DOCSLIB.ORG

Eklanche 1.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eklanche 1.Pdf Prediction and Control: Global Population, Population Science, and Population Politics in the Twentieth Century by Emily R. Merchant A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2015 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor John Carson, Chair Professor Barbara A. Anderson Professor Howard Brick Professor Paul N. Edwards Acknowledgements In many ways, this dissertation was a joy to write. I found the topic fascinating when I began writing and it continues to fascinate me today. Going to the archives shaped the story in ways that I did not expect when I wrote the prospectus but that only deepened my interest in and commitment to this project. The enthusiasm of my advisors, research subjects, and interlocutors helped keep my own enthusiasm for the project high, even through difficult and frustrating moments in the archives and while writing. I could not have written this dissertation without the assistance and support of many people and organizations. The seeds of this dissertation were sown in Barbara Anderson's demographic theory and methods courses in the Department of Sociology at the University of Michigan, which I attended in 2008-2009 at the urging of Myron Gutmann. Myron Gut- mann and Barbara Anderson encouraged my critical interest in the history of demography, and this encouragement eventually led me back to the Department of History at the Uni- versity of Michigan, which I had left after earning my M.A. in 2005. I am grateful to John Carson for agreeing to be my advisor at our very first meeting, and to Kali Israel, Farina Mir, Nancy Hunt, and Gabrielle Hecht, who helped me successfully petition for re-admission to the Ph.D. program. I am also grateful to all of the staff and faculty members of the de- partment for helping me re-integrate into the program and balance it with full-time work at the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). The support and understanding of my supervisors and colleagues at ICPSR | including Myron Gutmann, George Alter, Susan Hautaniemi Leonard, Ken Sylvester, Kristine Witkowski, Jeremy Al- bright, Russell Hathaway, Dan Brown, Brian Gratton, Melannie Hartman, and many others | made it possible for me to complete my dissertation while pursuing a highly stimulating and rewarding career. ii This project would not have been possible without the generous funding I received from several parts of the University of Michigan: the Department of History, the Rackham Grad- uate School, and the Population Studies Center. Beyond the University of Michigan, I received grants from the National Science Foundation, the Society for Historians of Amer- ican Foreign Relations, the American Philosophical Society, the Philadelphia Area Center for History of Science, the Rockefeller Archive Center, Marshall Weinberg, and the Doris G. Quinn Foundation. My committee | John Carson, Barbara Anderson, Howard Brick, and Paul Edwards | offered tremendous support and feedback throughout the process. I received generous assistance from archivists at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, the American Philosophical Society, Princeton University, the United Nations, Yale Univer- sity, and the Rockefeller Archive Center, where I would particularly like to thank Bethany Antos and Tom Rosenbaum. I am grateful to the History Committee of the Population Association of America for allowing me to sit in on its 2012 meeting and to the following demographers for allowing me to interview them: John Knodel, Ronald Lee, Richard East- erlin, James Trussell, Karen Hardee, Gretchen Condran, Douglas Massey, and Avery \Pete" Guest. Many people opened their homes to me when I was doing archival research: Rosa and Eric in New Haven; Andrea and Etan in Palo Alto; David in Philadelphia; Danielle, Sarah, and Khurram in Princeton; Rebecca Hume in New York; and Suzy and Romain in Sleepy Hollow. Back at UM, workshops in the Department of History, the Sweetland Writ- ing Center, the Science and Technology in Society program, and the Environmental History group helped me work though and refine my ideas. Ken Garner read almost every sentence of this dissertation and provided invaluable feedback. Many of the debts I incurred through the years of writing this dissertation were personal. Graduate students often experience demographic processes while writing dissertations, par- ticularly marriage, fertility, and migration. The demographic processes I experienced while writing my dissertation were divorce and mortality. I can't even begin to thank all of the friends who helped me through these events, but I would like to try. They include Eliz- iii abeth Moss, Elizabeth Sikkenga, Dan Hirschman, Jamie Budnick, Jamie Van Etten, Liz Ela, Liz Harmon, Laura Ferguson, Crystal Chung, Rebecca Grapevine, Lenny Ure~naVale- rio, Robyn d'Avignon, Elise Lipkowitz, Diana Mankowski, Christina Johnson, Annie Stultz, Dallas Bluth, David Edwards, Kai Mishuris, Emily Marshall, Kristen Cibelli, and many more. The largest debt I owe is to the anonymous woman who saved my life by making a well-timed call to 911 on the night of September 19, 2013. The family is a major focus of demographic research, and my family was indispensable to me throughout this process. My parents, Karen Hilfman and Jon Klancher, never wavered in their support for me, and never hesitated to make the trek to Ann Arbor when I needed assistance, whether in moving apartments or in washing my hair when I broke my wrist. My aunt and uncle, Lesley and Richard Hume, also became surrogate parents to me during this process, inviting me to live with them when I got divorced, taking care of me through every illness and injury, and welcoming my friends into their home on holidays and more somber occasions alike. My cousin Rebecca Hume was an inspiring if long-distance companion throughout this process, and I was overjoyed to be able to celebrate the birth of two children to my cousins Michael and Kim Hume while writing this dissertation. As a result of my own parents' divorce, I have been blessed with the most wonderful blended-extended family in the world. It's hard to say where family begins and ends with one as large as ours, so I apologize if I have forgotten anyone: Joan Cucinotta and Emily and Kate Reteshka; Nancy, Sophie, and Maya Klancher; Ken and Lois Levy and Nadine Levyfield; Tania Verafield, Jose Vera, and Maggie Haase; Mona and Helen Field and Martin Goldstein; Chris Moran and Anna Khalsa; Judy and Skip Rosner; Ari Rosner and Omri Ayalon; Robert, Joan, Beth Ann, Walter, Lydia, and David Frank; Kara and Brendan Williams-Kief; Devra and Allen Kifer; Pamela and Ridley Allen. Patrick Parker was my almost-constant companion during the last two years of the process. I am grateful to him for making me laugh several times a day and for keeping me well-supplied with ice cream during the final week of writing. This dissertation is dedicated to my grandparents, Patricia McMahan and Miriam and iv Kenneth Hilfman, all of whom lived through most of the events detailed in the following pages and passed away while I was carrying out this project. Their constant and unconditional love and support throughout my life were formative and irreplaceable. My grandmothers were some of the fiercest women I have ever known. Both served in the military in World War II and utilized the G.I. Bill to pursue educations and careers that would otherwise have been unavailable to them. My grandfather was one of the kindest and strongest men I have ever known. He shared with me his fascination for history and love of learning and teaching, and even in his last days was always eager to hear about my research. We lost Grandma Pat in 2011, Grandpa Ken in 2013, and Grandma Mimi in 2014. I am so grateful for the time I had with them and for the inspiration and confidence they gave me to complete this project. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................. ii List of Figures .................................... ix List of Tables ..................................... x List of Abbreviations ................................ xi Introduction 1 0.1 Method . 9 0.2 Scope . 13 0.2.1 Conceptual Scope . 13 0.2.2 Geographical Scope . 30 0.3 Sources . 33 0.4 Overview . 35 Chapter 1 Population Problems, Models, and Politics 42 1.1 The Malthusian Legacy: Population Thought and Politics Before the Twentieth Century . 45 1.1.1 Population Accounting: Political Arithmetic and Censuses . 46 1.1.2 The Valence of Population: From Malthus to Darwin . 49 1.1.3 The Progressive Turn: Neo-Malthusianism and Eugenics . 55 1.2 Population Problems and Population Projections: Competing Theories and Politics . 60 1.2.1 Margaret Sanger and the Neo-Malthusians: Overpopulation and the Logistic Law of Population Growth . 61 1.2.2 Social Scientific Population Models: Differential Growth . 79 1.3 Comparing the Logistic Law and the Cohort Component Method: Two Ontologies of Population . 102 1.4 Demographic Transition Theory: A Social Theory of Population Change . 111 1.4.1 Modernization and Demographic Transition . 112 1.4.2 The Geopolitical Consequences of Demographic Transition Theory . 117 Chapter 2 Disciplining Demography Between the Wars 124 2.1 International Population Science and European Population Politics . 127 2.2 Funding for Demography and the Politics of Population in the United States . 134 2.2.1 Finding Patrons for Demography . 135 2.2.2 The Population Association of America: Between Eugenics and Birth Control . 140 vi 2.2.3 Frederick Osborn and Princeton's Office of Population Research: Science in the Service of Eugenics . 144 2.3 Finding Clients for Demography . 157 2.3.1 Selling Demography to the U.S. Government . 158 2.3.2 Identifying the Correlates of Fertility . 172 Chapter 3 The Mid-Century Crisis of Global Demography 191 3.1 Demography in War and Peace .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Demographic Analysis of Small Populations Using the Own-Children Method
    10.1177/1525822X04269172ChildsFIELD METHODS / DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SMALL POPULATIONS Demographic Analysis of Small Populations Using the Own-Children Method GEOFF CHILDS Washington University This article discusses the own-children method, a reverse-survival technique devised by demographers to estimate Total Fertility Rates in the absence of detailed data on reproduction. The method is useful for researchers such as anthropologists since the basic data requirements can be met through a household survey. It can help researchers answer key questions concerning population processes within well- delineated social, cultural, economic, and political contexts. The author uses a his- torical tax register from Tibet to illustrate the steps taken when using the own- children method. Keywords: fertility; own-children method; demography; anthropology; Tibet Anthropologists have a long-standing interest in population issues, yet until comparatively recently have lacked many of the tools and interdisciplinary connections to fully exploit their engagement with formal demographic anal- ysis. The rise of microdemographic fieldwork approaches (Caldwell, Hill, and Hull 1988; Axinn, Fricke, and Thornton 1991) and the convergence of anthropology and demography have improved matters considerably, result- ing in research that bridges methodological and theoretical chasms (e.g., Greenhalgh 1995; Kertzer and Fricke 1997b; Basu and Aaby 1998). One notable shortcoming of this convergence has been the tendency for demogra- phers to relegate anthropological contributions to the domain of qualitative I would like to thank Rebecca Kippen and Peter McDonald of the Australian National University for recommending OCM, and especially M. Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi and Heather Booth for their cogent methodological advice. The three anonymous reviewers for this journal went beyond the call of duty in their critical readings of the draft.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetarian Starter Guide
    do good • fEEL GREAt • LOOK GORGEOUS FREE The VegetarianSTARTER GUIDE YUM! QUICK, EASY, FUN RECIPES +30 MOUTHWATERING MEATLESS MEALS EASy • affordABLE • inspirED FOOD Welcome If you’re reading this, you’ve already taken your first step toward a better you and a better world. Think that sounds huge? It is. Cutting out chicken, fish, eggs and other animal products saves countless animals and is the best way to protect the environment. Plus, you’ll never feel more fit or look more fabulous. From Hollywood A-listers like Kristen Bell and Ellen, to musicians like Ariana Grande and Pink, to the neighbors on your block, plant-based eating is everywhere. Even former president Bill Clinton and rapper Jay-Z are doing it! Millions of people have ditched chicken, fish, eggs and other animal products entirely, and tens of millions more are cutting back. You’re already against cruelty to animals. You already want to eat healthy so you can have more energy, live longer, and lower your risk of chronic disease. Congratulations for shaping up your plate to put your values into action! And here’s the best part: it’s never been easier. With this guide at your fingertips, you’re on your way to a fresher, happier you. And this is just the start. You’ll find more recipes, tips, and personal support online at TheGreenPlate.com. Let’s get started! Your Friends at Mercy For Animals reinvent revitalize rewrite rediscover your routine. With the your body. Healthy, plant- perfection. This isn’t about flavor. Prepare yourself easy tips in this guide, based food can nourish being perfect.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ideological Origins of the Population Association of America
    Fairfield University DigitalCommons@Fairfield Sociology & Anthropology Faculty Publications Sociology & Anthropology Department 3-1991 The ideological origins of the Population Association of America Dennis Hodgson Fairfield University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/sociologyandanthropology- facultypubs Archived with permission from the copyright holder. Copyright 1991 Wiley and Population Council. Link to the journal homepage: (http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/padr) Peer Reviewed Repository Citation Hodgson, Dennis, "The ideological origins of the Population Association of America" (1991). Sociology & Anthropology Faculty Publications. 32. https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/sociologyandanthropology-facultypubs/32 Published Citation Hodgson, Dennis. "The ideological origins of the Population Association of America." Population and Development Review 17, no. 1 (March 1991): 1-34. This item has been accepted for inclusion in DigitalCommons@Fairfield by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Fairfield. It is brought to you by DigitalCommons@Fairfield with permission from the rights- holder(s) and is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Ideological Origins of the Population Association of America DENNIS HODGSON THE FIELD OF POPULATION in the United States early in this century was quite diffuse. There were no academic programs producing certified demographers, no body of theory and methods that all agreed constituted the field, no consensus on which population problems posed the most serious threat to the nation or human welfare more generally.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Population Dynamics
    Modeling Population Dynamics Gary C. White INTRODUCTION Population modeling is a tool used by wildlife managers. At its simplest, population modeling is a book keeping system to keep track of the four components of population change: births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. In mathematical symbolism, a population model can be expressed as Nt+1 = Nt + Bt - Dt + It - Et . Population size (N) at time t+1 is equal to the population size at time t plus births (B) minus deaths (D) plus immigrants (I) minus emigrants (E). The simplicity of the relationship belies its usefulness. If you were managing a business, you would be interested in knowing how much money was being paid out of the business, relative to how much money was coming in. The net difference represents your “profit”. The same is true for managing a wildlife population. By knowing the net change in the size of the wildlife population from one year to the next, you as a wildlife manager know whether the population is “profitable” (i.e., gaining in size), or headed towards bankruptcy (i.e., becoming smaller). Two examples will demonstrate typical uses of population models in big game management. In November 1995, voters in Colorado passed an amendment to the state’s constitution that outlawed hunting black bears during spring. Wildlife managers were asked if the bear population would increase because of no spring harvest. A population model can be used to answer this question. The second example of the use of a model is to determine which of two management schemes (e.g., no antlerless harvest versus significant antlerless harvest) will result in Modeling Population Dynamics – Draft May 6, 1998 2 the largest buck harvest in a mule deer population.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins and Impact of Environmental Conflict Ideas
    STRATEGIC SCARCITY: THE ORIGINS AND IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT IDEAS Elizabeth Hartmann Development Studies Institute London School of Economics and Political Science Submitted for the degree of PhD 2002 1 UMI Number: U615457 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615457 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 rM£ S£S F 20 ABSTRACT Strategic Scarcity: The Origins and Impact of Environmental Conflict Ideas Elizabeth Hartmann This thesis examines the origins and impact of environmental conflict ideas. It focuses on the work of Canadian political scientist Thomas Homer-Dixon, whose model of environmental conflict achieved considerable prominence in U.S. foreign policy circles in the 1990s. The thesis argues that this success was due in part to widely shared neo-Malthusian assumptions about the Third World, and to the support of private foundations and policymakers with a strategic interest in promoting these views. It analyzes how population control became an important feature of American foreign policy and environmentalism in the post-World War Two period. It then describes the role of the "degradation narrative" — the belief that population pressures and poverty precipitate environmental degradation, migration, and violent conflict — in the development of the environment and security field.
    [Show full text]
  • EUGENICS, HUMAN GENETICS and HUMAN FAILINGS the Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain Pauline M.H.Mazumdar
    EUGENICS, HUMAN GENETICS AND HUMAN FAILINGS The Eugenics Society, its sources and its critics in Britain Pauline M.H.Mazumdar London and New York 1992 CONTENTS List of illustrations vii Preface x INTRODUCTION 1 1 THE EUGENICS EDUCATION SOCIETY: THE TRADITION, THE 5 SETTING AND THE PROGRAMME 2 THE AGE OF PEDIGREES: THE METHODOLOGY OF EUGENICS, 40 1900–20 3 IDEOLOGY AND METHOD: R.A.FISHER AND RESEARCH IN 69 EUGENICS 4 THE ATTACK FROM THE LEFT: MARXISM AND THE NEW 106 MATHEMATICAL TECHN JQUES 5 HUMAN GENETICS AND THE EUGENICS PROBLEMATIC 142 EPILOGUE AND CONCLUSION 184 Notes 193 Bibliography 232 Frontispiece Pedigree of the Wedgwood-Darwin-Galton family, the model family of the eugenics movement EUGENICS, HUMAN GENETICS AND HUMAN FAILINGS What is the history of the British eugeriics movement? Why should it be of interest to how scientists work today? This outstanding study follows the history of the eugeriics movements from its roots to its heyday as the source of a science of human genetics. The primary contributions of the book are fourfold. First, it points to nineteenth-century social reform as contributing to the later eugenics movement. Second, it is based upon important archival material newly available to researchers. This material gives the reader an insight into the inner councils of the Society that could not have been obtained by relying upon published sources alone. Third, it treats the statistical methods involved in human genetics historically, in a way that allows the reader to follow their development and tie them to their context within the eugenics movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration and the Stable Population Model
    IMMIGRATION AND THE STABLE POPULATION MODEL Thomas J. Espenshade The Urban Institute, 2100 M Street, N. W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA Leon F. Bouvier Population Reference Bureau, 1337 Connecticut Avenue, N. W., Washington, D.C. 20036, USA W. Brian Arthur International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria RR-82-29 August 1982 Reprinted from Demography, volume 19(1) (1982) INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS Laxenburg, Austria Research Reports, which record research conducted at IIASA, are independently reviewed before publication. However, the views and opinions they express are not necessarily those of the Institute or the National Member Organizations that support it. Reprinted with permission from Demography 19(1): 125-133, 1982. Copyright© 1982 Population Association of America. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. iii FOREWORD For some years, IIASA has had a keen interest in problems of population dynamics and migration policy. In this paper, reprinted from Demography, Thomas Espenshade, Leon Bouvier, and Brian Arthur extend the traditional methods of stable population theory to populations with below-replacement fertility and a constant annual quota of in-migrants. They show that such a situation results in a stationary population and examine how its size and ethnic structure depend on both the fertility level and the migration quota. DEMOGRAPHY© Volume 19, Number 1 Februory 1982 IMMIGRATION AND THE STABLE POPULATION MODEL Thomos J.
    [Show full text]
  • THE WAYNE' H D.~~I.".P J.-.:.·.~H~ ."
    NE?'~.. 8TATE\HI~I:L ~Qi;gi-£*i:ti:;:s"·F" 1500 ~""'sYl\E:BT . ·.....·..·",:'·':i,.\<:" THE WAYNE' H_D.~~i.".p j.-.:.·.~H~ ." . ONE-HUNDRED FIF'TH YEAR' WAYNE. NESRASKA,68787, THURSDAY. JUNE25, f981 THIS ISSUE TWO SECTIONS. 22 PAGES Drug 'Trial Begins for;Owner ofWinsidt!'.":' As the three-cocru, felony-drug. District Court frl." 01 a 27-year-old Wlns.Lde. lavern owner ground Into Its third day Wednesday. -',._--~----< ~ttorn~ .tcc.tho-de'eAse "lid pi osecotlon-­ Jury Panel: sparred over testimony from a Omaha based state patrolman ~Ith Nebraska State Patrol Investigator Eight MeR, James Avery ~ the man who has testified / /J he helped wrestle Chertes Weible to the ground before handcuffing the defendant during the Dec 19, 1980 drug rOlld - on the Four Women stand, defense attorney Vincent Kirby open ed his cross examination with a barrage of In a two-hour session that all but ex­ qceattons hausted the Wayne County jury list Otrecunq hiS questtcns et the sergeant's Monday, eight men and four women teaumonv regarding the errest of Weible, were selected as [urors 10 hear Kirby Questioned Avery about his posttton evidence in the state's case against during fhe Winside man's alleged attempt to Charles Weible, 17, Winside. escape the drug bust scene Weible, who Is on ,trial for "hacgc5 fha' «'$vfted -trcm a December drug AVERY, WHO waited al the courthouse raid In Winside, Is a Winside tavern most of Monday and all day Tuesday to owner and the son of Wayne County tesfHy, 'Joel the scene wIth the help 0' special SherUf and Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Walcott in 1 Punch KO 10 ^ Tragedy
    A RHH: ms\ ': '•' I" WWI W MB Ike, Sugar, Ez Dethroned; Who's Next? THE OHIO J - •••—g * **^*»— \%:*n High st. 10 Poop**** Walcott In 1 Punch KO ^ PITTSBURGH.—Four tune* previously a challenger but taever a winner, ancient Jersey Joe Walcott rewrote THLZ OHIO M VOL. J. Wa. 7 SATURDAY, JULY 28, 1951 COLUMBUS. OHIO boxing'* Cinder*?! I * Story by ocotriog a one-punch seventh •round kayo over Champion Eaaanrl Charles of Cincinnati before a shocked throng of 30,000 fane here at Forbes INEL field Wednesday night. Thus, the up.iet Mtrinir, be­ . gun with Ike Williams' de* coming in with a hard right m«*e in the lightweight di- hand. VOL. 3, No. 6 Saturday, July 21, 1951 CoJumbae, Ohio vi-tioii. Sugar Ray Robin- Ex fell forward, rolled aon'a fumbling of the mid­ over and making a dee- dleweight crown m London perate effort to rise, as Tragedy a week aft*o, w tarried over the count reached nine, Sports Gleanings into the heavyweight divi­ slumped on his face and sion, mo-rt lucrative of the the year's biggest sports lot, and where thi* crazy story was born. Thc kayo •pin of up.net event** will end was recorded at 55 sec­ no one dares predict. onds of the seventh round. Turpin Gives Boxing Needed Walcott had been refer­ That's the fight simply. red to by many as "Often a There were no sensational beat man but never a bride," early round exchanges and and along with the Drornot- the finish came as sudden as ers of Wednesday's fight was the surprise with which Shot In Arm In Beating Ray was being ridiculed, by fans it was received.
    [Show full text]
  • Demographic Perspectives in Research on Global Environmental Change
    Address: IIASA, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria Email: [email protected] Working paper Demographic perspectives in research on global environmental change Raya Muttarak ([email protected]) WP-21-001 Approved by: Albert van Jaarsveld Director General and Chief Executive Officer 01 February 2021 Table of contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................3 About the authors ...................................................................................................................................4 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 5 Historical development of the field of population and environment .................................... 9 Why environmental and climate change issues have been peripheral in demographic research .................... 10 Relevance and contribution of demography in climate change research ........................... 12 Population impact on the climate ............................................................................................................ 13 Impact of climate change on population .................................................................................................. 16 Future directions in integrating demographic perspectives in global environmental change research ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Ware Course: Architecture as a Useful, Liberal, and Fine Art Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5sh8m1pk Author Block, Kevin Publication Date 2019 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Ware Course: Architecture as a Useful, Liberal, and Fine Art By Kevin P. Block A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Rhetoric in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Pheng Cheah, Co-Chair Professor Andrew Shanken, Co-Chair Professor David Henkin Associate Professor Winnie Wong Fall 2019 Copyright Page Abstract The Ware Course: Architecture as a Useful, Liberal, and Fine Art by Kevin P. Block Doctor of Philosophy in Rhetoric University of California, Berkeley Professor Pheng Cheah, Co-Chair Professor Andrew Shanken, Co-Chair This dissertation examines the academic career of William Robert Ware (1832-1915), an American architect who became the leading architectural educator in the late nineteenth century. Previous accounts of Ware have focused either on his work as a practicing architect or his role as a department builder at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Columbia University, where he imported the Beaux-Arts system of design instruction to the United States. This dissertation, in contrast, interprets archival documents and nineteenth-century architectural theory to situate Ware in relation to a number of core questions and concepts in the broader history of architectural expertise, including the construction of professional authority, the meaning of culture, the use of judgment, and the tension between creative expression and information processing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neglect of the French Liberal School in Anglo-American Economics: a Critique of Received Explanations
    The Neglect of the French Liberal School in Anglo-American Economics: A Critique of Received Explanations Joseph T. Salerno or roughly the first three quarters of the nineteenth century, the "liberal school" thoroughly dominated economic thinking and teaching in F France.1 Adherents of the school were also to be found in the United States and Italy, and liberal doctrines exercised a profound influence on prominent German and British economists. Although its numbers and au- thority began to dwindle after the 1870s, the school remained active and influential in France well into the 1920s. Even after World War II, there were a few noteworthy French economists who could be considered intellectual descendants of the liberal tradition. Despite its great longevity and wide-ranging influence, the scientific con- tributions of the liberal school and their impact on the development of Eu- ropean and U.S. economic thought—particularly on those economists who are today recognized as the forerunners, founders, and early exponents of marginalist economics—have been belittled or simply ignored by most twen- tieth-century Anglo-American economists and historians of thought. A number of doctrinal scholars, including Joseph Schumpeter, have noted and attempted to explain the curious neglect of the school in the En- glish-language literature. In citing the school's "analytical sterility" or "indif- ference to pure theory" as a main cause of its neglect, however, their expla- nations have overlooked a salient fact: that many prominent contributors to economic analysis throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries expressed strong appreciation of or weighty intellectual debts to the purely theoretical contributions of the liberal school.
    [Show full text]