DOCSLIB.ORG

Notation 1N Jtaly Theoretica L Nota Tion-Sys Tems

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Notation 1N Jtaly Theoretica L Nota Tion-Sys Tems Before proceeding to the investigation i tse If, it is necessary to make a few points about the relation between !actus, tempo a nd notation and a lso about the nature of the data we have at our disposal,and finally, about the bac kground to the problem of how tempo in mensura! musi c can be fi xed. T actus in mensura I music is usually defined as the twofold 'down-up' motion of the hand or a baton made by the directing cantor. This twofold motion can be made up of two short time- units as well as three such time-units. If the tactus has two time­ units, the duration of the down-beat is the same as the duration of the up-beat. If three time-units are beaten per tactus, the down -beat has two time-units and the up-beat one. The tactus chiefly serves for conducting th e combined singing of severa l voices in such a way that th e sing in g - or playing - wi ll be simultaneous and uniform. This tactus is characteristi c of the musi c in the period from c . 1200 to c . 1600, wh ic h does notmean that the tac tus wou ld not have been in use before or after that time. The !actus has a lways been beaten in a fi xed tempo. What tempo thi s was in fact, is dependent on severa l fa c tors. In the first instance , tempo is dependent on the c hoi ce of the composer himself. He should notate the music whi ch is in his mind in such a way , that his tempo can be read by th e musicians either from the symbols of notation, or from additiona l signs and instructions. lt is a fact, however, that this idea l information a bout the tempo that is .-equired by the composer, is of rare occurrence in the written ~radition of mensura! music. As is the case w ith so many other arts and sk ills in the late Middle Ages, oral tradition or c ustom a lso played an important part in the practice of musi c and in the notation of it. Even when contemporaries w rote deta iled (I)USical c ommentaries on this notation of musi c , we often find that this information also falls short of the very problem of the musical performance. This situation means that many carefu ll y c hosen examples must be analysed and compared with one another . t""€Cnf'O and b,oLOCjlcal Th eoretica l data must be contrasted very e x tensively in order to obtain as much certainty as possible in the interpretation of the texts. Although notation a nd theory are c lose ly connected a nd mu tual ly dependent, the notation is primary as a source of rhythm information about the tempo. 1 1) For detailed litera ture on thi s subjects see: A.Solberger, Biological jrg.91 (1967), pp.150-159. A detailed scientific publication of thi s Rhythm Researc h (New-York 1965). author on biological rhythm related to language, music and dance ­ 2) Cf.J.Smits van Woesberghe, Die Niederlander in se inen Tanzerisc hen, -forms is in course of preparation. Sprochlichen, und Musikalischen ;tl;userungen : in Proceedings of the 3) This does not mean that there can be no question of other tempi some­ Fifth International Congress of Aesthetics (The Hague 1968), pp.534- 542 . Gedachten over structuren en tempo in de muzische expressie, times. in Gregoriu sblad, jrg.90 (Utrecht 1966), pp.81-148, especially on 4) These tempi for going a long and marching also apply to walking- a nd pp. 104- 111. Het biolog ische in de somenzong, in G regoriusblod, marching-songs. 8 8 In any case the staff-notation of mus ic that is actually called 'rhythm'. In addition to the above-mentioned phenomena 1 to be performed can only be a transcription in imperfect symbols. human activities such as: walking, striding, danci ng, speaking 1 Thi s i s c lear and needs no further commen t . Conse quently, making music, have also been included in this bio l ogica l rhy thm the f ix ing of tempo based on the no ta tion on l y / i s a lways a more research for some time now. 1) A method of enquiry into human musical motion, recently developed by J . Smits van Waesberghe or less subj ecti ve interpretation of those inadequate symbo l s1 and this is even more app li cab le to the music in days long past. For (Amsterdam) 1 has proved to be highly important in thi s field - centuries the composer of mensura! music had even thought it a subject-matter w hi c h has been given little attention as yet.2) superfluous to give spec ial ind i cations for the tempo that was in From this study it appemed that the physical laws that underlie his mind w hile w riting hi s music .. The performing musician chose tempo, rhythm, structures and constructions in phenomena of a more genera I character 1 are just as we 11 a pp I i cab I e to the mu si ea I hi s tempo/intuiti ve l y 1 as see med f itting to him . Only a t the end of the 16th century was it fe lt necessary to note ' slow' or ' quick ' ex pression s of man, such as: the movement in dan ce 1 the render ing i n written or printed songs , as two other tempi beside the 'normal' of speech 1 the performance of mu si c 1 inc ludi ng the simple move­ tempo which was not mentioned either. But wha t was thi s 'norma l' ment of the tactus. The importance of this metho d for fixing tempo? No indication was needed for popular songs . Even today musical tempo in genera l/ and for c omparing i t w ith the tempi in ama teurs choose their ' tempo giusto' intuiti ve l y in I ig ht mus ic , mensura I musi c i n parti cular 1 may be shown by f o llowing compre­ and a marching brass band faultlessly plays in his 'tempo di ma rcia'. hensive expl anation. In the period of mensura l musi c a si nger had the advantage of a First of a ll/ the observation of ordinary 1 relaxed hum an practice in !actus and tempo that was handed down uninterrupted I y. 'going along'/ 'stridin9 ' or 'wa lking' / as opposed to purposefu l But to th e same ex ten t modern performers have the d i sadvantage 'march ing' 1 deserves our attention. On the face of it 1 one wou ld of a 'lost tradition' as regards the o ld mus i c. We are forced to suppose that there is u grea t freedom of c hoice of tempo for both f ind ways to penetra t e into an unknown laby rinth. Th erefore it motions, either c onsc ious or unconscious. However , when the wou l d be very important if besides notation and theory a 1 1 exact duration of tirry e of the st eps in 'going a long' and 'marching' scienti f i c method c ould be found that wou ld make it possible to w as calculated in numerous ca se s 1 it w as discovered that the compare other data w ith those from notation and th eory , andso freedom in the choice of tempo for both motions was much less. gain an optimum resu lt. Such a method w ould a l so have to give The 'right-left' of rel axed human 'goi ng' appears to be a two­ a basi s for l inking the musical movement of our ti me w ith the fold unity 1 a structure l ike A =a+b, in w hich each step in the mus i ca l movemen t of the past i n general . changing of ballance of the moving body functions to the obse rver as a noti ceable moment pe rce ived as a 'percussi on in continuing For a half century already motorial movements of men 1 time'. When measured by means of a stop-watch the average and an imai s have been observed. it is espec iall y the res ults o f 1 duration between two percussions of many quietly wa lking persons the investiga tion of the typically human motion that dese rve ou< appears to be one second indicated by the number 60 according at ten tion. We have gained an insi ght i nto th e physical laws of 1 to Malzel'·s metronome.3) Similar observation and analysiswith muscu lar acti v ity, into the two - or three -phased human respira­ purposefully 'marching' persons shows that w ith two marching­ tion, into the rhythmi ca l motion of the heart which w e experience steps each step has an average tempo of one ha lf second/ or in daily life as 'the pulse'.Of spe c ial interes t i s the phenomenon MM. 120 with a structure in this form : a=~a+~a. 4 ) The marching ­ of the innate tendency to the formation of groups in structures of 1 step is twice as quick as the walking-step. time and of c on stru c tion s in greater interrelations. In short, we know that these biological activities and tendencies/ each in its Another observation concerns spoken language.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 240 Personen (90 Diagrammatiker) Microtonality (1285-1360) Al-Maraghi (Um 1423) Quellen-Kritik Lehrte Musiktheorie
    1000 1200 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 Philippus de Caserta P. Tallanderius M. Schanppecher Johann Nikolaus Forkel (1749-1818) Robert Smith M Leos Janacek (1854-1928) (spätes 14. Jhd) (15. Jhd.) P. Aaron (16.Jhd.) Athanasius Musurgia Begründete Musikwissenschaft als Carl Dahlhaus (ca.1480-1545) Hochschuldisziplin (1772) Göttingen Vollständige Harmonielehre Johannes dictus J. De Olomons Kircher Universalis 1650 (1928 – 1989) Balloce (13.Jhd.) (1380-1443) M. Agricola S. Vanneo (1602 – 1680) C.G. Kratzenstein Kempelen Thomas Young Physiker M Harry Partch Erv Wilson Odo von Cluny (878-942) (16. Jhd) G.A. Bontempi Andreas (ca.1486-1556) (1723-1795) Naturforscher (1791) (1773-1829) 1863 physiologische E. Salomo um 1274) John Napier (1624-1705) J. S. Bach Eduard Sievers (1901 - 1974) (1928 – JJ) Aurelianus Reomensis H. Glareanus (1488-1563) (a,e,i,o,u) M Grundlagen für die Heinricus Ornithoparchus (1550-1617) (1685 – 1750) (1850-1932) (800 – 865) Theorie der Musik Augustensis Frutolfus (1490 – JJ) G. Dresseler Michael Mathematiker Sprachmelodie Carl Andreas Eitz Max Planck (1533-1585) ptolomäischer Kosmos (JJ - 1083) (JJ - 1103) J. Gallicus de Praetorius (1614 Logarithmus Adolf Alexandre-Théophile Lautphysiologie (1848 - 1924) (1858 – 1947) J. Wolter- Vandermonde M Akustiker Salzburg um 820 Franco of Cologne Mantua Robert (1571 – 1621) als Begriff) Scheibe Tanaka Shohei (1862-1945) (um 1470) storpius (1735-1796) Mathematiker Musica enchiriadis Joachim von Fiore (13. Jhd.) (1508-1554) Fludd Wohltemperierte Stimmung Robert Willis (1800-1875) (1574 – 1637) 1778 theory of music Hermann von Eduard Brandt Gilles Baroin (900) (1130/35-1202) Kopernikus Ramos de Pareja (Musik als Kunst) (2011) Dasia-Notation Keine Funde 1473-1543 S.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3: the Ars Nova: Musical Developments in the Fourteenth Century I. Early Fourteenth Century A. Introduction 1. Changes I
    Chapter 3: The Ars Nova: Musical Developments in the Fourteenth Century I. Early Fourteenth Century A. Introduction 1. Changes in notation in the thirteenth century allowed for musical experimentation in the early fourteenth century. 2. The evidence that tells us that fourteenth-century composers understood that they were doing something different can be found in two treatises: The Ars novae musicae by Jehan de Murs and the Ars nova by Philippe de Vitry. B. Music from Mathematics 1. During the fourteenth century, mathematics expanded beyond the boundaries previously seen in European thought. Music, the discipline so closely coupled with mathematics, followed suit. a. A fourfold system existed for musical time. Each of those listed is a subdivision of the previous: Maximodus, Modus, Tempus, and Prolatio. b. Each of these could be divided into two or three parts. 1) The first two are essentially theoretical concepts, and practical use resided in the latter two. 2) These possibilities yield, in modern terms: 9/8, 3/4; 6/8, 2/4. 2. Not everyone liked the innovations of the Ars nova. a. One example of disapproval is Jacobus de Liege’s Speculum musicae. 1) He dismissed the complexity and innovation as superfluous. C. Music about Music 1. Another new idea in the Ars nova concerns a growing realization of self- awareness as composers of art. 2. Music composition is seen as an art, not a craft. D. Establishing the Prototype: The Roman de Fauvel 1. The earliest surviving pieces in the Ars nova style are found in the Roman de Fauvel. a. Compiled around 1317, poem by Gervais du Bus, this manuscript includes 126 musical compositions (different genres).
    [Show full text]
  • Course Title Credit MUHL M306 History of Western Art Music I 3 Credits
    Course Title Credit MUHL M306 History of Western Art Music I 3 credits Fall semester 2012 (image from the Hartker Antiphoner, Abbey of St-Gall, Cod. Sang. 390, copied c. 990-1000; http://www.e- codices.unifr.ch/en/csg/0390/13/medium ) Instructor Dr. Alice V. Clark phone 865-3065 Communications/Music 202 e-mail [email protected] Office hours: TW 2:00 (subject to change), or by appointment Classes MWF 9:30-10:20 (section 001) or 11:30-12:20 (section 002), CM 204g Bulletin description This course is the first part of a two-semester survey of western art music, this semester covering music and ideas about music from antiquity to the mid-eighteenth century. Where relevant, we will consider influences on western art music from other cultures and styles. Prerequisites MUTH M103 (Theory II) and MUHL M106 (Introduction to Music Literature), or permission of instructor. Note that both Theory III and History I are prerequisites for History II, so students in this class should have completed or be concurrently enrolled in Theory III, and students who have not passed Theory III may not continue, even if they pass History I. Course objectives and learning outcomes This class will cover western art music composed before c. 1750. We will consider not only the history of musical style, but also as appropriate how music was composed, performed, transmitted, and used as part of broader culture. By the end of the semester, students should be able (among other things) to: differentiate by ear or eye between musical works of different style periods before c.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Polyphony in a Cividale Manuscript Bryan Gillingham
    Document generated on 10/01/2021 6:25 p.m. Canadian University Music Review Revue de musique des universités canadiennes Medieval Polyphony in a Cividale Manuscript Bryan Gillingham Number 6, 1985 URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1014038ar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1014038ar See table of contents Publisher(s) Canadian University Music Society / Société de musique des universités canadiennes ISSN 0710-0353 (print) 2291-2436 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Gillingham, B. (1985). Medieval Polyphony in a Cividale Manuscript. Canadian University Music Review / Revue de musique des universités canadiennes, (6), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.7202/1014038ar © Canadian University Music Society / Société de musique des universités This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit canadiennes, 1985 (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ MEDIEVAL POLYPHONY IN A CIVIDALE MANUSCRIPT Bryan Gillingham Cividale del Friuli, a small town situated Northeast of Venice not far from the Yugoslavian border, is endowed with great natural beauty — it is surrounded by mountains skirted below with vineyards and built on the walls of a canyon carved out by a green river. It also boasts a rich archeological museum which houses sculptures and many other artifacts dating as far back as the time of Julius Caesar (who once passed through the town) and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • Music History I (Western Art Music, 800-1750) MUSI 3300-001 Fall 2014
    Music History I (Western Art Music, 800-1750) MUSI 3300-001 Fall 2014 *You are fundamentally responsible for your own progress in this course and seeking help should you need it. Instructor: Dr. Jennifer Ronyak Office Number: Fine Arts Building 245 Office Telephone Number: To be announced soon in class when operational, but only to be used for an immediate emergency (like cancelling an appointment); I check this phone seldom. Please contact me in general via email. Email Address: [email protected] Office Hours: Wednesdays and Fridays, 11-11:50. Feel free to drop in unannounced at those times, or to make an appointment during them. I am also available for appointments at other times. Even if you speak to me verbally about an appointment, please also follow up via email. While I could make an appointment with you during many different hours during the week, MWF between 11 and 1, as well as TR between 1 and 5 are good time slots. Time and Place of Class Meetings: MWF 10:00-10:50, FA 258 Music History/Theory GTAs: Elizabeth Stelzer (who you can find running the Music Theory Lab), and Jarrett Shedd (who will be available also for help.) Lab (FA 302) office hours: Hours vary; check availability on the schedule posted on the door Description of Course Content A study of Western Art Music (Western Classical Music) from ca. 800-1750 from the perspective of stylistic and cultural contexts, emphasizing the development of listening, score reading, stylistic analysis, critical thinking, communication, and research skills. Student Learning Outcomes: 1.) Music historical and stylistic literacy: Basic knowledge concerning the canon of Western Music is a fundamental starting point for more advanced study and success as a professional or academic musician.
    [Show full text]
  • (Western Art Music, 800-1750) Combined Syllabus for Sections: MUSI 3300-001(82990) and MUSI 3300-002 (82991) Fall 2013
    Music History I (Western Art Music, 800-1750) Combined Syllabus for Sections: MUSI 3300-001(82990) and MUSI 3300-002 (82991) Fall 2013 *You are fundamentally responsible for your own progress in this course and seeking help should you need it. Instructor: Dr. Jennifer Ronyak Office Number: Fine Arts Building 245 Office Telephone Number: To be announced soon in class when operational, but only to be used for an immediate emergency (like cancelling an appointment); I check this phone seldom. Please contact me in general via email. Email Address: [email protected] Faculty Profile: https://www.uta.edu/mentis/public/ - profile/profile/view/id/10665/category/1 Office Hours: Mondays and Wednesdays, 11-11:50. Feel free to drop in unannounced at those times, or to make an appointment during them. I am also available for appointments at other times. Even if you speak to me verbally about an appointment, please also follow up via email. Section Information: MUSI 3300-001(82990) Time and Place of Class Meetings for Section 001: FA 309, MWF 9:00-9:50 am Section Information: MUSI 3300-002 (82991) Time and Place of Class Meetings for Section 002: FA 309, MWF 10:00-10:50am Music History/Theory GTA: Elizabeth Stelzer Lab (FA 302) office hours: Hours vary; check availability on the schedule posted on the door Description of Course Content A study of Western Art Music (Western Classical Music) from ca. 800-1750 from the perspective of stylistic and cultural contexts, emphasizing the development of listening, score reading, stylistic analysis, critical thinking, and communication skills.
    [Show full text]
  • Etk/Evk Namelist
    NAMELIST Note that in the online version a search for any variant form of a name (headword and/or alternate forms) must produce all etk.txt records containing any of the forms listed. A. F. H. V., O.P. Aali filius Achemet Aaron .alt; Aaros .alt; Arez .alt; Aram .alt; Aros philosophus Aaron cum Maria Abamarvan Abbo of Fleury .alt; Abbo Floriacensis .alt; Abbo de Fleury Abbot of Saint Mark Abdala ben Zeleman .alt; Abdullah ben Zeleman Abdalla .alt; Abdullah Abdalla ibn Ali Masuphi .alt; Abdullah ibn Ali Masuphi Abel Abgadinus Abicrasar Abiosus, John Baptista .alt; Abiosus, Johannes Baptista .alt; Abiosus, Joh. Ablaudius Babilonicus Ableta filius Zael Abraam .alt; Abraham Abraam Iudeus .alt; Abraam Iudeus Hispanus .alt; Abraham Iudeus Hispanus .alt; Abraam Judeus .alt; Abraham Iudaeus Hispanus .alt; Abraham Judaeus Abracham .alt; Abraham Abraham .alt; Abraam .alt; Abracham Abraham Additor Abraham Bendeur .alt; Abraham Ibendeut .alt; Abraham Isbendeuth Abraham de Seculo .alt; Abraham, dit de Seculo Abraham Hebraeus Abraham ibn Ezra .alt; Abraham Avenezra .alt; ibn-Ezra, Avraham .alt; Aben Eyzar ? .alt; Abraham ben Ezra .alt; Abraham Avenare Abraham Iudaeus Tortuosensis Abraham of Toledo Abu Jafar Ahmed ben Yusuf ibn Kummed Abuali .alt; Albualy Abubacer .alt; Ibn-Tufail, Muhammad Ibn-Abd-al-Malik .alt; Albubather .alt; Albubather Alkasan .alt; Abu Bakr Abubather Abulhazen Acbrhannus Accanamosali .alt; Ammar al-Mausili Accursius Parmensis .alt; Accursius de Parma Accursius Pistoriensis .alt; Accursius of Pistoia .alt; M. Accursium Pistoriensem
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3: the Ars Nova: Musical Developments in the Fourteenth Century
    Chapter 3: The Ars Nova: Musical Developments in the Fourteenth Century I. Early Fourteenth Century A. Introduction 1. Changes in notation in the thirteenth century allowed for musical experimentation in the early fourteenth century. 2. Fourteenth-century composers understood that they were doing something different, as evinced by two treatises: The Ars novae musicae by Jehan de Murs and the Ars nova by Philippe de Vitry. B. Music from Mathematics 1. During the fourteenth century, mathematics expanded and music followed suit. a. A fourfold system existed for musical time. Each of those listed is a subdivision of the previous: Maximodus, Modus, Tempus, and Prolatio. b. Each of these could be divided into two or three parts. 1) These possibilities yield, in modern terms: 9/8, 3/4; 6/8, 2/4. 2. Not everyone liked the innovations of the Ars nova. C. Music about Music 1. Another new idea in the Ars nova concerns a growing realization of self-awareness as composers of art. 2. Music composition is seen as an art, not a craft. D. Establishing the Prototype: The Roman de Fauvel 1. The earliest surviving pieces in the Ars nova style are found in the Roman de Fauvel. a. The title character’s name has multiple meanings and is an acrostic of terms modeled on the seven deadly sins. 2. The motet Tribum/Quoniam/MERITO exemplifies the early Ars nova motet. a. It is allegorical, relating to real political events. b. It is polytextual. c. The rhythmic and notational features are new. E. Isorhythm 1. As a way of confirming a hidden order and unity behind the complex world, Ars nova composers sought to unify their music through the use of isorhythm.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ars Subtilior
    The ars subtilior During the 14th century, a new style of polyphony developed in France. This new style, called ars nova, was characterized by a new system of rhythmic notation allowing the use of duple and triple division of note values, as well as complex syncopations. Around 1370, several composers in Avignon and southern France moved away from the style of the ars nova motet to develop a highly refined and intricate style distinguished by extremely complex rhythmic notation. The new trend soon spread into northern Italy, northern Spain, and as far as Cyprus. In his Tractatus cantus mensurabilis, Philippus de Caserta, one of the composers of the ars nova period, described that later style as an artem magis subtiliter, or a “more subtle art.” Musicologist Ursula Günther was the first, in 1950, to use the term “ars subtilior” to refer that complex musical style, which is the term widely used by musicologists today. Musicologists predating Ursula Günther used different terms to refer to the ars subtilior. Musicologist Willi Apel, for instance, talks about “mannered notation,” or “manneristic style.” Other authors just mention the extreme complexity of the “late ars nova,” with no specific reference to either “manneristic style” or ars subtilior. Once I had identified all sources directly related to the terms ars subtilior or “manneristic style,” I directed my research toward the main primary sources for the ars subtilior: the Chantilly and Modena manuscripts, as well as the Torino manuscript. I also searched sources on Philippus da Caserta, Johannes Ciconia, Matteo da Perugia, Solage, and other composers directly associated with the ars subtilior.
    [Show full text]
  • Musica Disciplina
    MUSICA DISCIPLINA A YEARBOOK OF THE HISTORY OF MUSIC Edited by GILBERT REANEY† and PAUL L. RANZINI VOLUME LIII, 2003–2008 American Institute of Musicology AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MUSICOLOGY The American Institute of Musicology publishes seven series of critical editions, scholarly studies, reference works, and this journal, all dedicated to the study of the music and culture of the Medieval, Renaissance, and early Baroque eras. The publications of the Institute are used by scholars and performers alike and constitute a major core collection of early music, theoretical writings on music, and the scholarly analysis of that music and its sources. For information on establishing a standing order or subscription to this journal or any of our series, or for editorial guidelines on submitting pro- posals, please contact: American Institute of Musicology 800 736-0070 (U.S. book orders) 608 836-9000 (phone) 608 831-8200 (fax) http://www.corpusmusicae.com [email protected] [email protected] © 2009 by the American Institute of Musicology, Verlag Corpusmusicae, GmbH. All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without per- mission in writing from the publisher. Offprints of individual articles are available upon request. ISSN 0077–2461 v. 53 Printed in the United States of America. 8 The paper used in this publi- cation meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. TABLE OF CONTENTS Editorial Note .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 6.5 X 11 Double Line.P65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60861-9 - The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Music Edited by Mark Everist Index More information Index Aachen, 265, 325, 327, 338, 402 Arnulf of Metz, Saint, 191 Adalbero, 196 Arras, 223, 326 Adalbert, St, Bishop of Prague, 174 Ars Nova, 98, 119, 144, 146–9, 152, 154, 166, Adler, Guido, 359, 365 167, 176, 200, 310, 315, 364 adonic, 227, 231 Ars Subtilior, 102, 146, 288, 289, 361 Ad organum faciendum, 53–5 Aubry, Pierre, 349–50 Affligemensis, Johannes Aucassin et Nicolette, 346 De musica cum Tonario, 48, 55, 60, 124 Augustine, Saint, 9, 40, 98, 230, 264, 322, 337 Agricola, Alexander, 181 De musica, 279 Aires, Fernandez, 229 Augustine, of Canterbury, Saint, 113, 337 Alberic, 330 Aurenga, Raimbaut d’, 207 Albertet, 208 Auresadnostradeitatispreces, 231 Alcuin of York, 264, 337–8 Auto de los Reyes Magos, see drama, vernacular Alfanus, 330 auto-citation, 224 Alfonso VIII, 166 Auvergne, 207, 332 Alfonso X (el Sabio) of Castile and Leon,´ see Auxerre, 326 cantiga Ave, mundi spes, Maria, 125 Alfred, King, 114 Avignon, 87, 95, 126, 136, 145, 201, 236, 275, alleluia, 15, 17, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 44, 49, 63, 64, 289, 327 186 Alleluia. Ascendens Christus, 15, 51–2 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 72, 93, 352, 357 Alleluia. Christus resurgens, 28 Balbulus, Notker, 33, 234, 266, 336, 338 Alleluia. Justus ut palma, 53 Deeds of Charlemagne, 338 Alma redemptoris mater, 229 ballade, 100, 101, 102, 113, 142, 154, 221, 222, Alvernhe, Peire d’, 207 274, 314, 327, 366 Amalarius of Metz, 28, 193 En la maison Dedalus, 100 Ambros, August
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3: the Ars Nova: Musical Developments in the Fourteenth Century I. Introduction A. Ars Nova (The New Art) Arose in Fourt
    Chapter 3: The Ars Nova: Musical Developments in the Fourteenth Century I. Introduction A. Ars Nova (The New Art) arose in fourteenth-century France. 1. Motets of the time used complex isorhythm with repeating rhythmic patterns (talea) and melodic patters (color). 2. Ars Subtilior (more subtle art) took Ars Nova style to further extremes. B. Three principal genres developed in this period: madrigal, caccia (hunt), and balata. II. The Ars Nova: musical developments in the fourteenth century A. The increasingly complex motets of the late thirteenth century and innovations in musical notation led to fourteenth-century developments labeled the Ars Nova (New Art). Advances in music theory in this period are evident in two treatises: 1. Ars novae musicae (The Art of New Music) by Johannes de Muris (ca. 1290–1350) 2. Ars nova, Philippe de Vitry (1291–1361) B. Ars Nova notation 1. New notation allowed for more possibilities and complexities, specifically shorter note values and precise metrical schemes. 2. The minim was now the basic unit value, and new terminology was used to describe different levels: a) Masimodus b) Modus c) Tempus d) Prolatio C. Music about music 1. Another new idea in the Ars Nova concerns a growing realization of self-awareness as composers of art. 2. Music composition is seen as an art, not a craft. D. Establishing the prototype: the Roman de Fauvel 1. The earliest surviving pieces in the Ars Nova style are found in the Roman de Fauvel. a) The title character’s name has multiple meanings and is an acrostic of terms modeled on the seven deadly sins.
    [Show full text]