1730-1840 Themes: The Great Awakening The French and Indian War End of Salutary Neglect Virtual Representation Revolution vs. Evolution Liberty vs. Order following the 1783 Treaty of Paris /Jefferson Debates Political Parties to the Jeffersonian ideal War and Quasi-War Era of Good Feelings The Marshall Court Reform, Transcendentalism and the 2nd Great Awakening Jacksonian Democracy Manifest Destiny Major Events: • 1730- Great Awakening • 1754- French and Indian War • 1763- Pontiac’s Rebellion • 1763- Proclamation of 1763 • 1776- Dec of Independence • 1777- Battle of Saratoga • 1783- Treaty of Paris • 1785- Shay’s Rebellion • 1789- Constitution • 1794- • 1798- XYZ & Alien/Sedition • 1800- Revolution of 1800 Road to Revolution: • 1764- Sugar Act • 1765- Quartering Act • 1765- Stamp Act • 1766- Declaratory Act • 1767- Townsend Duties • 1770- Boston Massacre • 1773- Tea Act/Tea Party • 1773- Intolerable Acts •The one thing you MUST write about

• If the topic is 1763-1783:

• The creation and demonstration of an AMERICAN IDENTITY as shown in the Stamp Act boycotts and the Declaration of Independence

• If the topic is 1783-1800:

• The balance of LIBERTY vs ORDER that led to the Constitution as shown with the transition from Articles of Confederation to Constitution Specifics:

• THE GREAT AWAKENING in the 1730s • Jonathan Edwards (Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God) -God is angry only salvation through penitence. • George Whitefield – spread the ‘awakening’ throughout the colonies. New Light v. Old Light = rise in Baptists and Methodists that challenged entrenched philosophies. • So, in a nutshell, if common people could make their own decisions w/o higher authority then it was most likely natural that some would begin thinking politically different. i.e., The Enlightenment. The French and Indian War’s Impacts:

• The Albany Plan (1754) – precursor to the revolutionary congresses in the 1770s. The plan called for unity in military presence and taxes. • Peace of Paris (1763) – French vanquished from North America, Canada acquired, Spain gained westward lands • Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) Indian revolt in the North West (Ohio River Valley) from New York to Virginia • Proclamation of 1763 – attempt to appease tensions between colonials and expansion westward. • TAXES! Taxes and Problems Part 1: • Sugar Act (1764) – Revenue Act placed duties on sugar and certain luxuries. Reinforced the Navigation Acts. Those caught smuggling were tried in a royal court w/o juries. • Quartering Act (1765) – food and living accommodations • Stamp Act (1765) – required revenue stamps placed on most printed paper in the colonies (legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, etc.). Led to the formation of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty who intimidated tax collectors. Stamp Act Congress formed to profess that only their elected representatives had legal authority to approve taxes (9 colonies). Led to Boycotts of imports and sharp revenue drops for London merchants (repealed in 1766). • Declaratory Act (1766) – Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the whole of the British Empire in all cases whatsoever. • Most of the revenue collected was to pay for the British soldiers stationed in the colonies Taxes and Problems Part 2: • The Townshend Acts (1767) – taxes/duties to be collected on colonial imports of tea, glass, paper. Used to pay for Crown Officials in the colonies. Additionally the act allowed for the search of private homes which did not require a judge’s warrant, and suspended New York’s assembly for defiance of the Quartering Act. • Even though it was a indirect tax paid by merchants, the Act led to more protests, boycotts, smuggling, and an increase of British troops. • Led to the Boston Massacre in 1770 and it’s repeal by Lord North (except for taxing tea) • Committees of Correspondence (Sam Adams 1772) – renewed mistrusts of British policies. The Gaspee, British customs ship notorious for catching smugglers, ran aground and was destroyed by protesters in disguise. • Boston Tea Party (1773) – Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773 in an effort to help merchants circumvent smuggling by making tea cheaper, even with the tax. But to buy East India Company’s tea and not the Dutch would be to recognize Parliaments right to tax the colonies…hence the violent destruction of property and a step towards liberty. cont.. • Intolerable Acts of 1774: • The Quebec Act – established Roman Catholicism as the religion in Quebec, no representative assembly, extended Canadian lands into the Ohio River Valley • The Coercive Acts – designed to punish mostly Boston • The Port Act closed the Boston Harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for • Massachusetts Government Act decreased the legislative power while increasing that of the royal governor • Administration of Justice Act allowed royal officials to be tried in Great Britain for accused crimes • Quartering Act #2 allowed for the possession of private homes by the British troops in all colonies

• How did all of these ‘acts’ impact the formation of the Bill of Rights? The • First Continental Congress (1774, all but GA) – designed to address the alarming threats to colonial liberties. Most did not want conflict, but rather a return to what had been in place prior to the French and Indian War. The main points achieved: 1. Suffolk Resolves was an immediate repeal of the Intolerable Acts. 2. The Declaration of Rights and Grievances urged the king to redress colonial grievances. 3. was formed to workout economic sanctions of the Suffolk Resolves. 4. To meet again in 1775 should the issues not be resolved. • Lexington and Concord (April 18, 1775) – responding to hostile intentions, General Gage attempted to seize colonial military supplies. • Bunker Hill (June 1775) – British victory but at a huge loss, Colonial morale for the ensuing war increased throughout the colonies. The Second Continental Congress: • May 1775 – divided delegates over independence or resolution with Great Britain. • George appointed commander-in-chief of the colonial army • July 1775 – Olive Branch Petition was drafted and sent to King George III. In which the King sided with Parliament and declared the colonies in rebellion, thus stopping all trade between them and Britain. • Declaration of Independence (July 1776) The War: • 1775 – 1783 • Patriots v. Loyalists v. Red Coats – most support came from New England colonies, most Tories from Georgia, New York, and New Jersey. Grossly overwhelmed forces under Washington (limited supplies, equipment, and poor pay). Loyalists made up about 20-30 of the colonial population (about 80K relocated to Canada). All this versus the number one military presence on the planet at the time. • 1775-1777: Bad for Washington (lost New York City, lost Philadelphia, and suffering at , all major ports under British control) • Saratoga (Oct. 1777): First major British defeat which caused the French to enter the war, later Spain and Holland. • Militias in the South – non-traditional fighting tactics upset the British • Yorktown (1781): French navy and military forces aided Washington for the ultimate surrender of Lord Corwallis who commanded the 2nd largest British army during the war. • News hit London, where the war was already unpopular due to loss of trade and revenue, and forced the Tory government of Lord North to resign. Whig leaders then began negotiating for an end to the war. • Treaty of Paris (1783): • Britain would recognize the United States of America • The Mississippi River would be the western border • would have fishing rights in Canadian waters • Americans would pay debts owed to the British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war •The one thing you MUST write about • If the topic is 1800-1824: • The rise of nationalism as evidenced by the Supreme Court, American System, the 2nd Great Awakening, the Monroe Doctrine, and development of American Culture in the Hudson River School and American Literature

• If the topic is 1824-1845:

• The growth of sectionalism that will lead to the Civil War as shown by the Corrupt Bargain, Compromise, Tariff Crisis, Gag Rule, Bank Wars, and the Election of 1844 Major Domestic Events: • 1803- Louisiana Purchase • 1803- Marbury v. Madison • 1810- Fletcher v. Peck • 1816- Hartford Convention • 1819- Panic of 1819 • 1820- Missouri Compromise Major Foreign Events: • 1807- Embargo Act • 1809- Non-Intercourse Act • 1810- Macon’s Bill #2 • 1812- War of 1812 • 1814- Treaty of Ghent • 1817- Rush-Bagot Agreement • 1819- Adams-Onis Treaty • 1823- Monroe Doctrine • Major Domestic Events: • 1824- Corrupt Bargain • 1828- Nullification Crisis • 1830- Act • 1835- Texas Revolution • 1836- Gag Rule • 1837- Panic of 1837 • 1845- Texas Annexed • 1845- 1st use of the phrase Manifest Destiny The New Nation • The Articles of Confederation’s failures – taxing, military, executive, passing laws, weak central government • Daniel Shay – led a rebellion in MA against high State taxes. MA called upon the federal government for support – did not happen • The Philadelphia Convention – purpose was to revise the AoC. Key issues debated were representation (NJ v. VA plans = Connecticut Plan), slavery (3/5 compromise and 1808), trade (regulation of interstate commerce and foreign trade, including tariffs on foreign imports), and the Presidency (fear of mob rule led to the indirect election, ie Electoral College. Additionally four year term w/o limits, power to veto Congress). • Rise of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists – the Federalists papers were written for the purpose of persuading State Conventions to adopt the Constitution. In an appeasement to the Anti-Federalists positions the Bill of Rights was included. • Key Figures: • Washington, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton (Federalists) • Mason, Henry, Winthrop, Hancock, Clinton, Jefferson (Anti-Federalists) Positions:

• Federalists: • Stronger central government needed for order • Outlined the clear weaknesses of the Article of Confederation • Anti-Federalists: • Stronger central government would hinder the spirit of the Revolution by restricting states’ rights and limit democracy • Demanded a Bill of Rights to protect the individual’s rights • The central government would exercise more power than the British ever had Washington’s Presidency • Hamilton’s Financial Program – 1. pay off the national debt at face value and have the government assume the war debts from the states. 2. high tariffs on imports to protect the new nation’s industry. 3. create a national bank for government funds and currency. • Jefferson’s Opposition – Protector of the Farmers from the rich businesses. 1. Agrees with plan of assumption of debts. In return the nation’s capital would be geographically located between the north and south. 2. Argued against the bank of the U.S. as it was not provided for in the Constitution. 3. The Necessary and Proper clause (Congressional Implied Powers) was exercised and reinforced later in the Supreme Court decision of McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819. • Foreign Affairs – Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) caused Jefferson to resign due to the French Revolution • “Citizen” Genet – broke diplomatic rules and appealed directly to the people about the FR. • The (1794) – John Jay sent to Britain in order to stop the policy of impressment of sailors and to leave their forts on the U.S. western frontier. Only the forts were agreed to. Very unpopular with US citizens for lack of support to the French, reinforced neutrality. • The Pinckney Treaty (1795) – negotiated with Spain to open the Mississippi river and New Orleans to American trade w/o paying duties to Spain.

• Domestically – The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) – excise tax placed on whiskey led to attacks on revenue collectors. Washington federalized 15K troops to suppress the rebellion with little bloodshed. : • The XYZ Affair – delegation sent to France to discuss French practices of impressment. French diplomats demanded tribute (bribes) to enter into negotiations. Federalist called for war with France to seize French and Spanish lands. Adams did not commit to war. • The Alien and Sedition Acts – the authorization of the president to deport aliens considered dangerous. Made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president or Congress and as such could face fines or imprisonment. • The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions – provided for states to adopt nullification polices against ‘abusive’ federal laws. Remember that judicial review has not been established yet but ultimately these laws are allowed to expire or repealed as the federalist lost control of the government to the Democratic-Republicans in 1800. • The nullification issue was significant because it set the stage for it’s usage again in the 1830s and 40s. The Age of Jefferson: • The election of 1800 – peaceful transfer of power between political party rivals. The reality was that the anti-federalist sentiment shifted as Jefferson went through his presidency. • The Louisiana Purchase (1803) – negotiations began after New Orleans was closed to American trade in 1802. Ministers were sent to France with instructions to offer $10M for New Orleans and lands to its east. If failed, they were to negotiate with the British for an alliance. However, the French sold the entire territory for $15M. • First true test of Jefferson’s strict stance on constitutionalism, but improved his popularity amongst the agrarian society (not an urban based society) • The U.S. helped finance Napoleon’s war, and the British knew this • The British increased their policy of Impressment • Removed foreign threats from the U.S. western border • Doubled the size of the nation Age of Jefferson: • Marbury v. Madison (1803) – John Marshall’s court established the critical check in power known as judicial review. • Aaron Burr – not nominated for a second term as VP during the D-R caucus. He formed a secret political pact in an attempt to win the governorship of New York, then would have tried to unite the New England states and secede. He lost to Hamilton, challenged him to a duel and the last great Federalist was killed. 1806 Burr attempted a plan to take Mexico from Spain and possibly unite it with Louisiana. He was arrested and tried for treason (acquittal most likely due to John Marshall’s distain for Jefferson) • Barbary Pirates – first exercise of US Navy in the Mediterranean sea to protect merchant ships • Britain and France continue to seize US ships and take the cargo, or sailors. 1807, the British warship Leopard fired on the US warship Chesapeake killing three and having four more ‘impressed’. Jefferson responded with the Embargo Act which prohibited US merchant ships from sailing to any foreign ports. The goal was to hinder the British economy, but this backfired as the British turned to South America for supplies thus crippling the US economy in turn. The economic conditions were so bad in New England that calls for secession began. Madison’s Presidency: • Nonintercourse Act of 1809 – replaced the Embargo Act allowing US merchants to trade with anyone except Britain and France. Economic conditions continued to be rough and in 1810 Macon’s Bill #2 was introduced to establish trade with Britain or France provided that said nation would respect US neutrality at sea and no trade with the other would be allowed. Napoleon acted first by revoking decrees that violated US neutrality. Thus an embargo was placed on British trade in 1811. However, Napoleon had no intentions of honoring the agreement. • The War of 1812 • Free Seas and Trade (Embargo on Britain and their impressment) • Frontier Pressures (Tecumseh lead a rebellion in the west. Battle of Tippecanoe in the in 1811 – Tecumseh was supplied by the British) • War Hawks (Clay & Calhoun lead younger Democratic-Republicans in the call for war) • War declared even though the British had suspended it’s naval blockade • The Hartford Convention – was another threat of secession from northern states, effectively ending the • The Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) – British were tired of fighting. No concessions about impressment, blockades, or other differences were settled except for the norther border with Canada. Essentially the war ended in a stalemate. • Battle of New Orleans (1815) – Andrew Jackson • Allowed for American industry to become self-sufficient due to blockades • The US gained renowned respect from other nations after staving off the British again • A renewed since of nationalism grew stronger • Nullification and Secession efforts in the North set the precedent for their use in the South Monroe • The Era of Good Feelings – nationalism, optimism, and goodwill as the Federalist were vanquished and the Democratic-Republicans assumed full command of the government (they did adopt some of the Federalists principles). Eventually due to fights over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales, the political party would split into two. • Economic Nationalism (Tariff of 1816) – raised tariffs to protect American factories from renewed imports of British goods. The first protective tariff. Well received in the South and West. Lightly challenged in the North. • Henry Clay’s American System – 1. Protective tariffs 2. National Bank 3. Internal improvements. In a nutshell the tariffs would have provided the revenue for westward improvements, and the bank the means to aid the economies of all sections of the nation. • Panic of 1819 – the second Bank of the United States tightened credit (to control inflation) which caused many state banks to close. • Marshall Court: • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) – first time the SC ruled a state law unconstitutional • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – implied powers • Gibbons v. Ogden (1821) – interstate commerce The West • The Missouri Compromise (1820) – Henry Clay successfully negotiated the following: 1. admit Missouri as a slave state 2. admit Maine as a free state 3. prohibit slavery in the remaining Louisiana territory above the 36*30* latitude • The compromise preserved the sectional balance for more than 30 years. Americans would be torn over issues of nationalism and loyalty. • Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) disarmed the Great Lakes significantly between the US and Canada along with most border forts. • Treaty of 1818 – 1. extended fishing rights off of Newfoundland 2. joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years 3. setting the northern border at the 49th parallel • Florida Purchase Treaty (1819) – also known as the Adams-Onis Treaty • The Monroe Doctrine (1823) – the US policy towards Latin America and Europe. Initiated by the British as a joint effort to stop Spain from continued efforts in South America. Although a backfire on Britain, no European nation attempted renewed efforts of conquest in South America due to the British Navy. • Transportation improvements – roads, rail, steamboats, canals The Age of Jackson • Election of 1824 – effectively ended the Era of Good Feelings. Candidates for the presidency were Adams, Clay, Crawford, and Jackson. No clear winner so the House decided the election in what was known as the ‘corrupt bargain’ giving the office to Adams. • Adams and the Tariff of Abominations – 1828, aided northern manufacturers but alienated southern farmers • Jackson elected in 1828 - nullification crisis with Calhoun and South Carolina over the 1828 tariff. • Second Bank of the US – re-chartering was vetoed by Jackson as he believed, along with many others, that it was used to benefit the wealthy. • – Trail of Tears and the Cherokee’s attempts in court The Second Great Awakening • Revivalism in New York – young well educated ministers would spread an understanding that salvation was obtainable for all. The Hell and Brimstone revivals brought about a renewed belief in faith in the rising middle-class. The appeal was on personal emotion and fear of damnation. • Baptists and Methodists – grew even larger in the South due to westward expansion where they were able to convert many who had never belonged to a church. They became the largest Protestant denominations in the country. • Millennialism – strong belief that the 2nd coming of Jesus was at hand. Attracted thousands of followers (Seventh-Day Adventists). • Mormons – Joseph Smith and Brigham Young south salvation from persecution of authorities and fled to the Mexican controlled rocky mountains (Utah). • Impacts led to the rise in the Transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau who expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit by urging Americans to develop a unique ‘American’ culture. Thoreau was noted for fueling conversationalist and ecologist movements along with non-violence. • Brook Farm Experiment – a haven for artistic creativity and intellectual collectivism Society • New Harmony experiment – Hoped for a utopian society in Indiana • Oneida Community – ideals of a possible perfect social society with economic equality, communal property, open-marriages. Met with much criticism but remained prosperous due to silverware sales. • Temperance – alcohol was the cause of social strife (largely opposed by Germans and Irish) would eventually be strong enough to persuade Congress and the States to adopt the 18th Amendment. • Public Asylums were brought about to address the mentally challenged, blind, deaf, and criminals (penitentiaries). • Public Education • Seneca Falls Convention (1848) – the first women’s rights convention in America. • Antislavery movement and Abolitionists (Nat Turner’s revolt, Harriet Tubman & Sojourner Truth’s underground railroad • Manifest Destiny