Canyon Collective Artists: Micropolitics in West Coast Experimental Film, 1960-79
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University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2015 Canyon Collective Artists: Micropolitics in West Coast Experimental Film, 1960-79 Ekin Pinar University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Film and Media Studies Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Pinar, Ekin, "Canyon Collective Artists: Micropolitics in West Coast Experimental Film, 1960-79" (2015). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1118. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1118 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1118 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Canyon Collective Artists: Micropolitics in West Coast Experimental Film, 1960-79 Abstract In 1961, filmmakers Bruce Baillie, Chick Strand, Larry Jordan, and film critic Ernest Callenbach founded Canyon Cinema for weekly film screenings of a diverse selection of avant-garde, experimental and art- house films, newsreels, cartoons and animations as well as commercial Hollywood movies. Canyon screenings took place on locations expanding from San Francisco into Oakland, San Jose, and Berkeley as many as three times a week. This gravitation toward mobility, variation and flexibility also showed itself in the prolific film oductionpr of the members of the collective. Through use of methods such as appropriation, fragmentation, and reflexivity, Canyon filmmakers developed more intimate (memory), immediate (experience), and imaginative (fantasy) ways of engaging with the past. At the same time, their search for historic and ethnographic "realities" constantly question the conventional methods, genres, and medium-specific elements of filmmaking. In my dissertation, I re-evaluate the ways in which Canyon filmmakers approached the ethical, political, and cultural issues inherent in the representation of culture and history through the help of three concepts: performance in Strand's ethnographies and found footage films, allegory in Baillie's newsreels, and indexicality in Jordan's animations. In the first chapter, I focus on the evocation of issues of sexuality, minority politics, and history in Bruce Baillie's films. Reflecting on Baillie's approaches to representation of race, culture, and gender, I consider how and what type of minority movement allegories transpired in Baillie's cinema. My second chapter concentrates on Chick Strand's films in its entirety comprising both found footage and documentary works. I analyze Strand's citational, reflexive, and performative uses of pleasure, desire, and humor as productive strategies of bridging the then-wide gap between experimental and feminist cinemas. Larry Jordan's animations and live-action films, which explore the dynamic tensions between still and moving imagery, visual and tactile sensations, and surrealist, lyrical and ethnographic modes of filmic expression, constitute the focus of the third chapter. Considering the notions of repetition, transformation, layering, and materiality that dominates Jordan's films, I question how his filmsesist r linear narratives by revealing alternative paths, multiple voices, and cyclical repetitions of histories. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group History of Art First Advisor Christine Poggi Second Advisor Karen Beckman Keywords Canyon Cinema, ethnographic film, experimental film, historiography in film, San rF ancisco Subject Categories Film and Media Studies | History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1118 CANYON COLLECTIVE ARTISTS: MICROPOLITICS IN WEST COAST EXPERIMENTAL FILM, 1960-79 Ekin Pinar A DISSERTATION in History of Art Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2015 Supervisor of Dissertation Co-Supervisor of Dissertation _____________________ ________________________ Christine Poggi Karen Beckman Professor of History of Art Elliot and Roslyn Jaffe Endowed Professor in Film Studies Graduate Group Chairperson _______________________ David Brownlee, Frances Shapiro-Weitzenhoffer Professor of 19th Century European Art Dissertation Committee Christine Poggi, Professor of History of Art Karen Beckman, Elliot and Roslyn Jaffe Endowed Professor in Film Studies Timothy Corrigan, Professor of English, Cinema Studies, and History of Art ! ii! To my dear mom ! iii! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my dissertation supervisors Professor Karen Beckman and Professor Christine Poggi for the incredible amount of support and mentorship they have generously provided me during my time at the History of Art Department at the University of Pennsylvania. Without their guidance, mentorship, and valuable suggestions, this project would not come to life. I would also like to thank my committee member Professor Timothy Corrigan for his rather constructive feedback on the drafts of this study. Faculty at the History of Art department and the Cinema Studies program, especially Professor David Brownlee, Associate Professor Andre Dombrowski, Professor Holly Pittman, Professor Kaja Silverman, and Dr. Meta Mazaj created a vibrant intellectual atmosphere that contributed immensely to the theoretical foundation of this study. Dr. Christopher Donovan at the Gregory College House allowed me to run residential film series and discussions related to my areas of research every semester for the past four years. The staff at Anthology Film Archives, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Academy Archives in Los Angeles, University of California in Los Angeles Film and Video Archives, Pacific Film Archives in Berkeley, and the Berkeley film libraries were extremely helpful and welcoming. The film and discussion series on experimental film and animated documentaries I ran at the Philadelphia Museum of Art proved to be thought- ! iv! provoking and I would like to thank Dr. Elizabeth Milroy and Dr. Anna Vallye for giving me the opportunity. I appreciate the fascinating conversations I have had with the students at the History of Art department and the Cinema Studies program, including but not limited to Julia Perratore, Alexandra Davis, Gregory Tentler, Pushkar Sohoni, Theodore Van Loan, Ruth Erickson, Nathaniel Prottas, Lacey Baradel, Iggy Cortez, and Claudia Consolati. My good friend Tim Boom accompanied me at film festivals and screenings and his insight on cinema has always been inspiring. My dear friends and neighbors at the Gregory College House: Daira Nocera, Omar Al-Ghazzi, Jennifer Wu, Skylar Alison, and Emily LaDue made my life more durable throughout this entire process. Even from miles away, my mother and my grandmother managed to make me feel their constant moral support and patience and I cannot possibly express my gratitude to them for always being there for me. Finally, I would like to thank Michael Edwards for our intellectually stimulating conversations, as well as the encouragement, support, incredible warmth, and affection he relentlessly offered since the first day I met him. ! v! ABSTRACT CANYON COLLECTIVE ARTISTS: MICROPOLITICS IN WEST COAST EXPERIMENTAL FILM, 1960-79 Ekin Pinar Christine Poggi Karen Beckman In 1961, filmmakers Bruce Baillie, Chick Strand, Larry Jordan, and film critic Ernest Callenbach founded Canyon Cinema for weekly film screenings of a diverse selection of avant-garde, experimental and art-house films, newsreels, cartoons and animations as well as commercial Hollywood movies. Canyon screenings took place on locations expanding from San Francisco into Oakland, San Jose, and Berkeley as many as three times a week. This gravitation toward mobility, variation and flexibility also showed itself in the prolific film production of the members of the collective. Through use of methods such as appropriation, fragmentation, and reflexivity, Canyon filmmakers developed more intimate (memory), immediate (experience), and imaginative (fantasy) ways of engaging with the past. At the same time, their search for historic and ethnographic “realities” constantly question the conventional methods, genres, and medium-specific elements of filmmaking. In my dissertation, I re-evaluate the ways in which Canyon filmmakers approached the ethical, political, and cultural issues inherent in the representation of culture and history through the help of three concepts: ! vi! performance in Strand’s ethnographies and found footage films, allegory in Baillie’s newsreels, and indexicality in Jordan’s animations. In the first chapter, I focus on the evocation of issues of sexuality, minority politics, and history in Bruce Baillie’s films. Reflecting on Baillie’s approaches to representation of race, culture, and gender, I consider how and what type of minority movement allegories transpired in Baillie’s cinema. My second chapter concentrates on Chick Strand’s films in its entirety comprising both found footage and documentary works. I analyze Strand’s citational, reflexive, and performative uses of pleasure, desire, and humor as productive strategies of bridging the then-wide gap between experimental and feminist cinemas. Larry Jordan’s animations and live-action films, which explore the dynamic tensions between still and moving imagery, visual and tactile sensations, and surrealist, lyrical and ethnographic