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Title: Development of Laboratory Equipment and Protocols for The EPA/600/R-18/322 | October 2018 www.epa.gov/homeland-security-research Development of Laboratory Equipment and protocols for the Assessment of Rain, Water Wash- Down, and Channelized Flow for Removal of Spores on Urban Surfaces Office of Research and Development Homeland Security Research Program This page left intentionally blank EPA/600/R-18/322 September 2018 Development of Laboratory Equipment and Protocols for the Assessment of Rain, Water Wash-Down, and Channelized Flow for Removal of Spores on Urban Surfaces Anne Mikelonis and Worth Calfee U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Decontamination and Consequence Management Division National Homeland Security Research Center Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Disclaimer The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through its Office of Research and Development funded and managed the research described herein under EP-C-15-008 to Jacobs Technology Inc. It has been subjected to the Agency’s review and has been approved for publication. Note that approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views of the Agency. Any mention of trade names, products, or services does not imply an endorsement by the U.S. Government or EPA. The EPA does not endorse any commercial products, services, or enterprises. The contractor role did not include establishing Agency policy. Questions concerning this document or its application should be addressed to: Anne Mikelonis, Ph.D., P.E. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development National Homeland Security Research Center Decontamination and Consequence Management Division 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. (MD-E-343-06) Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Phone: 919-541-0579 [email protected] ii Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.0 Background .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Rainfall ............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Channelized Flow ........................................................................................................... 10 3.0 Rainfall ............................................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Characterization Techniques .......................................................................................... 11 3.2 10-ft. Tall Rainfall Simulator ......................................................................................... 14 3.3 26-ft. Tall Rainfall Simulator ......................................................................................... 18 4.0 Channelized Flow .............................................................................................................. 21 5.0 Spray-Down ....................................................................................................................... 23 6.0 Quality Assurance .............................................................................................................. 25 7.0 Future Work ....................................................................................................................... 28 8.0 References .......................................................................................................................... 29 Appendix A. 10-ft. Intensity Heat Maps ....................................................................................... 31 Appendix B. Spore Washoff Procedure-Rain ............................................................................... 36 Appendix C. 10-ft. Rainfall Spore Washoff Results..................................................................... 37 Appendix D. 26-ft. Intensity Heat Maps ....................................................................................... 45 Appendix E. 26-ft. Rainfall Spore Washoff Results ..................................................................... 52 Appendix F. Spore Washoff Procedure-Channel.......................................................................... 63 Appendix G. Spore Washoff Data - Channel................................................................................ 65 Appendix H. Channel Velocity Measurements ............................................................................ 68 Appendix I. Spore Washoff Procedure-Spray .............................................................................. 69 Appendix J. Spore Washoff Data - Spray ..................................................................................... 72 iii List of Figures Figure 2.1 Continental US precipitation frequency estimate for a two-year recurrence interval and a one-hour duration rain event. ................................................................................................ 9 Figure 2.2 Continental US precipitation frequency estimate for a 100-year recurrence interval and a one-hour duration rain event. ................................................................................................ 9 Figure 3.1 10-second Durham, North Carolina, USA rain event data recorded by the Parsivel2. 11 Figure 3.2 Examples of simulated rainfall that did not follow the Gunn-Kinzer curve. .............. 12 Figure 3.3 Parsivel2 ....................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 3.4 Heat map experimental setup ...................................................................................... 12 Figure 3.5 Example heat map of a nozzle with a non-uniform spray pattern ............................... 13 Figure 3.6 Example heat map of a uniform spray pattern............................................................. 13 Figure 3.7 10-ft. tall rainfall simulator.......................................................................................... 14 Figure 3.8 10-ft. tall rainfall simulator with mesh screen ............................................................. 14 Figure 3.9 10-ft simulator rainfall removal results (for Bg) at different intensity rain events.. ... 17 Figure 3.10 26-ft tall rainfall simulator......................................................................................... 18 Figure 3.11 Washoff coupon holders ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 4.1 Custom Channelized Flow Simulator .......................................................................... 21 Figure 4.2 Channelized flow Bg washoff from concrete coupon. Error bars are standard error. 22 Figure 5.1 Spray Chamber ............................................................................................................ 23 Figure 5.2 Load cell response to different garden hose nozzle tips .............................................. 24 Figure 5.3 Load cell response to different pressure washer nozzle tips ....................................... 24 List of Tables Table 3.1 Rainfall Simulator Design Criteria ............................................................................... 11 Table 3.2 10-ft. tall rainfall simulator nozzle summary of intensity and droplet size .................. 15 Table 3.3 26-ft. tall rainfall simulator nozzle summary of intensity and droplet size .................. 19 Table 4.1 Velocities during channelized flow experiments .......................................................... 22 Table 5.1 Pressure washer nozzle spray conditions ...................................................................... 23 Table 6.1 Instrument Calibration Frequency ................................................................................ 25 Table 6.2 Critical Measurement Acceptance Criteria ................................................................... 26 Table 6.3 QA/QC Sample Acceptance Criteria ............................................................................ 27 iv Acknowledgments Contributions of the following individuals and organizations to this report are gratefully acknowledged: EPA Project Team John Archer, ORD/NHSRC/DCMD Worth Calfee, Ph.D., ORD/NHSRC/DCMD Sang Don Lee, Ph.D., ORD/NHSRC/DCMD Anne Mikelonis, Ph.D., P.E., ORD/NHSRC/DCMD Katherine Ratliff, Ph.D., ORISE Postdoctoral Fellow in ORD/NHSRC/DCMD Jacobs Technology, Inc. Project Team Ahmed Abdel-Hady, Jacobs Technology, Inc. Denise Aslett, Ph.D., Jacobs Technology, Inc. Lee Brush, Jacobs Technology, Inc. Jason Colón, Science Systems Applications, Inc. Kathleen May, Jacobs Technology, Inc. Joshua Nardin, Jacobs Technology, Inc. Brian Sechrest, CSS-Dynamac Ryan Stokes, Jacobs Technology, Inc. Steve Terll, Jacobs Technology, Inc. Abderrahmane Touati, Ph.D., Jacobs Technology, Inc. EPA Technical Reviewers Leroy Mickelsen, OLEM/OEM/CMAD Michael Pirhalla, ORD/NHSRC/DCMD EPA Technical Edit Joan Bursey, Ph.D., Grantee, The National Caucus and Center on Black Aged, Inc. EPA Quality Assurance Eletha Brady Roberts, ORD/NHSRC/IO Ramona Sherman, ORD/NHSRC/IO v Acronyms and Abbreviations ADA aerosol dose apparatus Ba Bacillus anthracis Bg Bacillus globigii Btk Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki CONUS Continental United States EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ft. foot/feet h hour(s) HSRP Homeland Security Research Program ID identification in. inch(es) ISO International Organization for Standardization L liter(s) m meter(s) µm micrometer(s)
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