DOCSLIB.ORG

Effect Model of Rainfall Intensity and Fertilizer Use to NPK Content on the Run-Off

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effect Model of Rainfall Intensity and Fertilizer Use to NPK Content on the Run-Off ISSN: 04532198 Volume 62, Issue 03, April 2020 , 2020 Effect Model of Rainfall Intensity and Fertilizer Use to NPK Content on the Run-off Berlian Gari Amrina1, Riyanto Haribowo2, and EmmaYuliani2 1Master Program in Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 2Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Abstract—This research intends to investigate the effect of rainfall intensity and fertilizer use to NPL (Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Kalium) content that also carried away together with run-off. Questionnaire about the application of fertilizwe that is commonly used is distributed to farmers. The modeling is carried out by using yje rainfall simulator of hydrology system SK-III Armfield. When the rain is dropped, the run-off will be directly taken as the sample to be tested in the laboratory for knowing the NPK content that is also carried away.The methodology uses linier regression statistical analysis and variance analysis for reaching the aim of research. Result of laboratory test shows that the rainfall intensity and the dose of fertilizer use is influencing tohether to the Nitrogen (R2 = 0.787), Phosphate (R2 = 0.49); and Kalium (R2 = 0.489). Result of variance analysis test indicates that the Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Kalium in run-off is affected by the rainfall intensity and the dose of fertilizer use. .. Keywords— water quality, NPK waste, rainfall intensity, rainfall simulator 1. Introduction Indonesia has long period of rainy season and there is more than six months. This condition needs attention due to regulate an urban region [1]. However, the infrastructure development is carried out for considering the social prosperity of society. Therefore, it is also meant to change the land use. Even though the land use change will cause rainfall that cannot permeate again into soil on the rainy season [3], so it has the potency to cause surface run-off that will be becoming as flood or pool [4][5][6]. In hydrological cycle, the process of infiltration and run-off is one of the urgent processes [7][8]. Recently, the watersheds in Indonesia have the pollution problem due to the excessive human acitivity. Some of the water pollution are come from point or non-point source pollution. Unlike point source pollution, the non point one (NPS) is come from many sources that is spreading from land use activities in the watershed like residence, agriculture, and industry that is predicted has affected river water quality. One of the activities that cab cause the decreasing of water quality is agricultural activity [9]. Irrigation and rainfall can contribute to the pollution mainly the exaggerated fertilizer content [10]. Kaown [11] said that the agricultural activity has proven to produce the high concentration of Nitrate and Phosphate in many places in the world. However, Kim [12] expressed that the intensive agricultural activity by using fertilizer and pesticide has decreased the sirface water quality. Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Kalium are the new nutrient that is very needed for fulfilling the crop demand nutrient [13]. However, the using of nutrient has a number of environmental consequences. Nitrogrn, Phosphate, and Kalium can negatively affect the surface water quality [14]. Non-point source pollution is marked by the random and intermittent event and generally it is affected by many factors like type of soil and fertilizer that is used and the rainfall intensity. This research intends to analyze the water quality due to the agricultural waste as the non-point source pollution. In further, this research intends to investigate the effect of rainfall intensity and 917 B. Gari, R. Haribowo, and E. Yuliani, 2020 TRKU the dose of NPK fertilizer using to the NPK content that carried away with the run-off. To reach the aim, this research will be carried out with modeling by using rainfall simulator in the laboratory scale. 2. Material and Method 2.1. Research Location This research is conducted in Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Malang-Indonesia, Media of soil that is used is directly taken from agricultural area of Sumber Brantas Village and then it is moved to the rainfall simulator. The case study is selected in begetable agricultural area in Bumiaji District, Batu City. The area of Sumber Brantas Village is 541.1364 ha and in the height of 1,700 mdpl and the rainfall is high. The vegetables in Sumber Brantas consist of carrot and potato that is as the vegetable which is abundant in rainy season. Map of location is presented as in the Figure 1. Figure 1 Map of Sumber Brantas Village 2.2. Research Design The measuring of point source pollutant will has many constraints if it is directly carried out in field. If the sample is tested to the variable of rainfall time or fkood event, it will bw very difficult to be carried out. It is due yo the natural condition that is very uncertainty and it is so dangerous for the researcher himself/ herself. Data that are obtained is primary data from laboratory.that is by using the rainfall simulator with the variation of rainfall and NPK fertilizer content themselves. 2.3. Questionnaire for Farmer Before carrying out the trial in laboratory, there is carried out the interview with the local farmers for obtaining some information about the farmer behavior in using chemical fertilizer. The methodology is survey method by distributing yhe questionnaire on the farmer group. The farmer group consists of 87 persons. The number of person ia used for determining the number of questionnaire sample with the relative error of 1%, For this research, there is used the Isaac and 918 ISSN: 04532198 Volume 62, Issue 03, April 2020 , 2020 Michael and it is obtained the number of respondent is 78 persons. Some information that are obtained from the interviews are as follow: a) Type and merk of chemical fertilizer that is commonly used; b) Content or dose of fertilizer using; c) The treatment to the soil that is fertilized; d) The method of fertilizer using; and e) The government role un controlling the fertilizer using. 2.4. Media of Soil Type of soil in this research is taken from yje place where the questionnaire is distributed that is in Sumber Brantas Village, Bumiaji Districtm Batu City-Indonesia. Agricultural soil in this place is taken as the media for carrying out the modeling. The soil sample will be tested for knowing the soil texture. Generally, by knowing the texture is able to know the porosity, durability against water, water availability, easy or difficult to be prepared infiltration rate, consistency, nutrient content, and water demand. The analysis is carried out by hydrometer trial. This trial is used for determining the classification of soil particle that pass the filter no. 300 and the gradation curve, so it can be known what soil type that is used. The classification of soil texture size is presented as in the Figure 2. Figure 2 Triangle Diagram of Soil Texture Based on the USDA Source: Hardjowigeno [15] The available composition of soil fraction as the result of Hydrometer analysis is plotted on the soil texture triangle so it can be known the soil type that will be used, 2.5. Experiment Design The modeling is carried out by using rainfall simulator. The slope in the rainfall simulator is set on the condition of 5%. The rainfall intensity that is used is the highest rainfall intensity in the Sumber Brantas Village during the last 10 years that is from 2008 until 2017 in the Junggo rainfall station that is 105 mm. If it is conversed in the laboratory scale is proportional with 2 liter/minute. Then, the rainfall ia also simulated when the intensity is 1.5 litre/minutes, and by the end is 0.5 litre/minute. In every rainfall event, the fertilizing dose is also modelled with 3 variations of fertilizing that are soil withput fertilizer, soil with fertilizer that is suitable with the using rule dose (44.8 gr) and by the end the fertilizer using as the result of questionnaire to the farmer (93.33 gr). The fertilizer that is used in this research is the nitrophoska 15-15-15 or it is known as the trade name: basf fertilizer. In every trial, the run-off due to the rainfall will be drop tp the soil surface. When the soil has already saturated, the water will be run-off. The run-off will be taken as the sample by using bottle. From this modeling, there is obtained 12 water samples that will be analyzed in Environmental Laboratory of PT Jasa Tirta I, Malang City. In the experiment, to know how much the content that is held in soil, so the soil sample is taken and will be analyzed in the 919 B. Gari, R. Haribowo, and E. Yuliani, 2020 TRKU laboratory. The content that will be tested is the content of Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Kalium that is dissolved the run-off. 2.6. Data Analysis There are some variables for knowing the effect of rainfall intensity and the dose of fertilizer using to the content of Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Kalium. Yo know how big the effect among the variables, so it is needed to ba carried out the statistical test. The statistical test is used the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and the method is linier regression and bariance analysis. 3. Result and Discussion 3.1. Soil Type The result of hydrometer analysis test shows that the soil in the agricultural location in Sumber Brantas has the content composition of soil fraction as follow: gravel: 0.00 %, sand: 48.00 %, silt: 45.08 %, and clay: 6.92 %.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Walnut Gulch Rainfall Simulator: a Computer-Controlled Variable Intensity Rainfall Simulator
    THE WALNUT GULCH RAINFALL SIMULATOR: A COMPUTER-CONTROLLED VARIABLE INTENSITY RAINFALL SIMULATOR G. B. Paige, J. J. Stone, J. R. Smith, J. R. Kennedy ABSTRACT. The Walnut Gulch Rainfall Simulator (WGRS) is a portable, computer-controlled, variable intensity rainfall simulator for rainfall-runoff-erosion research on rangelands. The WGRS was developed with the objective to quantify the relationship between rainfall intensity and steady state infiltration rate and to determine how that relationship affects sediment transport by overland flow. The simulator has a single central oscillating boom and applies water over a 2- y 6.1-m area. Two important improvements have been made to the oscillating boom simulator design. First, a computer-controlled stepper motor is used to control the oscillations and minimize the variability of the water application across the plot. Second, the spray time and sequence of nozzle operation are controlled by three-way solenoids to minimize the delay time between oscillations at low application rates. The simulator applies rainfall rates between 13 and 178 mm/h, in 13-mm/h increments, with a coefficient of variability of 11% across the plot. Water use is minimized by recycling the water that is not sprayed directly on the plot. The simulator has been tested in both laboratory and field applications. Keywords. Rainfall simulator, Variable intensity, Infiltration, Runoff, Erosion. ainfall simulators have been used in hydrologic one of the largest runoff and erosion databases for rangelands and erosion process studies since the 1930s. They including studies to parameterize the Universal Soil Loss are designed to apply a controlled amount and rate Equation (Simanton et al., 1986) and the Water Erosion of water on a known area or plot.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Education on Rainwater Harvesting and Agricultural Irrigation Training for Small Acreage Landowners
    Youth Education on Rainwater Harvesting and Agricultural Irrigation Training for Small Acreage Landowners Final Project Report For the Completion of TWDB Contract No. 1003581100 by Dr. Dana Porter, P.E. Associate Professor & Extension Irrigation Engineer Texas AgriLife Research Lubbock, TX Brent Clayton Extension Program Specialist Texas AgriLife Extension Corpus Christi, TX submitted to the Texas Water Development Board P.O. Box 13231, Capitol Station Austin, Texas 78711-3231 April 2012 i This page is intentionally blank. ii Texas Water Development Board Final Project Report Youth Education on Rainwater Harvesting and Agricultural Irrigation Training for Small Acreage Landowners by Dana Porter, Ph.D. Brent Clayton Texas AgriLife Extension Service April 2012 iii This page is intentionally blank. iv Acknowledgements This resource is made available through support from the Texas Water Development Board (Contract #1003581100, “Youth Education on Rainwater Harvesting and Agricultural Irrigation Training for Small Acreage Landowners”) and the USDA-ARS Ogallala Aquifer Program. Special thanks are extended to Cameron Turner, Texas Water Development Board, and Whitney Milberger-Laird, formerly with the Texas Water Development Board, for their guidance and participation in this project, as well as to Billy Kniffen, Extension Program Specialist, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, for his tireless efforts in conducting Rainwater Harvesting training events; to Justin Mechell, former Extension Program Specialist, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, for his assistance in project management and contributions to the irrigation curriculum materials and to Diana Thomas for her assistance with various aspects of the project. v This page is intentionally blank. vi Youth Education on Rainwater Harvesting and Agricultural Irrigation Training for Small Acreage Landowners Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rain Sim Drop Sizes, Distributions and Energies
    1 DRAFT 3/4/2011 2 Rainfall Simulation Studies – A Review of Designs, Performance and 3 Erosion Measurement Variability 4 5 Mark E. Grismer 6 Depts. of Hydrologic Sciences and Biological & Agricultural Engineering 7 UC Davis 8 9 Table of Contents pages 10 INTRODUCTION 1-2 11 12 EROSION PROCESSES – Model Development 2-16 13 Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) 4-8 14 Water Erosion & Prediction Project (WEPP) 8-12 15 Characterizing Erosion - Continued Developments 12-16 16 17 NATURAL & SIMULATED RAINFALL ENERGIES AND INTENSITIES 16-25 18 19 RAINFALL SIMULATOR (RS) DESIGNS 26-57 20 Basic RS Designs – Overview 26-29 21 Table AA. Summary of RS performance characteristics 29-34 22 Basic RS Designs –Drop sizes, Distribution & Intensity Uniformity 23 Drop-former type RSs 35-37 24 Spray-nozzle type RSs 37-46 25 Basic RS Designs –Drop-size Distribution & Intensity Effects on KEs 46-57 26 27 FIELD RS METHODOLOGIES – Effects of measurement methods & plot conditions 28 57-72 29 APPLICABILITY OF FIELD RS-DERIVED EROSION RATES – Up-scalability? 30 72-76 31 32 Recent Rainfall Simulation Studies in the Tahoe Basin 76-83 33 34 SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS 83-87 35 36 REFERENCES 88-101 37 38 0 39 INTRODUCTION 40 The unpredictability, infrequent and random nature of natural rainfall makes 41 difficult the study of its effects on soils while rainfall is occurring. The use of rainfall 42 simulators (RSs) and perhaps runoff simulators for rill erosion can overcome some of 43 these difficulties, enabling a precise, defined storm centrally located over runoff 44 measurement “frames”.
    [Show full text]
  • A Rainfall Simulator Study of Soil Erodibility in the Gallatin National
    A rainfall simulator study of soil erodibility in the Gallatin National Forest, southwest Montana by Ginger Lee Schmid A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Soils Montana State University © Copyright by Ginger Lee Schmid (1988) Abstract: Adequate equations are a necessity for quantitatively predicting soil losses from precipitation events on nonagricultural soils in the Rocky Mountain west. A modified Meeuwig rainfall simulator was used to study sediment yield environments on wildland soils in the Gallatin National Forest of southwest Montana. Sediment was collected from simulator plots under three different treatments: (1) natural ground cover intact, (2) vegetation and litter removed, and (3) soil surface removed to a depth of 15 cm. Sediment yields from these three treatments on fine textured soils formed on Cretaceous shales were compared to those from coarse textured soils formed on Pre-Cambrian metamorphics. Slope angle; percent of ground area covered by vegetation, litter and rock; and the soil properties of texture, bulk density, organic matter content and water content were measured as possible variables affecting erodibility. These soil and site characteristics were also used to determine if sediment yield prediction equations developed from Meeuwig's (1970,1971) simulator research on high elevation rangeland in the Intermountain west were applicable on forested lands in southwestern Montana. Soil texture, soil water content, and percent of the soil surface protected by vegetation, litter, and rock were significantly different between soil textures and treatments. No significant differences were found between the fine and coarse textured sediment yields for any one treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Rainfall Simulations to Evaluate Pathogen and Nutrients Runoff Loss Under Controlled Conditions
    Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering 5-2018 Rainfall simulations to evaluate pathogen and nutrients runoff loss under controlled conditions María Isabel Delgado National University of La Plata Rameshwar S. Kanwar Iowa State University and Lovely Professional University, [email protected] Carl H. Pederson Iowa State University, [email protected] Chi Hoang Iowa State University Huy Nguyen Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs Part of the Agriculture Commons, Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ abe_eng_pubs/1218. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rainfall simulations to evaluate pathogen and nutrients runoff loss under controlled conditions Abstract Soil fertilizing the old-fashioned way, with raw manure, is a well-known procedure to increase land productivity. However, the fertilization value of organic amendment to the soil depends among others, on the composition of manure and manure application rates, timing and placement. When a rainfall event occurs soon after organic fertilizer application, it might help increase nutrient and pathogen concentrations in superficial runoff, carrying out negative consequences on water quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Rainfall Simulation on Rangeland Erosion Plots J.R
    &<=>0% 11 RAINFALL SIMULATOR WORKSHOP Rainfall Simulation on Rangeland Erosion Plots J.R. Simanton, C.W. Johnson, J.W. Nyhan, and E.M. Romney Key Words: soil loss, rangeland, rainfall simulator, USLE Abstract Rainfall simulator studieson erosion plots have been madeon relatively large plots, astandard surface treatment, 9 percent plot rangelands in Arizona, Idaho, New Mexico,' and Nevada. An slope and standard sequences of rainfall input (Wischmeier and extensive data base hasbeen developed for various ecosystems in Mannering 1969). Similar standards were used in oursimulator thesewesternstates.Becausethe same simulatorand similarexper studies so direct comparison could be made to other USLE imental design were used for allthestudies, results can beeasity research. transferred across ecosystems. The experimental design included Method and Materials the use of large plots (10.7 mX 3 m); 60mm/hr rainfall rate; and natural, bare, clipped, grazed and tilled treatments. Results from Erosion plot studies were conducted using a Swanson rotating thesestudieshavebeenrelated to USLE parametersand to effects boom simulator (Swanson 1965) on 3.05 m X 10.7 m plots in of various surface and canopy characteristics. The importance of rangelands of Arizona, Idaho, New Mexico, and Nevada. The erosion pavement on the erosion process of western arid and rotating boom rainfall simulator istrailer mounted and has 10-7.6 semiarid rangelands has been demonstrated, and, in some cases, mbooms radiating from acentral stem. Thearms support 30 V-Jet appears to be moredominantthan vegetationcanopy. 80100 nozzles positioned at various distances from thestem. The nozzles spray downward from anaverage height of 2.4 m, apply Introduction rainfall intensities of about60or 130 mm/hr(depending on nozzle Rainfallsimulation is a valuable research tool used in the study configuration), and produce drop-size distributions similar tonat ofthe hydrologtc and erosional responses of thenatural environ uralrainfall.
    [Show full text]
  • Illinois Nutrient Research & Education Council 2013 Projects Annual Report
    Illinois Nutrient Research & Education Council 2013 Projects Annual Report In its first year of operation (January – December projects that described plans for summarizing the 2013) the Illinois Nutrient Research and Education results into a package that would allow producers to Council (NREC) allocated funding totaling $1,477,572 determine how the results could be incorporated into for seven research and education projects. All projects management plans for their operation, or to address selected for funding were designed to address specific specific educational needs. problems or opportunities related to the purpose of NREC “to pursue nutrient research and provide The following information has been extracted educational programs to ensure the adoption and from project reports submitted by the researchers. implementation of practices that optimize nutrient The reports are available in their entirety at use efficiency, ensure soil fertility, and address www.illinoisnrec.org. The NREC website also environmental concerns with regard to fertilizer use.” contains information regarding members of the By statute, NREC is required to allocate a minimum Council, the enacting legislation creating NREC, and of 20% of the funds toward programs that include minutes of official NREC Council meetings. Since on-farm demonstrations that study and address water 2013 was the first year for virtually all NREC projects, quality issues. caution must be exerted in drawing conclusions from the results of the research projects. It is also NREC solicited Requests for Proposals in September important to recognize that reactions to treatments 2012 for funding in 2013, and received 30 proposals. may be different from one climatic area or one soil To insure that funds expended for NREC would have type to another.
    [Show full text]
  • A Small Rainfall Simulator for the Determination of Soil Erodibility
    Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Sciences 35 (1987) 407-415 A small rainfall simulator for the determination of soil erodibility A. Kamphorst Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural Univer­ sity, P.O. Box 8005, NL 6700 EC Wageningen, Netherlands Received 15 April 1987; accepted 10 May 1987 Key words: rainfall simulator, soil erodibility, soil conservation, soil loss, runoff, in­ filtration Abstract A small rainfall simulator is described, which can be used in the field as well as in the laboratory for the determination of the water infiltration and erosion characteris­ tics of soils. It is particularly suitable for soil conservation surveys, as it is light to carry and easy to handle in the field. A description is given of a standard procedure for the determination of topsoil erodibilities in the field. Some results obtained with the standard procedure are pre­ sented. The method appears to be highly sensitive for soil properties influencing soil erodibility, such as clay content, organic matter content and soil pH. Introduction The soil erodibility factor or K-factor in the universal soil loss equation is a soil pa­ rameter representing the integrated effect of the infiltration characteristics and of soil particle detachability and transportability (Römkens, 1985). Together with the rainfall erosion factor and factors for slope steepness, slope length, vegetation cov­ er and soil management, it determines the erosion hazard or predicted annual soil loss in a particular field location (Wischmeier & Smith, 1960). The soil erodibility factor cannot be estimated simply on the basis of measurable or observable environmental variables. It has to be determined experimentally for every individual soil series by making elaborate soil loss measurements in unit field plots (Wischmeier & Smith, 1978).
    [Show full text]
  • THE USE of a RAINFALL SIMULATOR for BRUSH CONTROL RESEARCH on the EDWARDS PLATEAU REGION of TEXAS a Thesis by SHANE COURTNEY
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Texas A&amp;M Repository THE USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR BRUSH CONTROL RESEARCH ON THE EDWARDS PLATEAU REGION OF TEXAS A Thesis by SHANE COURTNEY PORTER Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2005 Major Subject: Biological and Agricultural Engineering THE USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR BRUSH CONTROL RESEARCH ON THE EDWARDS PLATEAU REGION OF TEXAS A Thesis by SHANE COURTNEY PORTER Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Co-Chairs of Committee, Clyde L. Munster Bradford P. Wilcox Committee Member, Binayak P. Mohanty Head of Department, Gerald Riskowski December 2005 Major Subject: Biological and Agricultural Engineering iii ABSTRACT The Use of a Rainfall Simulator for Brush Control Research on the Edwards Plateau Region of Texas. (December 2005) Shane Courtney Porter, B.S., Texas A&M University Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. Clyde L. Munster Dr. Bradford P. Wilcox The thicketization of the semi-arid region of the United States has resulted in a dramatic change allowing invasive woody species to dominate the landscape with an unknown impact to the water budget. This landscape transformation has created a need to study the hydrology of the region and in particular the effects of increased brush on the water cycle. To study the effects of invasive brush on the water budget, a portable above- canopy rainfall simulator was developed for plot scale hydrologic research.
    [Show full text]
  • The EMIRE Large Rainfall Simulator
    Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 25, 681±690 (2000) SPECIAL ISSUE THE `EMIRE' LARGE RAINFALL SIMULATOR: DESIGN AND FIELD TESTING MICHEL ESTEVES1*, OLIVIER PLANCHON2, JEAN MARC LAPETITE1, NORBERT SILVERA AND PATRICE CADET2 1Laboratoire d'eÂtude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE, CNRS, INPG, IRD, UJF), BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France 2IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal Received 12 October 1999; Revised 4 March 2000; Accepted 16 March 2000 ABSTRACT A rainfall simulator for 5 Â10 m plots was designed and tested within the EMIRE (Etude et ModeÂlisation de l'Infiltration, du Ruissellement et de l'Erosion) program. The simulator is intended to be used in the field and to reproduce natural tropical rain storms. The simulator is composed of fixed stand pipes. The nozzle (Spraying Systems Co. 1H106SQ) mounted on the top of the pipes sprays square areas. At a water pressure of 41Á18 kPa the mean drop diameter is 2Á4 mm and the calculated kinetic energy 23Á5Jm2 mm1. The pipes are located at the corners of a 5Á5 Â 5Á5 m square grid. The rainfall intensity is constant (65 mm h1) and spatially uniform (Christiansen's coefficient of uniformity is 78 to 92 per cent) over the plot. Repeatability of application rate and spatial variability of rainfall intensities were tested by analysing (1) variations in intensityfordifferent experiments onthe sameplot,and(2)variations inintensitybetween differentplots. Thestudyisbased on data collected during nine field rainfall simulation experiments. Three replications of the same rain were applied on three 50 m2 plots. The results show good performance in all cases.
    [Show full text]
  • USE of RAINFALL-SIMULATOR DATA in PRECIPITATION-RUNOFF MODELING STUDIES by Gregg C. Lusby and Robert W. Lichty U.S. GEOLOGICAL S
    USE OF RAINFALL-SIMULATOR DATA IN PRECIPITATION-RUNOFF MODELING STUDIES By Gregg C. Lusby and Robert W. Lichty U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4159 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT Denver, Colorado 1983 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR JAMES G. WATT, Seer atary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: Project Chief Open-File Services Section Water Resources Division. Central Region Western Distribution Branch U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Box 25046, Mail Stop 412 Box 25425 Denver Federal Center Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 Denver, Colorado 80225 (Telephone: (303) 234-5888) CONTENTS Page J.TIU L OCIU.C L ion~~~~~~""" lr UL pO S w dllCl S COp w~ rlGt ilOClS Ot S tllQy~~ D J_L w Description of the study watershed 3 Delineation of hydrologic-response units and development of test plots 5 Development of runoff data from rainfall simulator 7 Model application to plot runoff 9 Overland-flow routing 10 Results of model calibration 12 Calibration using rainfall-simulator data 12 Calibration using observed rainfall-runoff data 33 Comparison of results of plot calibrations 40 Watershed modeling North Fork Willow Gulch 40 Partitioning the watershed 40 Comparison of observed and simulated runoff events 44 O O U I. C- WO O i g JJ J^Q Jj ^ HH 0 0 0 0 0 H__ HH » ____ » » » » ____ » » » » » «__ .___ .___ » .___ .___ .___ .___ H__ .___ .___ «__ ^ V^ r*L-wHL-.J-U-0-LL/Ho /^ r^^-»T ^ic?~i ^^T^C? _ _ .
    [Show full text]
  • A Portable Rainfall Simulator for Plot–Scale Runoff Studies J
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Publications 3-2002 A Portable Rainfall Simulator for Plot–Scale Runoff Studies J. Byron Humphry University of Arkansas Tommy C. Daniel University of Arkansas Dwayne R. Edwards University of Kentucky, [email protected] Andrew N. Sharpley USDA Agricultural Research Service Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_facpub Part of the Agriculture Commons, Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons, and the Soil Science Commons Repository Citation Humphry, J. Byron; Daniel, Tommy C.; Edwards, Dwayne R.; and Sharpley, Andrew N., "A Portable Rainfall Simulator for Plot–Scale Runoff tudS ies" (2002). Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications. 53. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_facpub/53 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Portable Rainfall Simulator for Plot–Scale Runoff Studies Notes/Citation Information Published in Applied Engineering in Agriculture, v. 18, issue 2, p. 199-204. © 2002 American Society of Agricultural Engineers The opc yright holder has granted the permission for posting the article here. Digital Object Identifier (DOI) https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.7789 This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_facpub/53 A PORTABLE RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR PLOT–SCALE RUNOFF STUDIES J.
    [Show full text]