Chapter Planning Guide

Key to Ability Levels Key to Teaching Resources BL Below Level AL Above Level Print Material Transparency OL On Level ELL English CD-ROM or DVD Language Learners

Levels Chapter Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Resources Opener 1 2 Assess FOCUS

BL Daily Focus Skills Transparencies 15-1 15-2 TEACH BL ELL Guided Reading Activity, URB* p. 31 p. 32 BL ELL Vocabulary Activity, URB* p. 24 BL OL AL ELL Reinforcing Skills Activity, URB p. 27 OL Enrichment Activity, URB p. 29

pp. 106– pp. 109– BL ELL Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide* 108 111

pp. 18, OL Foods Around World 20

BL OL AL ELL National Geographic World Atlas* ✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL Map Overlay Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities 5-1 5-4 BL OL AL ELL World Cultures Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities 7, 8 World Art and Architecture Transparencies, Strategies, and BL OL AL ELL 53, 56 Activities BL OL AL ELL Location Activity, URB p. 1 OL AL Real-Life Applications & Problem Solving Activity, URB p. 3 OL AL World Literature Contemporary Selection, URB p. 11 GIS Simulations, Strategies, and Activities p. 18 BL OL AL ELL National Geographic World Desk Maps ✓ ✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL Writer’s Guidebook for Social Studies ✓ ✓✓✓ OL AL World History Primary Source Documents Library ✓ ✓✓✓ National Geographic World Regions Video Program ✓ ✓✓✓ BookLink for Social Studies ✓ ✓✓✓ StudentWorks™ Plus ✓ ✓✓✓ ✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter. *Also available in Spanish

368A

368A-368D_C15_IL_895263.indd 368A 1/25/10 1:57:58 PM Plus • Interactive Lesson Planner • Printable reports of daily • Interactive Teacher Edition assignments All-In-One Planner and Resource Center • Fully editable blackline masters • Standards Tracking System • Section Spotlight Videos Launch • Differentiated Lesson Plans

Levels Chapter Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Resources Opener 1 2 Assess TEACH (continued) BL OL AL ELL Section Spotlight Video Program ✓✓ BL OL AL ELL World Music: Cultural Legacy ✓ ✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL High School Writing Process Transparencies ✓ ✓✓✓ High School Character Education ✓ ✓✓✓

Inclusion for the High School Social Studies Classroom ✓ ✓✓✓ Strategies and Activities

High School Reading in the Content Area Strategies and ✓ ✓✓✓ Activities Success with English Learners ✓ ✓✓✓ Teacher ✓ ✓✓✓ Resources Differentiated Instruction for the Geography Classroom Literacy Strategies in Social Studies ✓ ✓✓✓ Standards-Based Instruction ✓ ✓✓✓ Presentation Plus! with MindJogger CheckPoint ✓ ✓✓✓ TeacherWorks™ Plus ✓ ✓✓✓ National Geographic Focus on Geography Literacy Teacher Guide ✓ ✓✓✓ ASSESS BL OL AL ELL Section Quizzes and Chapter Tests p. 177 p. 178 p. 179 BL OL AL ELL Authentic Assessment With Rubrics p. 45 BL OL AL ELL ExamView Assessment Suite 15-1 15-2 Ch. 15 CLOSE BL ELL Reteaching Activity, URB p. 25 BL OL ELL Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study Guide Foldables p. 57 pp. 45– Graphic Organizer Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities 46 ✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter. *Also available in Spanish

368B

368A-368D_C15_IL_895263.indd 368B 1/25/10 1:58:08 PM Chapter Integrating Technology

Using Study-to-Go Teach With Technology

What is Study-to-Go? Study-to-Go provides portable textbook-based content direct from the Glencoe Web site to your students whenever and wherever they want. How can Study-to-Go help my students? Study-to-Go content can downloaded to a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a cell phone. Students can download Study Sets that include: • Self-Quiz—a series of multiple choice quizzes that provide instant answer feedback • Key Terms—definitions for textbook vocabulary • Flashcards—an assessment tool to help students study textbook key terms Visit glencoe.com and enter a QuickPass™ code to go to Study-to-Go.

Geography ONLINE You can easily launch a wide range of digital products Visit glencoe.com and enter code from your computer’s desktop with the McGraw-Hill WGC2630C15T for Chapter 15 resources. widget. Student Teacher Parent World Geography and Cultures Online Learning Center (Web Site) • Section Audio ●●● • Spanish Chapter Audio Summaries ●●● • Section Spotlight Videos ●●● • StudentWorks™ Plus Online ●●● • Multilingual Glossary ●●● • Study-to-Go ●●● • Chapter Overviews ●●● • Self-Check Quizzes ●●● • Student Web Activities ●●● • ePuzzles and Games ●●● • Vocabulary eFlashcards ●●● • In-Motion Animations ●●● • Study Central™ ●●● • Nations of the World Atlas ●●● • Glencoe Graphing Tool ●●● • btw — Current Events Web Site ●●● • Web Activity Lesson Plans ● • Vocabulary PuzzleMaker ● • Beyond the Textbook ●●● 368C

368A-368D_C15_IL_895263.indd 368C 1/25/10 1:58:16 PM Additional Resources

• Timed Readings Plus in Social Studies helps stu- The following videotape programs are available from dents increase their reading rate and fluency while Glencoe as supplements to Chapter 15: maintaining comprehension. The 400-word passages • Bay of Pigs/Cuban Missile Crisis are similar to those found on state and national (ISBN 0-76-701199-6) assessments. • Ivan the Terrible (ISBN 0-76-700517-1) Reading in the Content Area: Social Studies • • Joseph Stalin: Red Terror (ISBN 0-56-501820-6-1) concentrates on six essential reading skills that help students better comprehend what they read. The book • Rasputin: The Mad Monk (ISBN 0-76-700189-3) includes 75 high-interest nonfiction passages written • Faberge: Imperial Jeweler (ISBN 1-56-501878-8) at increasing levels of difficulty. To order, call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344. To find class- • Reading Social Studies includes strategic reading room resources to accompany many of these videos, instruction and vocabulary support in Social Studies check the following pages: content for both ELLs and native speakers of English. A& Television: www.aetv.com • Content Vocabulary Workout (Grades 6-8) acceler- The History Channel: www.historychannel.com ates reading comprehension through focused vocabu- lary development. Social Studies content vocabulary comes from the glossaries of Glencoe’s Middle School Social Studies texts. www.jamestowneducation.com

Reading List Generator CD-ROM

Index to National Geographic Magazine: Use this database to search more than 30,000 titles to cre- The following articles relate to this chapter: ate a customized reading list for your students. • “Signposts to a Lost Culture,” by Peter Gwin, • Reading lists can be organized by students’ reading February 2007. level, author, genre, theme, or area of interest. • “Send Me to ,” by Paul Starobin, June 2008. • The database provides Degrees of Reading Power™ (DRP) and Lexile™ readability scores for all selections. • “Soul of ,” by Serge Schmemann, April 2009. • A brief summary of each selection is included. • “ Never Sleeps,” by Martin Cruz Smith, August 2008. Leveled reading suggestions for this chapter: National Geographic Society Products To order the For students at a Grade 7 reading level: following, call National Geographic at 1-800-368-2728: • A Work of Art, by Anton Chekhov • A Terrible Night, by Anton Chekhov • National Geographic Atlas of the World (Book). For students at a Grade 9 reading level: Access National Geographic’s new dynamic MapMachine • The Brothers Karamazov, by Fyodor Dostoevsky Web site and other geography resources at: For students at a Grade 10 reading level: www.nationalgeographic.com • One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, www.nationalgeographic.com/maps by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

368D

368A-368D_C15_IL_895263.indd 368D 1/25/10 1:58:27 PM CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF Focus The movement of people, goods, Russia More About the and ideas causes societies to Photo change over time. Europeans, Asians, and other peoples have Visual Literacy After a long shaped the cultural . The country’s various ethnic winter, the spring celebration of groups have influenced its tumultu- Maslenitsa is a welcome event. ous history and changes in govern- This is a celebration much like ment over time. Mardi Gras, in that it takes place right before the Great Fast that precedes Easter. Also called Blini Essential Questions (or Pancake) Week, cele- brate by dancing, enjoying the Section 1: Population and Culture outdoors, and eating pancakes How might Russia’s diverse popula- that represent the sun. tion have influenced its cultural geography? Section 2: History and Government Teach How have Russia’s history and gov- ernment been shaped by its many As you begin teaching ethnic groups? this chapter, read the Big Idea out loud to students. Explain that the Big Idea is a broad, or high-level, concept that will help them under- stand what they are about to learn. Use the Essential Question for each section to help students focus on the Big Idea.

Geography ONLINE Visit glencoe.com and enter code WGC9952C15 for Chapter 15 resources. Women in traditional clothes dance to celebrate the coming of spring in Moscow.

368 Unit 5

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 368 1/11/10 3:07:49 PM 368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 369 1/11/10 3:08:15 PM Section 1 groups, each of which brings its own influences to Population and Culture . During the rule of communism in Essential Question How might Russia’s the twentieth century, these influences became diverse population influence its cultural geo- more widespread as the government displaced graphy? Russia is a vast country that spreads people and cultures by moving them from place to from the European west to the east of Asia. It is place. Tell students that in Section 1, they will read made up of a multitude of culturally diverse ethnic about Russia’s diverse cultures. OL

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368-375_C15_S1_895263.indd 368 1/25/10 1:56:02 PM CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

Organizing Information Make a Three-Tab Book to help you orga- Previewing the nize information about the cultural geography of Russia. Region If you have not already done so, engage students in the Regional Atlas and Country Profiles activi- ties to help them become familiar with the general content of the region.

Essential Questions Dinah Zike’s Foldables Purpose Students will create a Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, use three-dimensional Foldable to your Foldable to take notes about the population pat- take notes on population pat- terns, culture, and history and . RUSSIA terns, culture, history, and gov- ernment of Russia. The completed Foldable will help students prepare for assessment.

Geography ONLINE Visit glencoe.com and enter code WGC2630C15T for Chapter 15 resources.

Chapter 15 369

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 368 1/11/10 3:07:49 PM 368-375_C15_S1_879995.inddSection 369 1/11/10 3:08:15 PM 2 history and politics. With so many people repre- History and Government senting so many diverse cultures, Russia’s history Essential Question How have Russia’s and politics have been turbulent.) In Section 2 history and government been shaped by its students will learn about how Russian history many ethnic groups? (Historically, size and and politics have been influenced by its large diversity have played a major role in Russia’s and diverse population. OL

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368-375_C15_S1_895263.indd 369 1/25/10 1:56:19 PM CHAPTER Section 1 SECTION 1 Population section spotlight MAIN Idea audio video Guide to Reading and Culture Essential Question Focus Many of Russia’s cultural traditions date back centuries. How might Russia’s diverse popula- Daily Focus Transparency 15.1 tion have influenced its cultural Maslenitsa began long ago as a folk holiday celebrating geography? the coming of spring. It has since been absorbed into the Content Vocabulary Eastern Orthodox religion. • • atheism (p. 373) (p. 371) • pogrom (p. 373) Voices Around the World • Soviet era • intelligentsia (p. 371) (p. 374 ) “This . . . is the Russian version of Mardi Gras. All over the country people cele- • nationality • socialist realism brate the last period of merrymaking before the Great Fast preceding Easter. (p. 371) (p. 375) • sovereignty The festival starts February 5, and for the next four days Russians —many in (p. 372) traditional costumes — build bonfires, enjoy sled rides, try to avoid injury during Guide to Reading mock fistfights, . . . and eat pancakes, which symbolize the sun. The best places Academic Vocabulary to take part in maslenitsa are . . . to the northwest in the Golden Ring, a region Answers to Graphic Organizer: • ethnic (p. 371 ) of old Russian cities offering fine examples of Russian culture, traditions, and • evident (p. 375) Russian Turkic architecture dating back to the 12th century.” Places to Locate Slav Major Ethnic Caucasian • Tatarstan • Moscow Cassandra Franklin-Barbajosa, Groups (p. 372) (p. 372) “Russia: Five Cultural Bests,” Ukrainian Ossetian • Lena River • National Geographic, January 2004 (p. 372) (p. 373) Paleo-Siberian Uralic-Altaic Reading Strategy Organizing As you read about the population and culture of Russia, complete a graphic organizer simi- lar to the one below by filling in the different ethnic groups. To generate student interest and provide a springboard for class Major Ethnic discussion, access the Chapter 15, Groups Section 1 video at glencoe.com.

Celebrating Maslenitsa in Red Square, Moscow

Resource Manager 370 Unit 5

Reading Critical368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 370 Differentiated Writing Skill 1/11/10 3:08:42 PM 368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 371 1/11/10 3:08:59 PM R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Additional Resources • Taking Notes, p. 371 • Cause and Effect, p. 372 • Verbal/Linguistic, p. 373 • Descriptive Writing, • Daily Focus Skills • Organizing, p. 373 • Drawing Conclusions, • Gifted/Talented, p. 375 p. 374 Trans. 15-1 • Identifying, p. 374 p. 374 • Map Overlay Trans. 5, 5-1 Additional Resources Additional Resources • World Cultures Trans. 7, 8 Additional Resources Additional Resources • Diff. Instr. for the Geo. • World Art & Arch. • Guide Reading 15-1, • World Literature, URB, Classroom, pp. 57–59 Trans. 53, 56 URB, p. 31 p. 11 • Foldables, p. 57 • RENTG, pp. 106–108 • Real-Life Applications, • Location Act., URB p. 1 URB p. 3 • Quizzes and Tests, p. 177

368-375_C15_S1_895263.indd 370 1/25/10 1:56:23 PM Population Patterns In 1991, after the fall of the , sev- CHAPTER Section 1 eral of these larger republics, including Russia, became independent countries. Although Russia MAIN Idea Ethnic groups, migrations, and inva- is ethnically very diverse — 32 ethnic groups have sions have shaped population patterns in Russia. their own republics or administrative territories GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How has the ethnic diver- within Russia — about 80 percent of the popula- Essential Question sity in your town or city changed over the years? tion is ethnic Russian. Read to learn about the factors that have shaped Teach Russia’s population. The Slavs Ethnic Russians are part of a larger ethnic group known as Slavs, a linguistic and R Reading Strategy ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples that Russia today is home to one of the widest vari- Taking Notes Tell students that also includes , , , and other eties of ethnic groups in the world — there are eastern Europeans. The Russian Slavs have dom- taking and organizing notes is a more than 120 different groups. An ethnic group inated the country’s politics and culture. key factor in many forms of read- shares a common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or a combination of these things. Caucasian Peoples Another large group of ing strategies. Remind them that diverse peoples is classified as Caucasian notetaking can be their own per- The People (kaw•KAY•zhuhn) because they live in the sonalized way of keeping track of Over the centuries Russia grew from a territory region of southwestern Russia. the important points of any read- to a multiethnic empire that stretched from Europe R Caucasian groups include the , to the Pacific Ocean. In the process, many non- Dagestanis, and Ingushetians. ing or lesson. OL Russian ethnic groups came under its control. During the Soviet era — the period between 1922 and 1991 when Russia was part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) — regional politi- 1. Place Where in Russia do most of the Ukrainian Answers cal boundaries often reflected the locations of peoples live? ? major ethnic groups, or nationalities. 1. Ukrainians live in the west, 2. Movement How have the settlement patterns of RUSSIA north of the Black Sea. ethnic groups affected political boundaries? Turkic peoples live in south- Ethnic Groups in Russia Use StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com. ern and eastern Russia.

Chukchi Sea 2. Ethnic groups have their 0° 80°N 180° Bering own republics or administra-

East E ARCTIC OCEAN L Sea 20°E 160°E Siberian C R tive territories within Russia. Sea C

C I 140°E T 40°E C R 60°E 120°E A 60°N 80°E 100°E Laptev Barents Sea Ba ltic Sea Sea Kara Sea PACIFIC OCEAN

EUROPE Sea of Okhotsk

B la c k Lake S e Baikal 40°N a N

a E

e S Sea of W n a Japan i 0 1,000 kilometers S p s (East Sea) a ASIA 0 1,000 miles C Two-Point Equidistant projection Source: C.I.A., .S.S.R. Summary Map Hands-On Chapter 15 371 Chapter Project Step 1

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 370 1/11/10 3:08:42 PM 368-375_C15_S1_879995.inddRussia: 371 A Cultural Excursion Directions Have students work in groups1/11/10 3:08:59Putting PM It Together As they do their to research the diverse cultures of Russia research, have groups organize pictures Step 1: Plan a Cultural Tour of with the goal of preparing a package of cul- and descriptions to be considered for their Russia Students will research and collect tural experiences to offer student travelers. package. In this step, groups should gather information and art related to a cultural Along the way, have groups consider and as much information as they can, realizing tour of Russia. research the arts, folk events, sports, muse- that, in the end you cannot do everything Essential Question If you were to ums, historical sites, and anything they and that some things will have to be design a tour for students traveling to think other students would find discarded. OL Russia, where would you send them and interesting. (Chapter Project continues on page 379.) what would they see?

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368-375_C15_S1_895263.indd 371 1/25/10 1:56:35 PM Turkic Peoples Turkic-speaking peoples live in 1990, urban population growth in many industri- CHAPTER Section 1 southwestern Russia in the Caucasus area and in alized centers has leveled off or decreased. the middle Volga area. The Turkic peoples of Population is more dispersed east of the Ural Russia include the , Chuvash, , and Mountains. Only 20 percent of Russia’s popula- MAIN Idea the Sakha. The most numerous of these groups tion lives in Siberia, an area that accounts for are the Tatars, many of whom live in Tatarstan about two-thirds of the country’s land area. C Critical Thinking (ta•tuhr•STAN), a western republic. Russia has Frozen tundra, mountains, and forests make most ruled Tatarstan since the mid-1550s. However, of this part of Russia unsuitable for farming. Determining Cause and the republic, like other Russian republics, does During the earlier years of the Soviet era, many Effect Point out to students that have a limited amount of sovereignty (SAH•vuh• ethnic Russians migrated to non-Russian repub- human-environment interaction is ruhn•tee), or self-rule. lics of the Soviet Union. In the 1970s, however, an example of cause and effect as The Sakha are a combination of local groups this trend began to reverse. Since the breakup of and Turkic peoples who originally settled along the Soviet Union in 1991, more ethnic Russians it relates to population distribu- the middle Lena River. Formerly seminomadic, have returned to their homeland. Most have set- tion. Ask: What environmental the Sakha in southern Siberia have expanded into tled in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and southwest- qualities make your location a northeastern Russia. ern Russia. Because of this trend, the number of desirable place to live and work? people moving into the country has been greater Density and Distribution (Answers will vary but might touch than the number of Russians leaving the country. About 80 percent of all Russians live in western on proximity to waterways, arable Human-Environment Interaction Russia. This is due in part to the rich soil, water- Why do most people live in western Russia? land, or job opportunities.) OL C ways, and a milder climate than that in eastern For additional practice on this Russia. Densely settled western Russia includes the country’s industrialized cities. The major skill, see the Skills Handbook. industrial city is Moscow, Russia’s capital. Since 1. Human-Environment Interaction What factors have contributed to the sparse population of eastern Russia? Russia: Population Density 2. Location Where are many of Russia’s largest cities located? Why is this important? Answers POPULATION Use StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com.

1. It is cold, and the land is Per Per A

sq. mi. sq. km R

C

swampy and mountainous. T 80°N I 0° 180° 1,250 and 500 and C Bering over over C I ARCTIC OCEAN R Sea 2. In the west and the south. 250–1,249 100–499 60°N C L 160°E E Soil is rich, there are water- 63–249 25–99 20°E 25–62 10–24 40°E 140°E 120°E ways, and the climate is 2.5–24 1–9 EUROPE 60°E 80°E 100°E milder in those regions, so Less than Less than 2.5 1 Barents B Sea Sea most of Russia’s population Cities altic (Statistics reflect metropolitan areas.) lives there. St. Petersburg Over 10,000,000 Sea of Okhotsk 5,000,000–10,000,000 Moscow 2,000,000–5,000,000 Nizhniy Novgorod Answer: oil, 1,000,000–2,000,000 Kazan Yekaterinburg waterways, and a milder climate Rostov-na-Donu Ufa B la Samara Chelyabinsk 40°N ck S e Volgograd Omsk a Novosibirsk N

a

e E S Sea of n W a Japan i S p s (East Sea) a C ASIA 0 1,000 kilometers

0 1,000 miles Differentiated Two-Point Equidistant projection Instruction 372 Unit 5

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd Leveled 372 Activities 1/11/10 3:09:02 PM 368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 373 1/11/10 3:09:08 PM

BL Differentiated Instruction, OL Enrichment Activity, URB, AL Differentiated Instruction, ELL Vocabulary Activity, URB, p. 62 p. 29 p. 59 p. 24

Name Date Class Name Date Class

Enrichment Activity 15 My Pen Pal Lives in St. Petersburg My Pen Pal Lives in St. Petersburg Create a Map

Give students a blank map of Russia and ask them to work in pairs to trace the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Ask them to label the following on their map: Major Events in Twentieth-Century Moscow Russian History Yekaterinburg Omsk Irkutsk Lake Baikal Vladivostok Discuss the importance of having a railroad that connects Russia’s Far East to —The Soviet Union launches Sputnik I, the first general term for a major ethnic group atheism the more populous west. spacecraft to circle the earth. Bolshevik —A revolution overthrows the government of Czar self-rule Ethnic Groups Ethnic Groups Nicholas II. Cold War supreme ruler of Russia —Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet Air Force officer, becomes communism the first person to orbit the Earth. belief calling for greater economic equality —The Soviet Union collapses; Boris Yeltsin becomes czar member of a revolutionary group led the first democratically elected . by Lenin ethnic group —Mikhail Gorbachev introduces his policies of glasnost and perestroika. philosophy calling for a new society led by glasnost workers —On December 31, Yeltsin resigns. Buddhism Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. —German forces invade the Soviet Union during country controlled by the Soviet Union intelligentsia World War II. struggle between communism and capitalism nationality Source: CIA World Factbook, 2006 —The Soviet Union is established; Joseph Stalin for world influence becomes general secretary of the Communist Party. Islam policy of economic restructuring Workforce Workforce —Vladimir Putin is elected president of Russia. perestroika

policy of greater political openness pogrom

belief that there is no God Russification 372 second largest satellite A revolution overthrew the Communist government in 1917. the religion of Tuva, Buryatia, Kalmykia serf Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reform known as glasnost. socialism organized religious persecution Free Speech Free Speech The first spacecraft to circle the Earth was the Soviet-made Sputnik I. socialist realism The Soviet Union collapsed in 1999. artists glorified Soviet communism sovereignty Boris Yeltsin was the first democratically elected president of Russia. The Soviet Union lasted for 69 years. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Companies, The McGraw-Hill a division of Companies, © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright Vladimir Putin was elected president of Russia on the tenth anniversary of the fall of the Soviet Union.

368-375_C15_S1_895263.indd 372 1/25/10 1:56:39 PM Culture Religion in Russia Today CHAPTER Section 1

MAIN Idea The policies of the Soviet government have had lasting effects on Russia’s culture. Atheist: 5.0% Nonreligious: Muslim: 8.2% Protestant: 0.9% GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How has religion influ- Traditional 25.8% Differentiated enced culture in the United States? Read to learn beliefs: 0.8% Other: 1.2% D about the influence of religion in Russia. Ukrainian Jewish: 0.6% Instruction Orthodox: 0.9% Roman Russian Catholic:1.0% Verbal/Linguistic ELL stu- Orthodox: Since the fall of the Soviet Union, millions of 53.1% dents may appreciate help in using Russians are rediscovering their faiths and tradi- various pronunciation keys. tions and expressing themselves creatively. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 2009. Students may be interested Language and Religion in seeing English/Russian dic- Although more than 100 languages are spo- tionaries and learning the Cyrillic ken in Russia today, Russian is the country’s 1. Place How does the number of Christians in Russia compare to the alphabet. ELL official language. Ethnic Russians generally number of Muslims? speak only this language, while people belong- 2. Place Why do you think so many Russians classify themselves as ing to other ethnic groups are bilingual and D nonreligious? R Reading Strategy speak their own language and Russian. The Altaic family of languages is spoken by the Organizing Have students cre- Turkic peoples of western Russia. The primary have been repaired and rebuilt. Other Christian ate a chart that presents the fol- languages spoken in eastern Russia are Russian groups, including Roman Catholics and lowing information on Russia’s and the spoken by the Sakha. Protestants, have also reemerged. four officially recognized religions: The Soviet government strictly discouraged religious practices and discriminated against Islam Islam is the second-largest religion in percentage of population repre- RUSSIA certain groups. It actively promoted atheism Russia and also enjoying a rebirth. The majority sented, how the religion came to (AY•thee•ih•zuhm), or the belief that there is of people who practice Islam in Russia live in the Russia, key points of the religion’s Caucasus region and between the Volga River no God or other supreme being. In the late history in Russia, and the religion’s 1980s, however, the government began to relax and the Urals. Most Russian Muslims follow the its restrictions on religion. Sunni branch, which is practiced in most Arab contributions to Russian culture. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the influx of countries as well as in Turkey and Afghanistan. Students may need to use library many foreign missionaries from Western Christian Judaism People practicing Judaism in Russia or Internet resources. OL denominations prompted lawmakers in 1997 to have long been persecuted. In czarist times, Jews place restrictions on the activities of newly estab- could settle only in certain areas, could not own lished religious groups. Only Russian Orthodoxy, land, and were often the targets of organized Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism were allowed full persecution and massacres known as pogroms. liberty as traditional religions of Russia. Yet Jewish communities managed to thrive in Answers Christianity The Eastern Orthodox Church had many of Russia’s cities. 1. There are more than six been central to Russian culture for a thousand Events in the twentieth century took a tragic times as many Christians as toll on Russia’s Jews. As a result, many Jews years before the Communist revolution in 1917. In R Muslims. 988 Prince Vladimir, leader of Kievan Rus, adopted migrated to Israel or the United States. Despite Eastern Orthodox Christianity as Russia’s official lingering prejudice, Jewish communities in 2. The government actively religion. By 1453 the Byzantine Empire, the center Russia are restoring their religious practices. promoted atheism for many of the Eastern Orthodox Church, had fallen, and Buddhism The republics of Tuva, Buryatia, and years. Russia asserted its claim as leader of the Orthodox Kalmykia (kal•MIH•kee•uh), near the Caspian Christian world. Sea, have a large number of Buddhists, giving the Today, most Russians who claim a religious religion traditional status in the country. A small affiliation belong to the Russian branch of the number of Buddhists live in the larger cities such Orthodox Church. Many of the churches that as St. Petersburg and Moscow, where they have were looted or destroyed during the Soviet era access to urban Buddhist centers and facilities. Additional Chapter 15 373 Support

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 372 1/11/10 3:09:02 PM 368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 373 Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection 1/11/10 3:09:08 PM

Language Arts Have students work in write the letters on the board and give the rest groups to learn the Russian alphabet or some of the class instruction on how to pronounce basic Russian words and phrases. the letter. Another group could sing the Groups will work to develop a short Russian Alphabet Song in Russian. Other groups might language presentation for the rest of the class. consider developing short verbal exchanges to Tell them that their presentation can be learn- present for the class that would include name ing and presenting the Russian alphabet. Explain introductions and polite exchanges. OL that if they do this type of activity, they should

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368-375_C15_S1_895263.indd 373 1/25/10 1:56:50 PM CHAPTER Section 1 Teen Education and Health Care in During the Soviet era, education was free but Life Russia mandatory. The emphasis was on math, science, and engineering rather than on language, his- The fall of communism and the rise of democ- tory, and literature. This produced generations racy in Russia have lessened the differences R of technology-focused government officials. W Writing Support between teens in Russia and the United States. They, along with prominent educators, writers, Descriptive Writing Ask stu- Teens in Russia enjoy American movies and music, and artists, made up the Soviet intelligentsia as well as watching TV with family and friends. dents to use the material in the (in•tel•luh•JEHN•see•uh), or intellectual elite. Unlike most American teens, however, most The curriculum changed dramatically after the “Teen Life in Russia” feature and in Russian teens live with their extended family, collapse of the Soviet Union. Schools began to the text to write a one-page including grandparents and sometimes even emphasize a more balanced approach, including description of a teenager’s life in great-grandparents. language, history, and literature. Today, students have a choice of different types of schools, but modern Russia. OL Did you know . . . C W the country’s unstable economy has limited Students attend school Monday through school budgets. Teachers often abandon teach- R Reading Strategy Saturday. ing because of the low pay and low morale. In Some students attend special schools where addition, students focus on earning money rather Identifying Ask: During the than getting an education. they can perfect a talent such as music or ballet. Soviet era, what was the focus Russia is experiencing a demographic decline as of the Russian educational Soccer is a favorite sport. Ice hockey and ice the quality and availability of health care have skating are also very popular due to the cold system? (math, science, and worsened. Average life expectancy is 68 years, climate in many parts of Russia. 10 years shorter than in the United States. The engineering) BL New Year’s Day is the most popular holiday in infant mortality rate, or the number of deaths per Russia. Russians celebrate it in much the same 1,000 births, is 9 compared to the U.S. rate of C Critical Thinking way as many celebrate Christmas, 6.6. Since 1992 the Russian death rate has with a tree and presents. exceeded the birthrate, resulting in negative pop- Drawing Conclusions Most people use public transportation such as ulation growth. Organize students into two the bus, subway, trolley, or train. Disease, lifestyle choices such as smoking tobacco and drinking alcoholic beverages, and groups. One group will use library The voting age is 18. or Internet resources to research inefficient health-care systems all threaten the well-being of Russia’s people. Additionally, an the literacy rate and amount of aging population, rising infertility, and increas- federal funding for education in ing rates of infectious disease, including HIV Essential Question the United States. The other group and AIDS, have put a strain on an already strug- will do the same for Russia. gling health-care system. The clinics and hospi- tals that are still run by the government are often Groups should draw conclusions inefficient and lose capable medical staff because based on the relationships of poor pay. between funding and literacy rates. Have groups share their The Arts research and conclusions. OL The arts in Russia were often inspired by reli- gion. For example, churches were crowned with onion-shaped domes that symbolized heaven in the Russian Orthodox tradition. Russian art changed its focus to nonreligious themes in the early 1700s when Peter the Great introduced European culture. By the early 1800s, Russia had entered an artistic golden age that lasted Additional into the 1900s. Support 374 Unit 5

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 374 Activity: Collaborative Learning 1/11/10 3:09:15 PM 368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 375 1/11/10 3:09:28 PM

Collaborative Learning The nineteenth and groups to research the works of these writers. Helping students to manipu- early twentieth centuries are considered a Three suggested starting points can be The late information by working golden age for the arts in Russia, particularly for Cherry Orchard by Chekhov, The Nose by Gogol, in groups is a great way to literary arts. Writers such as Anton Chekhov, and The Master and Margarita by Bulgakov. Ask: keep students engaged. Nikolai Gogol, and Mikhail Bulgakov are consid- What is considered particularly Russian about ered to be some of the greatest writers Russia each of these works? Have each group prepare has ever produced. These three writers wrote and present a staged reading from each of the novels as well as plays. Have students work in authors they choose. AL

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368-375_C15_S1_895263.indd 374 1/25/10 1:56:55 PM Russian arts are characterized by a list of well- Family Life and Leisure CHAPTER Section 1 known artists. Painters such as Viktor Vasnetsov Living conditions in Russia affect family life. and composers such as Pyotr (Peter) Tchaikovsky Due to a housing shortage, most families live in contributed to the richness of Russian culture. large apartment blocks. The apartments are usu- The works of poets Aleksandr Pushkin, Boris ally very small — a bedroom, living room, kitchen, Pasternak, and Anna Akhmatova, and novelists and bathroom — for a family of four. Extended Differentiated Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky have made family members often live together. For example, D Instruction Russian literature famous. many newly married couples have to live with The Soviet government limited individual artistic their parents until they can afford a home of Gifted and Talented Have expression and believed that it was the artists’ duty their own. Grandmothers, or babushkas, may to glorify the government’s achievements in their students read passages from The live with their adult children and grandchildren. Gulag Archipelago to learn more works, an approach known as socialist realism. Babushkas help with cooking, cleaning, and tak- Artists who did not follow these guidelines were ing care of the children. about Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s punished, as is evident in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s D Attending concerts, the ballet, and the theater all personal experiences in a Soviet book The Gulag Archipelago. provide popular entertainment. Sports, both ama- prison camp. AL Beginning in the mid-1980s, activity in the arts teur and professional, are popular with all age renewed as loosening government controls groups. Russia’s tennis, track and field, and ice allowed the printing of previously unpublished hockey athletes have had remarkable success in works and new materials. During the height of international events, as have figure skaters and Geography ONLINE Soviet repression, some works had been smuggled gymnasts. Objectives and answers to the from Russia and printed in other countries. Today Russians observe May Day more as a spring festival than as a workers’ holiday. Tradi- Student Web Activity can be tional religious holidays have also reemerged. In found at glencoe.com under Geography ONLINE 1991, Christmas, celebrated by Eastern Orthodox the Web Activity Lesson Plan Student Web Activity Visit glencoe.com, select the Christians on January 7, became an official holi- World Geography and Cultures Web site, and for this program.

day in Russia for the first time since 1918. RUSSIA click on Student Web Activities—Chapter 15 for an activ- ity on Russian literature. Regions What contributed to a resurgence of the arts in the 1980s? Answer: loos- ening government controls SECTION 1 REVIEW Vocabulary Critical Thinking Assess 1. Explain the significance of: ethnic group, Soviet era, nationality, 5. Answering the Essential Question How did the arrival of foreign missionaries affect religion in Russia? sovereignty, atheism, pogrom, intelligentsia, socialist realism. Geography ONLINE 6. Comparing and Contrasting Write a paragraph comparing Main Ideas the Russian education system during the Soviet era with the Study Central™ provides sum- 2. How have the many ethnic groups in Russia shaped the coun- system today. try’s population patterns? maries, interactive games, and 7. Analyzing Visuals Study the map of ethnic groups on page 371. 3. Describe an example in which migration has shaped popula- Which ethnic groups are the most spatially concentrated? online graphic organizers to help tion patterns in Russia. students review content. 4. Create a graphic organizer like the one below, and use it to fill Writing About Geography in the key details for each aspect of Russian culture during the 8. Expository Writing Consider the ways in which physical Soviet era and today. geography influenced culture in Russia. In which part of the country do most followers of Islam live? Write a paragraph Close Aspects of Russian Culture explaining why you think this is so. Identifying Ask: Ethnic Religion Education and The Arts Family Life Russians are part of what larger Health Care and Leisure Geography ONLINE ethnic group? (Slavs) Study Central™ To review this section, go to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. Section 1 Review Chapter 15 375

368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 374 1/11/10 3:09:15 PM 368-375_C15_S1_879995.indd 375 Answers 1/11/10 3:09:28 PM

1. Definitions for the vocabulary terms are Soviet era—free and mandatory, focused on 6. During the Soviet era, education was free found in the section and the Glossary. math, science, and engineering; today — and mandatory. It was focused on math, sci- 2. Ethnic groups have settled in self-selected students can choose where to go to school ence, and engineering. Today education regions that have become political entities. and what to study; the health care system has includes language, history, and literature, Thirty-two ethnic groups have their own deteriorated; The Arts: Soviet era—socialist and students can choose where to go to republic or administrative territory in Russia. realism; today—artists are free to choose their school, but the country’s struggling econ- 3. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, many own style; Family Life and Leisure: Today— omy sways people to look for work instead ethnic Russians living in former Soviet most families live with extended families. of pursuing an education. republics returned to Russia, giving Russia Concerts, ballet, theater, and sporting events 7. Caucasian, Ossetian, Paleo-Siberian a positive immigration rate. are popular leisure activities. 8. the southwest, its proximity to predomi- 5. The arrival of foreign missionaries prompted 4. Religion: Soviet Era — atheism; today— nately Muslim Southwest and Central Asia Russian lawmakers to place restrictions on Russian Orthodox, other Christian, Muslim, or newly established religious groups. nonreligious; Education and Health Care: 375

368-375_C15_S1_895263.indd 375 1/25/10 1:57:03 PM WHY GEOGRAPHY MATTERS WHY GEOGRAPHY MATTERS

Focus Important Dates in Chechen History 1991 Introducing the USSR collapses; Chechnya declares independence Feature 1994—1996 First Chechen War R 1999 Russians invade; Second Chechen War begins Ask students to think about what they know of U.S. history when 2003 Referendum approves new constitution giving Chechnya more autonomy considering the situation in 2007–2009 Ramzan Kadyrov becomes Chechen president; maintains Chechnya. For example, the support of Russia; claims insurgency has been crushed American colonies were con- trolled by England but fought for their independence, and the Confederate States seceded from the United States but were re - admitted to the Union after a bloody civil war. Discuss how the U.S. examples are similar to or dif- ferent from the battle between Russia and Chechnya. OL

Teach R Reading Strategy Identifying Have students review the table of Important Dates in Chechen History. Ask: How long did the First Chechen War last? (2 years) When did Problem: ➤ Chechnya gain more autonomy? ➤ (2003) BL Since the beginning Occupation Russian occupation of Russian occupation, remains part of everyday life in the Chechens have Chechnya. These Russian soldiers talk A memorial for Natalia Estemirova sought independence as Chechen women travel through the Protest Natalia Estemirova, a human rights from foreign rule. rubble of Grozny, Chechnya’s capital. activist, was kidnapped and murdered in Chechnya in 2009. She was a critic of the Additional Kremlin’s policies in Chechnya. Support 376 Unit 5

376-377_C15_WGM_879995.indd 376 More About the Photo 2/5/10 12:31:22 PM 376-377_C15_WGM_879995.indd 377 1/11/10 3:11:11 PM

Visual Literacy Grozny, the capital of vive while their relatives or husbands fight the Chechnya, used to be home to over 400,000 war for independence. Women and children people. Years of war have destroyed this once- pick their way through the rubble as they go thriving city, and most residents have either about their daily activities. Some people stay been forced to leave, disappeared, or been because they are afraid they will be arrested by killed. However, some people, mostly women, the Russian soldiers and sent to detention choose to stay in Chechnya, struggling to sur- camps if they try to leave.

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376-377_C15_WGM_895263.indd 376 2/5/10 12:35:30 PM Russia and the Republics ARCTIC OCEAN N Bering WHY GEOGRAPHY MATTERS Sea W E ESTONIA S History of LATVIA LITHUANIA MOLDOVA BELARUS Sea of Tensions Moscow Okhotsk UKRAINE C Critical Thinking RUSSIA Chechnya has historically been occupied by B la c k other powers. First controlled by the Turks and Identifying Central Issues S e CHECHNYA a GEORGIA KAZAKHSTAN then by the Russians, Chechens have long Pass out four or five index cards to ARMENIA 0 1,000 kilometers strived for independence. UZBEKISTAN each student. As they read the AZERBAIJAN Caspian Sea 0 1,000 miles What is the history of the conflict? Although KYRGYZSTAN TURKMENISTAN Two-Point Equidistant passage, ask them to write down TAJIKISTAN projection Russia has long controlled Chechnya, the republic has maintained its cultural heritage. one central issue for the Russian- Chechens have their own language and are pre- Chechen conflict on each card. As dominately Sunni Muslim, and these differences have fueled the Chechens’ desire for indepen- a class, ask students to list the dence. Whenever internal or external conflict has issues on the board, using tally weakened the Russian government, Chechen reb- marks for each student who iden- els have attempted to fight for autonomy, but their efforts have been unsuccessful. The Russian tified the same reasons. At the government has several reasons for maintaining end of the activity, have students Chechnya’s status as a republic of the Russian assess if they are in agreement Federation. Several oil and gas pipelines vital to C the Russian economy run through Chechen terri- about the central issues, or if

tory. Also, if Russia were to grant Chechnya inde- RUSSIA important issues were pendence, it would likely face uprisings by other overlooked. OL ethnic groups and republics within the Russian Federation. What is the current political climate? In May 2000, Russian president Vladimir Putin established direct rule of Chechnya to try to stop the rebels. In Assess/Close 2003 a new constitution was passed in a referen- Identifying Religion was a dum. Under this new constitution, Chechnya is still a republic within the Russian Federation, but major factor in Chechnya’s quest it has been given a significant amount of auton- for independence. However, the omy. The new Chechen government is now strug- country had other reasons for gling to recover from the violence waged by the Chechen rebels and to bring stability and peace to wanting to separate from Russia. Chechnya and its people. Ask: What are some of the rea- sons that Chechnya has wanted THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY to separate from Russia? (Students should identify at least 1. Human Systems Research the conflict in Solution: three issues in the Chechen-Russian ➤ ➤ Chechnya in more depth, and then write an Integrating Chechen essay detailing the diplomatic measures taken conflict.) representation into the to try to bring stability to the republic. Russian government may be the only solution to Chechen president Ramzan 2. The World in Spatial Terms How might the ongoing animosity Kadyrov (right) talks with Chechnya’s location contribute to Russia’s between the two groups. Russian president Dmitry unwillingness to grant the republic its Medvedev about Chechen- independence? Russian relations.

Chapter 15 377

376-377_C15_WGM_879995.indd 376 1/11/10 3:10:37 PM 376-377_C15_WGM_879995.inddTHINKING 377 GEOGRAPHICALLY 1/11/10 3:11:11 PM Answers into Georgia and south to Armenia and 1. Essays should show an understanding of Azerbaijan. It is also close to the Caspian the various diplomatic overtures Sea. If Chechnya breaks off, surrounding between the Russians and the Chechens regions may also break off, cutting off since the fall of the Soviet Union, includ- important trade routes. Chechnya also ing the peace agreement signed in 1996 houses several oil and gas pipelines vital by Boris Yeltsin. to the Russian economy. 2. Chechnya is on the southern border of Russia, making it an important gateway

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376-377_C15_WGM_895263.indd 377 1/25/10 2:00:00 PM CHAPTER Section 2 SECTION 2 History and section spotlight MAIN Idea audio video Guide to Reading Government Essential Question Focus Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russians have How have Russia’s history and Daily Focus Transparency 15.2 government been shaped by its struggled to move beyond this dark period of their many ethnic groups? past. Although difficult, the country is making steps Content Vocabulary toward democracy and a market economy. • czar (p. 379) • communism • serf (p. 379) (p. 381) • Russification • satellite (p. 381) Voices Around the World (p. 380) • Cold War “A decade has passed since the U.S.S.R. ceased to exist, and • socialism (p. 381) during that time the Russian people have been subjected to (p. 380) • perestroika • Bolshevik (p. 382) nothing less than an economic and social revolution. (p. 381) • glasnost (p. 382) Three-quarters of state enterprises have been fully or partly transferred to individual owners in a corrupt Guide to Reading Academic Vocabulary privatization drive. . . . [A]s a seven-week trip Answers to Graphic: • acquire (p. 380) • policy (p. 380) around Russia earlier this year showed, shoots 1547: Ivan IV 1700: 1861: 1945: end of • aid (p. 381) of new life are springing up through- becomes first Catherine the Alexander II WWII, USSR czar Great expands proposes set gains influ- out the country.” Russian of limited ence over Places to Locate (p. 379) empire reforms eastern and • Moskva River — Fen Montaigne, southeastern • St. Petersburg (p. 380) “Russia Rising,” Europe • Vladivostok (p. 380) National Geographic, November 2001 Reading Strategy Sequencing As you read about 1613: 1922: 1985: Mikhail Gorbachev Russia’s history, complete a time line Romanovs establishment comes to power and similar to the one below by recording come to power of USSR introduces perestroika major events in the country’s history.

1533 1700 1861 1945 1991

1613 1917 1922 1985

To generate student interest and provide a springboard for class discussion, access the Chapter 15, Section 2 video at glencoe.com.

Signs of modern technology at an Internet café Resource Manager 378 Unit 5

Reading Critical378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 378 Differentiated Writing Skill 1/11/10 3:13:47 PM 378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 379 1/11/10 3:14:05 PM R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Additional Resources Teacher Edition • Activating Prior • Making Infer., p. 380 • Below Grade Level, • Graphic Organizer • Reading a Time Line, Knowledge, p. 382 • Drawing Conclu., p. 381 p. 379 Trans., pp. 45–46 p. 381 • Visual/Spatial, p. 380 • Authentic Assess., Additional Resources Additional Resources p. 45 Additional Resources • Guided Reading, 15-2, • GIS Simulations, p. 18 Additional Resources • Daily Focus Skills URB, p. 32 • Quizzes and Tests, p. 178 • Enrichment Act., Trans. 15-2 • RENTG, pp. 109–111 URB p. 29 • Reinforcing Skills Act., • Vocab. Act., URB p. 24 • Reteaching Act., URB, p. 27 URB p. 25 • Map Overlay Trans. 5, 5-4

378-383_C15_S2_895263.indd 378 1/25/10 2:03:26 PM Early History CHAPTER Section 2 Muscovy’s princes kept peace with the for about two centuries, but the peace did not last. MAIN Idea Russia’s historical roots go back thou- sands of years and include many ethnic groups. Muscovy’s Prince Ivan III then brought many Slav territories under his control, thus earning the nick- GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What do you know about name “the Great.” Ivan’s expanded realm eventu- Essential Question the early history of the United States? Read to learn ally became known as Russia. In Moscow, Ivan about the people involved in the rise of Russia. built a huge fortress called the Kremlin and filled Teach the city with churches and palaces. Russia’s gov- Differentiated Russia’s historical roots go back to the a.d. ernment today, the Russian Federation, uses the D 600s, when Slav farmers, hunters, and fishers Kremlin as its executive headquarters. Instruction settled near the waterways of the Northern In 1547 Ivan the Great’s grandson, Ivan IV, Below Grade Level Help stu- European Plain. became Russia’s first crowned czar (ZAHR), or dents distinguish among similar supreme ruler. He crushed all opposition to his rule Kievan Rus and expanded his realm’s borders into non-Slav terms with different meanings, During the 800s, Scandinavian warriors called territories, earning the name Ivan the Terrible. such as the difference between the Varangians settled among the Slavs living After Ivan’s reign, the country faced foreign inva- D territory as land and territory as an near the Dnieper and Volga Rivers. Within a sion, economic decline, and social upheaval. When official administrative region. century the Varangians had adopted the Slav the Romanov dynasty came to power in 1613, the Conversely, have students watch language and many Slav customs. The Slav com- government gradually tightened its grip on the munities were eventually organized into a loose people. By 1650 many peasants had become serfs, for groups of synonyms such as union of city-states known as Kievan Rus. Ruled a virtually enslaved workforce bound to the land reign and rule. BL ELL by princes, the leading city-state, Kiev, con- and under the control of nobility. trolled a prosperous trading route, using Russia’s western rivers to link the Baltic and Mongol Invasions into Russia Black Seas. Answers

60°N 20°E Eventually, fighting among 40°E Route of Mongols 1. from east to west 60°E 120°E to Russia the city-states weakened EUROPE 80°E 100°E D Mongol Empire, 1294 Ba a ltic a 2. Mediterranean Sea, Black Kievan Rus. In the early n Se u Vassal states

b 1200s, Mongols invaded Kiev e 1 Sea, Don River, Volga River, 2 140°E 4 CLE 1 ARCTIC CIR Sea of and many of the Slav territo- R RUSSIAN . Okhotsk Indus River, South China PRINCIPALITIES R. ries from their foothold in Kiev 1 40°N 2 b’ Y Moscow 37 Kazan‘ R. e a Sea, Chang Jiang 1 D n n . 2 o i e R Central Asia. Although the 4 s L 2 n e r B R la y u c . a k lg R o m Mongols allowed the Slavs . S V I A e R. r a t Lake M y e Sarai s Baikal self-rule, they continued to d h

i a S R e r e 1236 . a r T S control the area for more a i Sea of n g Did You Know? e E n Aral Karakorum r Japan a u a

i i n s p Sea than 200 years. p (East Sea) h s

R Lake

r a . a Slavs were often captured and C Balkhash t e ASIA s e R H ) forced into labor by other central . g . Yellow The Rise of Russia n R a Sea Persian Gulf u w H o (Arabian Gulf) R. ll East European groups. The name for Many Slavs fled the Mongol s u ( China d R.) n e Sea invasions and later settled I gtz this practice — slavery — came Yan g ( ian along the Moskva River. One J g ANC from the name of this ethnic an OF C h ROPIC 20°N of their settlements grew into C T group, used by speakers of Middle the city of Moscow, the cen- South China English, Medieval Latin, and Late ter of a territory called N Sea Muscovy (muh•SKOH•vee), 1. Movement From which direction Greek. W E 0 800 kilometers did the Mongols invade Russia? which was linked by rivers to S 0 800 miles Two-Point Equidistant major trade routes and sur- 2. Location Near which bodies of projection rounded by lands good for water were vassal states located? farming and fur trapping. Hands-On Chapter 15 379 Chapter Project Step 2

378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 378 1/11/10 3:13:47 PM 378-383_C15_S2_879995.inddRussia: 379 A Cultural Excursion to go in Russia. There should be a lot of them!1/11/10 3:14:05brochure PM should include pictures and As the ideas are laid out, have the groups descriptions of what travelers can expect Step 2: What is There to See and work out a 10-day to two-week cultural tour and why this is the tour of a lifetime. OL Do? Students will now consider the best that will take in 15–20 events, museums, (Chapter Project continues on the Visual way to present their findings for their cul- and/or other cultural happenings. Summary page.) tural tour of Russia. Putting It Together Have the groups Directions Have the groups gather put together a cultural tour brochure that together to pitch their various ideas of where will appeal to students like them. The

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378-383_C15_S2_895263.indd 379 1/25/10 2:03:39 PM CHAPTER Section 2 Romanov Czars and the Empire Revolution While Russia struggled, western Europe moved forward and left Russia behind. Then in the and Change late 1600s, Czar Peter I — known as Peter the Great — came to power, determined to modernize MAIN Idea Discontent with inequality in Russian Russia. Under Peter I, Russia enlarged its terri- society led to revolution and freedom from genera- C Critical Thinking tory, built a strong military, and developed trade tions of czarist rule. with western Europe. To acquire seaports, Peter I Making Inferences The text GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What led to the American gained land along the Baltic Sea from Sweden. states that the people maintained Revolution? Read to learn about the factors that A new capital — St. Petersburg — was carved out their Russian cultural identity and led to the Russian Revolution and the rise of the of the wilderness along the Gulf of Finland, pro- Soviet Union. faced poverty. Ask: Is there a viding access to the Baltic Sea and giving Russia “a window on the West.” Since most of Russia’s causal relationship between A long cycle of halfhearted reforms, govern- other ports were icebound for almost half the these two statements? (Some stu- ment repression, and the American and French year, St. Petersburg became a major port. Revolutions encouraged the desire among edu- dents may read the text that way, During the late 1700s, Empress Catherine the cated Russians to open up Russian society. but you should point out that the Great continued to expand Russia’s empire and wealth of the rulers and the nobility gained a long-sought-after warm-water port on The Russian Revolution allowed them access to the West the Black Sea. The Romanov expansion also brought many non-Russians under its rule. As the Czar Alexander II’s limited reforms, such as and the means to adopt European was adopting western European freeing the serfs in 1861 without providing for manners and goods.) AL ways, a cultural gap developed between the nobil- their education, caused many former serfs to move to cities. There they faced the poor conditions and For additional practice in this skill, ity and the serfs. The serfs followed traditional C Russian ways and faced poverty. meager wages of factory work. Non-Russian peo- see the Skills Handbook. Beginning in 1891, under Czar Alexander III, ples also faced prejudice when the government Russia expanded into Siberia with the construc- introduced the policy of Russification, which Differentiated tion of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Nearly 6,000 encouraged people to speak Russian and follow D miles (9,700 km) long, it connects Moscow to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Those who refused Instruction Vladivostok. Once completed in 1916, the rail- were harshly persecuted, especially the Jews, who Visual/Spatial Ask: What road opened Russia’s interior to settlement. were often blamed for Russia’s problems. This frustration and discontent led many Russian visual clue does the time line Location How was St. Petersburg workers and thinkers to turn to socialism, a belief offer by showing a picture of important to the expansion of the ? that calls for greater economic equality in society. Vladimir Lenin? (that Lenin was a very important part of Russian his- tory in the twentieth century) BL History of the Soviet Union

Answer: It 1939 The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact gives gave Russia access to a port that 1917 Revolution forces Czar the Soviet Union control of Estonia, Latvia, Nicholas II to abdicate the throne. Lithuania, and eastern Poland. Germany and the was free of ice year-round. Lenin becomes leader of Russia. D Soviet Union promise not to attack each other.

1910 1920 1930 1940

1922 The Union of Soviet 1924 Vladimir Lenin dies. Joseph 1941 Germany attacks the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is Stalin emerges as the new leader. Union, drawing it into World War II. established. Additional Support 380 Unit 5

378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 380Did You Know? 1/11/10 3:14:16 PM 378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 381 1/11/10 3:14:19 PM

• Lenin Vladimir Lenin was born St. Petersburg for plotting against Tsar • Lenin’s Philosophy As a law student, Vladimir Ulyanov in Simbirsk, Russia, Alexander III. Alexander Ulyanov was Lenin studied the revolutionary writings in 1870. After the Russian revolution, convicted and hanged at the age of 17. of Karl Marx. “Leninism” was Lenin’s ver- Simbirsk was renamed Ulyanovsk. • Name Change Vladimir Ulyanov sion of Marxist communism that aimed • Lenin’s Family Both of Lenin’s par- began using the pseudonym “Lenin” in to empower the workers of Russia and ents were schoolteachers. His older the 1890s. the world. Lenin spelled out the basics brother, Alexander, was arrested in of his philosophy in a publication enti- tled “What Is to be Done?”

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378-383_C15_S2_895263.indd 380 1/25/10 2:03:44 PM One of its biggest proponents, the German philos- The Bolsheviks won the civil war in 1922, and opher Karl Marx, advocated public ownership of established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics CHAPTER Section 2 all land and a classless society with an equal shar- (USSR), or the Soviet Union. The Soviets gradu- ing of wealth. This would occur after a revolution, ally regained Ukraine, Belarus, and large parts of led by the working classes, against the wealthy. the Caucasus region and Central Asia. MAIN Idea Increasing discontent caused strikes and dem- After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin onstrations to break out in the early 1900s. Then became the leader of the Communist Party. Stalin C Critical Thinking in 1917, the hardships of World War I brought took control of farms and factories as he made even larger numbers of workers and now sol- the USSR an industrial giant. He eliminated those Drawing Conclusions Teach diers into the streets, demanding “bread and who disagreed with him, and millions were either students the term sphere of influ- freedom.” These actions forced Nicholas II to killed or died from hunger, physical hardships, or ence, which indicates countries that abdicate his throne, bringing czarist rule to an brutal conditions in labor camps. are close to a superpower either end. The following year, Czar Nicholas and his family were killed. Their murders signaled the A Superpower geographically, politically, or philo- demise of Europe’s last absolute rulers and the The Soviet Union attained superpower status sophically. Ask: How were the emergence of communism in Russia. after World War II. The USSR controlled most of “weapons” described used to Eastern Europe at the war’s end. By 1949 most increase a superpower’s sphere of The Soviet Era of the region’s countries had become satellites, influence? (Propaganda and mone- The weak representative government established countries controlled by the Soviet Union. in 1917 made it easy for the Bolsheviks, a revolu- The next four decades saw the Soviet Union tary aid were used to sway the popu- lace, and the threat of force was used tionary group led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, to seize and the United States engaged in the Cold War, C control. The Bolsheviks believed in communism, a the struggle between two competing sys- to frighten weaker governments.) philosophy based on Karl Marx’s ideas that called tems — communist and capitalist — for world for the violent overthrow of government and the influence and power. Although both countries creation of a society led by workers. built destructive nuclear weapons, the “weap- S Skill Practice Promising the people “Peace, Land, and Bread!”, ons” used for this war were propaganda, the

RUSSIA Reading a Time Line Ask: the Bolsheviks withdrew Russia from World threat of force, and aid to developing countries. How long was the U.S.S.R. in War I, surrendering much territory to Germany. Regions How did the size of They used their complete political control to take Russia change after the Soviets gained control? existence? (69 years) BL over industry, direct food distribution, and estab- lish an eight-hour workday. Civil war eventually erupted between the Bolshevik Red Army and the anti-Bolshevik White Army. 1. Regions What did the Soviet Union gain from the Answers Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact? 1. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, 2. Place What countries might the Soviet Union have and Eastern Poland, and the had influence over after World War II? promise that Germany wouldn’t attack Russia 1945 Germany is defeated in World War II. Postwar agree- 1961 Soviet astronaut 2. The countries of eastern and ments give the USSR influence Yury Gagarin becomes the over eastern and southeastern first human to orbit the Earth. 1991 The USSR is dissolved. southeastern Europe Europe.

Answer: 1950 1960 1990 S Initially, it shrank but then expanded into Europe and central Asia. 1953 Joseph Stalin dies. 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev Nikita Khrushchev becomes comes to power and pro- the Communist Party leader. poses perestroika, a restruc- turing of the economy. Differentiated Chapter 15 381 Instruction

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BL Differentiated Instruction, OL Guided Reading, URB, p. 31 AL Differentiated Instruction, ELL Differentiated Instruction, p. 58 p. 59 p. 57

CHAPTER Name Date Class 15

Proverbs Proverbs My Pen Pal Lives in St. Petersburg My Pen Pal Lives in St. Petersburg Key Terms and Reinforcement Key Terms and Reinforcement

Population and Culture

Russia and the Soviet Union Russia and the Soviet Union The Soviet government disapproved of religion and instead promoted .

Russia is made up of more than 120 .

Only of the population lives in two-thirds of Russia’s land area.

Most Russians who claim a religious affiliation belong to the church.

Russian Slavs dominate Russia’s and culture.

Turkic-speaking peoples live in Russia. Education and Literacy Education and Literacy Russia’s population is because of poor health care and a low birthrate.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Caucasian peoples consist of the Chechens, Dagestanis, and .

Some of the world’s greatest literature comes from Russian authors such as Great Russian Writers Great Russian Writers who wrote Gulag Archipelago. Capital Cities Capital Cities Soviet “socialist ” strangled artistic expression in Russia.

May 1, or , was a workers’ holiday in Soviet Russia, but today it is just a spring celebration. Since 1991, have returned to their homeland. 381 Southeastern Russia is the home of . Understanding Russia’s Past The Cold War Since 1990, urban population growth in most industrialized cities has . St. Petersburg is Russia’s second largest city and its former capital. Tracing the The phrase “Cold War” does not refer to a war fought in the winter. Gather name of the city during the twentieth century reveals a great deal about Russia’s Prominent educators, writers, artists and scientists made up the Soviet . students in groups and ask them to find the following information about the political and cultural history. Ask students to identify the names the city has been Cold War: called and when and why the name changed. What was the Cold War? When did it start and end? Who was the American president when the Cold War started? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Companies, The McGraw-Hill a division of Companies, © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright Inc. Companies, The McGraw-Hill a division of Companies, © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright Who was the Russian leader who introduced glasnost or “openness” and how did he contribute to ending the Cold War?

378-383_C15_S2_895263.indd 381 1/25/10 2:03:49 PM end. Twelve of the 15 new countries became CHAPTER Section 2 Movements for members of the Commonwealth of Independent Change States (CIS). The three Baltic countries did not. Boris Yeltsin was elected the first president of the . MAIN Idea New ideas about political and eco- R Reading Strategy nomic systems led to changes in Russia. A New Russia Activating Prior Knowledge GEOGRAPHY AND YOU Do you believe that there The new Russia began moving from a com- is enough political openness in the United States? mand economy to a market economy, closing Ask: What conditions existed Read to learn how political openness helped Russia outdated factories and restructuring agriculture. during the last days of the Soviet transition from its Communist past. Separatist movements and ethnic conflict also Union that were similar to those threatened the stability of Russia. Beginning in that brought about the Russian The breakup of the Soviet Union required lead- the 1990s, Tatarstan, , and other ethnic ers to change their ideas about governing a super- Revolution? (large discrepancies in territories demanded greater self-rule. Some power in an increasingly interconnected world. demands have erupted into war. Boris Yeltsin’s wealth between the leaders and the successor, Vladimir Putin, inherited those con- citizens) OL The Fall of the Soviet Union flicts when he became president in 1999. The Soviet Union’s weakening economy, along Putin helped stabilize the economy by instituting Answer: all with great discrepancies between workers’ wages reforms in labor, banking, and private property. except Estonia, Latvia, and and the privileges their leaders enjoyed, led to the He also helped Russia get involved with NATO through the NATO-Russia Council. After winning Lithuania R breakup of the Soviet Union. In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, a reform-minded official, assumed reelection in 2004, Putin instituted changes that power in the Soviet Union. He instituted a policy were seen by many as taking a step away from of economic restructuring called perestroika democracy. Barred from a third term as president, (pehr•uh•STROY•kuh) and a policy of greater Putin endorsed Dmitry Medvedev as his successor. Assess political openness called glasnost (GLAZ•nohst). After winning the election, Medvedev nominated Many of the satellites overthrew their Putin for prime minister. This allowed Putin to remain heavily involved in Russian government. Geography ONLINE Communist rulers in 1989. A failed coup in 1991 to overthrow Gorbachev collapsed, but all Regions Which Soviet republics Study Central™ provides sum- the republics declared independence by year’s formed the Commonwealth of Independent States? maries, interactive games, and online graphic organizers to help students review content. SECTION 2 REVIEW Vocabulary Critical Thinking 1. Explain the significance of: czar, serf, Russification, socialism, 5. Answering the Essential Question How did the migra- Bolshevik, communism, satellite, Cold War, perestroika, glasnost. tion of the Slavs and their interactions with other groups Close influence the ? Main Ideas Summarizing Ask: What forms 6. Determining Cause and Effect What led to the breakup of 2. How did the Bolsheviks use their complete power to create the Soviet Union? Write a paragraph explaining your answer. of government has Russia had? the Soviet Union? 7. Analyzing Visuals Study the map of Mongol invasions on (union of city-states, imperial mon- 3. How did Mikhail Gorbachev help the transition away from page 379. How many miles separate Karakorum and Moscow? archy, communist, and democratic) communism? 4. Using a graphic organizer like the one below, list the key events Writing About Geography in Russia or in the Soviet Union during each of the following time 8. Expository Writing Write a paragraph explaining why you periods: Kievan Rus, Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russia. agree or disagree with the following statement: “The Soviet Union was a 74-year-long experiment that failed.” Era Dates and Key Events

Geography ONLINE Study Central™ To review this section, go to Section 2 Review glencoe.com and click on Study Central. 382 Unit 5

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1. Definitions for the vocabulary terms are 4. Era Dates and Key Events 5. The Slavs were organized into a loose union found in the section and the Glossary. Kievan 800s Kievan Rus formed; 1200s Mongols invade; 1400s of city-states, were invaded by Mongols, 2. They took over industry, direct food distri- Rus Ivan the Great defeats Mongols fled to the Moskva River, and eventually bution, and established an eight-hour work- Russian 1547 Ivan IV becomes first czar; late 1600s Peter I becomes Ivan III organized Slavic territories and day. They also fought and won a civil war, Empire czar and established St. Petersburg; 1700s Catherine the defeated the Mongols. Great expands Russia’s empire; 1891 Trans-Siberian after which they created the Soviet Union. Railroad built; 1917 Nicholas II abdicates the throne 6. a weakening economy and the discrepan- 3. by introducing perestroika and glasnost Soviet 1922 established; 1924 Stalin becomes leader; 1939 gains cies between workers’ wages and the privi- Union control of eastern Poland and the Baltic States; 1945 leges of their leaders gains influence over eastern Europe; 1985 Mikhail 7. about 2,700 miles Gorbachev comes to power; 1989–1991 Soviet Union begins to dissolve 8. Essays will vary but should touch on points Russia 1991 Boris Yeltsin elected president; 1999 Putin becomes regarding the economy and personal, politi- president cal, and religious freedoms. 382

378-383_C15_S2_895263.indd 382 1/25/10 2:03:53 PM Study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes and flashcards to your CHAPTER 15 VISUAL SUMMARY PDA from glencoe.com. VISUAL SUMMARY

MAIN Idea Russian Ethnic Groups Synthesizing Remind students that the history of Russia and its PEOPLE AND ETHNICITY people has been one of radical • Russia is ethnically diverse. change over the past several hun- • Most Russians are Slavic in origin. Turkic: 7.3% • The diversity of people in Russia has led to many ethnic Ossetian: 0.4% Slavic: 82.4% dred years. Have students work in groups demanding greater self-rule or independence. Uralic: 1.4% groups to put together a pictorial • In some places, like Chechnya, the groups have resorted Caucasian: 2.9% to violent methods, such as terrorism. Other: 5.6% time line highlighting Russia’s his- tory. Ask the students to touch on each of the categories shown in Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2009. the Visual Summary. OL Identifying Central Issues Ask students to think about the inflation rate as shown in the graph. Present the example of a HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT consumer who purchased an item • In Russia’s early years it was ruled by czars, who were for $1.00 at the beginning of 1991.

selected by birth. RUSSIA • During the Soviet era, leaders were selected by a small By 1992, the item would have cost group of Communist Party insiders. $25.00 due to rampant inflation. • Democratic reforms were established in Russia follow- ing the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Now that the inflation rate is • Today Russia has free elections, but many fear that under control, an item bought for government is moving away from democracy. $1.00 at the beginning of 2008 would cost only $1.10. Review with students how Russia’s chang- Nenets women cast their in the presidential election. ing political systems influenced its Essential Question economy. AL

Rate of Inflation in Russia, 1992–2008 3,000 CHANGING ECONOMIC SYSTEMS • Under the czars, the economy was run by serfs bound 2,500 to nobles. 2,000 • During the Soviet era, a command economic system was used. 1,500

• Capitalism was introduced to Russia after the fall of the Percent Soviet Union in 1991. 1,000 • When Russia switched economic models, it caused 500 instability in the marketplace, with high inflation and unemployment. 0 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 • Reforms put into place by Vladimir Putin have helped Year to stabilize the economy. Sources: U.S. State Department, www.cia.gov; The World Factbook 2009. Hands-On Chapter 15 383 Chapter Project Step 3: Wrap-Up

378-383_C15_S2_879995.indd 382 1/11/10 3:14:22 PM 378-383_C15_S2_879995.inddRussia: 383 A Cultural Excursion in the form of a brochure and a pitch detail-1/11/10 3:14:36suggestions PM that did not make it in the bro- ing the cultural highlights of the tour they chure? Ask: Now that you have designed Step 3: Present the Tour Plans have designed for students traveling to this brochure and focused on some great Students will synthesize what they have Russia. Ask: If I went on this tour, what cultural experiences, would you like to created in Steps 1 and 2. would I see and do? Are there any added travel to Russia? Why or why not? Open Directions Have students present their features the students may have discovered the discussion to the whole class. OL tour packages. The presentation should be along the way? What were some of the tour

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Answers, Analyses, TEST-TAKING TIP and Tips After you eliminate the choice that has nothing to do with Russia or the topic of the question, Reviewing Vocabulary see if you can eliminate one other choice and thus narrow the possibilities down to two. 1. C Students may be confused by Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas this question since, in the chapter, Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete the Directions: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences or to “major ethnic groups” and “nation- sentence. answer the following questions. alities” have the same meaning. 1. A people who share a common ancestry, language, religion, Section 1 (pp. 370–375) However, nation is not defined in customs, or some combination is . 5. Where do most Russians live? the text. Students may also con- A a soviet A western Russia fuse the terms ethnic group and B a nation B eastern Russia race. Students may be aware that C an ethnic group C the people of the same race share a D a race D the common ancestry, but do not nec- essarily share a language, religion, 6. After the fall of the Soviet Union, what happened to religious or customs. life in Russia? 2. is a belief that there is no God or other supreme being. A The government continued to insist that everyone follow 2. B Of the answer choices, only atheism. A Soviet atheism is a belief. B The Roman Catholic Church became the predominant B Atheism religion. 3. A Students should easily dis- C Ethnicity C Most people became Protestant. miss answer B. However A, C, D Turkic D Most people who claim a religious affiliation have and D mean essentially the same returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. thing — a supreme ruler. Students should remember that only the 3. The supreme rulers of Russia were known as . term czar is defined in the chapter. Section 2 (pp. 378–382) A czars 7. What development opened Russia’s interior to settlement? B Muscovites A the Trans-Siberian Railroad C kings TEST-TAKING TIP B global warming BiG Idea D emperors Have students read the C the conquest of a warm-water port question, and fill in the blank D the defeat of the Mongols with each of the possible choices. When more than 4. Gorbachev’s economic restructuring plan was known as 8. Which group eventually gained power in Russia after the . Russian Revolution? one answer seems true, stu- A glasnost A White Russians dents should choose the B communism B Socialists answer that is “more true.” C perestroika C Communists D Russification D Republicans 4. C Even students who are familiar with the chapter may have difficulty GO ON differentiating between glasnost and perestroika. Both terms came 384 Unit 5 into use at about the same time under the administration of Mikhail

Gorbachev. Students may benefit Answer384-385_C15_STP_879995.indd A may be 384eliminated, since even may be eliminated since, even after defeat of 1/11/10 3:15:27 PM 384-385_C15_STP_879995.indd 385 1/11/10 3:15:33 PM from using a mnemonic device: before the fall of the Soviet Union the govern- the Mongols, transportation to the interior of when students read the term glas- ment had relaxed its restrictions on religion. Russia was difficult. Answer B is a distracter nost they should think of glass, Answers B and C may be eliminated. Only since the concept of global warming was not which is transparent, or open. Eastern Orthodox Christianity is officially rec- covered in the section. ognized in Russia. 5. A Students should remember 8. C Socialists and communists were involved that Russia’s two largest cities, 7. A In the same manner that railroads opened in the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Bol- Moscow and St. Petersburg, are the American West, the Trans-Siberian Railroad sheviks, a revolutionary group that believed in in western Russia. opened the interior of Russia. Students should communism, seized control of the government eliminate answer C, since port cities are along after the revolution. 6. D Russian Orthodoxy is the the coasts and not in the interior. Answer D largest religious group in Russia. 384

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Critical Thinking Document-Based Questions Directions: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences or to Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer 12. Perestroika must rely on the answer the following questions. questions that follow the document. people of Russia, consider their 9. Years of frustration led up to the Russian Revolution, but the In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev proposed perestroika, or interests, and draw them into con- event that fi nally brought it about was . restructuring, of the Soviet economic system. Here is his descrip- structive endeavors. According to A a major famine in the countryside tion of the reasons for the reforms. the passage, Gorbachev believed B loss of freedom of the Russian Orthodox Church to In effect, have here a new investment and structural policy. that the movement would only be practice its religion The emphasis has been shifted from new construction to the successful if it had the support of C the killing of the czar and his family technical retooling of enterprises, to saving the resources, and the people. sharply raising the quality of output. We will still pay much D the suffering during World War I attention to the development of the mining industries, but in providing the economy with raw materials, fuel and power, Base your answer to question 10 on the map and on your knowledge Extended Response the emphasis will now be on the adoption of resource-saving of Chapter 15. technologies, on the rational utilization of resources. . . . 13. Answers may vary. Sample Growth of Moscow The economy has, of course, been and remains our main answer: The economy has become concern. But at the same time we have set about changing more market-oriented. Students the moral and psychological situation in society. . . . should remember from the text We have come to the conclusion that unless we activate the that since the fall of communism, human factor, that is, unless we take into consideration the diverse interests of people, work collectives, public bodies, the Russian people have been and various social groups, unless we rely on them, and draw more free to practice their reli- them into active, constructive endeavor, it will be impossible gion. Methods of education have for us to accomplish any of the tasks set, or to change the situation in the country. changed, but poor pay and low morale have caused many teach- —Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World ers to leave the profession. The health-care system is strained, and 11. What does Gorbachev name as the major concern of the separatist movements are threat- Soviet Union? ening the country’s stability. 12. According to Gorbachev, what is essential to making pere- stroika successful?

Extended Response TEST-TAKING TIP 13. Exploring the BiG Idea Remind students that when Describe the changes in Russia since the fall of communism. studying for a test or exami- 10. In what direction from Moscow were most of the acquired How has the economy changed? lands to 1389? nation, they can create A north STOP songs or raps to help them B south remember lists of facts or C east dates. Just as many little D west Geography ONLINE children learned the alpha- For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes— bet by singing the ABC Chapter 15 on glencoe.com. song, they can remember Need Extra Help? anything by putting the If you missed questions. . . 12345678910111213 information into a song. Go to page. . . 371 373 379 363 372 373 380 381 381 385 385 385 382

Chapter 15 385

Geography ONLINE 384-385_C15_STP_879995.indd 384 1/11/10 3:15:27 PM 384-385_C15_STP_879995.inddCritical 385 Thinking Moscow is in the southeast and that most1/11/10 3:15:33 PM lands were added to the north. Have students visit the Web 9. D Although there was discontent with the site at glencoe.com to review government in the early 1900s, the hardships Chapter 15 and take the Self- of World War I precipitated the Russian Document-Based Questions Check Quiz. Revolution. B and C may be eliminated. 11. He names the economy. Students should Students should know that the Soviet Union, read the passage carefully. In the second para- formed in 1922, discouraged the practice of graph, Gorbachev writes, “the economy has, of religion, and that the czar and his family were course, been and remains our main concern.” Need Extra Help? killed in 1918 after the start of the revolution. Have students refer to the pages listed if they miss any of the 10. A Students should be able to read the questions. map legend to see that the original area of 385

384-385_C15_STP_895263.indd 385 1/25/10 2:04:53 PM CONNECTING TO CONNECTING TO THE UNITED STATES THE Focus UNITED STATES Introducing the Feature Explain to students that Russia’s relationship with the United States has been one of extreme ups and downs over the past 100 years. From the Russian revolution through two world wars, the Cold War, the space race, and the tear- ing down of the Berlin Wall, the

two world governments, A production of The Nutcracker described as “superpowers,” have had a diverse and evolving history.

A Russian Orthodox church Teach in San Francisco, California C Critical Thinking Making Inferences Ask: Why do you think that a Russian Orthodox church was founded in Alaska in the eighteenth cen- tury? (Russia is geographically Just the Facts: closer to Alaska than the fledgling • The fall of communism in the Soviet Union led to American colonies were; Russia con- Russian involvement in the International Space Station beginning in 1998. trolled Alaska at that time.) OL • In 1794, the first Russian Orthodox Church in America For additional practice on this was established in Alaska. Today the Orthodox C Church in America has approximately 1 million mem- skill, see the Skills Handbook. bers and 400 parishes countrywide. • According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 706,242 Americans listed Russian as their spoken language. • The Russian American population is estimated to be U.S. astronauts and a Russian cosmonaut aboard Additional approximately 3 million people. the International Space Station Support 386 Unit 5

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Visual Literacy Russian Orthodox churches Russian Orthodox churches can be found are symbolized by many unique decorations, throughout the United States, the first Russian such as the onion domes that top these mag- Orthodox Church in America was established in nificent structures. Onion domes are named for Alaska. Russians came to Alaska and took their bulb-like shapes and pointy tops. The advantage of the region’s prosperous fur trade. Kremlin in Moscow features many towers The “Golden Age” of the Orthodox Church in topped with onion domes, and many Russian Alaska ended when Alaska was sold to the Orthodox churches have onion domes. While United States in 1867.

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386-387_C15_WGC_895263.indd 386 1/25/10 2:07:16 PM CONNECTING TO THE UNITED STATES Making the Connection D Differentiated Russian culture has influenced American cul- Instruction ture through the arts, sports, religion, and space exploration. Russian influences, while English Learners Ask students not always obvious, have been significant. to review the terms influence and Cold War Influences Russian cultural influ- influential. Explain that these ence in the United States has in large part terms refer to the ability of some- been based on the competition between the two nations as the result of the Cold War. one or something to behave in a Although never directly engaged in armed con- way they might not have done Russian-born tennis player Maria Sharapova flict, the United States and the Soviet Union otherwise. Is there a person were continually at odds and in competition Ask: with each other. This competition was exhib- or a place that influences you? ited through sporting events and the space (Answers will vary.) ELL race, each country striving to top the other. Influencing the Arts Although ballet itself did not originate in Russia, the Russian ballet community made lasting changes to the art D form and helped to popularize it throughout Assess/Close the world. Tchaikovsky (chy•KAWF•skee), a RUSSIA Summarizing Russians have Russian composer who lived during the late influenced many aspects of 1800s, wrote several ballets that remain pop- The Nutcracker, American life. They have made Nobel prize-winning Russian author ular today. Most notable is a Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Christmas holiday favorite in the United States significant contributions to the and around the world. arts, sports, religion, and space Sports Heroes —Russian Heritage Since the exploration. In what ways fall of communism, many Russian athletes Ask: have become popular American sports have the Russians influenced the heroes. Russian influence is most notable lives of Americans? in ice hockey and tennis. Some of the most recognizable of these Russian-born athletes are hockey players Sergei Fedorov and THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY Alexander Ovechkin, and tennis player Maria Sharapova. Answers 1. Essays will vary depending Russian Literature THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY on the athlete chosen. Title Author 2. The countries have ser- War and Peace Lev Tolstoy (tawl•STOY) 1. Human Systems Research a Russian-born athlete mentioned above or one of your viced and manned the pro- Anna Karenina Lev Tolstoy choosing. Describe the contributions that per- gram from the beginning. Crime and Fyodor Dostoyevsky son has made to his or her sport. Punishment The pressurized section of (DAHS•tuh•YEHF•skee) 2. Environment and Society Investigate Russian Doctor Zhivago Boris Pasternak (PAS•tuhr•NAK) and American cooperative involvement with the space station is made A Day in the Life Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn the International Space Station. What have up of two Russian modules of Ivan Denisovich (SOL•zhuh•NEET•suhn) both countries contributed to this project? Zarya and Zvezda and two U.S. modules Destiny and Chapter 15 387 Node 1.

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Russian-Americans During the Cold War, choose a prominent Soviet citizen that defected numerous talented and influential people left to the United States during the Cold War and the Soviet Union and came to the United States. influenced our culture. Have students write short These people were scientists, artists, athletes, biographies of these individuals that describe and scholars. Ask: Who were some of these who they are, where they came from, and why people, and how have they influenced they fled to the United States. OL American culture? Have students research and

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