Diversity of Aquatic Weeds at Noakhali Sadar in Bangladesh
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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH © 2016,Science Huβ, http://www.scihub.org/AJSIR ISSN: 2153-649X, doi:10.5251/ajsir.2016.7.4.117.128 Diversity of Aquatic Weeds at Noakhali Sadar in Bangladesh Md. Imrul Kaisar1, Ripon Kumar Adhikary2, Moon Dutta1, Shuva Bhowmik3* 1Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh 2Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh 3Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh *Corresponding author: Shuva Bhowmik, Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The study was conducted to investigate the aquatic weeds diversity and abundance at Noakhali Sadar, Bangladesh. This paper focused on species variation, number of species, water quality parameters and identification of aquatic weeds. It was assessed by collecting samples from two fish cultured ponds, two floodplains and two roadside canals during May to October, 2013. According to this study, total 22 species belonging to 12 orders, 16 families and 21 genus were found. Again, 46%, 28%, 26% of total aquatic weeds were identified from the floodplains, roadside canals and culture ponds, respectively. During this study period, nine species of family Pontederiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Menyanthaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Araceae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae were common in culture ponds, floodplains and roadside canals. Number of aquatic weeds was lowest in culture ponds due to the effective management. Noticeable species– Lemna minor, Marsilea quadrifolia, Ludwigia palustris, Aeschynomene aspera, Najas graminea, Hydrilla verticillata, Najas guadalupensis, Utricularia inflata were only found in floodplains. On the other hand, two species were common in fish cultured ponds and floodplain- Pistia stratiotes and Equisetum hyemale. Prominent species of roadside canals were Cyperus rotundus and Xanthium indicum. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period namely water temperature, salinity, transparency, dissolve oxygen (DO) and pH. Average pH was recorded 7.6, 8.0 and 8.5 in fish cultured ponds, Floodplains and roadside canals, respectively. pH was highest in roadside canals because of its high dead organic load. Furthermore, DO levels were stable at 5.25, 4.6 and 4.75 ppm in fish cultured ponds, Floodplains and roadside canals, respectively. This difference may arise due to the using of aerator in the cultured ponds same as decomposition, intensity of light in floodplains and roadside canals. In average, Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2016, 7(4): 117-128 Transparency was 40 cm in floodplains and roadside canals; the lowest transparency 30 cm in cultured ponds due to use of hormonal feed and fertilizer. Temperature was recorded 300C in an average and no significant difference among the water bodies. The infestation of freshwater bodies by aquatic weeds influences water management in ponds, rivers, reservoirs and canals. This study reveals that weed species are varied among the culture ponds, floodplains and roadside canals and their density is also different. This study will help in the perfect management of the aquaculture systems to increase the fish production and hence will develop the economy. Keywords: Aquatic weeds, cultured ponds, floodplains, roadside canals and effective management. INTRODUCTION concentrations of ammonia. Nevertheless, The vegetation of haors, beels, lakes, and plants can cause problems in ponds and ponds rich in aquatic weed and constitute control measures often must be used to very important resources of food medicine eliminate or reduce their abundance for rural population (Khan et al., 2011). (Durborow, 2007). Most filamentous algae Aquatic weeds constitute an important role begin growing on the bottom of the pond in aquatic ecosystems and contribute to the and rise to the surface when gas bubbles general fitness and diversity of a healthy become entrapped in the plant mass. These aquatic ecosystem (Flint and Madsen, 1995) filamentous algae are also known as “pond by acting as indicators for water quality and scum” or more commonly “moss” (Tucker, aiding in nutrient cycling (Carpenter and 2007). Higher aquatic plants also known as Lodge, 1986). From ecological point of view, aquatic weeds, are those plants which aquatic plants stabilize bottom sediment, growing in or near water and complete at protect the shoreline from wave erosion, and least a part of their life cycle in water serve as feeding and nesting habitat for resources (Durborow, 2007). The waterfowl. These plants provide food, Macrophytes are classified broadly into six shelter and reproductive habitat or breeding groups based upon their size, shape and ground for numerous fish and other aquatic growth habits. Following are classified as animals (Lancer et al., 2002). submersed weeds, emerged weeds, marginal weeds and floating weeds (Joshi, The excessive growth of aquatic weed 2012). Many aquatic weeds such as Pistia restricts fishing, swimming and recreational stratiotes, Azolla pinnata, Eichhornia activities, causes foul taste and odor of crassipes etc. are used for making compost drinking water supplies. It also leads to fertilizer to use in fish pond and agriculture stunting of fish populations and fish kill due land .Some fishes use aquatic weed as to decomposition (Lansing, 2005). Plants food. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are a necessary component of pond largely uses aquatic weed as food. Tilapia ecosystems because they perform valuable spp. Cyprinus carpio use weeds as food to functions. Photosynthesizing plants produce some extent. Many fishes eat soft parts of oxygen that is needed to sustain fish life. these plants in small quantity. Moreover Also, plants assimilate ammonia that is these plants harbour many insects, small excreted by fish thereby helping to prevent invertebrates and periphyton which are used accumulation of potentially toxic 118 Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2016, 7(4): 117-128 as fish food. Rooted aquatic weeds prevent increase fish production and as animal food erosion of bottom soil. Colloidal particles and as fertilizer. aggregate and become heavier and settle to MATERIAL AND METHODS the bottom due to presence of higher aquatic plants as because colloidal particles Description of selected area: Culture are negatively charged and higher aquatic ponds of SABI and BAP, floodplains of plants produce positively charged ions. Bangla Bazar and NSTU; roadside canals of However, they can be used carefully in well- Zed More and NSTU were selected to managed and controlled conditions that can accomplish the experiment (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Map showed the location of research station Sample collection: The samples were taken at different angles & views. collected on selected site basis from Photographs were taken in fresh condition of selected area in using different plastic bags the specimen using a digital camera. for each sample. The samples were Taxonomic study and identification: collected from water surface and below the Based on the photographs and sample water surface in the morning hour between observation taxonomy of the samples were 8-10 am. The samples were taken to the determined within 3-4 h by using several laboratory within one hour. books. Taking photographs: Samples were kept in Data analyses: Data were processed and different tray at laboratory. Color finally analyzed with Microsoft Excel 2007. photographs of the individual weeds were 119 Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2016, 7(4): 117-128 RESULTS weeds in the selected area are given in Aquatic weeds abundance: At the time of Table with their local names and scientific study, different types of species of weeds names (Table 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). were found in the study area. The available Table 1: Available species of Aquatic weed in two fish farms (SABI and BAP) Table 1.1: Culture pond of SABI SL No. Local name Scientific name 1 Kachuri pana Eichhornia crassipes 2 Kalmilata Ipomaea aquatica 3 Topa pana Pistia stratiotes 4 Malancha Alternanthere philoxeroidis 5 Arail Leersia hexandra 6 Tara lota Mikania cordata 7 Spike rush Equisetum hyemale 8 Chand mala Nymphoides aquatica 9 Kochu Colocasia esculenta 10 Biskatali Polygonum coccineum 11 Helencha Enhydra fluctuans Table 1.2: Culture pond of BAP SL No. Local name Scientific name 1 Kachuri pana Eichhornia crassipes 2 Helencha Enhydra fluctuans 3 Chand mala Nymphoides aquatica 4 Kalmilata Ipomaea aquatica 5 Kochu Colocasia esculenta 6 Tara lota Mikania cordata 7 Topa pana Pistia stratiotes 120 Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2016, 7(4): 117-128 Table 2: Available species of Aquatic weeds in floodplains Table 2.1: Floodplains I SL No. Local name Scientific name 1 Kachuri pana Eichhornia crassipes 2 Shapla Nymphaea nouchali 3 Arail Leersia hexandra 4 Kalmilata Ipomaea aquatica 5 Spike rush Equisetum hyemale 6 Chand mala Nymphodies aquatica 7 Hobon Utricularia inflate 8 Topa pana Pistia stratiotes 9 Malancha Alternanthere philoxeroidis 10 Kochu Colocasia esculenta 11 Tara lota Mikania cordata 12 Biskatali Polygonum coccineum 13 Goromi Najas guadalupensis 14 Kormota Ludwigia palustris 15 Shushni pata Marsilea quadrifolia 16 Helencha Enhydra fluctuans 17 Khudi pana Lemna minor 18 Hydrilla grass Hydrilla verticillata 19 Najas grass Najas graminea 121 Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2016, 7(4): 117-128 Table 2.2: Floodplains II SL No. Local name Scientific name 1 Kachuripana Eichhornia