wekiu bug is primarily rangewide and can cause significant within its historical range; avoiding or threatened by the loss of its habitat from population declines to this species, removing threats from fire suppression, astronomy development. In 2004 and leading to a relatively high likelihood of iguanas, mosquito control, accidental early 2005, surveys found multiple new extinction, they are high in magnitude. harm from humans; increasing the locations of the wekiu bug on cinder These threats are imminent because current population in size; and cones on the Mauna Kea summit. they are ongoing. Therefore, we establishing populations at other Several of these cinder cones within the assigned an LPN of 2 for this species. locations. Exotic predatory ants and

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parasitoids may also be potential been extirpated from the site by the or reduced reproductive capacity. The threats, given the species’ small closure of the cave entrance. Other threats are nonimminent because there population size and few occurrences. caves in the vicinity of this cave were are no known projects planned that Most threats are high in magnitude, surveyed for the species during 1995 to would affect the species in the near because they constitute a significant risk 1996 and only one additional site was future. We therefore have assigned an to the subspecies, leading to a relatively found to support the Clifton Cave beetle. LPN of 5 to this species. high likelihood of extinction; most The limestone caves in which the Inquirer Cave beetle threats are imminent. As a result, we Clifton Cave beetle is found provide a (Pseudanophthalmus inquisitor)—The retained an LPN of 3 for this subspecies. unique and fragile environment that following summary is based upon Sequatchie caddisfly (Glyphopsyche supports a variety of species that have information contained in our files. No sequatchie)—The following summary is evolved to survive and reproduce under new information was provided in the based on information in our files. No the demanding conditions found in cave petition we received on May 11, 2004. new information was provided in the ecosystems. The limited distribution of The Inquirer Cave beetle is a fairly petition we received on May 11, 2004. the species makes it vulnerable to small, eyeless, reddish-brown predatory The Sequatchie caddisfly is known from isolated events that would only have a insect that feeds upon small cave two spring runs that emerge from caves minimal effect on the more wide- invertebrates. It is not found outside the in Marion County, Tennessee—Owen ranging insects. Events such as toxic cave environment, and is only known Spring Branch (the type locality) and chemical spills, discharges of large from one privately owned Tennessee Martin Spring run in the Battle Creek amounts of polluted water or indirect cave. The limestone cave in which this system. In 1998, biologists estimated impacts from off-site construction species is found provides a unique and population sizes at 500 to 5,000 activities, closure of entrances, fragile environment that supports a individuals for Owen Spring Branch alteration of entrances, or the creation of variety of species that have evolved to and 2 to 10 times higher at Martin new entrances could have serious survive and reproduce under the Spring, due to the greater amount of adverse impacts on this species. demanding conditions found in cave apparently suitable habitat. In spite of Therefore, the magnitude of threat is ecosystems. The species was last greater amounts of suitable habitat at the high for this species. The threats are observed in 2006. The limited Martin Spring run, Sequatchie nonimminent because there are no distribution of the species makes it caddisflies are more difficult to find at known projects planned that would vulnerable to isolated events that would this site, and in 2001 (the most recent affect the species in the near future. We only have a minimal effect on the more survey) the Sequatchie caddisfly was therefore have assigned a listing priority wide-ranging insects. The area around ‘‘abundant’’ at the Owen Spring Branch number of 5 to this species. the only known site for the species is in location, while only two individuals a rapidly expanding urban area. The were observed at the Martin Spring. Icebox Cave beetle entrance to the cave is protected by the Threats to the Sequatchie caddisfly (Pseudanophthalmus frigidus)—The landowner through a cooperative include siltation, point and nonpoint following summary is based upon management agreement with the discharges from municipal and information contained in our files. No Service, The Nature Conservancy and industrial activities, and introduction of new information was provided in the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency; toxicants during episodic events. These petition we received on May 11, 2004. however, a sinkhole that drains into the threats, coupled with the extremely Icebox Cave beetle is a small, eyeless, cave system is located away from the limited distribution of the species, its reddish-brown predatory insect that protected entrance and is near a apparent small population size, the feeds upon small cave invertebrates. It highway. Events such as toxic chemical limited amount of occupied habitat, is not found outside the cave spills, discharges of large amounts of ease of accessibility, and the annual life environment, and is only known from polluted water, or indirect impacts from cycle of the species, are all factors that one privately owned Kentucky cave. off-site construction activities, could leave the Sequatchie caddisfly The limestone cave in which this severely affect the species and the cave vulnerable to extirpation. Therefore, the species is found provides a unique and habitat. The magnitude of threat is high magnitude of the threat is high. These fragile environment that supports a for this species because it is limited in threats are gradual and not necessarily variety of species that have evolved to distribution and the threats would have imminent. Based on high-magnitude, survive and reproduce under the severe impacts on its continued nonimminent threats, we assigned this demanding conditions found in cave existence. The threats are nonimminent species a listing priority number of 5. ecosystems. The species has not been because there are no known projects Clifton Cave beetle observed since it was originally planned that would affect the species in (Pseudanophthalmus caecus)—The collected, but species experts believe the near future and it receives some following summary is based upon that it may still exist in the cave in low protection under a cooperative information contained in our files. No numbers. The limited distribution of the management agreement. We therefore new information was provided in the species makes it vulnerable to isolated have assigned a listing priority number petition we received on May 11, 2004. events that would only have a minimal of 5 to this species. Clifton Cave beetle is a small, eyeless, effect on the more wide-ranging insects. Louisville Cave beetle reddish-brown predatory insect that Events such as toxic chemical spills or (Pseudanophthalmus troglodytes)—The feeds upon small cave invertebrates. It discharges of large amounts of polluted following summary is based upon is cave dependent, and is not found water, or indirect impacts from off-site information contained in our files. No outside the cave environment. Clifton construction activities, closure of new information was provided in the Cave beetle is only known from two entrances, alteration of entrances, or the petition we received on May 11, 2004. privately owned Kentucky caves. Soon creation of new entrances, could have The Louisville Cave beetle is a small, after the species was first collected in serious adverse impacts on this species. eyeless, reddish-brown predatory insect 1963 in one cave, the cave entrance was Therefore, the magnitude of threat is that feeds upon cave invertebrates. It is enclosed due to road construction. We high for this species because it is not found outside the cave environment, do not know whether the species still limited in distribution and the threats and is only known from two privately occurs at the original location or if it has would result in a high level of mortality owned Kentucky caves. The limestone

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caves in which this species is found editha taylori)—The following summary subspecies at three locations in Pierce provide a unique and fragile is based on information contained in County, Washington. environment that supports a variety of our files and in the petition received on Threats also include the loss of species that have evolved to survive and December 11, 2002. Historically, the prairies to development or the reproduce under the demanding Taylor’s checkerspot butterfly was conversion of native grasslands to conditions found in cave ecosystems. known from 70 locations: 23 in British agriculture; the threat of vehicle and The limited distribution of the species Columbia, 34 in Washington, and 13 in foot traffic that crushes larvae and larval makes it vulnerable to isolated events Oregon. Based on the results of surveys host plants on roads where host plants that would only have a minimal effect during the 2009 flight period, have become established, thus acting as on the more wide-ranging insects. were detected at just 9 populations. No a mortality sink (this has occurred at Events such as toxic chemical spills, reports were received for the Canada several of the north Olympic Peninsula discharges of large amounts of polluted sites. The total number of Taylor’s sites). Other important threats include water or indirect impacts from off-site checkerspot butterflies was considerably changes to the structure and construction activities, closure of reduced in current surveys with composition of prairie habitat brought entrances, alteration of entrances, or the approximately 2,500 individuals on by the invasion of and trees creation of new entrances could have observed rangewide. The latest decline (Scot’s broom and Douglas-fir) or serious adverse impacts on this species. observed was from the Joint Base Lewis nonnative pasture grasses that quickly The magnitude of threat is high for this McChord population where fewer than invade onto prairies when processes species, because it is limited in 200 butterflies were counted in 2008; like fire, or its surrogate mowing, are not distribution and the threats would have only 77 adult butterflies were detected implemented. severe negative impacts on the species. during 2009 surveys. Currently, just These changes to prairie habitat The threats are nonimminent because seven populations had adult butterflies threaten Taylor’s checkerspot by there are no known projects planned flying in Washington, two in the degrading prairie habitat and making it that would affect the species in the near Willamette Valley of Oregon, and one unsuitable for the butterfly. The threats future. We therefore have assigned an on Denman Island, British Columbia, that lead to habitat degradation and loss LPN of 5 to this species. Canada. A new population (meta- are ubiquitous, occurring rangewide, Tatum Cave beetle population) was observed on the and severely affect the survival of the (Pseudanophthalmus parvus)—The Olympic National Forest. During 2009, subspecies, leading to a relatively high following summary is based upon six additional locations have been found likelihood of extinction. Therefore, the information contained in our files. No on suitable habitat on Olympic National threats are high in magnitude. The new information was provided in the Forest land; at one location 69 threats are imminent because they are petition we received on May 11, 2004. butterflies were detected and the ongoing and occur simultaneously at all Tatum Cave beetle is a small, eyeless, remainder had up to 40 butterflies with of the known locations for the reddish-brown predatory insect that several of the sites having fewer than subspecies. Based on the high feeds upon cave invertebrates. It is not 5 adult butterflies. magnitude and the imminent nature of found outside the cave environment, Threats include degradation and threats, we retain an LPN of 3 for the and is only known from one privately destruction of native grasslands due to Taylor’s checkerspot butterfly. owned Kentucky cave. The limestone agriculture; residential and commercial Blackline Hawaiian damselfly cave in which this species is found development; encroachment by (Megalagrion nigrohamatum provides a unique and fragile nonnative plants; succession from nigrolineatum)—We continue to find environment that supports a variety of grasslands to native shrubs and trees; that listing this species is warranted but species that have evolved to survive and and fire. The threat of military training precluded as of the date of publication reproduce under the demanding has greatly increased during this last of this notice. However, we are working conditions found in cave ecosystems. assessment period and the site where on a proposed listing rule that we The species has not been observed since Taylor’s checkerspot were known to expect to publish prior to making the 1965, but species experts believe that it thrive on Fort Lewis was severely next annual resubmitted 12-month still exists in low numbers. The limited affected by Armored Vehicle training. petition finding. distribution of the species makes it The result of that training on the Crimson Hawaiian damselfly vulnerable to isolated events that would population at the site will not be (Megalagrion leptodemas)—We only have a minimal effect on the more determined until after this year’s continue to find that listing this species wide-ranging insects. Events such as monitoring has been completed. is warranted but precluded as of the toxic chemical spills or discharges of The grassland ecosystem on which date of publication of this notice. large amounts of polluted water, or this subspecies depends requires annual However, we are working on a proposed indirect impacts from off-site management to maintain suitable listing rule that we expect to publish construction activities, closure of grassland habitat for the species. prior to making the next annual entrances, alteration of entrances, or the Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstake resubmitted 12-month petition finding. creation of new entrances could have (Btk) was routinely applied for Asian Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly serious adverse impacts on this species. gypsy moth control in Pierce County, (Megalagrion oceanicum)—We continue The magnitude of threat is high for this Washington for many years. This to find that listing this species is species, because its limited numbers pesticide is documented to have warranted but precluded as of the date mean that any threats could severely deleterious effects on non-target of publication of this notice. However, affect its continued existence. The lepidopteron species, including all we are working on a proposed listing threats are nonimminent because there moths and butterflies. Because of the rule that we expect to publish prior to are no known projects planned that timing and close proximity of the Btk making the next annual resubmitted would affect the species in the near application to native prairies where 12-month petition finding. future. We therefore have assigned an Taylors’ checkerspot adults, or their Orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly LPN of 5 to this species. larvae, were historically known to (Megalagrion xanthomelas)—The Taylor’s (Whulge, Edith’s) occur, it is likely that the spraying following summary is based on checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas contributed to the extirpation of the information contained in our files. No

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new information was provided in the the decomposing host plant area populations. Prairie succeeds to petition we received on May 11, 2004. normally occupied by the D. digressa shrubland or forest without periodic The Orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly is larvae during their development with a fire, grazing, or mowing; thus, the a stream-dwelling species endemic to resulting reduction in available host species is also threatened at sites where the Hawaiian Islands of Kauai, Oahu, plant material. Because the threats to such disturbances are not applied. The Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and Hawaii. The the native forest habitat of D. digressa, Service and other Federal agencies, species no longer is found on Kauai, and and to individuals of this species, occur State agencies, the Sisseton-Wahpeton is now restricted to 16 populations on throughout its range and are expected to Sioux Tribe, and some private the islands of Oahu, Maui, Molokai, continue or increase unless efforts at organizations (e.g., The Nature Lanai, and Hawaii. This species is control or eradication are undertaken, Conservancy) protect and manage some threatened by predation from alien they are high in magnitude. In addition, Dakota skipper sites. Proper aquatic species such as fish and because of the limited distribution and management is always necessary to predacious insects, and habitat loss small population of the species, any of ensure its persistence, even at protected through dewatering of streams and the threats would significantly impair sites. The species may be secure at a few invasion by nonnative plants. Nonnative survival of the species. The threats are sites where public and private fish and insects prey on the naiads of also imminent, because they are landowners manage native prairie in the damselfly, and loss of water reduces ongoing. No known conservation ways that conserve Dakota skipper, but the amount of suitable naiad habitat measures have been taken to date to approximately half of the inhabited sites available. Invasive plants (e.g., specifically address these threats, and are privately owned with little or no California grass (Brachiaria mutica)) we have therefore assigned this species protection. A few private sites are also contribute to loss of habitat by an LPN of 2. protected from conversion by forming dense, monotypic stands that Stephan’s riffle beetle (Heterelmis easements, but these do not prevent completely eliminate any open water. stephani)—The following summary is adverse effects from overgrazing. Nonnative fish and plants are found in based on information contained in our Overall, the threats are moderate in all the streams the Orangeblack files. No new information was provided magnitude because they are not damselfly occur in, except the Oahu in the petition received on May 11, occurring rangewide and have a location, where there are no nonnative 2004. The Stephan’s riffle beetle is an moderate effect on the viability of the fish. We assigned this species an LPN of endemic riffle beetle found in limited species. They are, however, ongoing and 8 because, although the threats are spring environments within the Santa therefore imminent, particularly on ongoing and therefore imminent, they Rita Mountains, Pima County, Arizona. private lands. Thus, we assigned an LPN affect the survival of the species in The beetle is known from Sylvester of 8 to this species. varying degrees throughout the range of Spring in Madera Canyon, within the Mardon skipper (Polites mardon)— the species and are of moderate Coronado National Forest. Threats to The following summary is based on magnitude. that spring are largely from habitat information contained in our files and modification, from recreational the petition we received on December Picture-wing fly (Drosophila activities in the springs, and potential 24, 2002. The Mardon skipper is a digressa)—The following summary is changes in water quality and quantity northwestern butterfly with a disjunct based on information contained in our due to catastrophic natural events and range. Currently this species is known files. No new information was provided climate change. The threats are of low from four widely separated regions: in the petition we received on May 11, to moderate magnitude based on our South Puget Sound region, southern 2004, but new information was current knowledge of the permanence of Washington Cascades, Siskiyou provided by one Drosophila expert in threats and the likelihood that the Mountains of southern Oregon, and 2006. This picture-wing fly, a member species will persist in areas that are coastal northwestern California/ of the family Drosophilidae, feeds only unaffected by the threats. Although the southern Oregon. The number of upon species of Charpentiera, and is threats from climate change are documented locations for the species endemic to the Hawaiian Island of expected to occur over many years, the has increased from fewer than 10 in Hawaii. Never abundant in number of threats from recreational use are 1997 to more than 130 rangewide in individuals observed, D. digressa was ongoing. Therefore, the threats are 2010. New site locations have been originally known from 5 population imminent. Thus, we retained an LPN of documented in each year that targeted sites and may now be limited to as few 8 for the Stephan’s riffle beetle. surveys have been conducted since as 1 or 2 sites. Due to the small Dakota skipper (Hesperia dacotae)— 1999. In the past 9 years, significant population size of the species and its The following summary is based on local populations have been located in small known habitat area, Drosophila information contained in our files, the Washington Cascades and in researchers believe this species and its including information from the petition Southern Oregon, with a few local sites habitat are particularly vulnerable to a received on May 12, 2003. The Dakota supporting populations of hundreds of myriad of threats. Feral ungulates (pigs, skipper is a small- to mid-sized butterfly Mardon skippers. goats, and cattle) degrade and destroy D. that inhabits high-quality tallgrass and The Mardon skipper spends its entire digressa host plants and habitat by mixed-grass prairie in Minnesota, North life cycle in one location, often on the directly trampling plants, facilitating Dakota, South Dakota, and the provinces same grassland patch. The dispersal erosion, and spreading nonnative plant of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in ability of Mardon skipper is restricted. seeds. Nonnative plants degrade host Canada. The species is presumed to be The greatest threats currently posed to plant habitat and compete for light, extirpated from Iowa and Illinois and Mardon skippers are stochastic events space, and nutrients. Direct predation of from many sites within occupied States. such as a catastrophic wildfire or D. digressa by nonnative social insects, The Dakota skipper is threatened by unseasonable weather events. Other particularly yellow jacket wasps, is also degradation of its native prairie habitat threats to the Mardon skipper include a serious threat. Additionally, this by overgrazing, invasive species, gravel direct impacts to individuals and local species faces competition at the larval mining, and herbicide applications; populations by livestock grazing, stage from nonnative tipulid flies, inbreeding, population isolation, and pesticide drift, and off-road-vehicle use. which feed within the same portion of prescribed fire threaten some Habitat destruction or modification

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through conifer encroachment, invasive In addition, the beetle’s habitat is being specific habitat requirements and small nonnative plants, roadside maintenance, adversely affected by ongoing, populations, any of the threats could and grassland/meadow management recreational off-road-vehicle use that is have a significant impact on the survival activities such as prescribed burning limiting expansion of the species. The of the species, leading to a relatively and mowing are also threats. However, two agencies that manage the dune high likelihood of extinction. Therefore, these threats have been substantially field, the Utah Department of Parks and the magnitude of threats is high. reduced due to protections provided by Recreation and the BLM, have restricted Although the majority of its historical State and Federal special status species recreational off-road vehicle use in some range has been lost, degraded, and programs. The magnitude of the threats areas, which reduces impacts. However, fragmented, numerous sites are is moderate because current regulatory continued drought may prevent the protected and land managers are mechanisms associated with State and population from increasing in size. The implementing prescribed fire at some Federal special status species programs beetle’s population also is vulnerable to sites; these actions are expected to afford a relatively high level of over-collecting by professional and restore habitat and help reduce threats protection from additional habitat loss hobby tiger beetle collectors. We and have already helped stabilize and or destruction across most of the retained an LPN of 2 due to the high improve the populations. Overall, the species’ range. Threats are imminent magnitude and imminence of drought threats are nonimminent. Therefore, we because all sites within the species’ conditions. assigned the Highlands tiger beetle an range currently have one or more Highlands tiger beetle (Cicindela LPN of 5. highlandensis)—The following identified threats that are resulting in Arachnids direct impacts to individuals within the summary is based on information populations, or a gradual loss or contained in our files. No new Warton’s cave meshweaver (Cicurina degradation of the species’ habitats. information was provided in the wartoni)—The following summary is Mardon skippers face a variety of threats petition we received on May 11, 2004. based on information contained in our that may occur at any time at any of the The Highlands tiger beetle is narrowly files. No new information was provided locations. Low numbers of individuals distributed and restricted to areas of in the petition received on May 11, have been found at most of the known bare sand within scrub and sandhill on 2004. Warton’s Cave meshweaver is an locations. Only a few locations are ancient sand dunes of the Lake Wales eyeless, cave-dwelling, unpigmented, known to harbor greater than 100 Ridge in Polk and Highlands Counties, 0.23-inch-long invertebrate known only from female specimens. This individuals, and specific locations Florida. Adult tiger beetles have been meshweaver is known to occur in only could easily be lost by changes in most recently found at 40 sites at the one cave (Pickle Pit) in Travis County, vegetation composition or from the core of the Lake Wales Ridge. In 2004– Texas. Primary threats to the species threat of wildfire. The great distances 2005 surveys, a total of 1,574 adults and its habitat are predation and between the known locations for the were found at 40 sites, compared with competition from fire ants, surface and species would not allow for dispersal of 643 adults at 31 sites in 1996, 928 adults subsurface effects from runoff from an the species between populations; thus, at 31 sites in 1995, and 742 adults at 21 adjacent subdivision, unauthorized loss of any population could lead to sites in 1993. Of the 40 sites in the entry into the area surrounding the cave, extirpation of the species at any of these 2004–2005 surveys with one or more modification of vegetation near the cave locations. However, the discovery of adults, results ranged from 3 sites with large populations of over 100 adults, to from human use, and trash dumping new populations and the wide 13 sites with fewer than 10 adults. that may include toxic materials near geographic range for the Mardon skipper Results from a limited removal study at the feature. The magnitude of threats is provides a buffer against threats that four sites and similar studies suggest high because the single location for this could destroy all existing habitat that the actual population size at some species makes it highly vulnerable to simultaneously or jeopardize the survey sites can be as much as two extinction. The threats are imminent continued existence of the species. times as high as indicated by the visual because fire ants are known to occur in Thus, based on imminent threats of index counts. If assumptions are correct the vicinity of the cave, and impacts to moderate magnitude, we retain an LPN and unsurveyed habitat is included, the cave from runoff and human of 8 to this species. then the total number of adults at all activities are an imminent threat. Thus, Coral Pink Sand Dunes tiger beetle survey sites might be 3,000 to 4,000. we retain an LPN of 2 for this species. (Cicindela limbata albissima)—The Habitat loss and fragmentation and Crustaceans following summary is based on lack of fire and disturbances to create information contained in our files, open habitat conditions are serious Anchialine pool shrimp (Metabetaeus including information from the petition threats; remaining patches of suitable lohena)—The following summary is we received on April 21, 1994. This habitat are disjunct and isolated. based on information contained in our species of beetle occurs only at the Coral Populations occupy relatively small files. No new information was provided Pink Sand Dunes. This area is patches of habitat and are small and in the petition we received on May 11, approximately 7 miles west of Kanab, isolated; individuals have difficulty 2004. Metabetaeus lohena is an Kane County, in south-central Utah. It is dispersing between suitable habitats. anchialine pool-inhabiting species of restricted to approximately 234 hectares These factors pose serious threats to the shrimp belonging to the family (577 acres) of protected habitat within species. Although significant progress in Alpheidae. This species is endemic to the dune field, situated at an elevation implementing prescribed fire has the Hawaiian Islands and is currently of about 1,820 meters (6,000 feet). occurred over the last ten years through known from populations on the islands Continuing drought is negatively collaborative partnerships and the Lake of Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. The affecting tiger beetle populations. Wales Ridge Prescribed Fire Team, a primary threats to this species are Drought conditions have suppressed the backlog of long-unburned habitat within predation by fish (which do not beetle’s reproductive capabilities. The conservation areas remains. naturally occur in the pools inhabited continued survival of the beetle Overcollection and pesticide use are by this species) and habitat loss from depends on the preservation of its additional concerns. Because this degradation (primarily from illegal trash habitat and favorable rainfall amounts. species is narrowly distributed with dumping). The pools where this species

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occurs on the islands of Maui and fish are extensive and happen quickly. shrimp belonging to the family Hawaii are located within State Natural Therefore, threats to this species could Procarididae; it is the only species in its Area Reserves (NAR) and in a National have a significant adverse effect on the genus. This species is endemic to the Park. Both the State NARs and the survival of the species, leading to a Hawaiian Islands, and is only known National Park prohibit the collection of relatively high likelihood of extinction, from one population in a single pool on the species and the disturbance of the and are of a high magnitude. However, the island of Hawaii. The primary pools. However, enforcement of the threats are nonimminent, because threats to this species are predation collection and disturbance prohibitions surveys in 2004 and 2007 did not find from nonnative fish and habitat is difficult, and the negative effects from fish in the pools where these shrimp degradation (primarily by the introduction of fish are extensive occur on Maui or the island of Hawaii. contamination from illegal trash and happen quickly. On Oahu, one pool Also, there was no evidence of recent dumping). This species would be highly is located in a National Wildlife Refuge habitat degradation at those pools. We vulnerable to predation by any and is protected from collection and assigned this species an LPN of 5. intentionally or accidentally introduced disturbance to the pool, however, on Anchialine pool shrimp (Procaris fish, or contamination from illegal State-owned land where the species hawaiana)—The following summary is dumping into its single known location. occurs, there is no protection from based on information contained in our This pool lies within lands collection or disturbance of the pools. files. No new information was provided administered by the State of Hawaii Therefore, threats to this species could in the petition we received on May 11, Department of Hawaiian Home Lands. have a significant adverse effect on the 2004. Procaris hawaiana is an The threats to V. chaceorum from survival of the species, leading to a anchialine pool-inhabiting species of habitat degradation and destruction, as relatively high likelihood of extinction, shrimp belonging to the family well as from predation by nonnative fish and are of a high magnitude. However, Procarididae. This species is endemic to are of high magnitude, because this the primary threats of predation from the Hawaiian Islands, and is currently species occurs in only one pool; thus, fish and loss of habitat due to known from two pools on the island of the threats could significantly impair degradation are nonimminent overall, Maui and thirteen pools on the island of the survival of the species, leading to a because on the islands of Maui and Hawaii. The primary threats to this relatively high likelihood of extinction. Hawaii no fish were observed in any of species are predation from fish (which All individuals of this species may be the pools where this species occurs and do not naturally occur in the pools severely affected by a single dumping of there has been no documented trash inhabited by this species) and habitat trash or release of nonnative fish in the dumping in these pools. Only one site loss due to degradation (primarily from species’ only known pool. However, the on Oahu had a trash dumping instance, illegal trash dumping). The pools where threats are nonimminent, as fish have and in that case the trash was cleaned this species occurs on Maui are located not been introduced into the pool (nor up immediately and the species within a State Natural Area Reserve is there any reason to believe that subsequently observed. No additional (NAR). Hawaii’s State statutes prohibit introduction is imminent) and a site dumping events are known to have the collection of the species and the visit in early 2005 showed there were no occurred. Therefore, we assigned this disturbance of the pools in State NARs. signs of dumping or fill. Therefore we species an LPN of 5. Twelve of the pools on the island of assigned this species an LPN of 4 Hawaii are also located within a State because the threats are of high Anchialine pool shrimp NAR. However, enforcement of these magnitude but nonimminent, and the (Palaemonella burnsi)—The following prohibitions is difficult and the negative species is in a monotypic genus. summary is based on information effects from the introduction of fish are contained in our files. No new extensive and happen quickly. In Flowering Plants information was provided in the addition, there are no prohibitions for Abronia alpina (Ramshaw Meadows petition we received on May 11, 2004. either removal of the species or sand-verbena)—The following summary Palaemonella burnsi is an anchialine disturbance to the pool for the one pool is based on information contained in pool-inhabiting species of shrimp located outside a NAR on the island of our files. No new information was belonging to the family Palaemonidae. Hawaii. Therefore, threats to this provided in the petition we received on This species is endemic to the Hawaiian species could have a significant adverse May 11, 2004. Abronia alpina is known Islands and is currently known from 3 effect on the survival of the species, from one main population center in pools on the island of Maui and 22 leading to a relatively high likelihood of Ramshaw Meadow and a smaller pools on the island of Hawaii. The extinction, and thus remain at a high population in adjacent Templeton primary threats to this species are magnitude. However, the threats to the Meadow on the Kern Plateau of the predation by fish (which do not species are nonimminent because, Sierra Nevada, Inyo National Forest, in naturally occur in the pools inhabited during 2004 and 2007 surveys, no fish Tulare County, California. The total by this species) and habitat loss due to were observed in the pools where these estimated area occupied is degradation (primarily from illegal trash shrimp occur on Maui, and no fish were approximately 6 hectares (15 acres). The dumping). The pools where this species observed in the one pool on the island population fluctuates from year to year occurs on Maui are located within a of Hawaii during a site visit in 2005. In without any clear trends. Population State Natural Area Reserve (NAR). addition, there were no signs of trash estimates from 1985–1994 range from a Hawaii’s State statutes prohibit the dumping or fill in any of the pools low of 69,652 plants in 1986 to 132,215 collection of the species and the where the species occurs. Therefore, we plants in 1987. Surveys conducted since disturbance of the pools in State NARs. assigned this species an LPN of 5. 1994 indicate that no significant On the island of Hawaii, the species Anchialine pool shrimp (Vetericaris changes have occurred in population occurs within a State NAR and a chaceorum)—The following summary is size or location, although, the 2003 National Park, and collection and based on information contained in our survey showed population numbers to disturbance are also prohibited. files. No new information was provided be at the low end of the range. The However, enforcement of these in the petition we received on May 11, population was last monitored in 2009, prohibitions is difficult, and the 2004. Vetericaris chaceorum is an and results from those studies are still negative effects from the introduction of anchialine pool-inhabiting species of being analyzed.

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The factors currently threatening Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Ridge and silverbush is vulnerable to natural Abronia alpina include natural and Valley physiographic provinces of disturbances, such as hurricanes, human habitat alteration, hydrologic Alabama and Georgia. Populations of tropical storms, and storm surges. changes to the water table, and this species typically have a limited Climatic change, particularly sea-level recreational use within meadow number of individuals over a small area. rise, is a long-term threat that is habitats. Lodgepole pine encroachment Habitat degradation, more than expected to continue to affect pine has altered the meadow, and trees are outright habitat destruction, is the most rocklands and ultimately substantially becoming established within A. alpina serious threat to the continued existence reduce the extent of available habitat, habitat. Lodgepole pine encroachment of this species. Disturbance, associated especially in the Keys. Overall, the may alter soil characteristics by with timber harvesting, road building, magnitude of threats is moderate increasing organic matter levels, and grazing has created favorable because not all of the occurrences are decreasing porosity, and moderating conditions for the invasion of exotic affected by the threats. In addition, land diurnal temperature fluctuations thus weeds, especially Japanese honeysuckle managers are aware of the threats from reducing the competitive ability of A. (Lonicera japonica), in this species’ exotic plants and lack of fire, and are, alpina to persist in an environment habitat. A large number of the to some extent, working to reduce these more hospitable to other plant species. populations are currently or potentially threats where possible. While a number The Ramshaw Meadow ecosystem is threatened by the presence of exotics. of threats are occurring in some areas, subject to potential alteration by The heritage programs in Alabama and the threat from development is lowering of the water table due to Georgia have initiated plans for exotic nonimminent since most occurrences downcutting of the South Fork of the control at several populations. The are on public land, and sea level rise is Kern River (SFKR). The SFKR flows magnitude of threats to this species is not currently affecting this species. through Ramshaw Meadow, at times moderate to low due to the number of Overall, the threats are nonimminent. coming within 15 m (50 ft) of A. alpina populations (17) across multiple Thus, we assigned an LPN of 11 to this habitat, particularly in the vicinity of counties in two states and due to the species. five subpopulations. The habitat fact that several sites are protected. Artemisia campestris var. occupied by A. alpina directly borders However, since a number of the wormskioldii (Northern wormwood)— the meadow system supported by the populations are currently being affected The following summary is based on SFKR. Drying out of the meadow system by nonnative plants, the threat is information contained in our files. No could potentially affect A. alpina imminent. Thus, we assigned an LPN of new information was provided in the pollinators and/or seed dispersal agents. 8 to this species. petition we received on May 11, 2004. Established hiker, packstock, and Argythamnia blodgettii (Blodgett’s Historically known from eight sites, cattle trails pass through A. alpina silverbush)—The following summary is northern wormwood is currently known subpopulations. Two main hiker trails based on information in our files. No from two populations in Klickitat and pass through Ramshaw Meadow, but new information was provided in the Grant Counties, Washington. This plant were rerouted out of A. alpina petition we received on May 11, 2004. is restricted to exposed basalt, cobbly- subpopulations where feasible, in 1988 Blodgett’s silverbush occurs in Florida sandy terraces, and sand habitat along and 1997. Remnants of cattle trails that and is found in open, sunny areas in the shore and on islands in the pass through subpopulations in several pine rockland, edges of rockland Columbia River. The two populations places receive occasional incidental use hammock, edges of coastal berm, and are separated by 200 miles (322 by horses and sometimes hikers. Cattle sometimes in disturbed areas at the kilometers) of the Columbia River and use, however, currently is not a threat edges of natural areas. Plants can be three large hydroelectric dams. The due to the 2001 implementation of a 10- found growing from crevices on Klickitat County population is year moratorium on the Templeton limestone, or on sand. The pine- declining; the status is unclear for the allotment which prohibits cattle from all rockland habitat where the species Grant County population; however, both A. alpina locations. The Service is occurs in Miami-Dade County and the are vulnerable to environmental funding studies to determine Florida Keys requires periodic fires to variability. Surveys have not detected appropriate conservation measures and maintain habitat with a minimum any additional plants. working with the U.S. Forest Service on amount of hardwoods. There are Threats to northern wormwood developing a conservation strategy for approximately 22 extant occurrences, 12 include direct loss of habitat through the species. The threats are of a low in Monroe County and 10 in Miami- regulation of water levels in the magnitude and nonimminent because of Dade County; many occurrences are on Columbia River and placement of riprap the conservation actions already conservation lands. However, 4 to 5 along the river bank; human trampling implemented. The LPN for A. alpina sites are recently thought to be of plants from recreation; competition remains an 11, with nonimminent extirpated. The estimated population with nonnative invasive species; burial threats of moderate to low magnitude. size of Blodgett’s silverbush in the by wind- and water-borne sediments; Arabis georgiana (Georgia Florida Keys, excluding Big Pine Key, is small population sizes; susceptibility to rockcress)—The following summary is roughly 11,000; the estimated genetic drift and inbreeding; and the based on information in our files. No population in Miami-Dade County is potential for hybridization with two new information was provided in the 375 to 13,650 plants. other species of Artemisia. Ongoing petition we received on May 11, 2004. Blodgett’s silverbush is threatened by conservation actions have reduced The Georgia rockcress grows in a variety habitat loss, which is exacerbated by trampling, but have not eliminated or of dry situations, including shallow soil habitat degradation due to fire reduced the other threats at the Grant accumulations on rocky bluffs, ecotones suppression, the difficulty of applying County site. Active conservation of gently sloping rock outcrops, and in prescribed fire to pine rocklands, and measures are not currently in place at sandy loam along eroding river banks. It threats from exotic plants. Remaining the Klickitat County site. The magnitude is occasionally found in adjacent mesic habitats are fragmented. Threats such as of threat is high for this subspecies woods, but it will not persist in heavily road maintenance and enhancement, because, although the two remaining shaded conditions. Currently, 17 infrastructure, and illegal dumping populations are widely separated and populations are known from the Gulf threaten some occurrences. Blodgett’s distributed, one or both populations

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could be eliminated by a single 64,000 acres. Available information listing rule that we expect to publish disturbance. The threats are imminent from 2000 indicates that the species prior to making the next annual because recreational use is ongoing, remains stable. Previous and ongoing resubmitted 12-month petition finding. invasive nonnative species occur at both threats from borrow pit excavation, off- Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla sites, erosion of the substrate is ongoing highway vehicles, irrigation canal (Kookoolau)—The following summary is at the Klickitat County site, and high construction, and a prairie dog colony based on information contained in our water flows are random, naturally have had minor impacts that reduced files. No new information was provided occurring events that may occur the range and number of plants by small in the petition we received on May 11, unpredictably in any year. Therefore, amounts. Off-highway-vehicle use of the 2004. Bidens micrantha ssp. we have retained an LPN of 3 for this habitat has reportedly been controlled ctenophylla is a perennial herb found in subspecies. by fencing. Oil and gas development is open mixed shrubland to dry Astragalus anserinus (Goose Creek active in the general area, but the Metrosideros (ohia) forest, and in milkvetch)—The following summary is Service has received no information to recently deposited a‘a lava, on the based on information in our files and in indicate whether there is development island of Hawaii, Hawaii. This the petition received on February 3, within plant habitat. The Tribe reported subspecies is known from 4 populations 2004. The majority (over 80 percent) of that the status of the species remains totaling approximately 360 individuals. Astragalus anserinus sites in Idaho, unchanged, the population is healthy, Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla is Utah, and Nevada occur on Federal and that a management plan for the threatened by competition with lands managed by the BLM. The rest of species is currently in draft form. nonnative plants, and is potentially the sites occur as small populations on Despite these positive indications, we threatened by habitat loss due to urban private and State lands in Utah and on have no documentation concerning the development and fire. One wild private land in Idaho and Nevada. A. current status of the plants, condition of population of 5 individuals is protected anserinus occurs in a variety of habitats, habitat, and terms of the species by an exclosure, and three outplanted but is typically associated with dry management plan being drafted by the populations are protected by exclosures. tuffaceous soils from the Salt Lake Tribe. Thus, at this time, we cannot The remaining natural populations are Formation. The species grows on steep accurately assess whether populations not protected or managed and are or flat sites, with soil textures ranging are being adequately protected from subject to development. The threats are from silty to sandy to somewhat previously existing threats. The threats high in magnitude because the largest gravelly. The species tolerates some are moderate in magnitude, since they population of this subspecies is highly level of disturbance, based on its have had minor impacts. Based on threatened by urban development and occurrence on steep slopes where information we have, the population all populations are threatened by fire downhill movement of soil is common. appears to be stable. Until the and nonnative plants, leading to a Threats to remaining A. anserinus management plan is completed and relatively high likelihood of extinction. individuals include future habitat made available, there are no regulatory Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla is degradation and modifications to the mechanisms in place to protect the represented in ex situ collections. ecosystem in which it occurs because of species. Overall, we conclude threats Threats to this subspecies from an altered wildfire regime. are nonimminent. Therefore, we competition with nonnative plants are Approximately 98 percent of the assigned an LPN of 11 to this species. imminent. Urban development and fire individual plants that were previously Bidens amplectens (Kookoolau)—We are potential threats and are non- documented in the areas burned by a continue to find that listing this species imminent. Therefore, we retained an 2007 wildfire were killed. Other factors is warranted but precluded as of the LPN of 3 for this subspecies. that may threaten A. anserinus to a date of publication of this notice. Brickellia mosieri (Florida brickell- lesser extent include livestock use and However, we are working on a proposed bush)—The following summary is based the inadequacy of regulatory listing rule that we expect to publish on information contained in our files. mechanisms. Climate change effects to prior to making the next annual No new information was provided in Goose Creek drainage habitats are resubmitted 12-month petition finding. the petition we received on May 11, possible, but we are unable to predict Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera 2004. This species is restricted to pine the specific impacts of this change to A. (Kookoolau)—We continue to find that rocklands of Miami-Dade County, anserinus at this time. Threats are high listing this species is warranted but Florida. This habitat requires periodic in magnitude since these threats have precluded as of the date of publication prescribed fires to maintain the low the potential to destroy whole of this notice. However, we are working understory and prevent encroachment populations. The threats are on a proposed listing rule that we by native tropical hardwoods and exotic nonimminent since they may occur in expect to publish prior to making the plants, such as Brazilian pepper. Only the foreseeable future but not in the near next annual resubmitted 12-month one large occurrence is known to exist; future. Thus, we have assigned A. petition finding. 15 other occurrences contain less than anserinus an LPN of 5. Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis 100 individuals. Eleven occurrences are Astragalus tortipes (Sleeping Ute (Kookoolau)—We continue to find that on conservation lands, while the rest of milkvetch)—The following summary is listing this species is warranted but the extant populations are on private based on information contained in our precluded as of the date of publication land and are currently vulnerable to files. No new information was provided of this notice. However, we are working habitat loss and degradation. in the petition we received on May 11, on a proposed listing rule that we Climatic changes and sea-level rise 2004. Sleeping Ute milkvetch is a expect to publish prior to making the are long-term threats that will reduce perennial plant that grows only on the next annual resubmitted 12-month the extent of habitat. This species is Smokey Hills layer of the Mancos Shale petition finding. threatened by habitat loss, which is Formation on the Ute Mountain Ute Bidens conjuncta (Kookoolau)—We exacerbated by habitat degradation due Indian Reservation in Montezuma continue to find that listing this species to fire suppression, the difficulty of County, Colorado. In 2000, 3,744 plants is warranted but precluded as of the applying prescribed fire to pine were recorded at 24 locations covering date of publication of this notice. rocklands, and threats from exotic 500 acres within an overall range of However, we are working on a proposed plants. Remaining habitats are

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fragmented. The species is vulnerable to Calochortus persistens (Siskiyou threats of competition from exotic natural disturbances, such as mariposa lily)—The following summary plants are being addressed, they are not hurricanes, tropical storms, and storm is based on information contained in anticipated to overwhelm a large surges. Due to its restricted range and our files and the petition we received on portion of the species’ range in the the small sizes of most isolated September 10, 2001. The Siskiyou immediate future, and the threats from occurrences, this species is vulnerable mariposa lily is a narrow endemic that low seed production and survival are to environmental (catastrophic is restricted to three disjunct ridge tops longer-term threats, overall the threats hurricanes), demographic (potential in the Klamath-Siskiyou Range on the are nonimminent. Therefore, we episodes of poor reproduction), and California-Oregon border. The assigned a listing priority number of 5 genetic (potential inbreeding southernmost occurrence of this species to this species. depression) threats. Ongoing is composed of nine separate sites on Canavalia pubescens (Awikiwiki)— conservation efforts include projects approximately 10 hectares (ha) (24.7 The following summary is based on aimed at facilitating restoration and acres (ac)) of Klamath National Forest information contained in our files. No management of public and private lands and privately owned lands that stretch new information was provided in the in Miami-Dade County and projects to for 6 kilometers (km) (3.7 miles (mi)) petition we received on May 11, 2004. reintroduce and establish new along the Gunsight-Humbug Ridge, Canavalia pubescens is a perennial populations at suitable sites within the Siskiyou County, California. In 2007, a climber found in open lava fields and species’ historical range. The Service is new occurrence was confirmed in the lowland dryland forest in Hawaii on the also pursuing additional habitat locality of Cottonwood Peak and Little island of Maui, last observed on the restoration projects, which could help Cottonwood Peak, Siskiyou County, island of Lanai in 1998, and was last further improve the status of the where several populations are observed on the island of Niihau in species. Because of these efforts, the distributed over 164 ha (405 ac) on three 1949. This species is known from 5 overall magnitude of threats is individual mountain peaks in the populations totaling 360 to 500 moderate. The threats are ongoing and Klamath National Forest and on private individuals. Canavalia pubescens is thus imminent. We assigned this species lands. The northernmost occurrence threatened by development (Maui), an LPN of 8. consists of not more than five Siskiyou goats (Maui) and axis deer (Maui and Calamagrostis expansa (Maui mariposa lily plants that were Lanai) that degrade and destroy habitat, reedgrass)—The following summary is discovered in 1998, on Bald Mountain, and by nonnative plants that based on information contained in our west of Ashland, Jackson County, outcompete and displace native plants files. No new information was provided Oregon. (both islands). Fire is a possible threat in the petition we received on May 11, Major threats include competition and at the Keokea population on Maui. 2004. Calamagrostis expansa is a shading by native and nonnative species Ungulate exclosure fences protect 6 perennial grass found in wet forest and fostered by suppression of wild fire; individuals of C. pubescens at Papaka bogs, and in bog margins, on the islands increased fuel loading and subsequent Kai and 20 to 30 individuals at Ahihi- of Maui and Hawaii, Hawaii. This risk of wild fire; fragmentation by roads, Kinau NAR, and weed control is species is known from 13 populations fire breaks, tree plantations, and radio- ongoing at these locations on Maui. This totaling fewer than 750 individuals. tower facilities; maintenance and species is represented in ex situ Calamagrostis expansa is threatened by construction around radio towers and collections. Threats to this species from habitat degradation and loss by feral telephone relay stations located on feral goats, axis deer, and nonnative pigs, and by competition with nonnative Gunsight Peak and Mahogany Point; and plants are ongoing, or imminent, and of plants. Predation by feral pigs is a soil disturbance, direct damage, and high magnitude because they severely potential threat to this species. All of exotic weed and grass species affect the species throughout its range, the known populations of C. expansa on introduction as a result of heavy leading to a relatively high likelihood of Maui occur in managed areas. Pig recreational use and construction of fire extinction. Fire is a nonimminent threat. exclusion fences have been constructed breaks. Dyer’s woad (Isatis tinctoria), an Therefore, we retained an LPN of 2 for and control of nonnative plants is invasive, nonnative plant that may this species. ongoing within the exclosures. On the prevent germination of Siskiyou Castilleja christii (Christ’s island of Hawaii, fencing is planned for mariposa lily seedlings, is now found paintbrush)—The following summary is the population in the Upper Waiakea throughout the southernmost California based on information contained in our Forest Reserve. This species is occurrence, affecting 75 percent of the files and the petition we received on represented in an ex situ collection. known lily habitat on Gunsight-Humbug January 2, 2001. Castilleja christii is Threats to this species from feral pigs Ridge. Forest Service staff and the found in one population covering and nonnative plants are ongoing, or Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands Center cite approximately 85 ha (220 ac) on the imminent, and of high magnitude competition with dyer’s woad as a summit of Mount Harrison in Cassia because they significantly affect the significant and chronic threat to the County, Idaho. This endemic species is species throughout its range, leading to survival of Siskiyou mariposa lily. considered a hemiparasite (dependent a relatively high likelihood of The combination of restricted range, on the health of their surrounding extinction. Predation is a nonimminent extremely low numbers (five plants) in native plant community), and it grows threat. Therefore, we retained an LPN of one of three disjunct populations, poor in association with subalpine-meadow 2 for this species. competitive ability, short seed dispersal and sagebrush habitats. The population Calamagrostis hillebrandii distance, slow growth rates, low seed may be large (greater than 10,000 (Hillebrand’s reedgrass)—We continue production, apparently poor survival individual plants); however, the species to find that listing this species is rates in some years, herbivory, habitat is considered to be subject to large warranted but precluded as of the date disturbance, and competition from variations in annual abundance and an of publication of this notice. However, exotic plants threaten the continued accurate current population estimate is we are working on a proposed listing existence of this species. These threats not available. Monitoring indicates that rule that we expect to publish prior to are of high magnitude because of their reproductive stems per plant and plant making the next annual resubmitted potential to severely reduce the overall density declined between 1995 and 12-month petition finding. survival of the species. Because the 2007. Fluctuations have occurred since

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2007, with slight increases in implementation. Habitat loss due to difficulty of applying prescribed fire, reproductive output and density in 2008 development was historically the and exotic plants. These threats are and decreases in 2009. greatest threat to the pea. Much of the severe within small and unmanaged The primary threat to the species is remaining habitat is now protected on fragments in urban areas. However, the the nonnative invasive plant smooth public lands. Absence of fire now threats of fire suppression and exotics brome (Bromus inermis). Despite appears to be the greatest of the are reduced on lands managed by the cooperative Forest Service and Service deterministic threats. Given the recent National Park Service. Hydrologic efforts to control smooth brome in 2007, increase in hurricane activity, storm changes are considered to be another 2008, and 2009, it still persists in C. surges are the greatest of the stochastic threat. Hydrology has been altered christii habitats. Other threats to C. threats. The small range and patchy within Long Pine Key due to artificial christii from recreational use and distribution of the subspecies increase drainage, which lowered ground water, livestock trespass appear to be mostly risk from stochastic events. Climatic and by the construction of roads, which seasonal and affect only a small portion changes and sea level rise are serious either impounded or diverted water. of the population, and may not occur long-term threats. Models indicate that Regional water management intended to every year. The magnitude of the threats even under the best of circumstances, a restore the Everglades could negatively to this species is moderate at this time significant proportion of upland habitat affect the pinelands of Long Pine Key in because, although the smooth brome will be lost on Big Pine Key by 2100. the future. At this time, we do not know control efforts have not eliminated the Additional threats include restricted whether the proposed restoration and invasive plant, the Service and Forest range, invasive exotic plants, roadside associated hydrological modifications Service are continuing their efforts in dumping, loss of pollinators, seed will have a positive or negative effect on order to conserve this species. The predators, and development. pineland sandmat. This narrow endemic threat from smooth brome is imminent We maintain the previous assessment may be vulnerable to catastrophic because the threat still persists at a level that hurricane storm surges, lack of fire, events and natural disturbances, such as that affects the native plant and limited distribution results in a hurricanes. Overall, the magnitude of communities that provide habitat for C. moderate magnitude of threat because a threats to this species is moderate; by christii. Thus, we assign an LPN of 8 to large part of the range is on conservation applying regular prescribed fire, the this species. lands wherein threats are being National Park Service has kept Long Chamaecrista lineata var. keyensis controlled, although fire management is Pine Key’s pineland vegetation intact (Big Pine partridge pea)—The following at much slower rate than is required. and relatively free of exotic plants, and summary is based on information The immediacy of hurricane threats is partnerships are in place to help address contained in our files. No new difficult to characterize, but imminence the continuing threat of exotics on other information was provided in the is considered high given that hurricanes pine rockland fragments. Overall, the petition we received on May 11, 2004. (and storm surges) of various threats are non-imminent since fire This pea is endemic to the lower Florida magnitudes are frequent and recurrent management at the largest occurrence is Keys, and restricted to pine rocklands, events in the area. Sea-level rise remains regularly conducted and sea-level rise hardwood hammock edges, and uncontrolled, but overall, is and hurricanes are longer-term threats. roadsides and firebreaks within these nonimminent. Overall, the threats from Therefore, we assigned an LPN of 12 to ecosystems. Historically, it was known limited distribution and inadequate fire this subspecies. from Big Pine, Cudjoe, No Name, management are imminent since they Ramrod, and Little Pine Keys (Monroe are ongoing. In addition, the most Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. serpyllum County, Florida). In 2005, a small consequential threats (hurricanes, storm (Wedge spurge)—The following population was detected on lower surges) are frequent, recurrent, and summary is based on information Sugarloaf Key, but this population was imminent. Therefore, we retained an contained in our files. No new apparently extirpated later in 2005, due LPN of 9 for Big Pine partridge pea. information was provided in the to the effects of Hurricane Wilma. It Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. pinetorum petition we received on May 11, 2004. presently occurs on Big Pine Key, with (Pineland sandmat)—The following Systematic surveys of publicly owned a very small population on Cudjoe Key. summary is based on information pine rockland throughout this plant’s It is fairly well distributed in Big Pine contained in our files. No new range were conducted during 2005– Key pine rocklands, which encompass information was provided in the 2006 and 2007–2008 to determine approximately 580 hectares (1,433 petition we received on May 11, 2004. population size and distribution. Wedge acres), approximately 360 hectares (890 The pineland sandmat in only known spurge is a small prostrate herb. It was acres) of which are within the Service’s from Miami-Dade County, Florida. The historically, and remains, restricted to National Key Deer Refuge (NKDR). Over largest occurrence, estimated at more pine rocklands on Big Pine Key in 80 percent of the population probably than 10,000 plants, is located on Long Monroe County, Florida. Pine rocklands exists on NKDR, with the remainder Pine Key within Everglades National encompass approximately 580 hectares distributed among State, County, and Park. All other occurrences are smaller (1,433 acres) on Big Pine Key, private properties. Hurricane Wilma and are in isolated pine rockland approximately 360 hectares (890 acres) (October 2005) resulted in a storm surge fragments in heavily urbanized Miami- of which are within the Service’s that covered most of Big Pine Key with Dade County. National Key Deer Refuge (NKDR). Most sea water. The surge reduced the Occurrences on private (non- of the species’ range falls within the population by as much as 95 percent in conservation) lands and on one County- NKDR, with the remainder on State, some areas. owned parcel are at risk from County, and private properties. It is not Pine rockland communities are development and habitat degradation widely dispersed within the limited maintained by relatively frequent fires. and fragmentation. Conditions related to range. Occurrences are sparser in the In the absence of fire, shrubs and trees climate change, particularly sea-level southern portion of Big Pine Key, which encroach on pine rockland and this rise, will be a factor over the long term. contains smaller areas of NKDR lands subspecies is eventually shaded out. All occurrences of the species are than does the northern portion. Wedge NKDR has a prescribed fire program, threatened by habitat loss and spurge inhabits sites with low woody although with many constraints on degradation due to fire suppression, the cover (e.g., low palm and hardwood

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densities) and usually, exposed rock or on a site within the Upper Las Virgenes areas. The existence of only two areas of gravel. Canyon Open Space Preserve, formerly occurrence, and a relatively small range, Pine rockland communities are known as Ahmanson Ranch, and the makes the variety highly susceptible to maintained by relatively frequent fires. second is in an area of southwestern Los extinction or extirpation from a In the absence of fire, shrubs and trees Angeles County known as Newhall significant portion of its range due to encroach on pine rockland and the Ranch. Investigations of historical random events such as fire, drought, subspecies is eventually shaded out. locations and seemingly suitable habitat erosion, or other occurrences. We NKDR has a prescribed fire program, within the range of the species have not retained a listing priority number of 6 although with many constraints on revealed any other occurrences. for Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina implementation. Habitat loss due to The threats currently facing due to high magnitude of nonimminent development was historically the Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina threats. greatest threat to the wedge spurge. include threatened destruction, Chromolaena frustrata (Cape Sable Much of the remaining habitat is now modification, or curtailment of its thoroughwort)—The following summary protected on public lands. Absence of habitat or range, and other natural or is based on information contained in fire now appears to be the greatest of the manmade factors. The threats to our files. No new information was deterministic threats. Given the recent Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina from provided in the petition we received on increase in hurricane activity, storm habitat destruction or modification are May 11, 2004. This species is found surges are the greatest of the stochastic slightly less than they were 6 years ago. most commonly in open sun to partial threats. The small range and patchy One of the two populations (Upper Las shade at the edges of rockland tropical distribution of the subspecies increases Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve) hammock and in coastal rock barrens. risk from stochastic events. Climatic is in permanent, public ownership and There are nine extant occurrences changes and sea-level rise are serious is being managed by an agency that is located on five islands in the Florida long-term threats. Models indicate that working to conserve the plant; however, Keys and one small area in Everglades even under the best of circumstances, a the use of adjacent habitat for filming National Park (ENP). In the Keys, the significant proportion of upland habitat movies was brought to our attention last plant has been extirpated from half of will be lost on Big Pine Key by 2100. year; while we are monitoring the the islands where it occurred. Prior to Additional threats include restricted situation, we have not yet completed Hurricane Wilma in 2005, the range, invasive exotic plants, roadside our evaluation of the potential impacts population was estimated at roughly dumping, loss of pollinators, seed to Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina. 5,000 individuals, with all but 500 predators, and development. We will be working with the occurring on one privately owned We maintain the previous assessment landowners to manage the site for the island. An estimated 1,500 plants occur that low fire return intervals plus benefit of Chorizanthe parryi var. on the mainland within ENP. hurricane-related storm surges, in fernandina. The other population This species is threatened by habitat combination with a limited, fragmented (Newhall Ranch) is under the threat of loss and modification, even on public distribution and threats from sea level development; however, a Candidate lands, and habitat loss and degradation rise, result in a moderate magnitude of Conservation Agreement (CCA) is being due to threats from exotic plants at threat, in part, because a large part of developed with the landowner, and it is almost all sites. The species is the range is on conservation lands, possible that the remaining plants can vulnerable to natural disturbances, such where some threats can be substantially also be conserved. Until such an as hurricanes, tropical storms, and controlled. The immediacy of hurricane agreement is finalized, the threat of storm surges. While these factors may threats is difficult to categorize, but in development and the potential damage also work to maintain coastal rock this case threats are imminent given that to the Newhall Ranch population still barren habitat in the long term, hurricanes (and storm surges) of various exists, as shown by the destruction of Hurricane Wilma affected occurrences magnitudes are frequent and recurrent some plants during installation of an and habitat, at least in the short term. events in the area. Sea level rise remains agave farm. Furthermore, cattle grazing Occurrences probably initially declined uncontrolled, but over much of the on Newhall Ranch may be current due to inundation of its coastal barren range is nonimminent compared to threat. Cattle grazing may harm and rockland hammock habitats; long- other prominent threats. Threats Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina by term effects on this species are resulting from limited fire occurrences trampling and soil compaction. Grazing unknown. Cape Sable thoroughwort are imminent. Since major threats are activity could also alter the nutrient appears to be vulnerable to cold ongoing, overall, the threats are content of the soils Chorizanthe parryi temperatures. It is not known to what imminent. Therefore, we retained an var. fernandina habitat through fecal extent cold temperatures in January LPN of 9 for this subspecies. inputs, which in turn may favor the 2010 may have affected the species at Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina growth of other plant species that would most locations, or what, if any, long- (San Fernando Valley spineflower)— otherwise not grow so readily on the term effect this may have on the The following summary is based on mineral-based soils. Over time, changes population. Sea level rise is considered information contained in our files and in species composition may render the a major threat over the long term. the petition we received on December sites less favorable for the persistence of Potential effects from other changes in 14, 1999. Chorizanthe parryi var. Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina. freshwater deliveries and the fernandina is a low-growing herbaceous Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina may construction of the Buttonwood Canal annual plant in the buckwheat family. be threatened by invasive nonnative are unknown. Problems associated with Germination occurs following the onset plants, including grasses, which could small population size and isolation are of late-fall and winter rains and potentially displace it from available likely major factors, as occurrences may typically represents different cohorts habitat; compete for light, water, and not be large enough to be viable; this from the seed bank. Flowering occurs in nutrients; and reduce survival and narrowly endemic plant has uncertain the spring, generally between April and establishment. viability at most locations. Thus, these June. The plant currently is known from Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina is factors constitute a high magnitude of two disjunct localities: The first is in the particularly vulnerable to extinction due threat. The threats of small population southeastern portion of Ventura County to its concentration in two isolated size, isolation, and uncertain viability

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are imminent because they are ongoing. natural or manmade factors. Overall, the prior to making the next annual As a result, we assigned an LPN of 2 to magnitude of threats is high. The resubmitted petition 12-month finding. this species. numerous threats are ongoing and kunthiana (Haha)—We Consolea corallicola (Florida therefore, are imminent. Thus, we continue to find that listing this species semaphore cactus)—The following assigned this species an LPN of 2. is warranted but precluded as of the summary is based on information in our Cordia rupicola (no common name)— date of publication of this notice. files. No new information was provided The following summary is based on However, we are working on a proposed in the petition we received on May 11, information contained in our files. No listing rule that we expect to publish 2004. The Florida semaphore cactus is new information was provided in the prior to making the next annual endemic to the Florida Keys, and was petition we received on May 11, 2004. resubmitted 12-month petition finding. discovered on Big Pine Key in 1919, but Cordia rupicola, a small shrub, has been Cyanea lanceolata (Haha)—We that population was extirpated as a described from southwestern Puerto continue to find that listing this species result of road building and poaching. Rico, Vieques Island, and Anegada is warranted but precluded as of the This cactus grows close to salt water on Island (British Virgin Islands). All sites date of publication of this notice. bare rock with a minimum of humus lay within the subtropical dry forest life However, we are working on a proposed soil cover in or along the edges of zone overlying a limestone substrate. listing rule that we expect to publish hammocks near sea level. The species is Cordia rupicola has a restricted prior to making the next annual known to occur naturally only in two distribution. Currently, approximately resubmitted 12-month petition finding. areas, Swan Key within Biscayne 226 individuals are known from 3 Cyanea obtusa (Haha)—We continue National Park and Little Torch Key. locations in Puerto Rico: Pen˜ uelas and to find that listing this species is Outplantings have been attempted in Gua´nica Commonwealth Forests and warranted but precluded as of the date several locations in the upper and lower Vieques National Wildlife Refuge. The of publication of this notice. However, Keys; however, success has been low. species is reported as common in we are working on a proposed listing Few plants remain in the population at Anegada. rule that we expect to publish prior to The Nature Conservancy’s Torchwood This species is threatened by making the next annual resubmitted 12- Hammock Preserve on Little Torch Key. maintenance of trails and power line month petition finding. During monitoring work conducted in right-of-ways in the Gua´nica Cyanea tritomantha (’Aku)—The 2005, a total of 655 plants were Commonwealth Forest, residential following summary is based on documented at the Swan Key development in Pen˜ uelas, and information contained in our files. No population. In 2008 and 2009 the residential and commercial new information was provided in the population was estimated by Biscayne development in Anegada Island. This petition we received on May 11, 2004. National Park staff to consist of species is also vulnerable to natural Cyanea tritomantha is a palm-like tree approximately 600 individuals. Asexual (e.g., hurricanes) or manmade (e.g., found in Metrosideros-Cibotium (ohia- reproduction is the main life history human-induced fires) threats. hapuu) montane wet forest on the island strategy of this species. Recent genetic Approximately 68 percent of the of Hawaii, Hawaii. This species is studies have shown no variation within currently known reproductive adults are known from 16 populations totaling populations and very limited variation located in the Gua´nica Commonwealth fewer than 300 individuals. Cyanea between populations. Findings support Forest where, due to the difficulty in tritomantha is threatened by feral pigs the conclusion that the Swan Key identifying this species, it is threatened and cattle that degrade and destroy (upper Keys) and Little Torch Key by management and maintenance habitat, and nonnative plants that (lower Keys) populations and an activities; another 32 percent of the outcompete and displace it. Potential individual plant from Big Pine Key currently known reproductive adults in threats to this species include predation (single plant in ex situ collection; lower Puerto Rico are located on privately by feral pigs, cattle, rats, and slugs, and Keys) are clonally derived. Studies owned property currently threatened by human trampling of plants located near examining the reproductive biology of habitat destruction or modification. For trails. Feral pigs and cattle have been the species indicate that all extant wild these reasons, we conclude that the fenced out of three outplanted and cultivated plants are male. magnitude of the current threats is high. populations of C. tritomantha, and The causes for the population decline The threats this species faces are ones nonnative plants have been reduced in of this species include destruction or that are likely to increase in the future the fenced areas; however, there are no modification of habitat, predation from if conservation measures are not efforts to control the ongoing and nonnative Cactoblastis cactorum moths implemented and long-term impacts are imminent threats to the remaining and disease, poaching and vandalism, not averted. For these reasons, we populations. The threats continue to be sea level rise, and hurricanes. Sea level conclude threats to the species as a of a high magnitude to C. tritomantha rise is considered a serious threat to the whole are nonimminent, and therefore because they significantly affect the species and its habitat; all extant have assigned an LPN of 5. species resulting in direct mortality or populations are located in low-lying Cyanea asplenifolia (Haha)—We reduced reproductive capacity, leading areas. All remaining populations are continue to find that listing this species to a relatively high likelihood of under threat of predation from the is warranted but precluded as of the extinction. They are ongoing and exotic moth and are susceptible to root- date of publication of this notice. therefore imminent for more than 75 rot disease. Competition from invasive However, we are working on a proposed percent of the population where no exotic plants is a threat at Swan Key; listing rule that we expect to publish control measures have been however, efforts by Biscayne National prior to making the next annual implemented. Because the threats Park are underway to address this resubmitted 12-month petition finding. continue to be of a high magnitude and threat. This species is inherently Cyanea calycina (Haha)—We are imminent for the unmanaged vulnerable to stochastic losses, continue to find that listing this species populations, we retained an LPN of 2 for especially at its smaller populations. A is warranted but precluded as of the this species. lack of variation and limited sexual date of publication of this notice. filipes (Haiwale)—We reproduction makes the remaining small However, we are working on a proposed continue to find that listing this species population even more susceptible to listing rule that we expect to publish is warranted but precluded as of the

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date of publication of this notice. tropical storms, and storm surges. Due extirpated from much of its historical However, we are working on a proposed to its restricted range and the small sizes range, including extirpation from all listing rule that we expect to publish of most isolated occurrences, this areas outside of National Parks. Two prior to making the next annual species is vulnerable to environmental large occurrences remain within resubmitted 12-month petition finding. (catastrophic hurricanes), demographic Everglades National Park and Big Cyrtandra kaulantha (Haiwale)—We (potential episodes of poor Cypress National Preserve; plants on continue to find that listing this species reproduction), and genetic (potential Federal lands are protected from the is warranted but precluded as of the inbreeding depression) threats. The threat of habitat loss due to date of publication of this notice. magnitude of threats is high because of development. However, any unknown However, we are working on a proposed the limited number of occurrences and plants, indefinite occurrences, and listing rule that we expect to publish the small number of individual plants at suitable habitat remaining on private or prior to making the next annual each occurrence. The threats are non-conservation land are threatened by resubmitted 12-month petition finding. imminent; even though many sites are development. Continued development Cyrtandra oxybapha (Haiwale)—We on conservation lands, these plants still of suitable habitat diminishes the continue to find that listing this species face significant ongoing threats. potential for reintroduction into its is warranted but precluded as of the Therefore, we have assigned an LPN of historical range. Extant occurrences are date of publication of this notice. 3 to this subspecies. in low-lying areas and will be affected However, we are working on a proposed Dichanthelium hirstii (Hirsts’ panic by climate change and rising sea level. listing rule that we expect to publish grass)—The following summary is based Fire suppression, the difficulty of prior to making the next annual on information contained in our files. applying prescribed fire to pine resubmitted 12-month petition finding. No new information was provided in rocklands, and threats from exotic Cyrtandra sessilis (Haiwale)—We the petition we received on May 11, plants are ongoing threats. Since the continue to find that listing this species 2004. Dichanthelium hirstii is a only known remaining occurrences are is warranted but precluded as of the perennial grass that produces erect leafy on lands managed by the National Park date of publication of this notice. flowering stems from May to October. Service, the threats of fire suppression However, we are working on a proposed Dichanthelium hirstii occurs in coastal and exotics are somewhat reduced. The listing rule that we expect to publish plain intermittent ponds, usually in wet presence of the exotic Old World prior to making the next annual savanna or pine barren habitats and is climbing fern is of particular concern resubmitted 12-month petition finding. found at only two sites in New Jersey, due to its ability to spread rapidly. In Dalea carthagenensis ssp. floridana one site in Delaware, and one site in Big Cypress National Preserve, plants (Florida prairie-clover)—The following North Carolina. While all four extant D. are threatened by off-road-vehicle use. summary is based on information hirstii populations are located on public Changes to hydrology are a potential contained in our files. No new land or privately owned conservation threat. Hydrology has been altered information was provided in the lands, natural threats to the species from within Long Pine Key due to artificial petition we received on May 11, 2004. encroaching vegetation and fluctuations drainage, which lowered ground water, Dalea carthagenensis var. floridana in climatic conditions remain of and construction of roads, which either occurs in Big Cypress National Preserve concern and may be exacerbated by impounded or diverted water. Regional (BCNP) in Monroe and Collier Counties anthropomorphic factors occurring water management intended to restore and at six locations within Miami-Dade adjacent to the species’ wetland habitat. the Everglades has the potential to affect County, Florida, albeit mostly in limited Given the low numbers of plants found the pinelands of Long Pine Key, where numbers. There are a total of nine extant at each site, even minor changes in the a large population occurs. At this time, occurrences, seven of which are on species’ habitat could result in local it is not known whether Everglades conservation lands. extirpation. Loss of any known sites restoration will have a positive or Existing occurrences are extremely could result in a serious contraction of negative effect. This narrow endemic small and may not be viable, especially the species’ range. However, the most may be vulnerable to catastrophic some of the occurrences in Miami-Dade immediate and severe of the threats to events and natural disturbances, such as County. Remaining habitats are this species (i.e., ditching of the hurricanes. Overall, the magnitude of fragmented. Climatic changes and sea- Labounsky Pond site, and encroachment threats is high. Only two known level rise are long-term threats that are of aggressive vegetative competitors) occurrences remain and the likelihood expected to reduce the extent of habitat. have been curtailed or are being actively of establishing a sizable population on This plant is threatened by habitat loss managed by The Nature Conservancy at other lands is diminished due to and degradation due to fire suppression, one New Jersey site and by the Delaware continuing habitat loss. Impacts from the difficulty of applying prescribed fire Division of Fish and Wildlife and climate change and sea level rise are to pine rocklands, and threats from Delaware Natural Heritage Program at currently low, but expected to be severe exotic plants. Damage to plants by off- the Assawoman Pond, Delaware site. in the future. The majority of threats are road vehicles is a serious threat within Based on nonimminent threats of a high nonimminent as they are long-term in the BCNP; damage attributed to illegal magnitude, we retain an LPN of 5 for nature (water management, hurricanes, mountain biking at the R. Hardy this species. and sea-level rise). Therefore, we Matheson Preserve has been reduced. Digitaria pauciflora (Florida pineland assigned an LPN of 5 for this species. One location within BCNP is threatened crabgrass)—The following summary is Echinomastus erectocentrus var. by changes in mowing practices; this based on information contained in our acunensis (Acuna cactus)—The threat is low in magnitude. This species files. No new information was provided following summary is based on is being parasitized by the introduced in the petition we received on May 11, information contained in our files and insect lobate lac scale (Paratachardina 2004. Pine rocklands in Miami-Dade the petition we received on October 30, pseudolobata) at some localities (e.g., R. County have largely been destroyed by 2002. The Acuna cactus is known from Hardy Matheson Preserve), but we do residential, commercial, and urban six sites on well-drained gravel ridges not know the extent of this threat. This development and agriculture. With most and knolls on granite soils in Sonoran plant is vulnerable to natural remaining habitat having been Desert scrub association at 1,300 to disturbances, such as hurricanes, negatively altered, this species has been 2,000 feet in elevation. Habitat

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destruction has been a threat in the past the ground. Plants that are much higher summary is based on information and is a potential future threat to this on the cliff face would probably not be contained in our files and the petition species. New roads and illegal activities affected. The magnitude of threats is we received on April 23, 2008. have not yet directly affected the cactus moderate rather than high because it is Eriogonum corymbosum var. nilesii is a populations at Organ Pipe Cactus likely that not all of the population woody perennial shrub up to 4 feet high National Monument, but areas in close would be adversely affected by a with a mounding shape. The flowers of proximity to these known populations wildfire or drought. The threats are still this plant are numerous, small, and have been altered. Cactus populations imminent because the likelihood of a yellow with small bract-like leaves at located in the Florence area have not fire is high. The LPN for Lemmon the base of each flower. Eriogonum been monitored and these populations fleabane remains an 8 due to moderate, corymbosum var. nilesii is very may be in danger of habitat loss due to imminent threats. conspicuous when flowering in late recent urban growth in the area. Urban Eriogonum codium (Umtanum Desert September and early October. It is development near Ajo, Arizona, as well buckwheat)—The following summary is restricted to gypsum soil outcroppings as that near Sonoyta, Mexico, is a based on information contained in our in Clark County, Nevada. In 2004, significant threat to the Acuna cactus. files. No new information was provided morphometrics (the study of variation Populations of the Acuna cactus within in the petition we received on May 11, and change in the form (size and shape) the Organ Pipe Cactus National 2004. This species is a long-lived, slow- of organisms) were used to classify this Monument have shown a 50-percent growing, woody perennial plant that plant as the unique variety nilesii, and mortality rate in recent years. The forms low dense mats. The species its unique was verified using reason(s) for the mortality are not occupies a single location on the molecular genetic analyses in 2007. known, but continuing drought Hanford National Monument in Eriogonum corymbosum var. nilesii conditions are thought to play a role. Washington State. It is found only on an was added to the candidate list in The Arizona Plant Law and the exposed basalt ridge; we do not know if December 2007 due to continued loss of Convention on International Trade in this association is related to the habitat from development of over 95 Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and chemical or physical characteristics of percent of its core historical range and Flora provide some protection for the the bedrock or other factors. Individual potential habitat. In addition, off- Acuna cactus. However, illegal plants may exceed 100 years of age, highway vehicle activity and other collection is a primary threat to this based on counts of annual growth rings. public-land uses (casual public use, cactus variety and has been documented A count in 1997 reported 5,228 mining, and illegal dumping) directly on the Organ Pipe Cactus National individuals; by 2005 the figure had threaten over 95 percent of the Monument in the past. The threats dropped to 4,418, declining 15 percent remaining habitat. It was petitioned for continue to be of a high magnitude over 8 years. In the summer of 2011, listing in April 2008 and a warranted- because drought, as the main threat, another full population census will but-precluded determination was made severely affects the long-term viability likely be undertaken, providing a useful in December 2008. To date, regulatory of this variety. The threats are measure of change over the last 14 mechanisms to protect E. corymbosum imminent, mainly due to the continued years. var. nilesii are inadequate. Its A population viability analysis in decline of the species, most likely from designation as a Bureau of Land 2006 based on 9 years of demographic effects from the ongoing drought. Management (BLM) special status data estimated that that there is a 72 species has not provided adequate Conditions in 2006 to 2008 worsened, percent chance of a decline of 50 protection on lands managed by BLM. and the drought is prevalent throughout percent within the next 100 years. Eriogonum corymbosum var. nilesii is the range of this variety. Therefore, we Another analysis is expected in 2010, not protected by the State of Nevada or assigned an LPN of 3 to this cactus based on 12 years of demographic any other regulatory mechanisms on variety. monitoring. other Federal lands. We have Erigeron lemmonii (Lemmon The major threats to the species are determined that candidate status is fleabane)—The following summary is wildfire, firefighting activities, warranted for this variety as a result of based on information contained in our trampling, and invasive weeds. threats to the remaining habitat and files and the petition we received in July However, the relationship between the inadequate regulatory mechanisms. 1975. The species is known from one decline in population numbers and the Conservation measures are being site in a canyon in the Fort Huachuca known threats is not understood at this developed that could reduce the risks to Military Reservation (Fort Huachuca) of time. With the possible exception of occupied habitat, but these measures are southeastern Arizona. In the 1990s, wildfire, the observed decline in not sufficiently complete as to remove surveys found approximately 450 population numbers and recruitment these threats. The magnitude of threats plants. A survey in 2006 found since 1997 is not directly attributable to is high since the more significant threats approximately 950 plants; occupied the currently known threats. Because (urban development and surface habitat encompasses about 1 square the population is small, limited to a mining) would result in direct mortality kilometer. The threats to this species are single site, and sensitive to fire and of the plants in over half of the known from catastrophic wildfire in the canyon disturbance, the species remains habitat. While both development and and on-going drought conditions. We do vulnerable to the identified threats. The mining are very likely to occur in the not know if this species has any magnitude of threats is high because, future, they are not expected to happen adaptations to fire. Due to its location given the limited range of the species, in the immediate future, and thus, the on cliffs, we suspect that fires that may any of the threats could adversely affect threats are nonimminent. Accordingly, have occurred at more regular intervals its continued existence. The threats are we assigned E. corymbosum var. nilesii and burned at low intensities may have ongoing and, therefore, imminent. an LPN of 6. had little to no effect on this species. Because the species continues to remain Eriogonum kelloggii (Red Mountain Lack of fire and the accumulated fuel vulnerable to these threats, we retained buckwheat)—The following summary is load that lead to high fire intensity and an LPN of 2 for this species. based on information contained in our associated heat may now damage or kill Eriogonum corymbosum var. nilesii files and information provided by the plants on adjacent cliffs, especially near (Las Vegas buckwheat)—The following California Department of Fish and

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Game. No new information was approximately 1,000 individuals in and humans and pack , grazing, trail provided in the petition we received on around the Pohakuloa Training Area. runoff, fungal infection of seeds, small May 11, 2004. Red Mountain buckwheat Historically, this species was also found sizes and isolation of populations, and is a perennial herb endemic to on Hualalai and Puu Huluhulu, but it no limited genetic diversity. The Service serpentine habitat of lower montane longer occurs at these sites. and the National Park Service forests found between 1,900 and 4,100 Festuca hawaiiensis is threatened by established a Candidate Conservation feet. Its distribution is limited to the Red pigs, goats, mouflon, and sheep that Agreement in 2008 to provide Mountain and Little Red Mountain areas degrade and destroy habitat; fire; additional protection for the Chisos of Mendocino County, California, where military training activities; and Mountains population, and to promote it occupies in excess of 81 acres, and nonnative plants that outcompete and cooperative conservation efforts with 900 square feet, respectively. Occupied displace it. Feral pigs, goats, mouflon, U.S. and Mexican partners. The threats habitat at Red Mountain is scattered and sheep have been fenced out of a to Guadalupe fescue are of moderate over 4 square miles. Total population portion of the populations of F. magnitude, and are not imminent, due size has not been determined, but a hawaiiensis, and nonnative plants have to the provisions of the Candidate preliminary estimate suggests the been reduced in the fenced area, but the Conservation Agreement and other population may be in excess of 63,000 majority of the populations are still conservation efforts, as well as the plants, occupying more than 44 discrete affected by threats from ungulates. The likelihood that other populations exist habitat polygons. Intensive monitoring threats are imminent because they are in mountains of Coahuila that have not of permanent plots on three study sites not controlled and are ongoing in the been surveyed. Thus, we maintained the in Red Mountain suggests considerable remaining, unfenced populations. LPN of 11 for this species. annual variation in plant density and Firebreaks have been established at two Gardenia remyi (Nanu)—The reproduction, but no discernable populations, but fire is an imminent following summary is based on population trend was evident in two of threat to the remaining populations that information contained in our files. No three study sites. One study site showed have no firebreaks. The threats are of a new information was provided in the a 65-percent decline in plant density high magnitude because they could petition we received on May 11, 2004. over 11 years. adversely affect the majority of F. Gardenia remyi is a tree found in mesic The primary threat to this species is hawaiiensis populations resulting in to wet forest on the islands of Kauai, the potential for surface mining for direct mortality or reduced reproductive Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawaii. chromium and nickel. Virtually the capacity, leading to a relatively high Gardenia remyi is known from 19 entire distribution of Red Mountain likelihood of extinction. Therefore, we populations totaling between 85 and 87 buckwheat is either owned by mining retained an LPN of 2 for this species. individuals. interests, or is covered by existing Festuca ligulata (Guadalupe fescue)— This species is threatened by pigs, mining claims, none of which are The following summary is based on goats, and deer that degrade and destroy currently active. Surface mining would information obtained from the original habitat and possibly prey upon the destroy habitat suitability for this species petition, received in 1975, and species. The species is also believed from our files, on-line herbarium species, and by nonnative plants that threatened by tree and shrub databases, and scientific publications. outcompete and displace it. Gardenia encroachment into its habitat, due to the Six small populations of Guadalupe remyi is also threatened by landslides absence of fire. Some 42 percent of its fescue, a member of the Poaceae (grass on the island of Hawaii. This species is known distribution occurred within the family), have been documented in represented in ex situ collections. Feral boundary of the Red Mountain Fire of mountains of the Chihuahuan desert in pigs have been fenced out of the west June, 2008. However, the extent and Texas and in Coahuila, Mexico. Only Maui populations of G. remyi, and manner in which Eriogonum kelloggii two extant populations have been nonnative plants have been reduced in and its habitat were affected by that fire confirmed in the last 5 years, in the those areas. However, these threats are is not yet known. The single population Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National not controlled and are ongoing in the located at Little Red Mountain appears Park, Texas, and in the privately owned remaining, unfenced populations, and to have been affected, and perhaps Area de Proteccio´ n de Flora y Fauna are, therefore, imminent. In addition, eliminated by fire-control efforts. The (Protected Area for Flora and Fauna— the threat from goats and deer is known species distribution by APFF) Maderas del Carmen in northern ongoing and imminent throughout the ownership is described as follows: Coahuila. Despite intensive searches, a range of the species, because no goat or Federal (Bureau of Land Management), population known from Guadalupe deer control measures have been 83 percent; private, 17 percent; State of Mountains National Park in Texas has undertaken for any of the populations of California, less than 1 percent. Given not been found since 1952 and is G. remyi. All of the threats are of a high the magnitude (high) and immediacy presumed extirpated. In 2009, Mexican magnitude because habitat destruction, (nonimminent) of the threat to the botanists confirmed Guadalupe fescue at predation, and landslides could small, scattered populations, and its one site in APFF Maderas del Carmen, significantly affect the entire species, taxonomy (species), we assigned a but could not find the species at the resulting in direct mortality or reduced listing priority number of 5 to this original site, known as Sierra El Jardı´n, reproductive capacity, leading to a species. which was first reported in 1973. Two relatively high likelihood of extinction. Festuca hawaiiensis (no common additional Mexican populations, near Therefore, we retained an LPN of 2 for name)—The following summary is Fraile in southern Coahuila, and the this species. based on information contained in our Sierra de la Madera in central Coahuila, Geranium hanaense (Nohoanu)—We files. No new information was provided have not been monitored since 1941 and continue to find that listing this species in the petition we received on May 11, 1977, respectively. A great amount of is warranted but precluded as of the 2004. This species is a cespitose potentially suitable habitat in Coahuila date of publication of this notice. (growing in dense, low tufts) annual has never been surveyed. The potential However, we are working on a proposed found in dry forest on the island of threats to Guadalupe fescue include listing rule that we expect to publish Hawaii, Hawaii. Festuca hawaiiensis is changes in the wildfire cycle and prior to making the next annual known from 4 populations totaling vegetation structure, trampling from resubmitted 12-month petition finding.

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Geranium hillebrandii (Nohoanu)— native occurrence of this species in the This species faces high-magnitude We continue to find that listing this U.S. is in the Manchester Conservation nonimminent threats; therefore, we species is warranted but precluded as of Area in northwestern San Diego County, assigned this species a listing priority of the date of publication of this notice. California. This site is managed by 5. However, we are working on a proposed Center for Natural Lands Management Hedyotis fluviatilis (Kamapuaa)—The listing rule that we expect to publish (CNLM). Using material derived from following summary is based on prior to making the next annual the native population, the CNLM information contained in our files. No resubmitted 12-month petition finding. facilitated the establishment of test new information was provided in the Gonocalyx concolor (no common populations at five additional sites in petition we received on May 11, 2004. name)—The following summary is northwest San Diego County, California, Hedyotis fluviatilis is a scandent shrub based on information contained in our including a second site in the found in mixed shrubland to wet files. No new information was provided Manchester Conservation Area, Kelly lowland forest on the islands of Oahu in the petition we received on May 11, Ranch Habitat Conservation Area, and Kauai, Hawaii. This species is 2004. Gonocalyx concolor is a small Rancho La Costa Habitat Conservation known from 11 populations totaling evergreen epiphytic or terrestrial shrub. Area, San Elijo Lagoon, and San Diego between 400 and 900 individuals. Currently, G. concolor is known from Botanical Garden. Hazardia orcuttii also Hedyotis fluviatilis is threatened by pigs two populations in Puerto Rico: One at occurs at a few coastal sites in Mexico, and goats that degrade and destroy Cerro La Santa and the other at Charco where it has no conservation habitat, and by nonnative plants that Azul, both in the Carite Commonwealth protections. The total number of plants outcompete and displace it. Landslides Forest. The forest is located in the Sierra at the only native site in the United are a potential threat to populations on de Cayey and extends through the States is approximately 668 native adult Kauai. Predation by pigs and goats is a municipalities of Guayama, Cayey, plants and 50 seedlings. The five likely threat. This species is represented Caguas, San Lorenzo, and Patillas in additional test populations collectively in an ex situ collection; however, there southeastern Puerto Rico. The support approximately 500 adult plants are no other conservation actions population previously reported in the and 350 seedlings. implemented for this species. We Caribbean National Forest is apparently retained an LPN of 2 because the The population in Mexico is no longer extant. In 1996, approximately severity of the threats to the species is estimated to be 1300 plants. The 172 plants were reported at Cerro La high and the threats are ongoing and, occurrences in Mexico are threatened by Santa. However, in 2006 only 25 therefore, imminent. individuals were reported at Cerro La coastal development from Tijuana to Helianthus verticillatus (Whorled Santa and 4 individuals located at Ensenada. The native population in the sunflower)—The following summary is Charco Azul. U.S. is within an area that receives based on information contained in our The species is currently threatened by public use; however, management at files. No new information was provided habitat disturbance related to the this site has minimized impacts from in the petition we received on May 11, maintenance of existing trampling, dumping, and other 2004. The whorled sunflower is found telecommunication facilities at Cerro La unintentionally destructive impacts. in moist, prairie-like openings in Santa, limited distribution (2 sites) and This species has a very low woodlands and along adjacent creeks. low population numbers (less than 30 reproductive output, although the Despite extensive surveys throughout its individuals total), and hurricanes. causes are as-yet unknown. Competition range, only five populations are known Although the species is located in the from invasive nonnative plants may for this species. There are two Carite Commonwealth Forest, a public pose a threat to the reproductive populations documented for Cherokee forest managed by DNER, applicable potential of this species. In one study, County, Alabama; one population in laws and regulations are not effectively 95 percent of the flowers examined were Floyd County, Georgia; and one enforced and Service personnel has damaged by insects or fungal agents or population each in Madison and documented damages to the population aborted prematurely, and insects or McNairy Counties, Tennessee. This located adjacent to existing fungal agents damaged 50 percent of the species appears to have restricted communication towers at the forest. seeds produced. All of the populations ecological requirements and is Because of extremely low population in the U.S. are small and two of the test dependent upon the maintenance of numbers and the vulnerability to populations are declining. Small prairie-like openings for its survival. current threats (maintenance activities populations are considered subject to Active management of habitat is needed and hurricanes), the magnitude of random events and reductions in fitness to keep competition and shading under current threats on the species is high. due to low genetic variability. Threats control. Much of its habitat has been Overall, threats are nonimminent since associated with small population size degraded or destroyed for agricultural, G. concolor is only known from the are further exacerbated by the limited silvicultural, and residential purposes. Carite Commonwealth Forest, range and low reproductive output of Populations near roadsides or administered and managed by the DNER this species. However, if low seed powerlines are threatened by herbicide for conservation and recreation. production is because of ecosystem usage in association with right-of-way Therefore, we have assigned a listing disruptions, such as loss of effective maintenance. The majority of the priority number of 5 for the Gonocalyx pollinators, there could be additional Georgia population is protected due to concolor. threats that need to be addressed. its location within a conservation Hazardia orcuttii (Orcutt’s Overall, the threats to Hazardia orcuttii easement; however, only 15 to 20 plants hazardia)—The following summary is are of a high magnitude because they are estimated to occur at this site. The based on information contained in our have the potential to significantly remaining four sites are not formally files and the petition we received on reduce the reproductive potential of this protected, but efforts have been taken to March 8, 2001. Hazardia orcuttii is an species. The threats are nonimminent abate threats associated with highway evergreen shrubby species in the overall because the most significant right-of-way maintenance at one (sunflower family). The erect threats (invasive, nonnative plants and Alabama population; and, despite past shrubs are 50–100 centimeters (20–40 low reproductive output) are concerns about threats from timber inches) high. The only known extant nonimminent and long-term in nature. removal degrading H. verticillatus

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habitat, the other Alabama population agreed to coordinate closely with the petition we received on May 11, 2004. has responded favorably to canopy Fish and Wildlife Service on all This species of gladecress is a removal that took place circa 2001. activities that may affect this species. In component of glade flora, occurring in Therefore, threats are of moderate light of these conservation association with limestone magnitude, though imminent because commitments, we have determined that outcroppings. Leavenworthia crassa is they are ongoing. Thus, we assigned this the threats to I. webberi are endemic to a 13-mile radius area in species an LPN of 8. nonimminent and are maintaining the north central Alabama in Lawrence and Hibiscus dasycalyx (Neches River LPN of 5. Morgan Counties, where only six rose-mallow)—See above in ‘‘Listing Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens populations of this species are Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ The (Ohe)—The following summary is based documented. Glade habitats today have above summary is based on information on information contained in our files. been reduced to remnants fragmented contained in our files. No new information was provided in by agriculture and development. Ivesia webberi (Webber ivesia)—The the petition we received on May 11, Populations of this species are now following summary is based on 2004. Joinvillea ascendens ssp. located in glade-like areas exhibiting information contained in our files. No ascendens is an erect herb found in wet various degrees of disturbance including new information was provided in the to mesic - pastureland, roadside rights-of-way, and petition we received on May 11, 2004. (ohia-koa) lowland and cultivated or plowed fields. The most Ivesia webberi is a low, spreading, montane forest on the islands of Kauai, vigorous populations of this species are perennial herb that occurs very Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, located in areas which receive full, or infrequently in Lassen, Plumas, and Hawaii. This subspecies is known from near full, sunlight with limited Sierra Counties in California, and in 43 widely scattered populations totaling herbaceous competition. The magnitude Douglas and Washoe Counties, Nevada. fewer than 200 individuals. Plants are of threat is high for this species, because The species is restricted to sites with typically found as only one or two with the limited number of populations, sparse vegetation and shallow, rocky individuals, with miles between the threats could result in direct soils composed of volcanic ash or populations. This subspecies is mortality or reduced reproductive derived from andesitic rock (a gray, fine- threatened by destruction or capacity of the species, leading to a grained volcanic rock). Occupied sites modification of habitat by pigs, goats, relatively high likelihood of extinction. generally occur on mid-elevation flats, and deer, and by nonnative plants that This species appears to be able to adjust benches, or terraces on mountain slopes outcompete and displace native plants. to periodic disturbances and the above large valleys along the transition Predation by pigs, goats, deer, and rats potential impacts to populations from zone between the eastern edge of the is a likely threat to this species. competition, exotics, and herbicide use northern Sierra Nevada and the Landslides are a potential threat to are nonimminent. Thus, we assigned an northwestern edge of the Great Basin. populations on Kauai and Molokai. LPN of 5 to this species. Currently, the global population is Seedlings have rarely been observed in Leavenworthia texana (Texas golden estimated at approximately 5 million the wild. Seeds germinate in cultivation, gladecress)—The following summary is individuals at 16 known sites. The but most die soon thereafter. It is based on information contained in our Nevada sites support nearly 98 percent uncertain if this rarity of reproduction is files. No new information was provided of the total number of individuals (4.9 typical of this subspecies, or if it is in the petition we received on May 11, million) on about 27 acres (11 hectares) related to habitat disturbance. Feral pigs 2004. Leavenworthia texana occurs only of occupied habitat. The California sites have been fenced out of a few of the on the Weches outcrops of east Texas in are larger in area, totaling about 157 populations of this subspecies, and San Augustine and Sabine counties. The acres (63 hectares), but support fewer nonnative plants have been reduced in Weches geologic formation consists of a individuals (approximately 120,000). those populations that are fenced. layer of calcareous sediment, lying The primary threats to I. webberi However, these threats are not above a layer of glauconite clay include urban development, authorized controlled and are ongoing in the deposited up to 50 million years ago. and unauthorized roads, off-road- remaining, unfenced populations. This Erosion of this complex has produced vehicle activities and other dispersed species is represented in ex situ topography of steep, flat-topped hills recreation, livestock grazing and collections. The threats are of high and escarpments, as well as the unique trampling, fire and fire suppression magnitude because habitat degradation, ecology of Weches glades: Islands of activities including fuels reduction and nonnative plants, and predation result thin, loamy, seepy, alkaline soils that prescribed fires, and displacement by in mortality or severely affect the support open-sun, herbaceous, and noxious weeds. Despite the high reproductive capacity of the majority of highly diverse and specialized plant numbers of individuals, observations in populations of this species, leading to a communities. 2002 and 2004 confirmed that direct relatively high probability of extinction. Leavenworthia texana was and indirect impacts to the species and The threats are ongoing, and thus are historically recorded at eight sites, all in its habitat, specifically from urban imminent. Therefore, we retained an a narrow region along north San development and off-highway-vehicle LPN of 3 for this subspecies. Augustine and Sabine Counties. All activity remain high and are likely to Korthalsella degeneri (Hulumoa)—We sites are on private land. Three sites increase. However, the U.S. Forest continue to find that listing this species have been lost to glauconite mining and Service has developed a conservation is warranted but precluded as of the two sites are currently closed to visitors. strategy that commits to management, date of publication of this notice. The Sabine County site supported 1,000 monitoring, and research to protect this However, we are working on a proposed plants within 9 square meters (97 square species on National Forest lands where listing rule that we expect to publish feet) in 2007. The Tiger Creek site in most populations are found, and the prior to making the next annual San Augustine County (less than 0.1 State of Nevada has listed the species as resubmitted 12-month petition finding. hectare (.2 acre) in size) was found to critically endangered, which provides a Leavenworthia crassa (Gladecress)— have about 200 plants in 2007. The mechanism to track future impacts on The following information is based on Kardell site (less than 9 square meters private lands. In addition, both the U.S. information contained in our files. No (97 square feet)) has supported 400–500 Forest Service and State of Nevada have new information was provided in the plants in past years, but none in 2005.

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An introduced population in many locations, active habitat imminent. Therefore, we assigned an Nacogdoches County numbered about management is necessary at those sites. LPN of 3 to this plant variety. 1,000 within an area of about 18 square While threats associated with roadside Melicope christophersenii (Alani)— meters (194 square feet) in 2007. maintenance activities and habitat We continue to find that listing this Historical habitat has been affected by alterations by invasive plant species is warranted but precluded as of highway construction, residential encroachment are imminent because the date of publication of this notice. development, conversion to pasture and they are ongoing, this threat is of However, we are working on a proposed cropland, widespread use of herbicide, moderate magnitude as they are not listing rule that we expect to publish overgrazing, and glauconite mining. affecting all locations of this species at prior to making the next annual However, the primary threat to existing this time. Therefore, we assigned an resubmitted 12-month petition finding. Leavenworthia texana populations is LPN of 8 to this species. Melicope hiiakae (Alani)—We the invasion of nonnative and weedy Linum arenicola (Sand flax)—See continue to find that listing this species shrubs and vines (primarily Macartney above in ‘‘Listing Priority Changes in is warranted but precluded as of the rose (Rosa bracteata) and Japanese Candidates.’’ That summary is based on date of publication of this notice. honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). All information contained in our files. However, we are working on a proposed known sites are undergoing severe Linum carteri var. carteri (Carter’s listing rule that we expect to publish degradation by the incursion of small-flowered flax)—The following prior to making the next annual nonnative shrubs and vines, which summary is based on information resubmitted 12-month petition finding. restrict both growth and reproduction of contained in our files. No new Melicope makahae (Alani)—We the gladecress. Brushclearing carried out information was provided in the continue to find that listing this species in 1995 resulted in the reappearance of petition we received on May 11, 2004. is warranted-but-precluded as of the L. texana after a 10-year absence at one This plant occupies open and disturbed date of publication of this notice. site. However, nonnative shrubs have sites in pinelands of Miami-Dade However, we are working on a proposed again invaded this area. More effective County, Florida. Currently, there are listing rule that we expect to publish control measures, such as burning and nine known occurrences. Occurrences prior to making the next annual selective herbicide use, need to be with fewer than 100 individuals are resubmitted 12-month petition finding. tested and monitored. The small located on 3 county-owned preserves. A Myrsine fosbergii (Kolea)—The number of known sites also makes L. site with more than 100 plants is owned following summary is based on texana vulnerable to extreme natural by the U.S. government, but the site is information contained in our files. No disturbance events. A severe drought in not managed for conservation. new information was provided in the 1999 and 2000 had a pronounced Climatic changes and sea level rise are petition we received on May 11, 2004. adverse effect on L. texana long-term threats that will likely reduce Myrsine fosbergii is a branched shrub or reproduction. Since the threat from the extent of habitat. The nine existing small tree found in lowland mesic and nonnative plants severely affects all occurrences are small and vulnerable to wet forest, on watercourses or stream known sites, the magnitude is high. The habitat loss, which is exacerbated by banks, on the islands of Kauai and threats are imminent since they are habitat degradation due to fire Oahu, Hawaii. This species is currently ongoing. Therefore, we retain an LPN of suppression, the difficulty of applying known from 14 populations totaling a 2 for L. texana. prescribed fire to pine rocklands, and little more than 100 individuals. Lesquerella globosa (Desvaux) Watson threats from exotic plants. Remaining Myrsine fosbergii is threatened by feral (Short’s bladderpod)—The following habitats are fragmented. Non-compatible pigs and goats that degrade and destroy summary is based on information management practices are also a threat habitat and may prey upon the plant, contained in our files. No new at most protected sites; several sites are and by nonnative plants that compete information was provided in the mowed during the flowering and for light and nutrients. This species is petition we received on May 11, 2004. fruiting season. In the absence of fire, represented in an ex situ collection. Short’s bladderpod is a perennial periodic mowing can, in some cases, Although there are plans to fence and member of the mustard family that help maintain open, shrub-free remove ungulates from the Helemano occurs in Indiana (1 location), Kentucky understory and provide benefits to this area of Oahu, which may benefit this (6 locations), and Tennessee (22 plant. However, mowing can also species, no conservation measures have locations). It grows on steep, rocky, eliminate reproduction entirely in very been taken to date to alleviate these wooded slopes; on talus areas; along young plants, delay reproductive threats for this species. Feral pigs and cliff tops and bases; and on cliff ledges. maturation, and kill adult plants. With goats are found throughout the known It is usually associated with south to flexibility in timing and proper range of M. fosbergii, as are nonnative west facing calcareous outcrops adjacent management, threats from mowing plants. The threats from feral pigs, goats, to rivers or streams. Road construction practices can be reduced or negated. and nonnative plants are of a high and road maintenance have played a Carter’s small-flowered flax is magnitude because they pose a severe significant role in the decline of L. vulnerable to natural disturbances, such threat throughout the limited range of globosa. Specific activities that have as hurricanes, tropical storms, and this species, and they are ongoing and affected the species in the past and may storm surges. This species exists in such therefore imminent. We retained an LPN continue to threaten it include bank small numbers at so few sites, that it of 2 for this species. stabilization, herbicide use, mowing may be difficult to develop and Myrsine vaccinioides (Kolea)—We during the growing season, grading of maintain viable occurrences on the continue to find that listing this species road shoulders, and road widening or available conservation lands. Although is warranted-but-precluded as of the repaving. Sediment deposition during no population viability analysis has date of publication of this notice. road maintenance or from other been conducted for this plant, However, we are working on a proposed activities also potentially threatens the indications are that existing occurrences listing rule that we expect to publish species. Because the natural processes are at best marginal, and it is possible prior to making the next annual that maintained habitat suitability and that none are truly viable. As a result, resubmitted 12-month petition finding. competition from invasive nonnative the magnitude of threats is high. The Narthecium americanum (Bog vegetation have been interrupted at threats are ongoing, and thus are asphodel)—The following summary is

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based on information contained in our ongoing and expected to continue. imminent because no control measures files. No new information was provided Overall, based on these imminent, have been undertaken to address this in the petition we received on May 11, moderate threats, we retain a listing threat that could adversely affect O. 2004. Bog asphodel is a perennial herb priority number of 8 for this species. haleakalae as a whole. The threats from that is found in savanna areas, usually Nothocestrum latifolium (’Aiea)—The feral pigs, goats, and cattle are ongoing with water moving through the following summary is based on to the unfenced populations of O. substrate, as well as in sandy bogs along information contained in our files. No haleakalae. The threat from nonnative streams and rivers. The historical range new information was provided in the plants is ongoing and imminent and of of bog asphodel included New York, petition we received on May 11, 2004. a high magnitude to the wild New Jersey, Delaware, North Carolina, Nothocestrum latifolium is a small tree populations on both islands as this and South Carolina, although the found in dry to mesic forest on the threat adversely affects the survival and taxonomic identity of the historic North islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, reproductive capacity of the majority of Carolina specimens is now in question. and Lanai, Hawaii. Nothocestrum the species, leading to a relatively high Extant populations of bog asphodel are latifolium is known from 17 steadily likelihood of extinction. Therefore, we now only found within the Pine Barrens declining populations totaling fewer retained an LPN of 2 for this species. region of New Jersey. than 1,200 individuals. Pediocactus peeblesianus Curtailment of its historical range is a This species is threatened by feral var.fickeiseniae (Fickeisen plains primary threat to bog asphodel, pigs, goats, and axis deer that degrade cactus)—The following summary is representing a loss of habitat and and destroy habitat and may prey upon based on information contained in our genetic diversity and leaving the species it; by nonnative plants that compete for files. No new information was provided vulnerable to localized threats, natural light and nutrients; and by the loss of in the petition we received on May 11, disasters, and climate change. The Pine pollinators that negatively affect the 2004. Pediocactus peeblesianus var. Barrens savannas that support bog reproductive viability of the species. fickeiseniae is a small cactus known asphodel provide a scarce, specialized This species is represented in an ex situ from the Gray Mountain vicinity to the habitat that has declined from several collection. Ungulates have been fenced Arizona strip in Coconino, Navajo, and thousand acres around 1900 to only a out of four areas where N. latifolium Mohave Counties, Arizona. The cactus thousand acres in recent decades. This currently occurs, and nonnative plants grows on exposed layers of Kaibab species has been lost from at least 3 have been reduced in some populations limestone on canyon margins and well- States, and now occurs on less than 80 that are fenced. However, these ongoing drained hills in Navajoan desert or acres of land confined to an area only conservation efforts for this species grassland. In 1999, the Arizona Game about 30 miles in diameter. Of the 14 benefit only a few of the known and Fish Department noted 23 New Jersey watersheds that historically populations. The threats are not occurrences for the species, including supported bog asphodel, the species is controlled and are ongoing in the historical ones. The species is located extirpated from six watersheds and remaining unfenced populations. In on Bureau of Land Management (BLM), persists in four additional watersheds addition, little regeneration is observed U.S. Forest Service, tribal, and possibly only as a single occurrence. The 4 in this species. The threats are of a high State lands. Recent reports from the remaining watersheds are unevenly magnitude, since they are severe enough BLM and Navajo Nation describe distributed among the 3 river systems to affect the continued existence of the populations of the species as being in supporting the species, with nearly 88 species, leading to a relatively high decline. The main human-induced percent of bog asphodel (by area) likelihood of extinction. The threats are threats to this cactus are activities concentrated in the greater Mullica imminent, since they are ongoing. associated with road maintenance, off- River drainage. Therefore, we retained an LPN of 2 for road vehicles, and trampling associated Other significant threats include this species. with livestock grazing. Monitoring data unauthorized use of off-road vehicles, Ochrosia haleakalae (Holei)—The has detected mortality associated with future increases in water extraction for following summary is based on livestock grazing. Illegal collection of human use, natural succession possibly information contained in our files. No this species has been noted in the past, accelerated by fire suppression, and new information was provided in the but we do not know if it is a continuing potentially climate change. Lesser petition we received on May 11, 2004. threat. The populations that have been threats include indirect effects of Ochrosia haleakalae is a tree found in monitored have been affected, in part, upland development, impacts from dry to mesic forest, often on lava, on the by the continuing drought. There has recreational activities, collection, islands of Hawaii and Maui, Hawaii. been very low recruitment, and rabbits herbivory, and beaver activity. Because This species is currently known from 8 and have consumed adult plants the range of bog asphodel is currently populations totaling between 64 and 76 because there is reduced forage limited to New Jersey’s Pinelands Area individuals. available during these dry conditions. and Coastal Zone, regulatory protections Ochrosia haleakalae is threatened by Given that there are only a few known are generally adequate. More than 75 fire; by feral pigs, goats, and cattle that populations, that the range of this taxon percent of bog asphodel occurs on degrade and destroy habitat and may is limited, and that the majority of the protected lands, although enforcement directly prey upon it; and by nonnative known populations on BLM lands and of illegal activity can be lacking. plants that compete for light and the Navajo Nation are experiencing Outright habitat destruction from nutrients. This species is represented in declines, we conclude that the threats wetland filling, draining, flooding, and ex situ collections. Feral pigs, goats, and are of a high magnitude. The threats are conversion to commercial cranberry cattle have been fenced out of one wild ongoing and, therefore, are imminent. bogs likely contributed to the and one outplanted population on Thus, we have retained an LPN of 3 for curtailment of this species’ range, but private lands on the island of Maui and this plant variety. these historical threats to bog asphodel one outplanted population in Hawaii Penstemon scariosus var. albifluvis are generally no longer occurring. Volcanoes National Park on the island (White River beardtongue)—See above Current threats to bog asphodel are of Hawaii. Nonnative plants have been in ‘‘Listing Priority Changes in low to moderate in magnitude. Several reduced in the fenced areas. The threat Candidates.’’ That summary is based on threats are imminent because they are from fire is of a high magnitude and information contained in our files.

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Peperomia subpetiolata (‘Ala ‘ala wai 33 feet (10 meters) wide by 10.6 miles vulnerable because it is a narrow nui)—We continue to find that listing (17 kilometers) long, at the upper edge endemic, the magnitude of the ongoing this species is warranted but precluded of the bluffs. The species occurs only on threats to the population is moderate; as of the date of publication of this cemented, highly alkaline, calcium therefore we retain an LPN of 9 for this notice. However, we are working on a carbonate paleosol (a ‘‘caliche’’ soil) and species. proposed listing rule that we expect to is believed to be a ‘‘calciphile.’’ Platanthera integrilabia (Correll) Leur publish prior to making the next annual Approximately 35 percent of the (White fringeless orchid)—The resubmitted 12-month petition finding. known range of the species has been following summary is based on Phyllostegia bracteata (no common moderately to severely affected by information contained in our files. No name)—We continue to find that listing landslides, an apparently permanent new information was provided in the this species is warranted but precluded destruction of the habitat. The entire petition we received on May 11, 2004. as of the date of publication of this population of the species is down-slope Platanthera integrilabia is a perennial notice. However, we are working on a of irrigated agricultural land, the source herb that grows in partially, but not proposed listing rule that we expect to of the water seepage causing the mass fully, shaded, wet, boggy areas at the publish prior to making the next annual failures and landslides, but the southern head of streams and on seepage slopes resubmitted 12-month petition finding. portion of the population is the closest in Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Phyllostegia floribunda (no common to the agricultural land and the most Mississippi, South Carolina and name)—The following summary is affected by landslides. Other significant Tennessee. Historically, there were at based on information contained in our least 90 populations of P. integrilabia. It threats include use of the habitat by files. No new information was provided is presumed extirpated from North recreational off-road vehicles which in the petition we received on May 11, Carolina and Virginia. Currently there destroys plants, and the presence of 2004. This species is an erect subshrub are about 50 extant sites supporting the invasive nonnative plants that compete found in mesic to wet forest on the species. island of Hawaii, Hawaii. This species with P. douglasii tuplashensis for Several populations have been is known from 7 populations totaling resources (light, water, nutrients). destroyed due to road, residential, and fewer than 25 individuals. Phyllostegia Additionally, the increasing presence of commercial construction, and to floribunda is threatened by feral pigs invasive nonnative plants may alter fire projects that altered soil and site that degrade and destroy habitat, and by regimes and potentially increase the hydrology such that suitability for the nonnative plants that compete for light threat of fire to the P. douglasii species was reduced. Several of the and nutrients. This species is tuplashensis population. The threats to known populations are in or adjacent to represented in ex situ collections. The the population from landslides and the powerline rights-of-way. Mechanical National Park Service, The Nature recreational off-road-vehicle use are clearing of these areas may benefit the Conservancy, and the State have fenced currently occurring and will continue to species by maintaining adequate light and outplanted more than 170 occur in the future. In addition, levels; however, the indiscriminant use individuals at Olaa Forest Reserve, Kona invasion by nonnative plants is of herbicides in these areas could pose Hema, and Waiakea Forest Reserve currently occurring, and with the 2007 a significant threat to the species. All- (more than 50, 20 individuals, and 100 fire that occurred in the area of the terrain vehicles have damaged several individuals, respectively). Nonnative existing population, invasive plants will sites and pose a threat at most sites. plants have been reduced in these likely spread or increase throughout the Most of the known sites for the species fenced areas. However, no conservation burned area of the population. We have occur in areas that are managed efforts have been implemented for the therefore determined that these threats specifically for timber production. unfenced populations. Overall, the are imminent. Although approximately Timber management is not necessarily threats are moderate because 35 percent of the population is severely incompatible with the protection and conservation efforts for over half of the affected by landslides in the southern management of the species, but care populations reduce the severity of the portion of the range, the likelihood of must be taken during timber threats. The threats are ongoing in the the persistence of the population in the management to ensure the hydrology of unfenced portions and must be unaffected northern portion appears to bogs supporting the species is not constantly managed in the fenced be fairly high. Currently, we know of no altered. Natural succession can result in portions. Therefore, the threats are plans to expand or significantly modify decreased light levels. Because of the imminent. We retained an LPN of 8 the existing agriculture activities in species dependence upon moderate-to- because the threats are of moderate areas adjacent to the population. In high light levels, some type of active magnitude and are imminent for the addition, deliberate modification of the management to prevent complete majority of the populations. species’ immediate habitat is unlikely canopy closure is required at most Physaria douglasii ssp. tuplashensis due to its location and ownership (85 locations. Collecting for commercial and (White Bluffs bladder-pod)—The percent federal). Intermittent use of off- other purposes is a potential threat. following summary is based on road vehicles does occur on the Herbivory (primarily deer) threatens the information contained in our files. No Monument, although it is prohibited. species at several sites. Due to the new information was provided in the These activities are mainly confined to alteration of habitat and changes in petition we received on May 11, 2004. the upper portion of the White Bluffs natural conditions, protection and White Bluffs bladder-pod is a low- where few P. douglasii tuplashensis recovery of this species is dependent growing, herbaceous, short-lived, plants occur, so there is low to moderate upon active management rather than perennial plant in the Brassicaceae threat to the species from these just preservation of habitat. Invasive, (mustard) family. Historically and activities. Invasive plants are present in nonnative plants such as Japanese currently, White Bluffs bladder-pod is the vicinity, but have not yet been honeysuckle and kudzu also threaten only known from a single population determined to be a significant problem. several sites. The threats are that occurs along the White Bluffs of the As a result of the 2007 fire, there is a widespread; however, the impact of Columbia River in Franklin County, higher probability that invasion of these those threats on the species survival is Washington. The entire range of the nonnatives will occur. While P. moderate in magnitude. Several of the species is a narrow band, approximately douglasii tuplashensis is inherently sites are protected to some degree from

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the threats by being within State parks, growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous vegetation in dry consolidated dunes on national forests, wildlife management perennial that is associated with alkali the islands of Molokai and Maui, areas, or other protected land. The meadows, seeps, and occasionally Hawaii. This variety is known from 5 threats however are imminent since marsh habitats bordering perennial populations totaling approximately 200 they are ongoing, and we have therefore thermal springs, outflows, and meadow to 20,000 individuals (depending upon assigned an LPN of 8 to this species. depressions. In Nevada, the species is rainfall) in the Moomomi area on the Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta (no known only from Soldier Meadow in island of Molokai, and from 2 common name)—We continue to find Humboldt County. In northeastern populations of a few individuals at that listing this species is warranted but California, a single population occurs in Waiehu dunes and at Puu Kahulianapa precluded as of the date of publication Lassen County. At Soldier Meadow, on west Maui. Pseudognaphalium of this notice. However, we are working there are 11 discrete known occurrences sandwicensium var. molokaiense is on a proposed listing rule that we within an area of about 24 acres (9.6 threatened by feral goats and axis deer expect to publish prior to making the hectares) that support about 130,000 that degrade and destroy habitat and next annual resubmitted 12-month individuals. The California population possibly prey upon it, and by nonnative petition finding. occurs on private and public land and plants that compete for light and Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens supports fewer than 1,000 plants. The nutrients. Potential threats also include (no common name)—We continue to public land has been designated as an collection for lei-making, and off-road find that listing this species is Area of Critical Environmental Concern vehicles that directly damage plants and warranted but precluded as of the date by the Bureau of Land Management. degrade habitat. Weed control protects of publication of this notice. However, The species and its habitat are one population on Molokai; however, we are working on a proposed listing threatened by recreational use in the no conservation efforts have been rule that we expect to publish prior to areas where it occurs as well as the initiated to date for the other making the next annual resubmitted ongoing impacts of past water populations on Molokai or for the 12-month petition finding. diversions, livestock grazing, and off- individuals on Maui. This species is Platydesma remyi (no common road-vehicle travel. Conservation represented in an ex situ collection. The name)—The following summary is measures implemented recently by the ongoing threats from feral goats, axis based on information contained in our Bureau of Land Management in Nevada deer, nonnative plants, collection, and files. No new information was provided include the installation of fencing to off-road vehicles are of a high in the petition we received on May 11, exclude livestock, wild horses, burros, magnitude because no control measures 2004. Platydesma remyi is a shrub or and other large mammals; the closure of have been undertaken for the Maui shrubby tree found in wet forests on old access roads to spring, riparian, and population or for the Molokai volcanic slopes on the island of Hawaii, wetland areas and the limiting of populations, and the threats result in Hawaii. This species is known from 2 vehicles to designated routes; the direct mortality or significantly reduce populations totaling fewer than 50 establishment of a designated reproductive capacity for the majority of individuals. Platydesma remyi is campground away from the habitats of the populations, leading to a relatively threatened by feral pigs and cattle that sensitive species; the installation of high likelihood of extinction. Therefore, degrade and destroy habitat, nonnative educational signage; and, an increased we retained an LPN of 3 for this plant plants that compete for light and staff presence, including law variety. nutrients, reduced reproductive vigor, enforcement, a volunteer site steward Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis and stochastic extinction due to during the 6-month period of peak var. oahuensis (Kopiko)—We continue naturally occurring events. This species visitor use, and noxious weed control. to find that listing this species is is represented in an ex situ collection, In California, public land management warranted-but-precluded as of the date and by one individual included in a rare actions include not allowing livestock of publication of this notice. However, plant exclosure in the Laupahoehoe salting in the vicinity of springs, a we are working on a proposed listing Natural Area Reserve. The threats are proposed long-term monitoring plot, rule that we expect to publish prior to ongoing and therefore imminent, and of limitations on camping near springs, making the next annual resubmitted a high magnitude because of their withdrawal from salable mineral 12-month petition finding. severity; the threats cause direct leasing, recommendations to Pteralyxia macrocarpa (Kaulu)—We mortality or significantly reduce the withdrawal the land from mineral entry, continue to find that listing this species reproductive capacity of the species and noxious weed control treatments. is warranted-but-precluded as of the throughout its limited range, leading to These conservation measures have date of publication of this notice. a relatively high likelihood of reduced the magnitude of threat to the However, we are working on a proposed extinction. Therefore, we retained an species to moderate; all remaining listing rule that we expect to publish LPN of 2 for this species. threats are nonimminent and involve prior to making the next annual Pleomele forbesii (Hala pepe)—We long-term changes to the habitat for the resubmitted 12-month petition finding. continue to find that listing this species species resulting from past impacts. Ranunculus hawaiensis (Makou)— is warranted-but-precluded as of the Until a monitoring program is in place The following summary is based on date of publication of this notice. that allows us to assess the long-term information contained in our files. No However, we are working on a proposed trend of the species, we have assigned new information was provided in the listing rule that we expect to publish an LPN of 11. petition we received on May 11, 2004. prior to making the next annual Pseudognaphalium (Gnaphalium Ranunculus hawaiensis is an erect or resubmitted 12-month petition finding. sandwicensium var. molokaiense ascending perennial herb found in Potentilla basaltica (Soldier Meadow (Enaena)—The following summary is mesic to wet forest dominated by cinquefoil or basalt cinquefoil)—The based on information contained in our Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) and following summary is based on files. No new information was provided Acacia koa (koa) with scree substrate information contained in our files; the in the petition we received on May 11, (loose stones or rocky debris on a slope) petition we received on May 11, 2004, 2004. Pseudognaphalium on the islands of Maui and Hawaii, provided no additional information on sandwicensium var. molokaiense is a Hawaii. This species is currently known the species. Potentilla basaltica is a low perennial herb found in strand from 20 individuals in 5 populations on

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the island of Hawaii. One population on Tahoe in California and Nevada. Data determined the threats to R. Maui (Kukui planeze) was not relocated collected over the last 25 years generally subumbellata from various land uses on a survey conducted in 2006. In indicate that species occurrence have been reduced to a moderate addition, one wild population at fluctuates yearly as a function of both magnitude. In high-lake-level years such Waikamoi (also on Maui) has not been lake level and the amount of exposed as 2005, however, recreational use is observed since 1995. Ranunculus habitat. Records kept since 1900 show a concentrated within R. subumbellata hawaiensis is threatened by direct preponderance of years with high lake habitat, and we consider this threat in predation by slugs, feral pigs, goats, levels that would isolate and reduce R. particular to be ongoing and imminent. cattle, mouflon, and sheep; by pigs, subumbellata occurrences at higher Therefore, we are maintaining an LPN of goats, cattle, mouflon, and sheep that beach elevations. From the standpoint 8 for this species. degrade and destroy habitat; and by of the species, less favorable peak years Schiedea pubescens (Maolioli)—The nonnative plants that compete for light have occurred almost twice as often as following summary is based on and nutrients. Three populations have more favorable low-level years. Annual information contained in our files. No been outplanted into protected surveys are conducted to determine new information was provided in the exclosures; however, feral ungulates and population numbers, site occupancy, petition we received on May 11, 2004. nonnative plants are not controlled in and general disturbance regime. During Schiedea pubescens is a reclining or the remaining, unfenced populations. In the 2003 and 2004 annual survey weakly climbing vine found in diverse addition, the threat from introduced period, the lake level was approximately mesic to wet forest on the islands of slugs is of a high magnitude because 6,224 feet (ft) (1,898 meters (m)); 2004 Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii, Hawaii. It slugs occur throughout the limited range was the fourth consecutive year of low is presumed extirpated from Lanai. of this species and no effective measures water. Rorippa subumbellata was Currently, this species is known from 8 have been undertaken to control them or present at 45 of the 72 sites surveyed (65 populations totaling between 30 and 32 prevent them from causing significant percent occupied), up from 15 sites (19 individuals on Maui, from 4 adverse impacts to this species. Overall, percent occupied) in 2000 when the populations totaling between 21 and 22 the threats from pigs, goats, cattle, lake level was high at 6,228 ft (1,898 m). individuals on Molokai, and from 1 mouflon, sheep, slugs, and nonnative Approximately 25,200 stems were population of 4 to 6 individuals on the plants are of a high magnitude, and counted or estimated in 2003, whereas island of Hawaii. Schiedea pubescens is ongoing (imminent) for R. hawaiensis. during the 2000 annual survey, the threatened by feral pigs and goats that We retained an LPN of 2 for this species. estimated number of stems was 4,590. consume it and degrade and destroy Ranunculus mauiensis (Makou)—The Lake levels began to rise again in 2005 habitat, and by nonnative plants that following summary is based on and less habitat was available. Lake compete for light and nutrients. Feral information contained in our files. No levels began to drop again in 2006 ungulates have been fenced out of the new information was provided in the though 2008 leading to an increase in population of S. pubescens on the petition we received on May 11, 2004. both occupied sites and estimated stem island of Hawaii. Feral goats have been Ranunculus mauiensis is an erect to counts. During very low lake levels in fenced out of a few of the west Maui weakly ascending perennial herb found 2009, an estimated 27,522 stems were populations of S. pubescens. Nonnative in open sites in mesic to wet forest and observed at 47 sites, equal to the highest plants have been reduced in the along streams on the islands of Maui, number of occupied sites previously populations that are fenced on Maui. However, the threats are not controlled Kauai, and Molokai, Hawaii. This recorded. species is currently known from 14 and are ongoing in the remaining populations totaling 198 individuals. Many Rorippa subumbellata sites are unfenced populations on Maui and the Ranunculus mauiensis is threatened by intensively used for commercial and four populations on Molokai. Fire is a feral pigs, goats, mule deer, axis deer, public purposes and are subject to potential threat to the Hawaii Island and slugs that consume it; by habitat various activities such as erosion population. In light of the extremely low degradation and destruction by feral control, marina developments, pier number of individuals of this species, pigs, goats, and deer; and by nonnative construction, and recreation. The U.S. the threats from goats and nonnative plants that compete for light and Forest Service, California Tahoe plants are of a high magnitude because nutrients. This species is represented in Conservancy, and California Department they result in mortality and reduced ex situ collections. Feral pigs have been of Parks and Recreation have reproductive capacity for the majority of fenced out of one Maui population of R. management programs for R. the populations, leading to a relatively mauiensis, and nonnative plants have subumbellata that include monitoring, high likelihood of extinction. The been reduced in the fenced area. One fenced enclosures, and transplanting threats are imminent because they are individual occurs in the Kamakou efforts when funds and staff are ongoing with respect to most of the Preserve on Molokai, managed by The available. Public agencies (including the populations. Therefore, we retained an Nature Conservancy. However, ongoing Service), private landowners, and LPN of 2 for this species. conservation efforts benefit only two environmental groups collaborated to Schiedea salicaria (no common populations. The threats are of high develop a conservation strategy coupled name)—We continue to find that listing magnitude and imminent because they with a Memorandum of Understanding- this species is warranted but precluded are ongoing in the Kauai and the Conservation Agreement. The as of the date of publication of this majority of the Maui populations. conservation strategy, completed in notice. However, we are working on a Therefore, we retained an LPN of 2 for 2003, contains goals and objectives for proposed listing rule that we expect to this species. recovery and survival, a research and publish prior to making the next annual Rorippa subumbellata (Tahoe yellow monitoring agenda, and serves as the resubmitted 12-month petition finding. cress)—The following summary is based foundation for an adaptive management Sedum eastwoodiae (Red Mountain on information contained in our files program. Because of the continued stonecrop)—The following summary is and the petition we received on commitments to conservation based on information contained in our December 27, 2000. Rorippa demonstrated by regulatory and land files and information provided by the subumbellata is a small perennial herb management agencies participating in California Department of Fish and known only from the shores of Lake the conservation strategy, we have Game. The petition we received on May

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11, 2004 provided no new information degrade and destroy habitat, and by Sphaeralcea gierischii (Gierisch on the species. Red Mountain stonecrop nonnative plants that compete for light mallow)—The following information is is a perennial succulent which occupies and nutrients. This species is based on information contained in our relatively barren, rocky openings and represented in ex situ collections. Feral files, including site visits by species cliffs in lower montane coniferous pigs have been fenced out of some of the experts. There are nine known forests, between 1,900 and 4,000 feet areas where S. macrophyllus currently populations of this species on a elevation. Its distribution is limited to occurs, but the fences do not exclude combined total of approximately 59.5 ac Red Mountain, Mendocino County, sheep. Nonnative plants have been (24.12 ha) in Arizona and Utah. Seven California, where it occupies in excess reduced in the populations that are populations are found on approximately of 54 acres scattered over 4 square fenced. However, the threats are not 55 ac (22.3 ha) managed by the Bureau miles. Total population size has not controlled and are ongoing in the of Land Management in Arizona. One been determined, but a preliminary remaining, unfenced populations, and population occurs on approximately 2 estimate suggests the population may be are, therefore, imminent. Similarly the ac (0.81 ha) on land managed by the in excess of 29,000 plants, occupying threat from mouflon sheep is ongoing Arizona State Land Department. One more than 27 discrete habitat polygons. and imminent in all populations, population occurs on approximately 2.5 Intensive monitoring suggests because the current fences do not ac (1.01 ha) in Utah. The primary threat considerable annual variation in plant exclude sheep. In addition, all of the to the species in Arizona is ongoing seedling success and inflorescence threats are of a high magnitude because gypsum mining and associated production. habitat degradation and competition activities. The primary threat to the The primary threat to the species is from nonnative plants present a risk to species in Utah is potential impacts the potential for surface mining for the species, resulting in direct mortality from off-road vehicle use. The threats chromium and nickel. The entire or significantly reducing the are high in magnitude, since survival of distribution Red Mountain stonecrop is reproductive capacity, leading to a the species is threatened throughout its either owned by mining interests, or is relatively high likelihood of extinction. entire range in Arizona by gypsum covered by mining claims, none of Therefore, we retained an LPN of 2 for mining, with the two largest which are currently active. Surface this species. populations in active mining operations. mining would destroy habitat suitability Loss of those two populations would Solanum nelsonii (popolo)—The for this species. The species is also significantly reduce the total number of following summary is based on believed threatened by tree and shrub individuals throughout the range, information contained in our files. No encroachment into its habitat, in threatening the long-term viability of new information was provided in the absence of fire. Some 25 percent of its this species. The threats are imminent, petition we received on May 11, 2004. known distribution occurred within the since they are ongoing in Arizona. Solanum nelsonii is a sprawling or boundary of the Red Mountain Fire of Therefore, we assigned an LPN of 2 to trailing shrub found in coral rubble or June 2008. However, the extent and this species. manner in which Red Mountain sand in coastal sites. This species is Stenogyne cranwelliae (no common stonecrop and its habitat were affected known from populations on Molokai name)—The following summary is by that fire is not yet known. The (approximately 300 plants), the island of based on information contained in our species distribution by ownership is Hawaii (5 plants), and the northwestern files. No new information was provided described as follows: Federal (Bureau of Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), Hawaii. The in the petition we received on May 11, Land Management), 95 percent; private, current populations in the NWHI are 2004. Stenogyne cranwelliae is a 5 percent. Given the magnitude (high) found on Midway (approximately 260 creeping vine found in wet forest and immediacy (non-imminent) of the plants), Laysan (approximately 490 dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha threat to the small, scattered plants), Pearl and Hermes (unknown (ohia) on the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. populations, and its taxonomy (species), number of individuals), and Nihoa Stenogyne cranwelliae is known from 10 we assigned a listing priority number of (8,000 to 15,000 adult plants). On populations totaling fewer than 110 5 to this species. Molokai, S. nelsonii is moderately individuals. This species is threatened Sicyos macrophyllus (‘Anunu)—The threatened by ungulates that degrade by feral pigs that degrade and destroy following summary is based on and destroy habitat, and may eat S. habitat, and by nonnative plants that information contained in our files. No nelsonii. On Molokai and the NWHI, compete for light and nutrients. In new information was provided in the this species is threatened by nonnative addition, S. cranwelliae is potentially petition we received on May 11, 2004. plants that outcompete and displace it. threatened by feral pigs and rats that Sicyos macrophyllus is a perennial vine Solanum nelsonii is threatened by may directly prey upon it, and by found in wet Metrosideros polymorpha predation by a nonnative grasshopper in randomly occurring natural events such (ohia) forest and subalpine Sophora the NWHI. This species is represented as hurricanes and landslides. This chrysophylla-Myoporum sandwicense in ex situ collections. Ungulate species is represented in an ex situ (mamane-naio) forest. This species is exclusion fences, routine fence collection. All of the threats are ongoing known from 10 populations totaling monitoring and maintenance, and weed rangewide, and no efforts for control or between 24 and 26 individuals in the control protect the population of S. eradication are being undertaken for Kohala and Mauna Kea areas, and in nelsonii on Molokai. Limited weed feral pigs, nonnative plants, or rats. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Puna control is conducted in the NWHI. These threats significantly affect the area) on the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. It These threats are of moderate magnitude entire species particularly in light of its appears that a naturally occurring because of the relatively large number of small population size. We retained an population at Kipuka Ki in Hawaii plants, and the fact that this species is LPN of 2 because these imminent Volcanoes National Park is reproducing found on more than one island. The threats are of a high magnitude. by seeds, but seeds have not been threats are imminent for the majority of Symphyotrichum georgianum successfully germinated under nursery the populations because they are (Georgia aster)—The following summary conditions. ongoing and are not being controlled. is based on information contained in This species is threatened by feral We therefore retained an LPN of 8 for our files. No new information was pigs, cattle, and mouflon sheep that this species. provided in the petition we received on

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May 11, 2004. Georgia aster is a relict plants have been reduced in the fenced totaling at least 50 individuals. There is species of post oak savanna/prairie area. No conservation efforts are under a possibility that the range of this plant communities that existed in the way to alleviate threats to the other two variety could be larger and include the southeast prior to widespread fire populations on Maui, or for the two other main Hawaiian Islands. suppression and extirpation of large populations on Oahu. This species is Microlepia strigosa var. mauiensis is native grazing animals. Georgia aster represented in an ex situ collection. The threatened by feral pigs that degrade currently occurs in the States of magnitude of the threats acting upon the and destroy habitat, and by nonnative Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and currently extant populations is plants that compete for light and South Carolina. The species is moderate because the largest population nutrients. Pigs have been fenced out of presumed extant in 8 counties in is protected from pigs, and nonnative some areas on east and west Maui, and Alabama, 22 counties in Georgia, 9 plants have been reduced in this area. on Hawaii, where M. strigosa var. counties in North Carolina, and 15 The threats are ongoing and therefore mauiensis currently occurs, and counties in South Carolina. The species imminent. Therefore, we retained an nonnative plants have been reduced in appears to have been eliminated from LPN of 8 for this species. the fenced areas. However, the threats Florida. Doryopteris takeuchii (no common are not controlled and are ongoing in Most remaining populations survive name)—We continue to find that listing the remaining unfenced populations on adjacent to roads, utility rights-of-way this species is warranted but precluded Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii. Therefore, the and other openings where current land as of the date of publication of this threats from feral pigs and nonnative management mimics natural notice. However, we are working on a plants are imminent. The threats are of disturbance regimes. Most populations proposed listing rule that we expect to a high magnitude because they are are small (10–100 stems), and since the publish prior to making the next annual sufficiently severe to adversely affect species’ main mode of reproduction is resubmitted 12-month petition finding. the species throughout its range, vegetative, each isolated population stemmermanniae resulting in direct mortality or may represent only a few genotypes. (Waewaeiole)—The following summary significantly reducing reproductive Many populations are currently is based on information contained in capacity, leading to a relatively high threatened by one or more of the our files. No new information was likelihood of extinction. We therefore following factors: Woody succession provided in the petition we received on retained an LPN of 3 for M. strigosa var. due to fire suppression, development, May 11, 2004. This species is an mauiensis. highway expansion or improvement, epiphytic pendant clubmoss found in and herbicide application. However, the mesic-to-wet Metrosideros polymorpha- Petitions To Reclassify Species Already species is still relatively widely Acacia koa (ohia-koa) forests on the Listed or Add to the Listed Range distributed, and recent information islands of Maui and Hawaii, Hawaii. We previously made warranted-but- indicates the species is more abundant Only 3 populations are known, on Maui precluded findings on seven petitions than when we initially identified it as and Hawaii, totaling approximately 30 seeking to reclassify threatened species a candidate for listing. Taking into individuals. The Maui population has to endangered status, and one petition account its distribution and abundance, not been relocated since 1995. Huperzia seeking to add New Mexico to the listed the magnitude of threats is moderate. stemmermanniae is threatened by feral range of the Canada lynx. The taxa Thus we assigned an LPN of 8 for this pigs, goats, cattle, and axis deer that involved in the reclassification petitions species. degrade and destroy habitat, and by are three populations of the grizzly bear Zanthoxylum oahuense (Ae)—We nonnative plants that compete for light, (Ursus arctos horribilis), delta smelt continue to find that listing this species space, and nutrients. Huperzia (Hypomesus transpacificus), the is warranted-but-precluded as of the stemmermanniae is also threatened by spikedace (Meda fulgida), the loach date of publication of this notice. randomly occurring natural events due minnow (Tiaroga cobitis), and However, we are working on a proposed to its small population size. One Sclerocactus brevispinus (Pariette listing rule that we expect to publish individual at Waikamoi Preserve may cactus). Because these species are prior to making the next annual benefit from fencing for axis deer and already listed under the Act, they are resubmitted 12-month petition finding. pigs. This species is represented in ex not candidates for listing and are not situ collections. The threats from pigs, included in Table 1. However, this Ferns and Allies goats, cattle, axis deer, and nonnative notice and associated species Christella boydiae (no common plants are of a high magnitude because assessment forms also constitute the name)—The following summary is they are sufficiently severe to adversely resubmitted petition findings for these based on information contained in our affect the species throughout its limited species. For the three grizzly bear files. No new information was provided range, resulting in direct mortality or populations, we have not updated the in the petition we received on May 11, significantly reducing reproductive information in our assessments through 2004. This species is a small- to capacity, leading to a relatively high this notice as explained below. medium-sized fern found in mesic to likelihood of extinction. The threats are Although we are completing an ongoing wet forest along stream banks on the imminent because they are ongoing. review of the status of the grizzly bear islands of Oahu and Maui, Hawaii. Therefore, we retained an LPN of 2 for in the lower 48 States outside of the Historically, this species was also found this species. Greater Yellowstone Areas (see below), on the island of Hawaii, but it has been Microlepia strigosa var. mauiensis we continue to find that reclassification extirpated there. Currently, this species (Palapalai)—The following summary is to endangered for each of the three is known from 7 populations totaling based on information contained in our populations (described below) is approximately 300 individuals. This files. No new information was provided warranted but precluded by work species is threatened by feral pigs that in the petition we received on May 11, identified above (see ‘‘Petition Findings degrade and destroy habitat and may eat 2004. Microlepia strigosa var. mauiensis for Candidate Species’’). We also have this plant, and by nonnative plants that is a terrestrial fern found in mesic-to- not updated the information in our compete for light and nutrients. Feral wet forests. It is currently found in assessments for the spikedace and loach pigs have been fenced out of the largest Hawaii on the islands of Maui, Oahu, minnow through this notice as population on Maui, and nonnative and Hawaii, from at least 9 populations explained below. For delta smelt, we

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have not updated the information conservation status of each population Spikedace (Meda fulgida) (Region 2)— included in the 12-month finding according to the 5 factors in Section 4 We continue to find that uplisting this (published April 7, 2010), which serves of the Act. Although there is sufficient species to endangered is warranted but as our assessment; we are currently evidence to support multiple DPSs precluded as of the date of publication conducting a 5-year review, which will within the lower 48 State listing, we do of this notice. However, we are working provide updated information when we not intend to complete a DPS analysis on a proposed uplisting rule, in complete it later this year. For of each of these populations combination with a proposed Sclerocactus brevispinus and Canada individually within the 5-year review. designation of critical habitat, that we lynx in New Mexico, our updated Instead, any DPS analyses would be expect to publish prior to making the assessments are provided below. We completed prior to or concurrent with next annual resubmitted 12-month find that reclassification to endangered any rulemakings. We expect this 5-year petition finding. status for the delta smelt, spikedace, review to be completed in late 2010. Loach minnow (Tiaroga cobitis) loach minnow, and Sclerocactus Delta smelt (Hypomesus (Region 2)—We continue to find that brevispinus and adding New Mexico to transpacificus) (Region 8) (see 75 FR uplisting this species to endangered is the listed range of the Canada lynx are 17667; April 7, 2010, for additional warranted but precluded as of the date all currently warranted but precluded information on why reclassification to of publication of this notice. However, by work identified above (see ‘‘Petition endangered is warranted but we are working on a proposed uplisting Findings for Candidate Species’’). One precluded)—In March 2004, we rule, in combination with a proposed of the primary reasons that the work completed a 5-year review for delta designation of critical habitat, that we identified above is considered higher smelt in which we determined a change expect to publish prior to making the priority is that the grizzly bear in status from threatened to endangered next annual resubmitted 12-month populations, delta smelt, spikedace, was not recommended. While none of petition finding. loach minnow, and Sclerocactus the threats, other than apparent Sclerocactus brevispinus (Pariette brevispinus are currently listed as abundance, show significant differences cactus) (Region 6) (see 72 FR 53211, threatened, and therefore already from 2004, we now have strong September 18, 2007, and the species receive certain protections under the evidence, not available at the time of assessment form (see ADDRESSES) for Act. We promulgated regulations our 5-year review, that at least some of additional information on why extending take prohibitions for those factors are endangering the reclassification to endangered is endangered species under section 9 to species. The primary evidence is the warranted but precluded)—The Pariette threatened species (50 CFR 17.31). continuing downward trend in delta cactus is restricted to clay badlands of Prohibited actions under section 9 smelt abundance indices since a the Wagon Hound member of the Uinta include, but are not limited to, take (i.e., significant decline that occurred in Formation in the Uinta Basin of to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, 2002. The most recent fall midwater northeastern Utah. The species is wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or trawl abundance index is the lowest restricted to one population with an attempt to engage in such activity). For ever recorded—less than one-tenth the overall range of approximately 10 miles plants, prohibited actions under section level it was in 2003. In addition, a 2005 by 5 miles in extent. The species’ entire 9 include removing or reducing to population viability analysis calculated population is within a developed and possession any listed plant from an area a 50-percent likelihood that the species expanding oil and gas field. The under Federal jurisdiction (50 CFR could reach effective extinction (8,000 location of the species’ habitat exposes 17.61). Other protections include those individuals) within 20 years. it to destruction from road, pipeline, under section 7(a)(2) of the Act whereby There are many primary threats to the and well-site construction in connection Federal agencies must insure that any species including: Direct entrainments with oil and gas development. The action they authorize, fund, or carry out by State and Federal water export species may be collected as a specimen is not likely to jeopardize the continued facilities; summer and fall increases in plant for horticultural use. Recreational existence of any endangered or salinity and water clarity, and effects off-road vehicle use and livestock threatened species. from introduced species. Additional trampling are additional potential Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) threats are predation by striped and threats. The species is currently North Cascades ecosystem, Cabinet- largemouth bass and inland silversides, federally listed as threatened by its Yaak, and Selkirk populations (Region entrainment into power plants, previous inclusion within the species 6)—We have not updated the contaminants, and small population Sclerocactus glaucus. Based on current information in our uplisting findings size. Existing regulatory mechanisms information, we are assigning the with regard to the grizzly bear (Ursus have not proven adequate to halt the Pariette cactus the LPN of 6 for uplisting arctos horribilis) populations in the decline of delta smelt since the time of to endangered. The threats are of a high North Cascade, the Cabinet-Yaak, or the listing as a threatened species. magnitude since any one of the threats Selkirk Ecosystems in this notice. As a result of our analysis of the best has the potential to severely affect this Between 1991 and 1999, we issued available scientific and commercial species because it is a narrow endemic warranted-but-precluded findings to information, we have assigned uplisting species with a highly limited range and reclassify grizzly bears as endangered in the delta smelt an LPN of 2, based on distribution, but the threats are not the North Cascades (56 FR 33892, July high magnitude and immediacy of currently ongoing. 24, 1991; 63 FR 30453, June 4, 1998), threats. The magnitude of the threats is Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) within the Cabinet-Yaak (58 FR 8250, February high, because they occur rangewide and the State of New Mexico—In our finding 12, 1993; 64 FR 26725, May 17, 1999), result in mortality or significantly of December 17, 2009 (74 FR 66937), we and the Selkirk Ecosystems (64 FR reduce the reproductive capacity of the determined that lynx in New Mexico 26725, May 17, 1999). species, leading to a relatively high were warranted for listing due to their On April 18, 2007, We initiated a likelihood of extinction. They are presence in the state as a result of the 5-year review to evaluate the current imminent because these threats are Colorado reintroduction effort and we status of grizzly bears in the lower 48 ongoing and, in some cases (e.g., assigned an LPN of 12 to amending the States (72 FR 19549–19551). This status nonnative species), considered listing of lynx to include New Mexico review will fully evaluate the biological irreversible. in the listing. We reconfirm that

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assigning an LPN of 12 is appropriate names in these notices as they become The third column, ‘‘Lead Region,’’ based on nonimminent threats of a low available. We sort plants by scientific identifies the Regional Office to which magnitude to the lynx DPS. Human- name due to the inconsistencies in you should direct information, caused mortality does not occur at a common names, the inclusion of comments, or questions (see addresses level such that it creates a significant vernacular and composite subspecific under Request for Information at the threat to lynx in the contiguous United names, and the fact that many plants end of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION States. The magnitude of threats to the still lack a standardized common name. section). lynx DPS, inclusive of those lynx in Table 1 lists all candidate species, Following the scientific name (fourth New Mexico, is low. The threats occur plus species currently proposed for column) and the family designation infrequently and are nonimminent. We listing under the Act. We emphasize (fifth column) is the common name do not consider lynx in New Mexico to that in this notice we are not proposing (sixth column). The seventh column be essential to the survival or recovery to list any of the candidate species; provides the known historical range for of the DPS. Furthermore, the amount of rather, we will develop and publish the species or vertebrate population (for suitable habitat for lynx in New Mexico proposed listing rules for these species vertebrate populations, this is the is considered negligible relative to the in the future. We encourage State historical range for the entire species or amount of habitat within the listed agencies, other Federal agencies, and subspecies and not just the historical range. Potential impacts to the habitat other parties to give consideration to range for the distinct population have not been documented to threaten these species in environmental segment), indicated by postal code lynx, either in New Mexico or outside planning. abbreviations for States and U.S. of it. The areas outside the currently In Table 1, the ‘‘category’’ column on territories. Many species no longer listed area are not essential to the the left side of the table identifies the occur in all of the areas listed. conservation of the species. The status of each species according to the Species in Table 2 of this notice are majority of lynx habitats within the following codes: those we included either as proposed contiguous United States are already PE—Species proposed for listing as species or as candidates in the previous protected by the Act. Because lynx in endangered. Proposed species are those CNOR (published November 9, 2009) the lower 48 are listed as a DPS, the species for which we have published a that are no longer proposed species or appropriate LPN for this level of proposed rule to list as endangered or candidates for listing. Since November magnitude and immediacy of threats is threatened in the Federal Register. This 9, 2009, we listed 54 species and 12. category does not include species for removed 1 species from candidate status Current Notice of Review which we have withdrawn or finalized for the reason indicated by the code. The first column indicates the present We gather data on plants and animals the proposed rule. status of each species, using the native to the United States that appear PT—Species proposed for listing as following codes (not all of these codes to merit consideration for addition to threatened. may have been used in this CNOR): the Lists of Endangered and Threatened PSAT—Species proposed for listing as Wildlife and Plants. This notice threatened due to similarity of E—Species we listed as endangered. identifies those species that we appearance. T—Species we listed as threatened. currently regard as candidates for C—Candidates: Species for which we Rc—Species we removed from the addition to the Lists. These candidates have on file sufficient information on candidate list because currently include species and subspecies of fish, biological vulnerability and threats to available information does not support wildlife, or plants and DPSs of support proposals to list them as a proposed listing. vertebrate animals. This compilation endangered or threatened. Issuance of Rp—Species we removed from the relies on information from status proposed rules for these species is candidate list because we have surveys conducted for candidate precluded at present by other higher withdrawn the proposed listing. assessment and on information from priority listing actions. This category The second column indicates why we State Natural Heritage Programs, other includes species for which we made a no longer regard the species as a State and Federal agencies, 12-month warranted-but-precluded candidate or proposed species using the knowledgeable scientists, public and finding on a petition to list. We made following codes (not all of these codes private natural resource interests, and new findings on all petitions for which may have been used in this CNOR): comments received in response to we previously made ‘‘warranted-but- A—Species that are more abundant or previous notices of review. precluded’’ findings. We identify the widespread than previously believed Tables 1 and 2 list animals arranged species for which we made a continued and species that are not subject to the alphabetically by common names under warranted-but-precluded finding on a degree of threats sufficient to warrant the major group headings, and list resubmitted petition by the code ‘‘C*’’ in continuing candidate status, or issuing a plants alphabetically by names of the category column (see ‘‘Findings for proposed or final listing. genera, species, and relevant subspecies Petitioned Candidate Species’’ section F—Species whose range no longer and varieties. Animals are grouped by for additional information). includes a U.S. territory. class or order. Plants are subdivided The ‘‘Priority’’ column indicates the I—Species for which we have into two groups: (1) Flowering plants LPN for each candidate species, which insufficient information on biological and (2) ferns and their allies. Useful we use to determine the most vulnerability and threats to support synonyms and subgeneric scientific appropriate use of our available issuance of a proposed rule to list. names appear in parentheses with the resources. The lowest numbers have the L—Species we added to the Lists of synonyms preceded by an ‘‘equals’’ sign. highest priority. We assign LPNs based Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Several species that have not yet been on the immediacy and magnitude of and Plants. formally described in the scientific threats as well as on taxonomic status. M—Species we mistakenly included literature are included; such species are We published a complete description of as candidates or proposed species in the identified by a generic or specific name our listing priority system in the last notice of review. (in italics), followed by ‘‘sp.’’ or ‘‘ssp.’’ Federal Register (48 FR 43098, N—Species that are not listable We incorporate standardized common September 21, 1983). entities based on the Act’s definition of

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‘‘species’’ and current taxonomic identified as having the lead Denver, CO 80225–0486 (303/236– understanding. responsibility for that species. The 7400). U—Species that are not subject to the regional addresses follow: Region 7. Alaska. Regional Director degree of threats sufficient to warrant Region 1. Hawaii, Idaho, Oregon, (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, issuance of a proposed listing or Washington, American Samoa, Guam, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK continuance of candidate status due, in and Commonwealth of the Northern 99503–6199 (907/786–3505). part or totally, to conservation efforts Mariana Islands. Regional Director (TE), Region 8. California and Nevada. that remove or reduce the threats to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Eastside Regional Director (TE), U.S. Fish and species. Federal Complex, 911 NE. 11th Avenue, Wildlife Service, 2800 Cottage Way, X—Species we believe to be extinct. Portland, OR 97232–4181 (503/231– Suite W2606, Sacramento, CA 95825 The columns describing lead region, 6158). (916/414–6464). scientific name, family, common name, Region 2. Arizona, New Mexico, We will provide information received and historical range include information Oklahoma, and Texas. Regional Director in response to the previous CNOR to the as previously described for Table 1. (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 500 Region having lead responsibility for Gold Avenue, SW., Room 4012, Request for Information each candidate species mentioned in the Albuquerque, NM 87102 (505/248– submission. We will likewise consider We request you submit any further 6920). all information provided in response to information on the species named in Region 3. Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, this CNOR in deciding whether to this notice as soon as possible or Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, propose species for listing and when to whenever it becomes available. We are and Wisconsin. Regional Director (TE), undertake necessary listing actions particularly interested in any U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bishop (including whether emergency listing information: Henry Whipple Federal Building, One pursuant to section 4(b)(7) of the Act is (1) Indicating that we should add a Federal Drive, Fort Snelling, MN 55111– appropriate). Information and comments species to the list of candidate species; 4056 (612/713–5334). we receive will become part of the (2) Indicating that we should remove Region 4. Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, administrative record for the species, a species from candidate status; Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, which we maintain at the appropriate (3) Recommending areas that we Mississippi, North Carolina, South Regional Office. should designate as critical habitat for a Carolina, Tennessee, Puerto Rico, and Before including your address, phone species, or indicating that designation of the U.S. Virgin Islands. Regional number, e-mail address, or other critical habitat would not be prudent for Director (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife personal identifying information in your a species; Service, 1875 Century Boulevard, Suite submission, be advised that your entire (4) Documenting threats to any of the 200, Atlanta, GA 30345 (404/679–4156). submission—including your personal included species; Region 5. Connecticut, Delaware, identifying information—may be made (5) Describing the immediacy or District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, publicly available at any time. Although magnitude of threats facing candidate Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New you can ask us in your submission to species; Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode withhold from public review your (6) Pointing out taxonomic or Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West personal indentifying information, we nomenclature changes for any of the Virginia. Regional Director (TE), U.S. cannot guarantee that we will be able to species; Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Westgate do so. (7) Suggesting appropriate common Center Drive, Hadley, MA 01035–9589 names; and (413/253–8615). Authority: This notice is published under (8) Noting any mistakes, such as Region 6. Colorado, Kansas, Montana, the authority of the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). errors in the indicated historical ranges. Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Submit information, materials, or Utah, and Wyoming. Regional Director Dated: October 22, 2010. comments regarding a particular species (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rowan W. Gould, to the Regional Director of the Region P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.

TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS) [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

MAMMALS: C* ...... 2 R4 Eumops floridanus ..... Molossidae ...... Bat, Florida bonneted U.S.A. (FL). C* ...... 3 R1 Emballonura Emballonuridae ...... Bat, Pacific sheath- U.S.A. (GU, CNMI). semicaudata tailed (Mariana Is- rotensis. lands subspecies). C* ...... 3 R1 Emballonura Emballonuridae ...... Bat, Pacific sheath- U.S.A. (AS), Fiji, Inde- semicaudata tailed (American pendent Samoa, semicaudata. Samoa DPS). Tonga, Vanuatu. C* ...... 2 R5 Sylvilagus Leporidae ...... Cottontail, New Eng- U.S.A. (CT, MA, ME, transitionalis. land. NH, NY, RI, VT).

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C* ...... 6 R8 Martes pennanti ...... Mustelidae ...... Fisher (west coast U.S.A. (CA, CT, IA, DPS). ID, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MT, ND, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, TN, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY), Canada. C* ...... 3 R2 Zapus hudsonius Zapodidae ...... Mouse, New Mexico U.S.A. (AZ, CO, NM). luteus. meadow jumping. C* ...... 3 R1 Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, U.S.A. (WA). couchi. Shelton. C ...... 3 R1 Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Brush U.S.A. (WA). douglasii. Prairie. C* ...... 3 R1 Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Roy U.S.A. (WA). glacialis. Prairie. C* ...... 3 R1 Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, U.S.A. (WA). louiei. Cathlamet. C* ...... 3 R1 Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Olym- U.S.A. (WA). melanops. pic. C* ...... 3 R1 Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Olym- U.S.A. (WA). pugetensis. pia. C* ...... 3 R1 Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Ta- U.S.A. (WA). tacomensis. coma. C* ...... 3 R1 Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Tenino U.S.A. (WA). tumuli. C* ...... 3 R1 Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Yelm U.S.A. (WA). yelmensis. C* ...... 3 R6 Cynomys gunnisoni ... Sciuridae ...... Prairie dog, Gunni- U.S.A. (CO, NM). son’s (central and south-central Colo- rado, north-central New Mexico SPR). C* ...... 9 R1 Spermophilus Sciuridae ...... Squirrel, Southern U.S.A. (ID). brunneus Idaho ground. endemicus. C* ...... 5 R1 Spermophilus Sciuridae ...... Squirrel, Washington U.S.A. (WA, OR). washingtoni. ground. BIRDS: C* ...... 3 R1 Porzana tabuensis ..... Rallidae ...... Crake, spotless U.S.A. (AS), Australia, (American Samoa Fiji, Independent DPS). Samoa, Marquesas, Philippines, Society Islands, Tonga. C* ...... 3 R8 Coccyzus americanus Cuculidae ...... Cuckoo, yellow-billed U.S.A. (Lower 48 (Western U.S. DPS). States), Canada, Mexico, Central and South America. C* ...... 9 R1 Gallicolumba stairi ..... Columbidae ...... Ground-dove, friendly U.S.A. (AS), Inde- (American Samoa pendent Samoa. DPS). C* ...... 3 R1 Eremophila alpestris Alaudidae ...... Horned lark, streaked U.S.A. (OR, WA), strigata. Canada (BC). C* ...... 3 R5 Calidris canutus rufa .. Scolopacidae ...... Knot, red ...... U.S.A. (Atlantic coast), Canada, South America. C* ...... 8 R7 Gavia adamsii ...... Gaviidae ...... Loon, yellow-billed ..... U.S.A. (AK), Canada, Norway, Russia, coastal waters of southern Pacific and North Sea. C* ...... 2 R7 Brachyramphus Alcidae ...... Murrelet, Kittlitz’s ...... U.S.A. (AK), Russia. brevirostris. C* ...... 5 R8 Synthliboramphus Alcidae ...... Murrelet, Xantus’s ...... U.S.A. (CA), Mexico. hypoleucus.

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C* ...... 2 R6 Anthus spragueii ...... Motacillidae ...... Pipit, Sprauge’s ...... U.S.A. (AL, AR, AZ, CA, GA, LA, MA, MI, MN, MS, MT, ND, OH, OK, SC, SD, TX), Canada, Mexico. PT ...... — R6 Charadrius montanus Charadriidae ...... Plover, mountain ...... U.S.A. (AZ, CA, CO, KS, MT, ND, NE, NM, NN, OK, SD, TX, UT, WY), Can- ada (AB, SK), Mex- ico. C* ...... 2 R2 Tympanuchus Phasianidae ...... Prairie-chicken, lesser U.S.A. (CO, KA, NM, pallidicinctus. OK, TX). C* ...... 8 R6 Centrocercus Phasianidae ...... Sage-grouse, greater U.S.A. (AZ, CA, CO, urophasianus. ID, MT, ND, NE, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY), Canada (AB, BC, SK). C* ...... 3 R8 Centrocercus Phasianidae ...... Sage-grouse, greater U.S.A. (AZ, CA, CO, urophasianus. (Bi-State DPS). ID, MT, ND, NE, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY), Canada (AB, BC, SK). C* ...... 6 R1 Centrocercus Phasianidae ...... Sage-grouse, greater U.S.A. (AZ, CA, CO, urophasianus. (Columbia Basin ID, MT, ND, NE, DPS). NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY), Canada (AB, BC, SK). C* ...... 2 R6 Centrocercus minimus Phasianidae ...... Sage-grouse, Gunni- U.S.A. (AZ, CO, NM, son. UT). C* ...... 3 R1 Oceanodroma castro Hydrobatidae ...... Storm-petrel, band- U.S.A. (HI), Atlantic rumped (Hawaii Ocean, Ecuador DPS). (Galapagos Is- lands), Japan. C* ...... 11 R4 Dendroica angelae ..... Emberizidae ...... Warbler, elfin-woods .. U.S.A. (PR). REPTILES: C* ...... 3 R2 Thamnophis eques Colubridae ...... Gartersnake, northern U.S.A. (AZ, NM, NV), megalops. Mexican. Mexico. C* ...... 2 R2 Sceloporus arenicolus Iguanidae ...... Lizard, sand dune ...... U.S.A. (TX, NM). C* ...... 9 R3 Sistrurus catenatus Viperidae ...... Massasauga U.S.A. (IA, IL, IN, MI, catenatus. (=rattlesnake), east- MO, MN, NY, OH, ern. PA, WI), Canada. C* ...... 3 R4 Pituophis Colubridae ...... Snake, black pine ...... U.S.A. (AL, LA, MS). melanoleucus lodingi. C* ...... 5 R4 Pituophis ruthveni ...... Colubridae ...... Snake, Louisiana pine U.S.A. (LA, TX). C* ...... 3 R2 Chionactis occipitalis Colubridae ...... Snake, Tucson shov- U.S.A. (AZ). klauberi. el-nosed. C* ...... 3 R2 Kinosternon Kinosternidae ...... Turtle, Sonoyta mud .. U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico. sonoriense longifemorale. AMPHIBIANS: C* ...... 9 R8 Rana luteiventris ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, Columbia spot- U.S.A. (AK, ID, MT, ted (Great Basin NV, OR, UT, WA, DPS). WY), Canada (BC). C* ...... 3 R8 Rana muscosa ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, mountain yel- U.S.A. (CA, NV). low-legged (Sierra Nevada DPS). C* ...... 2 R1 Rana pretiosa ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, Oregon spotted U.S.A. (CA, OR, WA), Canada (BC). C* ...... 11 R8 Lithobates onca ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, relict leopard ..... U.S.A. (AZ, NV, UT). PE ...... 3 R3 Cryptobranchus Crytobranchidae ...... Hellbender, Ozark ...... U.S.A. (AR, MO). alleganiensis bishopi. C* ...... 2 R2 Eurycea waterlooensis Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, Austin U.S.A. (TX). blind.

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C* ...... 8 R2 Eurycea naufragia ...... Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, George- U.S.A. (TX). town. C* ...... 2 R2 Plethodon Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, Jemez U.S.A. (NM). neomexicanus. Mountains. C* ...... 8 R2 Eurycea tonkawae ..... Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, Jollyville U.S.A. (TX). Plateau. C* ...... 2 R2 Eurycea Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, Salado .. U.S.A. (TX). chisholmensis. C* ...... 11 R8 Bufo canorus ...... Bufonidae ...... Toad, Yosemite ...... U.S.A. (CA). C ...... 3 R2 Hyla wrightorum ...... Hylidae ...... Treefrog, Arizona U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico (Huachuca/Canelo (Sonora). DPS). C* ...... 8 R4 Necturus alabamensis Proteidae ...... Waterdog, black war- U.S.A. (AL). rior (=Sipsey Fork). FISHES: C* ...... 8 R2 Gila nigra ...... Cyprinidae ...... Chub, headwater ...... U.S.A. (AZ, NM). C* ...... 7 R6 Iotichthys Cyprinidae ...... Chub, least ...... U.S.A. (UT). phlegethontis. C* ...... 9 R2 Gila robusta ...... Cyprinidae ...... Chub, roundtail U.S.A. (AZ, CO, NM, (Lower Colorado UT, WY). River Basin DPS). PE ...... 5 R4 Phoxinus saylori ...... Cyprinidae ...... Dace, laurel ...... U.S.A. (TN). C* ...... 11 R6 Etheostoma cragini .... Percidae ...... Darter, Arkansas ...... U.S.A. (AR, CO, KS, MO, OK). PE ...... 5 R4 Etheostoma susanae Percidae ...... Darter, Cumberland ... U.S.A. (KY, TN). C ...... 2 R5 Crystallaria cincotta ... Percidae ...... Darter, diamond ...... U.S.A. (KY, OH, TN, WV). C ...... 3 R4 Etheostoma sagitta Percidae ...... Darter, Kentucky U.S.A. (KY). spilotum. arrow. C* ...... 8 R4 Percina aurora ...... Percidae ...... Darter, Pearl ...... U.S.A. (LA, MS). PE ...... 2 R4 Etheostoma Percidae ...... Darter, rush ...... U.S.A. (AL). phytophilum. PE ...... 2 R4 Etheostoma moorei .... Percidae ...... Darter, yellowcheek ... U.S.A. (AR). C* ...... 3 R6 Thymallus arcticus ..... Salmonidae ...... Grayling, Arctic (upper U.S.A. (AK, MI, MT, Missouri River DPS). WY), Canada, northern Asia, northern Europe. PE ...... 2 R4 Noturus crypticus ...... Ictaluridae ...... Madtom, chucky ...... U.S.A. (TN). C ...... 5 R4 Moxostoma sp ...... Catostomidae ...... Redhorse, sicklefin .... U.S.A. (GA, NC, TN). C* ...... 2 R3 Cottus sp ...... Cottidae ...... Sculpin, grotto ...... U.S.A. (MO). C* ...... 5 R2 Notropis oxyrhynchus Cyprinidae ...... Shiner, sharpnose ...... U.S.A. (TX). C* ...... 5 R2 Notropis buccula ...... Cyprinidae ...... Shiner, smalleye ...... U.S.A. (TX). C* ...... 3 R2 Catostomus Catostomidae ...... Sucker, Zuni bluehead U.S.A. (AZ, NM). discobolus yarrowi. PSAT ...... N/A R1 Salvelinus malma ...... Salmonidae ...... Trout, Dolly Varden .... U.S.A. (AK, WA), Canada, East Asia. C* ...... 9 R2 Oncorhynchus clarki Salmonidae ...... Trout, Rio Grande cut- U.S.A. (CO, NM). virginalis. throat. CLAMS: C ...... 5 R4 Villosa choctawensis .. Unionidae ...... Bean, Choctaw ...... U.S.A. (AL, FL). PE ...... 2 R3 Villosa fabalis ...... Unionidae ...... Bean, rayed ...... U.S.A. (IL, IN, KY, MI, NY, OH, TN, PA, VA, WV), Canada (ON). C ...... 2 R4 Fusconaia rotulata ..... Unionidae ...... Ebonyshell, round ...... U.S.A. (AL, FL). C* ...... 8 R2 Popenaias popei ...... Unionidae ...... Hornshell, Texas ...... U.S.A. (NM, TX), Mex- ico. C* ...... 2 R4 Ptychobranchus Unionidae ...... Kidneyshell, fluted ...... U.S.A. (AL, KY, TN, subtentum. VA). C ...... 2 R4 Ptychobranchus jonesi Unionidae ...... Kidneyshell, southern U.S.A. (AL, FL). C* ...... 2 R4 Lampsilis Unionidae ...... Mucket, Neosho ...... U.S.A. (AR, KS, MO, rafinesqueana. OK). C ...... 2 R3 Plethobasus cyphyus Unionidae ...... Mussel, sheepnose .... U.S.A. (AL, IA, IL, IN, KY, MN, MO, MS, OH, PA, TN, VA, WI, WV). C* ...... 2 R4 Margaritifera Margaritiferidae ...... Pearlshell, Alabama ... U.S.A. (AL). marrianae.

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C* ...... 2 R4 Lexingtonia Unionidae ...... Pearlymussel, U.S.A. (AL, KY, TN, dolabelloides. slabside. VA). C ...... 5 R4 Pleurobema Unionidae ...... Pigtoe, fuzzy ...... U.S.A. (AL, FL). strodeanum. C ...... 5 R4 Fusconaia escambia .. Unionidae ...... Pigtoe, narrow ...... U.S.A. (AL, FL). C ...... 11 R4 Fusconaia Unionidae ...... Pigtoe, tapered ...... U.S.A. (AL, FL). (=Quincuncina) burkei. C ...... 9 R4 Quadrula cylindrica Unionidae ...... Rabbitsfoot ...... U.S.A. (AL, AR, GA, cylindrica. IN, IL, KS, KY, LA, MS, MO, OK, OH, PA, TN, WV). C ...... 5 R4 Hamiota (=Lampsilis) Unionidae ...... Sandshell, southern ... U.S.A. (AL, FL). australis. PE ...... – R3 Epioblasma triquetra .. Unionidae ...... Snuffbox ...... U.S.A. (IN, MI, NY, OH, PA, WV), Can- ada (ON). C ...... 4 R3 Cumberlandia Margaritiferidae ...... Spectaclecase ...... U.S.A. (AL, AR, IA, monodonta. IN, IL, KS, KY, MO, MN, NE, OH, TN, VA, WI, WV). PE ...... 2 R4 Elliptio spinosa ...... Unionidae ...... Spinymussel, Alta- U.S.A. (GA). maha. SNAILS: C ...... 8 R4 Elimia melanoides ...... Pleuroceridae ...... Mudalia, black ...... U.S.A. (AL). C* ...... 2 R1 Ostodes strigatus ...... Potaridae ...... Sisi snail ...... U.S.A. (AS). C* ...... 2 R2 Pseudotryonia Hydrobiidae ...... Snail, Diamond Y U.S.A. (TX). adamantina. Spring. C* ...... 2 R1 Samoana fragilis ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, fragile tree ...... U.S.A. (GU, MP). C* ...... 2 R1 Partula radiolata ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, Guam tree ...... U.S.A. (GU). C* ...... 2 R1 Partula gibba ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, Humped tree .... U.S.A. (GU, MP). C* ...... 2 R1 Partulina semicarinata Achatinellidae ...... Snail, Lanai tree ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Partulina variabilis ...... Achatinellidae ...... Snail, Lanai tree ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Partula langfordi ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, Langford’s tree U.S.A. (MP). C* ...... 2 R2 Cochliopa texana ...... Hydrobiidae ...... Snail, Phantom cave .. U.S.A. (TX). C* ...... 2 R1 Newcombia cumingi ... Achatinellidae ...... Snail, Newcomb’s tree U.S.A. (Hl). C* ...... 2 R1 Eua zebrina ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, Tutuila tree ...... U.S.A. (AS). C* ...... 2 R2 Pyrgulopsis Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, U.S.A. (NM). chupaderae. Chupadera. C* ...... 11 R8 Pyrgulopsis notidicola Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, elongate U.S.A. (NV). mud meadows. C* ...... 11 R2 Pyrgulopsis gilae ...... Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, Gila ...... U.S.A. (NM). C* ...... 2 R2 Tryonia circumstriata Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, Gonzales U.S.A. (TX). (=stocktonensis). C* ...... 8 R2 Pyrgulopsis thompsoni Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, Huachuca U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico. C* ...... 11 R2 Pyrgulopsis thermalis Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, New Mex- U.S.A. (NM). ico. C* ...... 8 R2 Pyrgulopsis morrisoni Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, Page ...... U.S.A. (AZ). C* ...... 2 R2 Tryonia cheatumi ...... Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail (=Tryonia), U.S.A. (TX). Phantom. C ...... 2 R2 Pyrgulopsis Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, San U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico bernardina. Bernardino. (Sonora). C* ...... 2 R2 Pyrgulopsis trivialis .... Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, Three U.S.A. (AZ). Forks. C* ...... 5 R2 Sonorella Helminthoglyptidae .... Talussnail, Rosemont U.S.A. (AZ). rosemontensis. INSECTS: C* ...... 8 R1 Nysius wekiuicola ...... Lygaeidae ...... Bug, Wekiu ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 3 R4 Strymon acis bartrami ...... Butterfly, Bartram’s U.S.A. (FL). hairstreak. C ...... 3 R4 Anaea troglodyta Nymphalidae ...... Butterfly, Florida U.S.A. (FL). floridalis. leafwing. C* ...... 3 R1 Hypolimnas octucula Nymphalidae ...... Butterfly, Mariana U.S.A. (GU, MP). mariannensis. eight-spot. C* ...... 2 R1 Vagrans egistina ...... Nymphalidae ...... Butterfly, Mariana U.S.A. (GU, MP). wandering. C* ...... 3 R4 Cyclargus thomasi Lycaenidae ...... Butterfly, Miami blue .. U.S.A. (FL), Bahamas. bethunebakeri.

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C* ...... 5 R4 Glyphopsyche Limnephilidae ...... Caddisfly, Sequatchie U.S.A. (TN). sequatchie. C ...... 5 R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Baker U.S.A. (TN). insularis. Station (= insular). C* ...... 5 R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Clifton ... U.S.A. (KY). caecus. C ...... 11 R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Coleman U.S.A. (TN). colemanensis. C ...... 5 R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Fowler’s U.S.A. (TN). fowlerae. C* ...... 5 R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, icebox ... U.S.A. (KY). frigidus. C ...... 5 R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Indian U.S.A. (TN). tiresias. Grave Point (= Soothsayer). C* ...... 5 R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, inquirer U.S.A. (TN). inquisitor. C* ...... 5 R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Louisville U.S.A. (KY). troglodytes. C ...... 5 R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Noblett’s U.S.A. (TN). paulus. C* ...... 5 R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Tatum ... U.S.A. (KY). parvus. C* ...... 3 R1 Euphydryas editha Nymphalidae ...... Checkerspot butterfly, U.S.A. (OR, WA), taylori. Taylor’s (= Whulge). Canada (BC). C* ...... 9 R1 Megalagrion Coenagrionidae ...... Damselfly, blackline U.S.A. (HI). nigrohamatum Hawaiian. nigrolineatum. C* ...... 2 R1 Megalagrion Coenagrionidae ...... Damselfly, crimson U.S.A. (HI). leptodemas. Hawaiian. C* ...... 2 R1 Megalagrion Coenagrionidae ...... Damselfly, oceanic U.S.A. (HI). oceanicum. Hawaiian. C* ...... 8 R1 Megalagrion Coenagrionidae ...... Damselfly, U.S.A. (HI). xanthomelas. orangeblack Hawai- ian. PE ...... 2 R8 Dinacoma caseyi ...... Scarabidae ...... June beetle, Casey’s U.S.A. (CA). C ...... 5 R8 Ambrysus funebris ..... Naucoridae ...... Naucorid bug U.S.A. (CA). (=Furnace Creek), Nevares Spring. C* ...... 2 R1 Drosophila digressa ... Drosophilidae ...... fly, Hawaiian Picture- U.S.A. (HI). wing. C* ...... 8 R2 Heterelmis stephani ... Elmidae ...... Riffle beetle, U.S.A. (AZ). Stephan’s. C* ...... 8 R3 Hesperia dacotae ...... Hesperiidae ...... Skipper, Dakota ...... U.S.A. (MN, IA, SD, ND, IL), Canada. C* ...... 8 R1 Polites mardon ...... Hesperiidae ...... Skipper, Mardon ...... U.S.A. (CA, OR, WA). C* ...... 2 R6 Cicindela albissima .... Cicindelidae ...... Tiger beetle, Coral U.S.A. (UT). Pink Sand Dunes. C* ...... 5 R4 Cicindela Cicindelidae ...... Tiger beetle, high- U.S.A. (FL). highlandensis. lands. ARACHNIDS: C* ...... 2 R2 Cicurina wartoni ...... Dictynidae ...... Meshweaver, War- U.S.A. (TX). ton’s cave. CRUSTACEANS: C ...... 2 R2 Gammarus Gammaridae ...... Amphipod, diminutive U.S.A. (TX). hyalleloides. C ...... 8 R5 Stygobromus kenki .... Crangonyctidae ...... Amphipod, Kenk’s ...... U.S.A. (DC, MD). C* ...... 5 R1 Metabetaeus lohena .. Alpheidae ...... Shrimp, anchialine U.S.A. (HI). pool. C* ...... 5 R1 Palaemonella burnsi .. Palaemonidae ...... Shrimp, anchialine U.S.A. (HI). pool. C* ...... 5 R1 Procaris hawaiana ..... Procarididae ...... Shrimp, anchialine U.S.A. (HI). pool. C* ...... 4 R1 Vetericaris chaceorum Procaridae ...... Shrimp, anchialine U.S.A. (HI). pool. FLOWERING PLANTS: C* ...... 11 R8 Abronia alpina ...... Nyctaginaceae ...... Sand-verbena, U.S.A. (CA). Ramshaw Meadows.

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C* ...... 8 R4 Agave eggersiana ...... Agavaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (VI). C* ...... 8 R4 Arabis georgiana ...... Brassicaceae ...... Rockcress, Georgia ... U.S.A. (AL, GA). C* ...... 11 R4 Argythamnia blodgettii Euphorbiaceae ...... Silverbush, Blodgett’s U.S.A. (FL). C* ...... 3 R1 Artemisia campestris Asteraceae ...... Wormwood, northern U.S.A. (OR, WA). var. wormskioldii. C* ...... 5 R1 Astragalus anserinus Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, Goose U.S.A. (ID, NV, UT). Creek. C ...... 3 R1 Astragalus cusickii Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, Packard’s .. U.S.A. (ID). var. packardiae. C* ...... 11 R6 Astragalus tortipes ..... Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, Sleeping U.S.A. (CO). Ute. C* ...... 2 R1 Bidens amplectens .... Asteraceae ...... Ko‘oko‘olau ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 3 R1 Bidens campylotheca Asteraceae ...... Ko‘oko‘olau ...... U.S.A. (HI). pentamera. C* ...... 3 R1 Bidens campylotheca Asteraceae ...... Ko‘oko‘olau ...... U.S.A. (HI). waihoiensis. C* ...... 8 R1 Bidens conjuncta ...... Asteraceae ...... Ko‘oko‘olau ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 3 R1 Bidens micrantha Asteraceae ...... Ko‘oko‘olau ...... U.S.A. (HI). ctenophylla. C* ...... 8 R4 Brickellia mosieri ...... Asteraceae ...... Brickell-bush, Florida U.S.A. (FL). C* ...... 2 R1 Calamagrostis Poaceae ...... Reedgrass, Maui ...... U.S.A. (HI). expansa. C* ...... 2 R1 Calamagrostis Poaceae ...... Reedgrass, U.S.A. (HI). hillebrandii. Hillebrand’s. C* ...... 5 R8 Calochortus Liliaceae ...... Mariposa lily, Siskiyou U.S.A. (CA, OR). persistens. C* ...... 2 R1 Canavalia pubescens Fabaceae ...... ‘Awikiwiki ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 8 R1 Castilleja christii ...... Scrophulariaceae ...... Paintbrush, Christ’s .... U.S.A. (ID). C* ...... 9 R4 Chamaecrista lineata Fabaceae ...... Pea, Big Pine par- U.S.A. (FL). var. keyensis. tridge. C* ...... 12 R4 Chamaesyce Euphorbiaceae ...... Sandmat, pineland ..... U.S.A. (FL). deltoidea pinetorum. C* ...... 9 R4 Chamaesyce Euphorbiaceae ...... Spurge, wedge ...... U.S.A. (FL). deltoidea serpyllum. C* ...... 6 R8 Chorizanthe parryi Polygonaceae ...... Spineflower, San Fer- U.S.A. (CA). var. fernandina. nando Valley. C* ...... 2 R4 Chromolaena frustrata Asteraceae ...... Thoroughwort, Cape U.S.A. (FL). Sable. C* ...... 2 R4 Consolea corallicola ... Cactaceae ...... Cactus, Florida sema- U.S.A. (FL). phore. C* ...... 5 R4 Cordia rupicola ...... Boraginaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (PR), Anegada. C* ...... 2 R1 Cyanea asplenifolia ... ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Cyanea calycina ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Cyanea kunthiana ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Cyanea lanceolata ..... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Cyanea obtusa ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Cyanea tritomantha ... Campanulaceae ...... ‘Aku ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Cyrtandra filipes ...... ...... Ha‘iwale ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Cyrtandra kaulantha .. Gesneriaceae ...... Ha‘iwale ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Cyrtandra oxybapha .. Gesneriaceae ...... Ha‘iwale ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Cyrtandra sessilis ...... Gesneriaceae ...... Ha‘iwale ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 3 R4 Dalea carthagenensis Fabaceae ...... Prairie-clover, Florida U.S.A. (FL). var. floridana. C* ...... 5 R5 Dichanthelium hirstii ... Poaceae ...... Panic grass, Hirsts’ .... U.S.A. (DE, GA, NC, NJ). C* ...... 5 R4 Digitaria pauciflora ..... Poaceae ...... Crabgrass, Florida U.S.A. (FL). pineland. C* ...... 3 R2 Echinomastus Cactaceae ...... Cactus, Acuna ...... U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico. erectocentrus var. acunensis. C* ...... 8 R2 Erigeron lemmonii ...... Asteraceae ...... Fleabane, Lemmon .... U.S.A. (AZ). C* ...... 2 R1 Eriogonum codium ..... Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Umtanum U.S.A. (WA). Desert. C* ...... 6 R8 Eriogonum Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Las U.S.A. (NV). corymbosum var. Vegas. nilesii. C ...... 5 R8 Eriogonum Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Churchill U.S.A. (NV). diatomaceum. Narrows.

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C* ...... 5 R8 Eriogonum kelloggii ... Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Red U.S.A. (CA). Mountain. C* ...... 2 R1 Festuca hawaiiensis .. Poaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 11 R2 Festuca ligulata ...... Poaceae ...... Fescue, Guadalupe ... U.S.A. (TX), Mexico. C* ...... 2 R1 Gardenia remyi ...... Rubiaceae ...... Nanu ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 8 R1 Geranium hanaense .. Geraniaceae ...... Nohoanu ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 8 R1 Geranium hillebrandii Geraniaceae ...... Nohoanu ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 5 R4 Gonocalyx concolor ... Ericaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (PR). C ...... 2 R4 Harrisia aboriginum .... Cactaceae ...... Pricklyapple, aborigi- U.S.A. (FL). nal (shellmound applecactus). C* ...... 5 R8 Hazardia orcuttii ...... Asteraceae ...... Orcutt’s hazardia ...... U.S.A. (CA), Mexico. C* ...... 2 R1 Hedyotis fluviatilis ...... Rubiaceae ...... Kampua‘a ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 8 R4 Helianthus verticillatus Asteraceae ...... Sunflower, whorled .... U.S.A. (AL, GA, TN). C* ...... 2 R2 Hibiscus dasycalyx .... Malvaceae ...... Rose-mallow, Neches U.S.A. (TX). River. PE ...... 2 R6 Ipomopsis polyantha .. Polemoniaceae ...... Skyrocket, Pagosa ..... U.S.A. (CO). C* ...... 5 R8 Ivesia webberi ...... Rosaceae ...... Ivesia, Webber ...... U.S.A. (CA, NV). C* ...... 3 R1 Joinvillea ascendens Joinvilleaceae ...... ‘Ohe ...... U.S.A. (HI). ascendens. C* ...... 2 R1 Korthalsella degeneri Viscaceae ...... Hulumoa ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 5 R4 Leavenworthia crassa Brassicaceae ...... Gladecress, unnamed U.S.A. (AL). C ...... 3 R4 Leavenworthia exigua Brassicaceae ...... Gladecress, Kentucky U.S.A. (KY). var. laciniata. C* ...... 2 R2 Leavenworthia texana Brassicaceae ...... Gladecress, Texas U.S.A. (TX). golden. C* ...... 8 R4 Lesquerella globosa ... Brassicaceae ...... Bladderpod, Short’s ... U.S.A. (IN, KY, TN). C* ...... 5 R4 Linum arenicola ...... Linaceae ...... Flax, sand ...... U.S.A. (FL). C* ...... 3 R4 Linum carteri var. Linaceae ...... Flax, Carter’s small- U.S.A. (FL). carteri. flowered. C* ...... 2 R1 Melicope Rutaceae ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI). christophersenii. C* ...... 2 R1 Melicope hiiakae ...... Rutaceae ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Melicope makahae ..... Rutaceae ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 3 R8 Mimulus fremontii var. Phrymaceae ...... Monkeyflower, Van- U.S.A. (CA). vandenbergensis. denberg. C* ...... 2 R1 Myrsine fosbergii ...... Myrsinaceae ...... Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Myrsine vaccinioides .. Myrsinaceae ...... Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 8 R5 Narthecium Liliaceae ...... Asphodel, bog ...... U.S.A. (DE, NC, NJ, americanum. NY, SC). C* ...... 2 R1 Nothocestrum Solanaceae ...... ‘Aiea ...... U.S.A. (HI). latifolium. C* ...... 2 R1 Ochrosia haleakalae .. Apocynaceae ...... Holei ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 3 R2 Pediocactus Cactaceae ...... Cactus, Fickeisen U.S.A. (AZ). peeblesianus var. plains. fickeiseniae. PT ...... 2 R6 Penstemon debilis ..... Scrophulariaceae ...... Beardtongue, Para- U.S.A. (CO). chute. C* ...... 9 R6 Penstemon scariosus Scrophulariaceae ...... Beardtongue, White U.S.A. (CO, UT). var. albifluvis. River. C* ...... 2 R1 Peperomia Piperaceae ...... ‘Ala ‘ala wai nui ...... U.S.A. (HI). subpetiolata. C ...... 5 R8 Phacelia stellaris ...... Hydrophyllaceae ...... Phacelia, Brand’s ...... U.S.A. (CA), Mexico. PT ...... 8 R6 Phacelia submutica .... Hydrophyllaceae ...... Phacelia, DeBeque .... U.S.A. (CO). C* ...... 2 R1 Phyllostegia bracteata Lamiaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 8 R1 Phyllostegia floribunda Lamiaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 9 R1 Physaria douglasii Brassicaceae ...... Bladderpod, White U.S.A. (WA). tuplashensis. Bluffs. C* ...... 8 R4 Platanthera Orchidaceae ...... Orchid, white U.S.A. (AL, GA, KY, integrilabia. fringeless. MS, NC, SC, TN, VA). C* ...... 3 R1 Platydesma cornuta Rutaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (HI). var. cornuta. C* ...... 3 R1 Platydesma cornuta Rutaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (HI). var. decurrens. C* ...... 2 R1 Platydesma remyi ...... Rutaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 2 R1 Pleomele fernaldii ...... Agavaceae ...... Hala pepe ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Pleomele forbesii ...... Agavaceae ...... Hala pepe ...... U.S.A. (HI).

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C* ...... 11 R8 Potentilla basaltica ..... Rosaceae ...... Cinquefoil, Soldier U.S.A. (NV). Meadow. C* ...... 3 R1 Pseudognaphalium Asteraceae ...... ‘Ena‘ena ...... U.S.A. (HI). (=Gnaphalium) sandwicensium var. molokaiense. C* ...... 3 R1 Psychotria hexandra Rubiaceae ...... Kopiko ...... U.S.A. (HI). ssp. oahuensis var. oahuensis. C* ...... 2 R1 Pteralyxia macrocarpa Apocynaceae ...... Kaulu ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Ranunculus Ranunculaceae ...... Makou ...... U.S.A. (HI). hawaiensis. C* ...... 2 R1 Ranunculus mauiensis Ranunculaceae ...... Makou ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 8 R8 Rorippa subumbellata Brassicaceae ...... Cress, Tahoe yellow .. U.S.A. (CA, NV). C* ...... 2 R1 Schiedea pubescens Caryophyllaceae ...... Ma‘oli‘oli ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Schiedea salicaria ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 5 R8 Sedum eastwoodiae .. Crassulaceae ...... Stonecrop, Red Moun- U.S.A. (CA). tain. C* ...... 2 R1 Sicyos macrophyllus .. Cucurbitaceae ...... ‘Anunu ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 12 R4 Sideroxylon reclinatum Sapotaceae ...... Bully, Everglades ...... U.S.A. (FL). austrofloridense. C* ...... 8 R1 Solanum nelsonii ...... Solanaceae ...... Popolo ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 8 R4 Solidago plumosa ...... Asteraceae ...... Goldenrod, Yadkin U.S.A. (NC). River. C* ...... 2 R2 Sphaeralcea gierischii Malvaceae ...... Mallow, Gierisch ...... U.S.A. (AZ, UT). C* ...... 2 R1 Stenogyne cranwelliae Lamiaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 8 R4 Symphyotrichum Asteraceae ...... Aster, Georgia ...... U.S.A. (AL, FL, GA, georgianum. NC, SC). C* ...... 2 R1 Zanthoxylum Rutaceae ...... A‘e ...... U.S.A. (HI). oahuense. FERNS AND ALLIES: C* ...... 8 R1 Christella boydiae (= Thelypteridaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (HI). Cyclosorus boydiae var. boydiae + Cyclosorus boydiae kipahuluensis). C* ...... 2 R1 Doryopteris takeuchii Pteridaceae ...... No common name ..... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 R1 Huperzia (= ...... Wawae‘iole ...... U.S.A. (HI). ) stemmermanniae. C* ...... 3 R1 Microlepia strigosa Dennstaedtiaceae ...... Palapalai ...... U.S.A. (HI). var. mauiensis (= Microlepia mauiensis). C ...... 3 R4 Trichomanes Hymenophyllaceae .... Florida bristle fern ...... U.S.A. (FL). punctatum floridanum.

TABLE 2—ANIMALS AND PLANTS FORMERLY CANDIDATES OR FORMERLY PROPOSED FOR LISTING [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Code Expl. region

MAMMALS: Rc ...... A, U R8 Xerospermophilus Sciuridae ...... Squirrel, Palm Springs U.S.A. (CA). tereticaudus chlorus. (= Coachella Valley) round-tailed ground. BIRDS: E ...... L R1 Loxops caeruleirostris Fringillidae ...... Akekee U.S.A. (HI). (honeycreeper). E ...... L R1 Oreomystis bairdi ...... Fringillidae ...... Akikiki (Kauai creeper) U.S.A. (HI). CLAMS: E ...... L R4 Pleurobema Unionidae ...... Pigtoe, Georgia ...... U.S.A. (AL, GA, TN). hanleyianum. SNAILS:

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TABLE 2—ANIMALS AND PLANTS FORMERLY CANDIDATES OR FORMERLY PROPOSED FOR LISTING—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Code Expl. region

E ...... L R4 Pleurocera foremani ... Pleuroceridae ...... Hornsnail, rough ...... U.S.A. (AL). E ...... L R4 Leptoxis foremani (= Pleuroceridae ...... Rocksnail, Interrupted U.S.A. (GA, AL). downei). (= Georgia). INSECTS: E ...... L R1 Megalagrion nesiotes Coenagrionidae ...... Damselfly, flying U.S.A. (HI). earwig Hawaiian. E ...... L R1 Megalagrion pacificum Coenagrionidae ...... Damselfly, Pacific Ha- U.S.A. (HI). waiian. E ...... L R1 Drosophila attigua ...... Drosophilidae ...... Fly, Hawaiian picture- U.S.A. (HI). wing. FLOWERING PLANTS: E ...... L R1 Astelia waialealae ...... Liliaceae ...... Pa‘iniu ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Canavalia napaliensis Fabaceae ...... ‘Awikiwiki ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Chamaesyce Euphorbiaceae ...... ‘Akoko ...... U.S.A. (HI). eleanoriae. E ...... L R1 Chamaesyce remyi Euphorbiaceae ...... ‘Akoko ...... U.S.A. (HI). var. kauaiensis. E ...... L R1 Chamaesyce remyi Euphorbiaceae ...... ‘Akoko ...... U.S.A. (HI). var. remyi. E ...... L R1 Charpentiera Amaranthaceae ...... Papala ...... U.S.A. (HI). densiflora. E ...... L R1 Cyanea dolichopoda .. Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Cyanea eleeleensis .... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Cyanea kolekoleensis Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Cyanea kuhihewa ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Cyrtandra oenobarba Gesneriaceae ...... Ha‘iwale ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Cyrtandra paliku ...... Gesneriaceae ...... Ha‘iwale ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 imbricata Asteraceae ...... Na‘ena‘e ...... U.S.A. (HI). imbricata. E ...... L R1 Dubautia kalalauensis Asteraceae ...... Na‘ena‘e ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Dubautia kenwoodii .... Asteraceae ...... Na‘ena‘e ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Dubautia plantaginea Asteraceae ...... Na‘ena‘e ...... U.S.A. (HI). magnifolia. E ...... L R1 Dubautia waialealae ... Asteraceae ...... Na‘ena‘e ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Geranium kauaiense .. Geraniaceae ...... Nohoanu ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Keysseria erici ...... Asteraceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Keysseria helenae ...... Asteraceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Labordia helleri ...... Loganiaceae ...... Kamakahala ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Labordia pumila ...... Loganiaceae ...... Kamakahala ...... U.S.A. (HI). T ...... L R1 Lepidium papilliferum Brassicaceae ...... Peppergrass, slickspot U.S.A. (ID). E ...... L R1 Myrsinaceae ...... Lehua makanoe ...... U.S.A. (HI). daphnoides. E ...... L R1 ...... Myrsinaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 .. Myrsinaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Lysimachia Myrsinaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). scopulensis. E ...... L R1 Lysimachia venosa ..... Myrsinaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Melicope degeneri ...... Rutaceae ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Melicope paniculata ... Rutaceae ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Melicope puberula ...... Rutaceae ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Myrsine knudsenii ...... Myrsinaceae ...... Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Myrsine mezii ...... Myrsinaceae ...... Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Phyllostegia renovans Lamiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Pittosporum Pittosporaceae ...... Ho‘awa ...... U.S.A. (HI). napaliense. E ...... L R1 Platydesma rostrata ... Rutaceae ...... Pilo kea lau li‘i ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Pritchardia hardyi ...... Asteraceae ...... Lo‘ulu ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Psychotria grandiflora Rubiaceae ...... Kopiko ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Psychotria hobdyi ...... Rubiaceae ...... Kopiko ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Schiedea attenuata .... Caryophyllaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Stenogyne kealiae ...... Lamiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Tetraplasandra Araliaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). bisattenuata. E ...... L R1 Tetraplasandra flynnii Araliaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Diellia mannii ...... Aspleniaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L R1 Doryopteris angelica .. Pteridaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI).

VerDate Mar<15>2010 17:02 Nov 09, 2010 Jkt 223001 PO 00000 Frm 00073 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\FR\FM\10NOP3.SGM 10NOP3 jlentini on DSKJ8SOYB1PROD with PROPOSALS3 69294 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 217 / Wednesday, November 10, 2010 / Proposed Rules

TABLE 2—ANIMALS AND PLANTS FORMERLY CANDIDATES OR FORMERLY PROPOSED FOR LISTING—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Code Expl. region

E ...... L R1 crinalis var. ...... Palapalai aumakua ..... U.S.A. (HI). podosorus.

[FR Doc. 2010–27686 Filed 11–9–10; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE P

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