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Evolution and Personality [1]
Evolution and Personality [1] James Gibson Hume (1922) Classics in the History of Psychology An internet resource developed by Christopher D. Green , ISSN 1492-3173 (Return to C lassics i ndex ) Evolution and Personality [1] James Gibson Hume (1922) First published in Philosophical Essays Presented to John Watson (pp. 298-330). : Queen's University.[*] Posted October 2001 Spencer in his Data of Ethics treated his subject from several successive standpoints entitled, The Physical, The Biological, The Psychological, the Sociological. He also attempted to co-ordinate all these various stages into what he termed a Synthetic Philosophy. This would give a fifth standpoint, the Philosophical. These five terms might be used to describe several different types of evolutionary theory. Let us note how these arose, that is, let us trace the evolution of evolutionary theory. Physical Evolution. Early Greek speculation was dominated by this standpoint which found its culmination in the Atomists. Among these Empedocles is noteworthy. He is quoted in the article 'Evolution' in the Encyclopaedia Britannica by J. Sully and T. H. Huxley. After a general Cosmology dealing with the formation of the Cosmos from the four original elements, fire, air, earth, water, by love and discord (attraction and repulsion) he proceeds to treat of the first origin of plants and of animals including man. As the original elements entered into various combinations there arose curious aggregates, heads without [p. 299] necks, arms without shoulders. These got strangely combined. Men's heads on oxen's shoulders, heads of .oxen on men's bodies, etc. Most of these combinations could not survive and so disappeared. -
Metabolic Theories of Aging
Metabolic Theories of Aging Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Nova Southeastern University Metabolic theories of aging postulate that aging is due to energy expenditure, which ultimately results in the breakdown and eventual death of cells. Historically, within the realm of metabolic theories of aging, there have been three models: The Rate-of-Living theory, The Oxidative Damage/Free Radical theory, and the Metabolic Stability theory. All three theories maintain that aging is directly related to metabolic rate, but the theories differ in how they arrive at that conclusion. The Rate-of Living theory of aging is the most antiquated of the metabolic aging theories. It proposes that two factors are responsible for determining longevity in all living organisms: 1) a genetically pre-determined capacity for overall metabolic potential, and 2) metabolic rate. The first empirical evidence for this theory dates back to 1908, when Max Rubner observed increasing metabolic rates as a function of increasing body mass in five mammalian species of varying longevities (guinea pig, cat, dog, cow, and horse). Rubner reported that the animals’ metabolic rates increased as a function of body mass, and that larger animals had longer lifespans. Based on these results, Rubner postulated that longevity could be determined by calculating the pre-determined capacity for organic energy use and the rate at which the energy was being expended. Rubner’s observation was supported by Raymond Pearl when he concluded that slower metabolism resulted in an increased lifespan among fruit flies and cantaloupe seeds. Despite the evidence for the Rate-of-Living theory, modern scientific developments have refuted the accuracy of the theory. -
003B Alhoff 83
Hist. Phil. Life Sci., 25 (2003), 83-111 ---83 Evolutionary Ethics from Darwin to Moore Fritz Allhoff Department of Philosophy, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA ABSTRACT - Evolutionary ethics has a long history, dating all the way back to Charles Darwin.1 Almost immediately after the publication of the Origin, an immense interest arose in the moral implications of Darwinism and whether the truth of Darwinism would undermine traditional ethics. Though the biological thesis was certainly exciting, nobody suspected that the impact of the Origin would be confined to the scientific arena. As one historian wrote, ‘whether or not ancient populations of armadillos were transformed into the species that currently inhabit the new world was certainly a topic about which zoologists could disagree. But it was in discussing the broader implications of the theory…that tempers flared and statements were made which could transform what otherwise would have been a quiet scholarly meeting into a social scandal’ (Farber 1994, 22). Some resistance to the biological thesis of Darwinism sprung from the thought that it was incompatible with traditional morality and, since one of them had to go, many thought that Darwinism should be rejected. However, some people did realize that a secular ethics was possible so, even if Darwinism did undermine traditional religious beliefs, it need not have any effects on moral thought.2 Before I begin my discussion of evolutionary ethics from Darwin to Moore, I would like to make some more general remarks about its development.3 There are three key events during this history of evolutionary ethics. -
In Defense of Herbert Spencer
SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! “The Independent Review does not accept “The Independent Review is pronouncements of government officials nor the excellent.” conventional wisdom at face value.” —GARY BECKER, Noble Laureate —JOHN R. MACARTHUR, Publisher, Harper’s in Economic Sciences Subscribe to The Independent Review and receive a free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, history, political science, philosophy, and sociology. Thought-provoking and educational, The Independent Review is blazing the way toward informed debate! Student? Educator? Journalist? Business or civic leader? Engaged citizen? This journal is for YOU! *Order today for more FREE book options Perfect for students or anyone on the go! The Independent Review is available on mobile devices or tablets: iOS devices, Amazon Kindle Fire, or Android through Magzter. INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE, 100 SWAN WAY, OAKLAND, CA 94621 • 800-927-8733 • [email protected] PROMO CODE IRA1703 CONTROVERSY In Defense of Herbert Spencer ✦ MAX HOCUTT n 1978, Liberty Fund published nineteenth-century intellectual giant Herbert Spencer’s Principles of Ethics in two volumes, with an introduction by Tibor R. IMachan. Spencer’s magnificent tome is full of wisdom and will be read with profit for generations. Machan’s brief introduction is more questionable. Calling it “Herbert Spencer: A Century Later,” Machan begins with some biographical details. -
2 the Biology of Ageing
The biology of ageing 2 Aprimer JOAO˜ PEDRO DE MAGALHAES˜ OVERVIEW .......................................................... This chapter introduces key biological concepts of ageing. First, it defines ageing and presents the main features of human ageing, followed by a consideration of evolutionary models of ageing. Causes of variation in ageing (genetic and dietary) are reviewed, before examining biological theories of the causes of ageing. .......................................................... Introduction Thanks to technological progress in different areas, including biomed- ical breakthroughs in preventing and treating infectious diseases, longevity has been increasing dramatically for decades. The life expectancy at birth in the UK for boys and girls rose, respectively, from 45 and 49 years in 1901 to 75 and 80 in 1999 with similar fig- ures reported for other industrialized nations (see Chapter 1 for further discussion). A direct consequence is a steady increase in the propor- tion of people living to an age where their health and well-being are restricted by ageing. By the year 2050, it is estimated that the per- centage of people in the UK over the age of 65 will rise to over 25 per cent, compared to 14 per cent in 2004 (Smith, 2004). The greying of the population, discussed elsewhere (see Chapter 1), implies major medical and societal changes. Although ageing is no longer considered by health professionals as a direct cause of death (Hayflick, 1994), the major killers in industrialized nations are now age-related diseases like cancer, diseases of the heart and 22 Joao˜ Pedro de Magalhaes˜ neurodegenerative diseases. The study of the biological mechanisms of ageing is thus not merely a topic of scientific curiosity, but a crucial area of research throughout the twenty-first century. -
The Journal of Comparative Psychology (JCP): a Network Analysis of the Status of Comparative Psychology
The Journal of Comparative Psychology (JCP): A Network Analysis of the Status of Comparative Psychology Daniel Lahham A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN PSYCHOLOGY YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO January, 2014 © Daniel Lahham, 2014 Network Analysis of the JCP ii Abstract Comparative psychology’s relationship to various other sub-disciplines and scientific “movements” has been discussed by many scholars throughout its history. The majority of these analyses took the form of frequency counts of the different subject species used within scientific periodicals (Schneirla, 1946; Beach, 1950; Dukes, 1960; Lockard, 1971) and presented similar conclusions: rats were the most commonly researched organism and the study of learning was the key to understanding behavior. The most popular of these critiques was Frank Ambrose Beach’s “The Snark was a Boojum” (1950). Beach argued that comparative psychology, with the advent of behaviorism, slowly became a discipline focused only on rat learning in mazes. Donald Dewsbury (1984) responded to these discussions claiming that frequency counts alone could not depict the success and failures of the comparative discipline. Instead, he argued that comparative psychology maintained a historically continuous tradition of excellence off the efforts of a small group of prominent comparative psychologists. In this study, I attempted to “bridge” the gap between these two competing views of the comparative discipline in order to view the legitimacy of both claims. Using network analysis, a tool common to digital history, I investigated metadata (organism studied, scientist, institution) from the Journal of Comparative Psychology during the period of 1911 to 1950. -
Doctorates Awarded in America in Botany and Zoology More Than Doubled
DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 91125 GENETICS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN 1890 to 1930: QUERIES AND SPECULATIONS Daniel J. Kev1es HUMANITIES WORKING PAPER 15 December 1978 According to recent scholarship in the early history of genetics, by the l890s many younger biologists were growing restless with phylogenetic morphology and embryology, the traditional descriptive approaches to the much-debated problems of evolutionary theory. Eager to break away from these approaches, a number of these biologists -- and some older ones such as Alfred R. Wallace called for programs of experimental research in evolution addressed in particular to the problems of heredity and variation. "No problems in the whole range of biology," Charles O. Whitman of Woods Hole typically said, were of 1 "higher scientific interest or deeper practical import to humanity." In England Francis Galton inspired one of the more important experimental research programs -- W. F. R. Weldon's statistical analyses, developed in collaboration with Karl Pearson, of variations in large populations. Another important departure was the program of hybridization experiments exemplified in the research of William Bateson. Pearson and Weldon helped establish the field of heredity studies known as biometry. The research of Bateson and others paved the way for the rediscovery in 2 1900 and then vigorous advocacy of the Mendelian paradigm. Mendel's ideas did not gain rapid acceptance in all biological quarters in either the United States or Great Britain, In England, the biometricians Weldon and Pearson hotly disputed the validity of Mendel's results, the merits of his conceptual scheme, and even the integrity of his British advocates, especially Bateson. -
There Is No Alternative: a Discursive Analysis of Past and Present
There Is No Alternative: A Discursive Analysis of Past and Present By Senne Vandevelde Introduction There is no alternative, or in short: TINA. One would be hard pressed to find a phrase that is so ideologically charged and at the same time so widely used in the world of politics. To disprove it seems straightforward in all circumstances. The starting point of this dissertation is therefore unequivocal: there is always an alternative. Even if a given socio-economic framework does not permit alternatives, it is always possible to alter the framework itself. As such, TINA or any other argument in the same vein is considered to be absurd. Yet both the use of such arguments as well as their appeal have by no means diminished since they were popularised by Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s. On the contrary, with the advent of the sovereign debt crisis in Europe and the austerity policies that ensued, TINA has only grown in importance. However, several people who used TINA during this time have no political affiliation with Thatcher whatsoever. To illustrate, this dissertation studies TINA as it was inserted into the social democratic prime ministerial discourse in Greece and Spain (which were led by George Papandreou and José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero respectively). To find out what this insertion might mean for the Eurozone and Europe today, this dissertation first goes back in time to uncover the discursive history of TINA. While TINA as an expression was coined originally by Herbert Spencer in the middle of the nineteenth century and eventually became part of regular political discourse with Thatcher, the logic of no alternative has been a recurrent theme for generations of advocates of economic liberalism, a discourse which adheres to the free market, free trade and a minimal state. -
3-Sem-Core-Classical-Sociological
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS SO3CRT03 CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES 1. In the history of the development of sociology, ------- is known as a period of remarkable intellectual development and change in philosophical thought. A. Industrial revolution B. Period of enlightenment C. Urbanization D. Religious change 2. The theorists who were most directly and positively influenced by the enlightenment thinking were A. Auguste Comte and Durkheim B. Saint Simon and Durkheim C. Karl Marx and Karl Manheim D. Alexis de Tocqueville and Karl Marx 3. The most extreme form of opposition to Enlightenment ideas was ------ A. French Catholic counterrevolutionary philosophy B. Suffrage Movement C. Orthodox Believers’ Movement D. Western European Union Philosophy 4. One of the prominent leaders of the French Catholic counterrevolutionary philosophy was A. Louis de Bonald B. Lewis Coser C. William Hopkins D. Karl Marx 5. ------------ was greatly influenced by Montesquieu’s ‘The Spirit of the Laws’ A. Machiavelli B. Auguste Comte C. Donald Stevenson D. Alexis de Tocqueville 6. Who coined the term Sociology A. Herbert Spencer B. Saint – Simon C. Auguste Comte D. Karl Marx 7. The scientific view developed by Auguste Comte is known as A. Philosophical science B. Positive philosophy C. Negative philosophy D. Scientific philosophy 8. Auguste Comte initially called Sociology ---------- A. Social dynamics B. Social system C. Social physics D. Social science 9. ‘The Law of Three Stages’ is an idea developed by A. Herbert Spencer B. Auguste Comte C. Karl Marx D. George Simmel 10. Comte developed the Law of Three Stages in his work ---- A. Treatise on Sociology B. Religion of Humanity C. -
ISBN TITLE AUTHOR PUBLISHER/MMEDIUM AREA SHELF LOCATION QUANT 9780761453482 Born for Adventure Kathleen Karr Two Lions Hardcover
ISBN TITLE AUTHOR PUBLISHER/MMEDIUM AREA SHELF LOCATION QUANT 9780761453482 Born for Adventure Kathleen Karr Two Lions Hardcover Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 1 9780374371784 Time's Memory Julius Lester Farrar Straus GHardcover Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 1 At the Crossroads Rachel Isadora Greenwillow Hardcover Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 1 9780517885444 Tar Beach Faith Ringgold Dragonfly BooPaperback Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 1 Never Forgotten Patricia McKissack Schwartz and Hardcover Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 1 9781563978227 Madoulina (Story from West Africa) Joe Bognomo Boyds Mills PrPaperback Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 1 9780374312893 Circle Unbroken Margot Theis Raven Farrar, Straus Hardcover Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 1 9780688102562 African Beginnings Kathleen Benson; James Haskins Amistad Hardcover Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 1 9780688151782 Storytellers, The Ted Lewin Harpercollins Hardcover Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 1 9780027814903 Abiyoyo Pete Seeger Simon and SchHardcover Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 1 9780671882686 Fire on the Mountain Earl B. Lewis Simon & SchuHardcover Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 1 9780690013344 Honey, I Love and Other Love Poems Eloise Greenfield HarperCollins Hardcover Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 1 9780545270137 One Hen: How One Small Load Made a Big Difference Katie Smith Milway Scholastic Paperback Ackerman Children's Literature: Africa 2 Man of the People: A Novel -
Practical Scientific Knowledge Education Based on Herbert Spencer’S “What Knowledge Is of Most Worth?”
OPEN ACCESS EURASIA Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education ISSN: 1305-8223 (online) 1305-8215 (print) 2017 13(7):4291-4299 DOI: 10.12973/eurasia.2017.00836a Practical Scientific Knowledge Education based on Herbert Spencer’s “What Knowledge is of Most Worth?” Yun-Na Liu Tianjin University of Technology, CHINA Kang Li Motorola, CHINA Arlis McLean Motorola, USA Received 12 December 2017 ▪ Revised 11 May 2017 ▪ Accepted 25 May 2017 ABSTRACT For industrial structure upgrading and modern service industry developing, China will need a large number of high-quality talents to contribute to new industrialization. China's higher education is important for cultivating high-quality, multi-skilled and well-trained talents. “What Knowledge is of most Worth?” that raised by Herbert Spencer is one of the most typical questions for education. After investigation, this study researches 2 questions based on China’s huge demand of well-trained, high-skilled, and application-oriented talents under current economic development: 1) “What Knowledge is of most Worth?” Practical Scientific Knowledge. 2) The guidance on the education practice. The essay demonstrates the challenges and provides constructive suggestions including reform education curriculum, strengthen faculty and enhance university-enterprise cooperation which is multi-win for undergraduates, universities and enterprises. Based on the university-enterprise cooperation practice with company M, the experiences are summarized and the research results can be popularized. This thesis will analyze Herbert Spencer’s “What Knowledge is of Most Worth?”, and provide the helpful advices on practical scientific knowledge education based on Herbert Spencer’s “What Knowledge is of Most Worth?” Keywords: practical scientific knowledge education, Herbert Spencer, worth INTRODUCTION In today’s competition, human resources are the most important resource for achieving the goals. -
Eklanche 1.Pdf
Prediction and Control: Global Population, Population Science, and Population Politics in the Twentieth Century by Emily R. Merchant A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2015 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor John Carson, Chair Professor Barbara A. Anderson Professor Howard Brick Professor Paul N. Edwards Acknowledgements In many ways, this dissertation was a joy to write. I found the topic fascinating when I began writing and it continues to fascinate me today. Going to the archives shaped the story in ways that I did not expect when I wrote the prospectus but that only deepened my interest in and commitment to this project. The enthusiasm of my advisors, research subjects, and interlocutors helped keep my own enthusiasm for the project high, even through difficult and frustrating moments in the archives and while writing. I could not have written this dissertation without the assistance and support of many people and organizations. The seeds of this dissertation were sown in Barbara Anderson's demographic theory and methods courses in the Department of Sociology at the University of Michigan, which I attended in 2008-2009 at the urging of Myron Gutmann. Myron Gut- mann and Barbara Anderson encouraged my critical interest in the history of demography, and this encouragement eventually led me back to the Department of History at the Uni- versity of Michigan, which I had left after earning my M.A. in 2005. I am grateful to John Carson for agreeing to be my advisor at our very first meeting, and to Kali Israel, Farina Mir, Nancy Hunt, and Gabrielle Hecht, who helped me successfully petition for re-admission to the Ph.D.