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Der Nationalsozialistische Völkermord an Den Sinti Und Roma in Der Deutschen Erinnerungspolitik Und in Ausstellungen Zum Holocaust

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Der Nationalsozialistische Völkermord an Den Sinti Und Roma in Der Deutschen Erinnerungspolitik Und in Ausstellungen Zum Holocaust 1 Geteilte Verantwortung? Der nationalsozialistische Völkermord an den Sinti und Roma in der deutschen Erinnerungspolitik und in Ausstellungen zum Holocaust Von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) genehmigte Dissertation von Silvio Peritore Geboren am 2. Juni 1961 in Karlsruhe 2012 2 Referent: Prof. Dr. Dirk Lange, Institut für Politische Wissenschaft, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Peter Steinbach, Institut für Neuere Geschichte, Universität Mannheim Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29. August 2011 3 Kurzbeschreibung der Disseration „Geteilte Verantwortung? Der national- sozialistische Völkermord an den Sinti und Roma in der deutschen Erinne- rungspolitik und in Ausstellungen zum Holocaust“ Diese Untersuchung beleuchtet die historische Bewertung dieses Genozids und die daraus resultierenden Kontroversen. Dazu werden, primär in der deutschen und teilweise in der internationalen Erinnerungsarbeit, die politischen, gesell- schaftlichen, kulturellen und psychologischen Auswirkungen dieses Verbrechens untersucht. Schwerpunkte sind die Dokumentation, Bewertung und Analyse der Entwicklungsprozesse in der deutschen Erinnerungsarbeit sowie von 20 Ausstel- lungen zum Nationalsozialismus und zum Völkermord in Gedenkstätten und Mu- seen unter Einbeziehung der Sinti und Roma. Die Begutachtung der Ausstellun- gen richtet sich nach erinnerungspolitischen, historiographischen und pädagogi- schen Kriterien. Ebenso wird der konfliktreiche Weg der Sinti und Roma in diese Ausstellungen beschrieben. Der von Vorurteilen geprägte politische, gesellschaft- liche, wissenschaftliche und juristische Umgang mit den deutschen Sinti und Ro- ma bis zum Beginn ihrer Bürgerrechtsarbeit in den 1970er Jahren wirkte sich auch auf das Gedenken an deren Opfer aus, denen lange die Anerkennung versagt blieb. Stattdessen wurden Sinti und Roma in den wenigen Beiträgen zu ihrer Ver- folgung klischeehaft dargestellt. Die heutige Rolle der Sinti und Roma als Opfer des NS-Völkermords in der deutschen Erinnerungs- und Gedenkstättenarbeit ist ebenso Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Dazu gehört auch das Nicht-Erinnern, also die Frage, warum sie von der Politik, der Wissenschaft und den Gedenkstätten aus dem Gedenken ausgeschlossen oder erst nach Auseinandersetzungen einbezogen wurden. Es sollen Gegensätze zwischen den offiziellen Formen des Erinnerns und den Erwartungen der Sinti und Roma sichtbar werden. Die Untersuchung soll für die Erinnerungs- und Gedenkstättenarbeit, für die Wissenschaft, Politik und Ge- sellschaft Anregungen und Erkenntnisse bringen, die das Bewusstsein über den Genozid an den Sinti und Roma und dessen vielfältige Auswirkungen stärken, und dazu beitragen, antiziganistische Vorurteile abzubauen. Neben der Darstellung von Defiziten in der Erinnerungsarbeit sollen Lösungswege aufgezeigt und Anre- gungen für künftige Forschungen und Bildungsmaßnahmen gegeben werden, um den Stellenwert der Sinti und Roma als Opfer des NS-Völkermordes zu stärken. 4 Abstract to the dissertation „Divided Responsibility? The Reflection of the Nationalsocialist Genocide against the Sinti and Roma in German Rememberance Policy and in Holocaust Exhibitions.” This dissertation focuses on the historical valuation of this genocide and the re- sulting controversies. Therefore it investigates, primarily in the German but also in the international rememberance work, the political, social, cultural and psycho- logical consequences resulting from this crime. Central topics are the documenta- tion, valuation and analysis of the processes developed in German rememberance work and of 20 exhibitions on nationalsocialism and holocaust including Sinti and Roma as victims shown in memorial places and museums. The evaluation of the exhibitions is based upon political, historical and pedagogical criteria. It also de- scribes the way full of conflicts Sinti and Roma had to go in order to be finally represented in these exhibitions. The society’s political, social, academic and ju- ristic interacting with German Sinti and Roma, that until the beginning of the mi- nority’s fight for civil rights in the 1970th had been characterized by prejudice, for a very long time was accompanied by neglecting the memory of their victims and denying acknowledgment. Instead of that in the very few essays on the persecu- tion of Sinti and Roma they were nothing but described in prejudice promoting ways full of stereotypes. This work also focuses on the role of the Sinti and Roma being victims of the Nazi holocaust in Germany’s present rememberance work. In this respect it also deals with the non-rememberance and questions why for such a long time even up to now they have been excluded from commemoration by poli- tics, academic research and memorial places or have been accepted only as a re- sult of heavy discussions. The work explains the contradictions between official kinds of remberance on the one hand and the expectations of the Sinti and Roma on the other hand. This work is meant to give impulses to the rememberance work, academic research, politics and society in order to broaden the knowledge and awareness of the genocide against the Sinti and Roma and its diverse conse- quences, also in order to reduce prejudice against Sinti and Roma. Besides depict- ing deficits in the rememberance work this survey aims at giving impulses for new research and sketching educational programs focussing on Sinti and Roma being acknowledged as victims of the nationalsocialist genocide. 5 Schlagworte: Deutsch: Englisch: Sinti, Roma Sinti, Roma Völkermord (Holocaust) Genocide (Holocaust) Gedenken Rememberance 6 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1.1 Gegenstand, Problemstellung und Ziele der Untersuchung ............................................... 9 1.2 Forschungsstand .............................................................................................................. 12 1.3 Faktenlage zu den herangezogenen Themenbereichen .................................................... 16 1.4 Theoriebezug und methodische Vorgehensweise ............................................................ 24 1.5 Quellenmaterial ............................................................................................................... 32 1.6 Wissenschaftliches Erkenntnisinteresse ........................................................................... 35 2 DER WEG ZUR ERINNERUNG AN DIE SINTI UND ROMA ....................... 38 2.1 Herkunft und Geschichte der Sinti und Roma in Europa ................................................... 42 2.2 Auswirkungen des Nationalsozialismus auf Sinti und Roma ............................................. 47 2.2.1 Die NS-Rassenpolitik als Grundlage der Vernichtung .................................................. 49 2.2.2 Der Weg in den Genozid .............................................................................................. 52 2.2.3 Mordaktionen .............................................................................................................. 65 2.2.4 Bilanz des Völkermords an den Sinti und Roma .......................................................... 75 2.2.5 Streitpunkte des erinnerungspolitischen und historischen Diskurses ........................ 76 2.3 Die Situation in der Nachkriegszeit .................................................................................. 90 2.3.1 Aufbau einer neuen Existenz und gesellschaftliche Re-Integration ............................ 92 2.3.2 Kontinuierliche Diskriminierung in der Tätergesellschaft ........................................... 96 2.3.3 Trauer und Trauma der Betroffenen und Bedeutung des Gedenkens ...................... 101 2.4 Die Bürgerrechtsarbeit der Sinti und Roma als Basis für die Erinnerungsarbeit .............. 112 2.4.1 Die Protagonisten und ihre Ziele ............................................................................... 115 2.4.2 Menschen- und Minderheitenrechte ........................................................................ 119 2.5 Bekämpfung des Rassismus und des Antiziganismus ..................................................... 133 2.5.1 Antiziganistische Darstellung in der Literatur und in der Presse ............................... 136 2.5.2 Antiziganistische Darstellung im Film und in der Fotographie .................................. 142 3 VERANTWORTUNG, ERINNERN, GEDENKEN ........................................ 149 3.1 Entwicklungen der deutschen Erinnerungsarbeit nach 1945 .......................................... 150 7 3.2 Leugnung, Verdrängung, Marginalisierung des Genozids an den Sinti und Roma ........... 179 3.3 Deutungsmächte in der deutschen Erinnerungskultur ................................................... 180 4 AUSSTELLUNGEN ZUM GENOZID AN DEN SINTI UND ROMA .......... 183 4.1 Der schwierige Weg in die Ausstellungen ....................................................................... 186 4.2 Erwartungen und Zielkonflikte ....................................................................................... 188 4.3 Erinnerungspolitische Gremienarbeit in Gedenkstätten und Lagerkomitees .................. 190 4.3.1 Stiftung Topographie des Terrors .............................................................................. 192 4.3.2 Stiftung Brandenburgische Gedenkstätten ............................................................... 193 4.3.3 Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora .......................................
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