DOCSLIB.ORG

The German Americans: Immigration and Integration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The German Americans: Immigration and Integration THE GERMAN AMERICANS: IMMIGRATION AND INTEGRATION By DIETER CUNZ1 In 1507, a German cartographer tury. One of the first outstanding Martin Waldseemüller having just Germans was John Lederer from completed a map of the then known Hamburg who wrote his record into world and looking at the great un- early American history by exploring explored land behind the West Indian the Alleghany regions of Virginia and islands wrote into this vast, white the Carolinas, and who later gained space the word "America," to honor a great reputation as a physician in the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci. New England. This happened around Martin Waldseemüller named the 1670. Towards the end of the 17th continent which was to evoke the century, Jakob Leisler from Frank- greatest migration of nations known furt was the leader of a revolt against in history. a suppressive regime in the City of In the centuries after this baptism New York. of a continent millions of Germans However, the history of the Ger- decided to leave their country. When mans in America is not the story of they looked over their maps, their individuals, but the history of a mass eyes would stop at the country, which movement. This history began on more and more showed signs of carto- October 6, 1683 when the ship Con- graphical animation, whose map pre- cord landed in Philadelphia, disem- sented with each successive edition barking thirteen German families, more names, lines and dots, and from weavers from Krefeld who had come which they had received encouraging to the New World with the professed if not luring reports of friends who desire "to lead a quiet, godly and had gone there before. Millions honest life." The day of the arrival packed their belongings, sailed down of the Concord (often called the May- the Rhine or the Elbe and started flower of German immigrants) is con- out for the adventurous and trying sidered by the German Americans as voyage to a new home. marking the beginning of their his- tory. This first group settled six miles I. SETTLERS AND IMMIGRANTS outside Philadelphia (today within When did the first Germans come the city limits) and called their settle- to America? The Germans had no ment Germantown. The leader of the seafaring tradition; they did not take group was Franz Daniel Pastorius, a part in the first explorations of the man of unusually broad education continent; in fact, they cannot even and marked literary ability. For claim the legendary German sailor in many years he served as burgomaster Columbus' crew. Some of the acts of and town clerk of Germantown and naturalization show that there were was the driving spirit in its public individual Germans in the colonies in affairs and educational matters. His the first half of the seventeenth cen- reports on the general conditions in 1 The greater part of this article was published previously as a contribution to a cooperative volume One America, The History, Contributions, and Present Problems of Our Racial and National Minorities, (New York, Prentice Hall, Inc., Third Edition, 1952), edited by Francis J. Brown and Joseph S. Roucek. We wish to express our appreciation to publisher and editors for their permission to reprint this article here.— The author wants to acknowledge his indebtedness to the writings of the four scholars who have made most outstanding contributions to German American historiography and whose writings were most helpful in the preparation of this article: the late Albert B. Faust of Cornell University, John A. Hawgood of the University of Birmingham, Carl Wittke of Western Reserve University and A. E. Zucker of the University of Maryland. [29] Pennsylvania which he sent home to vania Dutch" country.3 Folklorists his father in Frankfurt represent a are divided into two feuding schools valuable source for the history of the of thought whether these people early colonies. should be called the Pennsylvania The real mass migration started Dutch or the Pennsylvania Germans. around 1710, and it came primarily Yet there is general agreement that from the Southwestern part of Ger- they were the best farmers of early many, particularly the so-called Pala- America and that their progressive tinate. Economic, political and re- farming methods over two centuries ligious reasons caused this exodus. have made the soil more and more Between 1710 and 1720 about 3000 fertile. The Pennsylvania Germans Germans settled in the present state retained stubbornly their old folk- of New York. In sentimental attach- ways and customs. They even pre- ment to their old sovereign the Duke served in the midst of an English- of Pfalz-Neuburg (who had, however, speaking country their peculiar Penn- mistreated and exploited them when- sylvania Dutch language, the dialect ever possible) they named their first of the Palatinate with naturally a settlement Newburgh. The majority considerable admixture of English of the Germans in New York settled words. In spite of this apparent re- along the Schoharie and Mohawk sistance to integration, the Pennsyl- Rivers. Place names like New Paltz, vania Germans belong into the pic- Rhinebeck, Oppenheim, Frankfort, ture of American history as much as Herkimer still testify to the proveni- the New England Yankees, the Span- ence of these early German settlers. ish in Florida or the French in These Germans living along the Louisiana. frontier were noted for the peaceful During the eighteenth century the relations they maintained with the American colonies between the Hud- Indians. One of them, Conrad Weiser, son and the Potomac (today often practically grew up with an Indian called the Middle Atlantic states) tribe.2 He spoke several Indian dia- received the strongest influx of Ger- lects and knew their mentality so well man immigrants. Whereas New Eng- that the authorities employed him land and the South were character- repeatedly as a very skillful negotiator ized through a distinct British texture, in Indian affairs. the Hudson-Potomac section soon be- Unfortunately there was from the gan to represent "that composite beginning some tension between the nationality which the contemporary Germans and the New York authori- United States exhibits, that juxta- ties. The friction grew to such an position of non-English groups." (F. extent that finally quite a number of J. Turner) . The very presence of the the settlers in the Mohawk valley Germans helped to evolve the demo- moved south to Pennsylvania which cratic system which has been the during the entire eighteenth century basis of the country throughout its was the center of German immigra- history. The German immigrants tion. Pennsylvania attracted the were the largest group of non-English greatest number of German new- speaking settlers. None of them be- comers. They concentrated particu- longed to the official Anglican church; larly in the Southeastern part of the thousands of them were sectarians. state, in such counties as Lehigh, The first in these states could live Montgomery, Berks, Chester, Lan- with the newcomers only if this " New caster, York—the region which to the World" was based on the funda- present day is called the "Pennsyl- ments of political and religious toler- 2 Paul A. W. Wallace, Conrad Weiser, 1696, Friend of Colonists and Mohawks, (Philadelphia, Univer- sity of Pennsylvania Press, 1945). Arthur D. Graeff, Conrad Weiser, Pennsylvania Peacemaker, (Allentown, Pa., Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, 1945). 3 Ralph Wood (ed.), The Pennsylvania Germans, (Princeton, N. J., Princeton University Press, 1942). Fredric Klees, The Pennsylvania Dutch, (New York, MacMillan, 1950). See also the serial publications of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society. [30] ance. This society could exist only if Swiss and German settlers founded the settled majority would volun- New Bern. In the interior the Mora- tarily established the rights of the vians (in spite of this name a pre- minority. To be sure, the Germans dominantly German sect, led to were not very active in politics, but America by the Silesian Count Zin- through their mere presence they zendorf) founded the colony of contributed to the development of the Winston-Salem.6 Bethlehem, Penn- principles of American democracy. sylvania became the other center of From the original German popula- the Mährische Brüder (Moravian tion reservoir in Southeastern Penn- Brethren). Their special contribution sylvania German farmers soon spread to American culture consists in their out over the neighboring states. beautiful church music. The southern- Through careful estimates, we know most German settlement in colonial that on the eve of the American Rev- times was Ebenzer, Georgia, founded olution there were a little more than by Protestant refugees from Salzburg 100,000 Germans in Pennsylvania, who became noted for their attempts that is to say, about one third of the in the rearing of silkworms and the Pennsylvania population. Thousands manufacture of silk. moved on to New Jersey, Delaware, After the American Revolution the Maryland and Virginia. In Maryland German settlers participated in the they deserve special credit for open- opening of the Transalleghany coun- ing the hinterland, for developing try; they pushed forward into Ken- grain production in a colony which so tucky and Tennessee and they spread far had a dangerously lopsided to- north over Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. bacco economy.4 The Germans, com- David Zeisberger and his Moravian ing from Pennsylvania and moving missionaries converted the Indians in through "Western Maryland, pushed the Eastern part of Ohio and estab- forward through the Shenandoah Val- lished settlements in Schönbrunn and ley in Virginia and they extended this Gnadenhütten. Cincinnati and St. long wedge of German farmers along Louis became the rallying points for the Alleghany mountains down into German immigrants to all the Central the Carolinas.5 It is no coincidence states. that the German word "hinterland" The first great wave of German was adopted by the American lan- immigrants starting around 1710 guage.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pennsylvania Germans Move to Kansas
    PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS MOVE TO KANSAS By GEORGE R. BEYER* rHE distinctive role wxhich the Pennsylvania Gertmans have TjIaved within the Keystone State since their arrival in thli late seve nteenith and eighteenth centuries is well known. As a group. of course, these people have never forsaken their original Amer- ican homeland, and vet individuals among them were longl conspic- llonlS in the movement of settlers to other parts of the countrys . This migration out of Pennsylvania began well before the Amer- ican Revolution, with Germans moving into Maryland as early as 1729 and into Virginia and the Carolinas in succeeding decades. Before the end of the eighteenth century, scattered settlements were planted in other parts of the East. As the years passed, Pennsylvania Germans also contrihuted notably to the peopling of the Middle and Far W\est. Considerable numbers of themil made their way into northern Ohio following the Revolutionary WVar, w ith some continuing on into Indiana. These states as well as Illinois received particularly large numbers of Pennsyl vania Ge"- uanl immigrants Luring the early part of the nineteenth century as did Iowa and Kansas in the several decades prior to 1890. Two other states, Oklahoma and California, attracted later settlers.' Although the immigration of Pennsylvania Germans did not occur as early in Kansas as it did in some states to the east, the story of the Kansas immigration is all extremely interesting one. MAIr. Beyer is an Assistant Archivist at the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission's Division of Public Records. This article is based on a master's thesis completed by the author at Cornell University in 1961, as well as on additional research conducted subsequently.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture, Coercion, and Patriotism: the German-American Experience in San Francisco During World War I
    CULTURE, COERCION, AND PATRIOTISM: THE GERMAN-AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN SAN FRANCISCO DURING WORLD WAR I Marcus L. Bacher N July 15, 1914, a German naval cruiser, the Nürnberg, sailed from Q Mexican waters into the port of San Francisco. That evening, fifteen of the ship’s officers attended a banquet joined by San Francisco Mayor James Roiph and sixty prominent San Francisco Germans at the Saint Francis Hotel, to toast the Kaiser, President Woodrow Wilson, and the Nürnberg. The following day the front page of the California Staats Zeitung read, “City representatives and Germans warmly welcome the cruiser Nurnberg” and featured a picture of the warship and its captain, Commander von Schonberg. Over the following days, local German organizations like the German singing society and the German-American League of San Francisco entertained and celebrated the ship’s officers and crew, sang the German national anthem and the “Star Spangled Banner,” and exchanged toasts offriendship between the two nations in what the San Francisco Chronicle summarized as a “brilliant reception.” Three weeks later, American-German relations splintered as Germany became embroiled in war with England, France, and Russia.’ This paper is an examination of a period when international affairs had radical domestic impact. The First World War and the perceived belligerence ofthe German Empire produced a domestic hysteria against German Americans. A broad cross-section of Americans attacked their patriotism and loyalty and sought to restrict and marginalize their culture. Such widespread hatred directed against them was something entirely new to most of the German population. Since colonial times, German immigrants and German Americans had been one of the most diverse and influential non-English speaking ethnic groups in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the RECONSTRUCTION of CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented In
    NEW CITIZENS: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alison Clark Efford, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Doctoral Examination Committee: Professor John L. Brooke, Adviser Approved by Professor Mitchell Snay ____________________________ Adviser Professor Michael L. Benedict Department of History Graduate Program Professor Kevin Boyle ABSTRACT This work explores how German immigrants influenced the reshaping of American citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. It takes a new approach to old questions: How did African American men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments? Why were those rights only inconsistently protected for over a century? German Americans had a distinctive effect on the outcome of Reconstruction because they contributed a significant number of votes to the ruling Republican Party, they remained sensitive to European events, and most of all, they were acutely conscious of their own status as new American citizens. Drawing on the rich yet largely untapped supply of German-language periodicals and correspondence in Missouri, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., I recover the debate over citizenship within the German-American public sphere and evaluate its national ramifications. Partisan, religious, and class differences colored how immigrants approached African American rights. Yet for all the divisions among German Americans, their collective response to the Revolutions of 1848 and the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870 and 1871 left its mark on the opportunities and disappointments of Reconstruction.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Socialism in America.† [Published January 1900]
    A Brief History of Socialism in America [Jan. 1900] 1 A Brief History of Socialism in America.† [Published January 1900] Published in Social Democracy Red Book (Terre Haute, IN: Debs Publishing Co., 1900), pp. 1-75. Introduction. ignated as that in which the gestation of Socialism, as native to American soil, was going on. It began with The history of Socialism in America, using the the appearance of Gronlund’s book, The Cooperative word socialism to embrace the various steps by which Commonwealth, which was soon followed by Bellamy’s enemies of the present social system have sought to Looking Backward. work toward a final deliverance, seems to divide itself 7. From 1897 down to the present time. The into seven quite clearly defined periods, as follows: period in which American Socialism having “chipped 1. The earliest period, embraced between the the shell” first asserts itself as a force in American poli- years 1776 and 1824, when the communistic ventures tics through the formation of the Social Democracy of the Shakers, Rappites, and Zoarites had the entire of America, the Socialist Labor Party, by its trans- field to themselves. planted methods, having failed to reach the American 2. From 1825 to 1828, when Robert Owen made ear. Two factors which helped prepare the field for the America the theater of his attempts to put his Utopian new party were the agitation work of Eugene V. Debs dreams into practice, by communistic experiments. and the proselyting powers of Editor J.A. Wayland, 3. From 1841 to 1847, the period when Four- successively of The Coming Nation and The Appeal to ierism swept over the country as a craze, leading to the Reason.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Marie Zakrzewska
    DR. MARIE ZAKRZEWSKA. FUNERAL ORATION BY WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON, AND HER OWN FAREWELL ADDRESS.' A large number of the friends of Dr. Marie Zakrzewska, the founder of the New England Hospital for Women and Children, gathered on May 15th in the chapel of the Massachusetts Crematory Society, off Walkhill street, Forest Hills, to pay a last tribute of respect to her memory. The service was as simple as possible, and was made most impressive by the reading of a farewell address to her friends, written by Dr. Zakrzewska in Feb- ruary, with the request that it be read at her funeral. The body reposed in a black broadcloth-covered casket, on which were laid a few green wreaths. The request that flowers be omitted was observed. The services opened as follows with an ORATION BY WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON. "We are gathered this lovely spring afternoon to testify our respect and love for a dear friend. She has anticipated this occa- sion by preparing her own address, presently to be read by an- other. Being dead she yet speaketh. For this remarkable woman's strong individuality could not be veiled, and, regardless of conven- tional forms, she has elected to have this simple service without clerical aid. "She had no politic methods, no skill in concealing opinions that traversed those in vogue, but her manifest sincerity of soul attracted helpers whom policy would have repelled. Although not literally the first regular woman physician in Boston she was, par excellence, the head of the long line of educated women who adorn and dignify the ranks of the profession in this vicinity.
    [Show full text]
  • Pennsylvania Germans Simon J
    Pennsylvania Germans Simon J. Bronner, Joshua R. Brown Published by Johns Hopkins University Press Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown. Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017. Project MUSE., <a href=" https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/49568 Access provided at 3 Jan 2020 23:09 GMT from University of Wisconsin @ Madison UPart 2 Culture and Society This page intentionally left blank U4 The Pennsylvania German Language mark l. louden The story of the Pennsylvania German language is an unusual one across the sociolinguistic landscape of North America. Worldwide, languages spo- ken today by minority populations are in a critical situation, with most in serious danger of becoming extinct. Indeed, of the approximately 7,000 lan- guages spoken across the globe, at least half are predicted to lose their native speakers by the turn of the century. Yet Pennsylvania German, spoken by a minuscule 0.08 percent of the U.S. population, is exceptional. Despite the fact that it is an oral vernacular language lacking in any offi cial recognition or support, it thrives today in the United States of America, the heartland of the world’s dominant engine of economic and cultural globalization, whose majority language, English, has become the international lingua franca. And although the linguistic roots of Pennsylvania German lie in central Europe, its speakers have always viewed themselves every bit as American as their English- monolingual neighbors. Pennsylvania Dutch or Pennsylvania German? Language or Dialect? Pennsylvania German (PG) is a North American language that developed during the eighteenth century in colonial Pennsylvania as the result of the immigration of several thousand speakers from mainly southwestern German- speaking Europe, especially the linguistic and cultural area known as the Palatinate (German Pfalz).
    [Show full text]
  • Old North Milwaukee
    Approximate boundaries: N-W. Silver Spring Dr; S-W. Capitol Dr; E-N. Teutonia Ave; W-N. Sherman Blvd NORTHWEST SIDEOld North Milwaukee NEIGHBORHOOD DESCRIPTION Old North Milwaukee, with a population of over 11,000 residents, covers a large area from Silver Spring Drive on the north to Capitol Drive on the southern border. The neighborhood has a mix of housing styles. The most common is the early 20th century bungalow found mostly in the northern part of the neighborhood. Closer to Capitol Drive are one-story brick houses typical of those built in the mid-20th century. In the center of Old North Milwaukee is an industrial corridor that extends roughly from 31st to 35th Streets. The neighborhood has considerable green space along parts of Lincoln Creek. See photos below. HISTORY Todays neighborhood- Old firehouse and Nearly 50 neighborhoods on Milwaukee’s northwest side village hall building once comprised the unincorporated Town of Granville in Milwaukee County, which extended from Hampton Avenue on the south to County Line Road on the north, and 27th Street on the east to 124th Street on the west. Much of the Old North Milwaukee neighborhood was once part of this expanse. While Granville encompassed many hamlets, only North Milwaukee ever incorporated. But this was not until 1897. Before this, the Town of Granville had its own history. Early populations According to the Milwaukee Sentinel (March 22, 1877) there were originally three small settle- ments in Granville. The first, in 1835, was the family of Jacob Brazelton which included 11 sons. The second was duo Daniel R.
    [Show full text]
  • Karl Marx's Changing Picture of the End of Capitalism
    Journal of the British Academy, 6, 187–206. DOI https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/006.187 Posted 30 July 2018. © The British Academy 2018 Karl Marx’s changing picture of the end of capitalism Master-Mind Lecture read 21 November 2017 GARETH STEDMAN JONES Fellow of the Academy Abstract: This essay examines three successive attempts Marx made to theorise his conception of the ‘value form’ or the capitalist mode of production. The first in the 1840s ascribed the destruction of an original human sociability to the institution of private property and looked forward to its destruction and transcendence in the coming revolution. This vision was shattered by the disenchanting failure of the 1848 revolutions. The second attempt, belonging to the 1850s and outlined in the Grundrisse, attempted to chart the rise, global triumph, and the ultimate destruction of what Marx called the ‘value form’. Its model of global triumph and final disintegration was inspired by Hegel’s Logic. But the global economic crisis of 1857–8 did not lead to the return of revolution. Marx’s disturbed reaction to this failure was seen in his paranoia about the failure of his Critique of Political Economy (1859). Marx’s third attempt to formulate his critique in Das Kapital in 1867 was much more successful. It was accompanied by a new conception of revolution as a transi­ tional process rather than an event and was stimulated by his participation in the International Working Men’s Association and the accompanying growth of cooper­ atives, trade unions, and a political reform movement culminating in the Reform Bill of 1867.
    [Show full text]
  • Franklin and the Pennsylvania Germans John B
    Franklin and the Pennsylvania Germans John B. Frantz The Pennsylvania State University INTRODUCTION Although the Germans began to arrive in Pennsylvania forty years before Benjamin Franklin left Boston for Philadelphia in 1723, both began to attract attention in that decade. Franklin gained fame as an innovative writer and expert printer, which made him wealthy enough to withdraw from business by the late 1740s.' The Pennsylvania Germans became obvious because of the non-Britishness of the multitudes of them who were leaving behind the wars of Europe for William Penn's comparatively peaceful "Holy Experiment." By the middle decades of the century, estimates placed their numbers between 60,000 and 100,000, constituting one-third to three-fifths of the colony's nearly 200,000 to 300,000 inhabitants.2 Most of the early arrivals belonged to the pacifistic religious groups. Almost all of the later ones were Lutheran and Reformed, with a few Roman Catholics, who had no qualms about fighting "a just war," though almost all initially supported the peace-loving English Quakers politically.' Franklin's Early Contacts with the Pennsylvania Germans Benjamin Franklin and the Pennsylvania Germans early came in contact with each other. Franklin heard and conversed with the German Seventh Day Baptist evangelist Michael Welfare when he preached in Philadelphia in 1734. After Franklin began his own printing establishment, he published material for German settlers. As early as 1731, he printed in German two books for the German Baptists.4 He printed in pamphlet form a letter from Pennsylvania's negotiator with the Indians Conrad Weiser to the German-language publisher Christopher Sauer.5 In 1740, he brought out a German translation of Gilbert Tennent's sermon "The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry." Between 1742 and 1744, he published in German a Moravian catechism and the Authentische Relation (Authentic Relation) of the Moravians' conferences of 1742 at which they tried to unite Pennsylvania's numerous religious groups.
    [Show full text]
  • The Portrayal of Germany, Germans and German-Americans by Three Eastern Iowa Newspapers During World War I Lucinda Lee Stephenson Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1985 Scapegoats, slackers and spies: the portrayal of Germany, Germans and German-Americans by three eastern Iowa newspapers during World War I Lucinda Lee Stephenson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Journalism Studies Commons, and the Mass Communication Commons Recommended Citation Stephenson, Lucinda Lee, "Scapegoats, slackers and spies: the portrayal of Germany, Germans and German-Americans by three eastern Iowa newspapers during World War I " (1985). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 298. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/298 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scapegoats. slackers and spies: The portrayal of Germany. Germans and German-Americans by three eastern Iowa newspapers during World War I .:Z5/-/ /9?~~ by _. ..t- .. ,/~-", ... J .... - j"' ... Lucinda Lee Stephenson A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Journalism and Mass Communication Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State University Ames. Iowa Copyright (c) Lucinda L. Stephenson. 198~. All rights reserved. Ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1. INfRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II. THE WAR REACHES lOW A 21 CHAPTER III. THE INVASION OF BELGIUM 29 CHAPTER IV. THE SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA 40 CHAPTER V.
    [Show full text]
  • (Oct. 2011). New and Tips from the Special Collections Department, St
    NEWS AND TIPS FROM THE ST. LOUIS COUNTY LIBRARY SPECIAL COLLECTIONS DEPARTMENT VOL. 4, No. 10—OCTOBER 2011 PastPorts is a monthly publication of the Special Collections Department located on Tier 5 at the St. Louis County Library Headquarters, 1640 S. Lindbergh in St. Louis County, across the street from Plaza Frontenac. CONTACT US To subscribe, unsubscribe, change email addresses, make a comment or ask a question, contact the Department as follows: BY MAIL 1640 S. Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63131 BY PHONE 314-994-3300, ext. 2070 BY EMAIL [email protected] Regularly scheduled tours of the Special Collections Department are conducted on the first Wednesday and third Saturday of the month at 10:30 am. No advance registration is required. Group tours are gladly arranged with Nationally-known genealogical speaker John Philip Colletta advance notice. Please informed and entertained the crowd at a special all-day event on call the Special Collections Saturday, 17 September. Colletta’s lectures covered immigration Department at 314-994-3300, and naturalization records, the genealogical use of newspapers, and building historical context in family history research. Approximately ext. 2070 for scheduling 200 people were in attendance. OCTOBER 2011 | PAGE 2 October OF NOTE Family History Library film Civil War ordering is now online Genealogy The Family History Library has made ordering microfilm more convenient by instituting an online ordering process. Researchers must now order films through the Internet for Classes delivery to and viewing in the Special Collections Depart- ment. Renewals must also be done online. Both short-term Classes will be held in the Headquarters and extended (permanent) loan periods are options.
    [Show full text]
  • German Immigrants and the Arc of Reconstruction Citizenship in the United States, 1865-1877
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette History Faculty Research and Publications History, Department of Spring 2010 German Immigrants and the Arc of Reconstruction Citizenship in the United States, 1865-1877 Alison Clark Efford Marquette University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/hist_fac Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Efford, Alison Clark, "German Immigrants and the Arc of Reconstruction Citizenship in the United States, 1865-1877" (2010). History Faculty Research and Publications. 285. https://epublications.marquette.edu/hist_fac/285 Features GHI Research Conference Reports GHI News GERMAN IMMIGRANTS AND THE ARC OF AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP DURING RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1877 Alison Clark Efford MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY 2009 FRITZ STERN DISSERTATION PRIZE WINNER My dissertation, “New Citizens: German Immigrants, African Amer- icans, and the Reconstruction of Citizenship, 1865-1877,” explores the infl uence of German immigrants on the reshaping of Ameri- can citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. This >> as a Foreign Country: project was initially inspired by questions that have long occupied Reconstruction, Inside and Out,” in Reconstructions, historians of the United States. First, how did African-American ed. Brown, 117–40. Pio- men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fift eenth neering works addressing transnational connec- Amendments? In 1867, the Fourteenth Amendment defi ned Ameri- tions include Mitchell Snay, can citizens as all persons born or naturalized in the United States. Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Three years later, the Fift eenth Amendment prohibited states from Nationality in the Era of Re- construction (Baton Rouge, using racial qualifi cations to limit citizens’ right to vote.
    [Show full text]