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MEASURING the COSTS of INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT on Idps and HOSTS: Case Studies in Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia

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MEASURING the COSTS of INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT on Idps and HOSTS: Case Studies in Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia THEMATIC SERIES The ripple effect: economic impacts of internal displacement This thematic series focuses on measuring the effects of internal displacement on the economic potential of IDPs, host communities and societies as a whole MEASURING THE COSTS OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT ON IDPs AND HOSTS: Case studies in Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia JANUARY 2020 www.internal-displacement.org ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IDMC’s research programme on the economic impacts of internal displacement was made possible thanks to the support and generous contribution of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and of the Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance. The surveys were conducted in Eswatini and Kenya by Forcier Consulting, and in Ethiopia and Somalia by Ipsos. Author: Christelle Cazabat Editor: Steven Ambrus Design and layout: Rachel Natali Cover photo: Internally displaced people gather around a newly-installed latrine at an IDP camp in Fafan zone, Somali region of Ethiopia. Photo: NRC/Sidney Kung’u, April 2017 MEASURING THE COSTS OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT ON IDPs AND HOSTS Case studies in Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia JANUARY 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS | Executive summary . 5 | Introduction . 7 | Eswatini . 11 Key findings . .11 Impacts on livelihoods . .11 Impacts on housing . .12 Impacts on security . .12 Impacts on education . .12 Impacts on health. 12 Conclusions . .13 | Ethiopia . 14 Key findings . .14 Impacts on livelihoods . .14 Impacts on housing . .16 Impacts on security . .17 Impacts on education . .18 Impacts on health . .19 Conclusions . .21 | Kenya . 22 Key findings . .23 Impacts on livelihood . .23 Impacts on security . .25 Impacts on housing . .26 Impacts on education . .27 Impacts on health. 28 Conclusions . .29 | Somalia . 30 Key findings . .30 Impacts on livelihood . .31 Impacts on security . .32 Impacts on housing . .33 Impacts on education . .34 Impacts on health . .36 Conclusions . .37 | Conclusion . 39 | References . 39 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for the highest number Most surveyed IDPs were able to find refuge within their of IDPs and new displacements associated with conflict own community, continue their previous income-gener- and violence in 2018. It also registered a historically high ating activities, and go to the same healthcare facilities. number of new displacements associated with disas- Their children could keep going to the same schools. ters.1 Internal displacement can have a severe impact on the wellbeing and welfare of internally displaced This shows that an effective support mechanism can, people (IDPs) and their host communities, but quantita- in the context of relatively small-scale, short-term tive assessments of this impact are rare and inconsistent. displacement, help reduce the negative consequences The first estimate of the economic impact of internal of displacement in most areas. displacement in sub-Saharan, published in November 2019, amounted to $4 billion a year.2 In Ethiopia, surveyed IDPs were forced out of the Somali Regional State by violence and received support from These quantitative estimates are necessary to monitor the Ethiopian government to settle near Sabeta in the the extent to which aid achieves its objective of miti- Oromia region. They were given basic shelter and some gating the negative consequences of displacement on food assistance. They also were given free access to a affected people, and inform further interventions to health facility and a school within the IDP settlement. support them. This report introduces a new method- ology to assess the financial repercussions of internal Relations with the host community are, on the whole, displacement on the livelihood, health, education, good, and both groups feel secure with each other. housing and security of IDPs and their host communities. Apart from the positive impact on perceived security, however, displacement has resulted in a degradation in Using a survey tool and key informant interviews, quan- the livelihood, housing conditions and health of most titative information was collected on a sample of the IDPs. Displaced children have increased access to school, affected population and complemented with qualitative but numerous barriers to quality education remain. findings that can guide aid providers and policymakers in their efforts to find solutions to displacement. Surveyed members of the host community do not seem to have been highly affected by the arrival of This report presents the results of using these tools for four 1,100 displaced families, apart from a rise in prices and case studies in Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia, each a degradation in the psychological wellbeing of surveyed representing a different internal displacement situation. men that should be investigated further to understand its source. In Eswatini, people surveyed were displaced for less than a year by storms and floods and remained close Positive steps were taken to support IDPs in their reset- to their area of origin, often in the same community. tlement, but more is needed to ensure their full integra- The impacts were limited, apart from a perception tion into the local community and economy. among both surveyed IDPs and hosts of a reduction in purchasing power and signs of psychosocial distress. In Kenya, surveyed IDPs have been living in internal displacement since the post-election violence of 2007 Impacts on housing and related financial costs were and 2008. They received emergency assistance in the mitigated for the beneficiaries of the National Disaster immediate aftermath of that violence and some support Management Agency’s support system. This provided in following years, but they are still far from achieving them with temporary shelter and aid to rebuild or repair durable solutions. their homes. Case studies in Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia 5 Access to decent housing, livelihoods, security, health- The results from the Somalia case study point to several care and education is a challenge for many in Kenya, opportunities to improve the wellbeing and welfare of even among those who have not been displaced. The both IDPs and hosts in the context of rural to urban situation for surveyed IDPs, however, is consistently displacement and population growth linked with the worse than for surveyed members of the host commu- arrival of numerous IDPs in the host area. Unfortunately, nity. Displacement and the inability to recoup the finan- however, many of these opportunities have not been cial stability they had in their home areas is linked to fully realised. The living conditions of IDPs surveyed the challenges IDPs face in ensuring their wellbeing in Banadir remain very difficult. There are frequent and welfare. evictions, and children are working instead of going to school. There is also insufficient long-term planning and Government support and self-organisation allowed funding behind aid efforts to foster durable solutions all surveyed IDPs to find shelter. Their current housing and socioeconomic development for all. conditions, however, do not compare to the those they had before or to those of their non-displaced neigh- These four case studies demonstrate the diversity of bours. Displaced children’s education was significantly internal displacement’s consequences and possible affected by the disruption in schooling, trauma and responses by governments and their partners in other consequences of displacement. Displacement’s supporting IDPs and host communities. The method- impact on IDPs’ resources is seen most clearly in their ology introduced in this report is designed to provide labour income. This suffered both from a reduction in quantitative findings whenever possible and a more average salaries and a rise in unemployment. comprehensive picture of the way displacement affects people’s lives and resources. It can inform aid providers’ In Somalia, surveyed IDPs left their rural homes because decisions and help monitor progress. The type of gran- of drought in 2017 or 2018 for the capital city of Moga- ular insights it provides complements regional and dishu. The dramatic change from an agro-pastoral life global estimates of the economic impacts of internal to an urban one in the country’s largest city resulted in displacement with more action-oriented, concrete find- some improvements in access to educational and health ings that practitioners can use in their planning and facilities and perceived physical and mental health. It programming. also, however, resulted in reduced access to work and lower incomes. More than a third of the surveyed hosts, meanwhile, reported reduced access to healthcare and a worsening of their physical and mental health since the arrival of IDPs in the area. This is likely linked with the overcrowding of health facilities. 6 MEASURING THE COSTS OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT ON IDPs AND HOSTS INTRODUCTION Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the most people It recognises the diversity of the effects on IDPs, their living in internal displacement associated with conflict or hosts, communities of origin, local and national govern- violence, with nearly 16.5 million at the end of 2018.3 It ments, aid providers and the private sector. It also recog- is where most new displacement associated with conflict nises how this depends on the context and scale of the and violence occurred in 2018. Disasters also led to crisis. Some impacts are direct and immediate, such as more than 2.5 million new displacements last year, a the cost of providing emergency shelter to displaced historical record. people. Others are less direct and are felt in the medium or long term, such as the consequences for health and Internally displaced people (IDPs) often experience a education. deterioration in their livelihoods, health, social life, housing and access to infrastructure.4 They also suffer Assessing the full range of economic impacts requires a degradation in their education, security and environ- data that is rarely available and models that have yet ment. If they remain displaced for long periods of time, to be developed. The survey tool used in this report’s their wellbeing and welfare can be significantly harmed.
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