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Burial Customs of Clazomenae in the Iron Age (1100 – 500 Bc)

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Burial Customs of Clazomenae in the Iron Age (1100 – 500 Bc) BURIAL CUSTOMS OF CLAZOMENAE IN THE IRON AGE (1100 – 500 BC) A Master’s Thesis by POLAT ULUSOY Department of Archaeology and History of Art Bilkent University Ankara January 2010 To my family BURIAL CUSTOMS OF CLAZOMENAE IN THE IRON AGE (1100 – 500 BC) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by POLAT ULUSOY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ART BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA January 2010 I certify that I have read this thesis and that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Archaeology and History of Art. ............................. Dr. Charles Gates Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Archaeology and History of Art. ............................. Dr. Jacques Morin Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Archaeology and History of Art. ............................. Dr. Yaşar E. Ersoy Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences ............................. Prof.Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT THE BURIAL CUSTOMS OF CLAZOMENAE IN THE IRON AGE (1100 – 500 BC) Ulusoy, Polat M.A, Department of Archaeology and History of Art Supervisor: Dr. Charles Gates January 2010 The present work is a study on the burial customs of Clazomenae in the Iron Age and Archaic period. Special attention is given to Clazomenae, since it yielded significant information from the Protogeometric to the end of the Archaic period. The major aim here is to collect the specific grave and necropolis information and try to interpret them for reaching more holistic conclusions about the burial customs of Clazomenae. This work introduces the burials, burial grounds, and cemeteries of Clazomenae from the Protogeometric to the end of the Archaic period with respect to grave types, grave goods, burial practices, gender, and age. One crucial aim of this work is to understand settlement and necropolis relationship in different periods by the means of the location of the burial grounds; the significance of the extension, development, and changing burial customs of specific cemeteries and their importance with regards to the settlement pattern; and the importance of the continuity, discontinuity, and change of burial grounds through the periods. Keywords: Clazomenae, burial customs, necropolis, Protogeometric, Geometric, Archaic. iii ÖZET CLAZOMENAE'DE DEMĠR ÇAĞI ÖLÜM GÖMME GELENEKLERĠ (1100 – 500 BC) Ulusoy, Polat Yüksek Lisans, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Charles Gates Ocak 2010 Bu çalışma Clazomenae kentinin Demir Çağları ve Arkaik dönemdeki ölü gömme geleneklerini incelemektedir. Tez kapsamında Clazomenae kentine öncelik verilmesinin nedeni kentin Protogeometric dönemden Arkaik dönemin sonuna kadar yoğun bir bilgiye sahip olmasıdır. Burada temel amaç, mezar ve mezarlıklardan bilgileri toplayıp ve derleyip, Clazomenae ölü gömme gelenekleri için daha genel ve kapsayıcı bir sonuca ulaşmaktır. Çalışma, Clazomenae’de Protogeometrik dönemden Arkaik dönem sonuna kadar açığa çıkarılmış mezar, mezarlık alanları ve nekropolleri mezar tipleri, pratikleri, hediyeleri, yaş ve cins açısından tanıtacaktır. Çalışmanın en önemli amacı farklı dönemlerdeki kent ve mezarlık ilişkisini; mezarlıkların konumu; belirli mezarlıkların yayılımı, gelişimi ve gömme geleneklerinin değişimi; bunun yerleşim yapısındaki etkileri; mezarlıkların devamlılığı, devamsızlılığı ve değişiminden yola çıkarak anlamaya çalışmaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Clazomenae, gömme gelenekleri, mezarlık, Protogeometrik, Geometrik, Arkaik. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The burial customs of Clazomenae have been studied by many colleagues and scholars in many aspects and in detail. This study should be seen as the holistic interpretation and discussion of these studies. Moreover, recently discovered intramural and extramural burial grounds dated to the Protogeometric, Geometric, and Archaic periods have been added to this study. The subject of this MA thesis was suggested to me by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yaşar E. Ersoy, director of the Clazomenae excavations. I am endlessly grateful to my advisor and professor Dr. Ersoy for recommending to me such an interesting subject for discussing and interpreting. I am also grateful to Dr. Ersoy who let me benefit from his experience and for the patience, unlimited support, and advice that he has given me as my advisor and teacher. The photographs and finds from Clazomenae excavations included in this thesis are used with his kind approval. I am endlessly grateful to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Charles Gates who accepted to be the supervisor of my thesis, who showed me how to look and write an appropriate thesis and who commented on my idiomatic English mistakes. I am thankful to Dr. Jacques Morin, the second examining committee member, who has helped me look for different aspects for this study. I am endlessly thankful to Prof. Dr. Güven Bakır, former director of the Clazomenae excavations, for letting me participate in the Clazomenae excavations v from 2002 onwards, for giving me such an important undergraduate thesis subject, and for supporting all my efforts. I am also thankful to Assistant Prof. Dr. Fikret Özbay and Dr. Hüseyin Cevizoğlu. I would also like to thank Dr. Ümit Güngör, who studied the Yıldıztepe necropolis and to Assistant Prof. Dr. Bilge Hürmüzlü, who studied the Akpınar necropolis in their dissertations. Both scholars shared very beneficial information and interpretations from the Yıldıztepe and Akpınar burial grounds. I am also thankful for her limitless support to Assistant and Ph.D. student Elif Koparal, who is studying the chora and settlement pattern of Clazomenae as a Ph.D. project and who is discovering much crucial information about the settlement patterns. I also would like to thank my friends and colleagues who supported me all the time: Müge Durusu, F. Volkan Güngördü, and Mert Çatalbaş. Special thanks go to my family. My mother, Özlem Ulusoy, and my brother, Tolga Ulusoy, supported and comforted me all the time. This study is dedicated to them. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iii ÖZET .......................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... vii ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xi LIST OF MAPS ........................................................................................................ xii LIST OF PLATES .................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2: BURIALS AND CEMETERIES AT CLAZOMENAE 11th - early 5th c. BC ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 A historical overview of pre-classical settlement of Clazomenae ................ 8 2.2 The Burials ...................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Protogeometric Period ........................................................................ 10 2.2.2. Geometric Period ............................................................................... 21 2.2.3. Archaic Period .................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3: IRON AGE AND ARCHAIC PERIOD BURIALS AND CEMETERIES IN IONIA ....................................................................................... 54 3.1. Protogeometric Period ............................................................................... 54 3.1.1. Chios ........................................................................................................ 55 3.1.2. Teos .......................................................................................................... 55 3.2. Geometric Period ........................................................................................ 55 vii 3.2.1. Chios ........................................................................................................ 56 3.2.2. Smyrna ..................................................................................................... 56 3.2.3. Ephesos .................................................................................................... 56 3.2.4. Samos ....................................................................................................... 57 3.2.5. Miletos ..................................................................................................... 57 3.2.6. Colophon .................................................................................................. 57 3.3. Archaic Period ...........................................................................................
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