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In Defense of Rap Music: Not Just Beats, Rhymes, Sex, and Violence
In Defense of Rap Music: Not Just Beats, Rhymes, Sex, and Violence THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Crystal Joesell Radford, BA Graduate Program in Education The Ohio State University 2011 Thesis Committee: Professor Beverly Gordon, Advisor Professor Adrienne Dixson Copyrighted by Crystal Joesell Radford 2011 Abstract This study critically analyzes rap through an interdisciplinary framework. The study explains rap‟s socio-cultural history and it examines the multi-generational, classed, racialized, and gendered identities in rap. Rap music grew out of hip-hop culture, which has – in part – earned it a garnering of criticism of being too “violent,” “sexist,” and “noisy.” This criticism became especially pronounced with the emergence of the rap subgenre dubbed “gangsta rap” in the 1990s, which is particularly known for its sexist and violent content. Rap music, which captures the spirit of hip-hop culture, evolved in American inner cities in the early 1970s in the South Bronx at the wake of the Civil Rights, Black Nationalist, and Women‟s Liberation movements during a new technological revolution. During the 1970s and 80s, a series of sociopolitical conscious raps were launched, as young people of color found a cathartic means of expression by which to describe the conditions of the inner-city – a space largely constructed by those in power. Rap thrived under poverty, police repression, social policy, class, and gender relations (Baker, 1993; Boyd, 1997; Keyes, 2000, 2002; Perkins, 1996; Potter, 1995; Rose, 1994, 2008; Watkins, 1998). -
Computer-Assisted Instruction in Secondary School French. Final Report
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 150 846 FL 009 245 AUTHOR McEwen, Nelly; Robinson, Arthdr TITLE Computer-Assisted Instruction in Secondary School French. Final Report. INSTITUTION Alberta Univ., Edmonton. Div. of Educational Research. SPONS AGENCY Alberta Dept. of Education, Edmonton. REPORT NO RIR-76-9 PUB DATE Dec 76 NOTE 16p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$1.67 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Autoinstructional Methods; Autoinstructional Programs; vComputer Assisted Instruction; Educational Innovation; *French; High School Students; *Individualized Instruction; Instructional Media; *Language Instruction; Questionnaires; Secondary Education; Student Attitudes; *Teaching Methods ABSTRACT This is the final report on a project designed to determine the feasibility of implementing FRAND, a computer-assisted instructional program (CAI) as part of regular grade ten French instruction. The program, as designed at the University of Alberta, was used to teach beginning French students toread and write in the target language. The program represented approximately one semester of introductOty French instruction. The subjects consisted of two classes of grade ten French students who used different texts during regular class hours, and who were bused to the University during regular French periods for one and a half hours of CAI twice weekly for a period of 10 weeks. Results of achievement comparison tests between CAI and conttol groups indicate that the CAI students did not suffer in terms of prescribed school curriculum even though they spent up to 30 hours less time in its use than regular groups.X questionnaire designed to measure attitudes toward FRAND was administered to the students when they had completed the final achievement test. Attitudes in both experimental groups were very positive. -
Overcrowding Continues to Plague U of I Resii
U of I football is How did all those ready for plants get here? GLIAC action. See page 2 to See page 3 for learn about the the hard-hitting u N I V E R S ITY 0 F 1 N D IA N A P 0 I, I S Centennial details. 1400 EASIHANKA AVENUE INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46227 Garden. RESIDENCE LIFE Overcrowding continues to plague U of I resii seem worse to those males who were Some study lounges denied their request for a single room. More students than usual requested may house up to six singles this year because they saw that single rooms were available last year. male students But the unusual availability of single rooms last year came about because U of I was not overcrowded. Smith says that if students are still Julie Anderson living in the ctudy lounges next semes- News Editor ter, it will be by their own choice. “Since we inconvenienced them to begin with, we try not to force them out Accommodations will be a little snug if they’re comfortable,” he said. “If this year in the U of I residence halls. For they’ve got ;I group ofthree kids and they the fourth time in the past five years, the want to stay there, we try to honor that.” university faces an overcrowding prob- The university should have space lem for its resident students. available next semester. Some students Approximately 1,060 spaces exist for will not return second semester and few students in residence halls and campus new qtudents will enroll mid-year. -
Outpouring of Support Keeps Restaurant Serving
The Charlotte Post THURSDAY,Li DECEMBERf 17,e 2020 SECTION! B Consortium aims to foster racial healing FAMOUS TOASTERY Justin and Kim Griffith, owners of a Famous Toastery franchise in Center City, rebounded from laying off 30 employees due to By Ashley Mahoney the pandemic when customers responded to their call to action in support of their Black-owned business. [email protected] Charlotte’s colleges are striving to rewrite the narrative around race. Johnson C. Smith University, Queens University and UNC Charlotte were awarded a $20,000 one-year Outpouring of support grant through the Association of American Colleges & Universities as a Truth, Racial Healing and Trans- formation Campus Center to create the Charlotte Ra- cial Justice Consortium. Johnson & Wales University and Central Piedmont Community College joined in keeps restaurant serving the summer. “It is our way as the academic institutions, which Customers step in to help Black-owned eatery weather the pandemic are cornerstones in the community, to rewrite the narrative around race in this city, to reimagine what By Ashley Mahoney you get to see the other side of it fiths selected an option on Yelp race can look like and to provide a [email protected] and coming back down to reality. that identified the restaurant as pathway for us to pull in other in- I lived in a world where when you Black-owned. Yelp sent a sticker, stitutions to begin creating that Justin Griffith knows how to get went to the airport you had police which they made visible on a win- On The Net change to create equity and ready for high-pressure situ- escorts and your hotels were dow and also posted on Instagram taken care of, but when March hit, https://diversity.unc true social justice across our ations, but 12 years in the Na- on June 4. -
State of Bass
First published by Velocity Press 2020 velocitypress.uk Copyright © Martin James 2020 Cover design: Designment designment.studio Typesetting: Paul Baillie-Lane pblpublishing.co.uk Photography: Cleveland Aaron, Andy Cotterill, Courtney Hamilton, Tristan O’Neill Martin James has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identied as the author of this work All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission from the publisher While the publishers have made every reasonable eort to trace the copyright owners for some of the photographs in this book, there may be omissions of credits, for which we apologise. ISBN: 9781913231026 1: Ag’A THE JUNGLISTS NAMING THE SOUND, LOCATING THE SCENE ‘It always has been such a terrible name. I’ve never known any other type of music to get so misconstrued by its name.’ (Rob Playford, 1996) Of all of the dance music genres, none has been surrounded with quite so much controversy over its name than jungle. No sooner had it been coined than exponents of the scene were up in arms about the racist implications. Arguments raged over who rst used the term and many others simply refused to acknowledge the existence of the moniker. It wasn’t the rst time that jungle had been used as a way to describe a sound. Kool and the Gang had called their 1973 funk standard Jungle Boogie, while an instrumental version with an overdubbed ute part and additional percussion instruments was titled Jungle Jazz. The song ends with a Tarzan yell and features grunting, panting and scatting throughout. -
The Miseducation of Hip-Hop Dance: Authenticity, and the Commodification of Cultural Identities
The Miseducation of Hip-Hop dance: Authenticity, and the commodification of cultural identities. E. Moncell Durden., Assistant Professor of Practice University of Southern California Glorya Kaufman School of Dance Introduction Hip-hop dance has become one of the most popular forms of dance expression in the world. The explosion of hip-hop movement and culture in the 1980s provided unprecedented opportunities to inner-city youth to gain a different access to the “American” dream; some companies saw the value in using this new art form to market their products for commercial and consumer growth. This explosion also aided in an early downfall of hip-hop’s first dance form, breaking. The form would rise again a decade later with a vengeance, bringing older breakers out of retirement and pushing new generations to develop the technical acuity to extraordinary levels of artistic corporeal genius. We will begin with hip-hop’s arduous beginnings. Born and raised on the sidewalks and playgrounds of New York’s asphalt jungle, this youthful energy that became known as hip-hop emerged from aspects of cultural expressions that survived political abandonment, economic struggles, environmental turmoil and gang activity. These living conditions can be attributed to high unemployment, exceptionally organized drug distribution, corrupt police departments, a failed fire department response system, and Robert Moses’ building of the Cross-Bronx Expressway, which caused middle and upper-class residents to migrate North. The South Bronx lost 600,000 jobs and displaced more than 5,000 families. Between 1973 and 1977, and more than 30,000 fires were set in the South Bronx, which gave rise to the phrase “The Bronx is Burning.” This marginalized the black and Latino communities and left the youth feeling unrepresented, and hip-hop gave restless inner-city kids a voice. -
Hip-Hop's Diversity and Misperceptions
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College Summer 8-2020 Hip-Hop's Diversity and Misperceptions Andrew Cashman Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Music Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HIP-HOP’S DIVERSITY AND MISPERCEPTIONS by Andrew Cashman A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for a Degree with Honors (Anthropology) The Honors College University of Maine August 2020 Advisory Committee: Joline Blais, Associate Professor of New Media, Advisor Kreg Ettenger, Associate Professor of Anthropology Christine Beitl, Associate Professor of Anthropology Sharon Tisher, Lecturer, School of Economics and Honors Stuart Marrs, Professor of Music 2020 Andrew Cashman All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The misperception that hip-hop is a single entity that glorifies wealth and the selling of drugs, and promotes misogynistic attitudes towards women, as well as advocating gang violence is one that supports a mainstream perspective towards the marginalized.1 The prevalence of drug dealing and drug use is not a picture of inherent actions of members in the hip-hop community, but a reflection of economic opportunities that those in poverty see as a means towards living well. Some artists may glorify that, but other artists either decry it or offer it as a tragic reality. In hip-hop trends build off of music and music builds off of trends in a cyclical manner. -
“Rapper's Delight”
1 “Rapper’s Delight” From Genre-less to New Genre I was approached in ’77. A gentleman walked up to me and said, “We can put what you’re doing on a record.” I would have to admit that I was blind. I didn’t think that somebody else would want to hear a record re-recorded onto another record with talking on it. I didn’t think it would reach the masses like that. I didn’t see it. I knew of all the crews that had any sort of juice and power, or that was drawing crowds. So here it is two years later and I hear, “To the hip-hop, to the bang to the boogie,” and it’s not Bam, Herc, Breakout, AJ. Who is this?1 DJ Grandmaster Flash I did not think it was conceivable that there would be such thing as a hip-hop record. I could not see it. I’m like, record? Fuck, how you gon’ put hip-hop onto a record? ’Cause it was a whole gig, you know? How you gon’ put three hours on a record? Bam! They made “Rapper’s Delight.” And the ironic twist is not how long that record was, but how short it was. I’m thinking, “Man, they cut that shit down to fifteen minutes?” It was a miracle.2 MC Chuck D [“Rapper’s Delight”] is a disco record with rapping on it. So we could do that. We were trying to make a buck.3 Richard Taninbaum (percussion) As early as May of 1979, Billboard magazine noted the growing popularity of “rapping DJs” performing live for clubgoers at New York City’s black discos.4 But it was not until September of the same year that the trend gar- nered widespread attention, with the release of the Sugarhill Gang’s “Rapper’s Delight,” a fifteen-minute track powered by humorous party rhymes and a relentlessly funky bass line that took the country by storm and introduced a national audience to rap. -
Hip Hop Culture and Its Foundational Elements
Lindsay Rapport, Gluck Fellow in Dance Hip Hop Culture and its Foundational Elements Hip Hop’s origin story begins in the 1970s in the South Bronx (Image 1) in New York with predominantly African American and Latino-American youth (around your students’ ages!). Hip hop culture has four foundational elements: the DJ, the MC, graffiti, and breaking. The DJ The hip hop DJ didn’t just put a record on the turntable and let it play. These DJs recognized that the dancers got really excited during certain parts of the songs, the breaks (a percussion section when the rest of the instruments drop out), so they devised ways to just repeat—or loop—the dancers’ faVorite sections of the music. DJ Kool Herc (Image 2) is perhaps the earliest pioneering figure in hip hop history, and he was known for having massiVe, incredibly loud speakers, the Herculoids. DJ Afrika Bambaataa is recognized as the Godfather of hip hop for his influential role, and DJ Grandmaster Flash is known for his scientific approach to deejaying and perfecting the loop. The MC Grandmaster Flash deejayed a party and the crowd wasn’t into it, so he came up with the idea to haVe someone proVide Vocal accompaniment on a microphone to get the crowd excited. While DJs played the music, MCs began with simple phrases to get the crowd hype, some started rhyming, and eVentually this eVolVed into rapping as we know it today. (Image 3) Graffiti Although graffiti is obViously known for its rule-breaking, it is so important to acknowledge the incredibly innoVatiVe artistry graffiti artists deVeloped. -
1 "Disco Madness: Walter Gibbons and the Legacy of Turntablism and Remixology" Tim Lawrence Journal of Popular Music S
"Disco Madness: Walter Gibbons and the Legacy of Turntablism and Remixology" Tim Lawrence Journal of Popular Music Studies, 20, 3, 2008, 276-329 This story begins with a skinny white DJ mixing between the breaks of obscure Motown records with the ambidextrous intensity of an octopus on speed. It closes with the same man, debilitated and virtually blind, fumbling for gospel records as he spins up eternal hope in a fading dusk. In between Walter Gibbons worked as a cutting-edge discotheque DJ and remixer who, thanks to his pioneering reel-to-reel edits and contribution to the development of the twelve-inch single, revealed the immanent synergy that ran between the dance floor, the DJ booth and the recording studio. Gibbons started to mix between the breaks of disco and funk records around the same time DJ Kool Herc began to test the technique in the Bronx, and the disco spinner was as technically precise as Grandmaster Flash, even if the spinners directed their deft handiwork to differing ends. It would make sense, then, for Gibbons to be considered alongside these and other towering figures in the pantheon of turntablism, but he died in virtual anonymity in 1994, and his groundbreaking contribution to the intersecting arts of DJing and remixology has yet to register beyond disco aficionados.1 There is nothing mysterious about Gibbons's low profile. First, he operated in a culture that has been ridiculed and reviled since the "disco sucks" backlash peaked with the symbolic detonation of 40,000 disco records in the summer of 1979. -
90'S Medley Rihanna Medley Motown Medley Prince
Adele - Rolling in the Deep Jackson 5 - ABC Outkast - Miss Jackson 90’S MEDLEY Alabama Shakes - Hold on James Brown - Get Up Oa That Thing Outkast - Rosa Parks TLC Alicia Keys - Empire State of Mind James and Bobby Purify - Shake A Tail Feather Patrice Ruschen - Forget Me Nots Usher Alicia Keys - If I Ain’t Got You James Blake - Limit To Your Love Percy Sledge - You Really Got a Hold On Me Montell Jordan Al Green - Let’s Stay Together Jamie XX - Good Times Pharrell – Happy Mark Morrison Al Green - Take Me to the River Janelle Monae - Tightrope Prince – I Wanna Be Your Lover Next Amy Whinehouse - Valerie Jerry Lee Lewis - Great Balls of Fire Prince - Kiss Beck – Where It’s At Justin Timberlake - Can’t Stop The Feeling Ray Charles - Georgia Beyonce – Crazy In Love Justin Timberlake - Rock Your Body R Kelly - Remix to Ignition RIHANNA MEDLEY Beyonce - Love on Top King Harvest - Dancing in the Moonlight Sade - By Your Side What’s My Name Beyonce - Party Kendrick Lamar – If These Walls Could Talk Sade - Smooth Operator We Found Love Bill Withers - Ain’t No Sunshine Leon Bridges - Coming Home Sade - Sweetest Taboo Work Blondie – Rapture Lil Nas X - Old Town Road Sam Cooke - Wonderful World Blood Orange - You’re Not Good Enough Sam Cooke - Cupid Lionel Richie - All Night Long MOTOWN MEDLEY Bob Carlisle/Je Carson - Butterfly Kisses Little Richard - Good Golly Miss Molly Sam Cooke - Twistin’ Your Love Keeps Lifting Me Higher and Higher Bruno Mars - 24k Magic Lizzo - Juice Sam Cooke – You Send Me You Really Got a Hold On Me Bruno Mars - Treasure -
Hip-Hop Timeline 1973 – Kool Herc Deejays His First Party in the Bronx
Hip-hop Timeline ➢ 1973 – Kool Herc deejays his first party in the Bronx, where his blending of breaks is first exhibited. The break dancers in attendance began to discover their style and form. ➢ 1975 – Grandmaster Flash begins the early forms of Turntabilism by blending and mixing, while Grandwizard Theodore invents what we now know as scratching. The first Emcee crews are formed. ➢ 1979 – The Sugarhill Gang, under the guidance of record label owner and former vocalist Sylvia Robinson, release Rapper’s Delight, the first commercially recognized rap song. *There is much debate over the first recorded rap song, but it’s widely believed to have been done sometime in 1977 or 1978. ➢ 1980 – Kurtis Blow releases the first best selling hip-hop album, The Breaks, and becomes the first star in hip-hop music. ➢ 1983 – Herbie Hancock, in collaboration with pioneer DeeJay GrandMixer DST (now known as GrandMixer DXT), creates the Grammy Award-winning song Rockit, which is the first time the public ever hears a DeeJay scratching on record. Pioneer hip-hop duo Run DMC releases their first single Sucker Emcee’s. ➢ 1988 – This year is considered the first golden year in hip-hop music with releases such as Public Enemy’s It Takes A Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, Big Daddy Kane’s Long Live The Kane, Slick Rick’s The Great Adventures of Slick Rick, Boogie Down Production’s By All Means Necessary, Eric B And Rakim’s Follow the Leader and the first highly regarded non-New York hip-hop record, N.W.A.’s Straight Outta Compton.