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Traditional Systems and Practices of Conflict Resolution Traditional Systems and Practices of Conflict Resolution The Journal of Living Together Volume 6, Issue 1 ISSN 2373-6615 (Print); 2373-6631 (Online) Journal of Living Together (2019) Volume 6, Issue 1 Publisher International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation (ICERM) Edited by Basil Ugorji Layout & Design by Muhammad Danish The views expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation (ICERM). ICERM is not responsible or liable for any errors or omissions contained herein. Send comments, critiques, questions, requests or inquiries about subscription or republication to the publisher through https://www.icermediation.org/contact/. Traditional Systems and Practices of Conflict Resolution The Journal of Living Together Volume 6, Issue 1 ISSN 2373-6615 (Print); 2373-6631 (Online) All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2019 International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation Cover Image © 2019 International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation. All rights reserved. This journal may not be reproduced, transmitted, or stored in whole or in part by any means, including graphic, electronic, or mechanical without the express written consent of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in articles and reviews. To submit manuscripts for consideration, please check our themes for upcoming conferences and journal issues and see our author’s guidelines at www.icermediation.org. Digital copies of abstracts or full articles should be sent by email to: [email protected]. Please indicate “Journal of Living Together” in the subject line. Hardcopies of books for review may be sent to: International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation 11 W. Prospect Avenue, 3rd Floor Mount Vernon, New York 10550 United States of America Accepted authors will be notified by email. Published by the International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation (ICERM), New York, the Journal of Living Together is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes a collection of articles that reflect various aspects of peace and conflict studies. The contributions from across the disciplines and grounded by relevant philosophical traditions and theoretical and methodological approaches systematically broach topics dealing with tribal, ethnic, racial, cultural, religious and sectarian conflicts, as well as alternative dispute resolution and peacebuilding processes. Through this journal it is our intention to inform, inspire, reveal and explore the intricate and complex nature of human interaction in the context of ethno-religious identity and the roles it plays in war and peace. By sharing theories, methods, practices, observations and valuable experiences we mean to open a broader, more inclusive dialogue between policymakers, academics, researchers, religious leaders, representatives of ethnic groups and indigenous peoples, as well as field practitioners around the world. Sponsorship Opportunity All inquiries about sponsorship opportunities for upcoming journal issues should be sent to the publisher through https://www.icermediation.org/contact/. Journal of Living Together (2019) Volume 6, Issue 1 Table of Contents Editor’s Note Basil Ugorji ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 The Intersection between Anthropology, Drama, and Conflict Transformation: A New Method for Research and Practice Kira Nurieli……………………………………………………………………………………… 3 Contentions over the Public Space: Reconsidering Religious and Secular Voices for Peace and Justice Daniel Oduro Sem……………………………………………………………………………… 17 Fundamentals of Jewish Conflict Resolution—Some Key Elements Howard Kaminsky……………………………………………………………………………… 33 From the Diary of a Rabbinic Peacemaker: Case Study of a Traditional Jewish Process of Reconciliation and Conflict Resolution Daniel Roth……………………………………………………………………………………… 43 The Israeli/Arab Peace Plan - An Alternative Approach for Conflict Resolution: The Final Status of Jerusalem and its Holy Sites Harry H. Moskoff………………………………………………………………………….…… 53 Exploring the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict from Religious Perspectives Ningxin Li……………………………………………………………………………………… 65 Opening in Awareness: Exploring how Mindfulness and Meditation can Enhance the Mediation Experience Katharina Mauer and Martin Applebaum……………………………………………………… 75 How Buddhism and Christianity can Help Victims in Burma to Forgive: An Exploration Si Thu Tun………………………………………………………………………………..…… 86 The Politics of Conflict Resolution: A Study of the Mediation Practices of Sayyid Muhammad Ali Shihab Muhmmed Sihabudheen K…………………………………………………………………… 97 Transforming Ethnic Conflict and Building Peace in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh Aziz Rahman and Mohsin Ali…………………………………………………………….… 110 The Utility of Traditional Justice System of “Panchayat” in Resolving Pakistan-India Interstate Conflict Jawad Kadir…………………………………………………………………………………… 133 Journal of Living Together (2019) Volume 6, Issue 1 Table of Contents Strengths and Weaknesses of China’s Characteristic Mediation Model Zhiwei Wang………………………………………………………………………………….. 144 Indigenous Dispute Resolution and National Reconciliation: Learning from the Gacaca Courts in Rwanda Basil Ugorji…………………………………………………………………………………… 153 Principles, Effectiveness and Challenges of Traditional Dispute Resolution Mechanisms: A Review of Cases from Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan and Uganda Genevieve M. Sabala………………………………………………………………………… 162 The Interface between Traditional and Modern Approaches of Conflict Resolutions: An Exploration from the Kuria Community of Kenya and Tanzania Iddy Ramadhani Magoti……………………………………………………………………… 173 Dialectics of War and Peace: The Pokot Alternate Regimes of War and Peace Samuel Kochomay and Jackson Akotir……………………………………………………… 188 Peace and Conflict Management in Traditional Yoruba Society Adeniyi Justus Aboyeji……………………………………………………………………… 201 Indigenous Methods of Conflict Resolution among the Awori People of Nigeria: An Overview Mohammed Akinola Akomolafe…………………………………………………………… 225 Examining the Status of Traditional Rulers in the Pre-Post-Colonial Yoruba Society Olúse̩ ́gun Peter O̩ ̀ ke̩ ́………………………………………………………………………….. 234 ̩ The Role of African Traditional Religion in Conflict Management in Nigeria Ezekiel Kehinde Akano and Jacob Olusola Bamigbose…………………………………… 246 Negotiating for Life: Liberian Women’s Negotiating Skills Makda Maru……………………………………………………………………………….. 259 Gendered Language as an Obscured Causal Factor of the Dagbon Chieftaincy Conflict in Northern Ghana Abukari Ridwan…………………………………………………………………………… 270 Journal of Living Together (2019) Volume 6, Issue 1 Editor’s Note The International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation’s Journal of Living Together is pleased to publish this collection of peer-reviewed articles on Traditional Systems and Practices of Conflict Resolution. Our hope is that these articles written by scholars from multidisciplinary fields of study will help to advance our understanding of major issues, theories, methods, and practices of conflict resolution. Mainstream research and studies on conflict resolution have until now relied in large measure on theories, principles, models, methods, processes, cases, practices and body of literature developed in western cultures and institutions. Little or no attention has been given to the systems and processes of conflict resolution that were historically utilized in ancient societies or are currently being practiced by traditional rulers and other indigenous leaders (i.e., kings, queens, chiefs, village heads, priests) in different parts of the world and at the grassroots level. These indigenous leaders work to mediate and resolve disputes, restore justice and harmony, and foster peaceful coexistence in their various constituencies, communities, regions and countries. Also, a thorough investigation of the syllabi and portfolios of courses in the field of conflict analysis and resolution, peace and conflict studies, alternative dispute resolution, conflict management studies, and related fields of study confirms widespread, but false, assumption that conflict resolution is a western creation. Although traditional systems and processes of conflict resolution predate modern theories and practices of conflict resolution, they are almost, if not completely, unavailable in our conflict resolution text books, course syllabi, and public policy discourse. Even with the establishment of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in 2000 - an international body mandated by the United Nations to raise awareness about and discuss indigenous issues - and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007 and ratified by member states, no significant discussion has been held at the international level on the traditional systems and processes of conflict resolution, and the various roles traditional rulers and indigenous leaders play in preventing, managing, mitigating, mediating or resolving conflicts and promoting a culture of peace both at the grassroots and national levels. The International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation believes that a research and international discussion on traditional systems and processes of conflict resolution are highly needed at this crucial time in world history. Traditional rulers and indigenous leaders are the custodians of peace at the grassroots level, and for a long time, the international community has ignored them and their wealth 1 Journal of Living Together (2019)
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