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Marking Behavior of Andean Bears in an Ecuadorian Cloud Forest: a Pilot Study Authors: Eva Filipczyková, Ignas M.A

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Marking Behavior of Andean Bears in an Ecuadorian Cloud Forest: a Pilot Study Authors: Eva Filipczyková, Ignas M.A Marking behavior of Andean bears in an Ecuadorian cloud forest: a pilot study Authors: Eva Filipczyková, Ignas M.A. Heitkönig, Armando Castellanos, Wouter Hantson, and Sam M.J.G. Steyaert Source: Ursus, 27(2) : 122-128 Published By: International Association for Bear Research and Management URL: https://doi.org/10.2192/URSU-D-16-00002.1 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://www.bioone.org/journals/Ursus on 1/2/2019 Terms of Use: https://www.bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Norwegian University Library of Life Sciences SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Marking behavior of Andean bears in an Ecuadorian cloud forest: a pilot study Eva Filipczykova´ 1, Ignas M.A. Heitkonig¨ 2, Key words: Andean bear, animal behavior, camera trap, Armando Castellanos3, Wouter Hantson4,and claw-marking, ecology, marking behavior, mountain Sam M.J.G. Steyaert5–8 cloud forest, scent-marking, tree-rubbing, Tremarctos ornatus 1Ecolog´ıa y Sistematica,´ Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Tecnica´ Particular de Loja, DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-16-00002.1 San Cayetano Alto, Calle Par´ıs, Loja, Ecuador Ursus 27(2):122–128 (2016) 2Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands The Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is endemic to 3 Andean Bear Foundation, 5393 N Paseo de la Terraza, South America and is classified as “vulnerable to extinc- Tucson, AZ 85750, USA 4 tion” according to the International Union for Conserva- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, tion of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species University of Maine, 204 Clap Green House, Orono, (IUCN 2015), and as “endangered” in Ecuador (Tirira ME 04469-0001, USA 5Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural 2011). Despite its IUCN status and the need to protect Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life this species, the Andean bear population is decreasing Sciences, NO-1433 Ås, Norway (Garc´ıa-Rangel 2012). The general ecology of Andean 6Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime bears is beginning to be well-understood (reviewed in Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences and Garc´ıa-Rangel 2012). However, very little is known about Environmental Health, University College of Southeast their marking behavior. Norway, NO-3800 Bo, Norway As with other solitary carnivores, ursids scent-mark on substrates. Chemical communication is relatively well- Abstract: Very little is known about marking behavior documented in bears of the northern hemisphere, such as of the endangered Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus). brown bears (Ursus arctos; Clapham et al. 2012), Amer- Here, we present a first detailed description of Andean ican black bears (U. americanus; Taylor et al. 2015), and bear marking behavior obtained using camera traps. From giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca; Swaisgood et al. November 2012 to April 2013, we inspected 16 bear trails 2004). Ursid behavior associated with marking includes in the Napo province of eastern Ecuador, and installed claw-, bite-, and pede-marking; bark-stripping; urinat- camera traps (n = 3) at marking sites to document their ing; and rubbing shoulders, neck, and head against trees marking behavior. We obtained 22 video recordings of or substrates at marking sites (Clapham et al. 2012, Tay- Andean bears, all of which were captured during day- lor et al. 2015). Here, we associate scent-marking with time. Almost all recordings (n = 18) contained behav- activities such as rubbing, claw-marking, biting, and uri- ior associated with marking. Tree-rubbing was the main nating on substrate, as well as bark-stripping (Clapham behavioral display at marking sites, and consisted of 4 et al. 2012, Taylor et al. 2015). The functional signifi- common activities: (1) tree-sniffing, (2) rubbing the neck cance of such marking is not fully understood, and may and/or shoulders, (3) rubbing the flanks, and (4) rubbing be part of Andean bear social organization and commu- the back. Bears also claw-marked and urinated while rub- nication (Peyton 1984, Garc´ıa-Rangel 2012). bing trees. We only observed scent-marking from males. A detailed description of Andean bear marking behav- Consistent with other bear species, we suggest that An- ior currently is limited. Here, we present the first descrip- dean bears communicate intra-specifically through their tion of Andean bear marking behavior with its potential marking behavior. functional significance, using camera-trap video record- ing in an Ecuadorian cloud forest. 7email: [email protected] 8Present address: Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Study area Maritime Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences and The study area is located on the eastern slopes of Environmental Health, University College of Southeast the Ecuadorian North-Central Andes, at the border of ◦ ◦ Norway, NO-3800 Bo, Norway Sumaco Biospherical Reserve (0 S, 78 W; Fig. 1). 122 Downloaded From: https://www.bioone.org/journals/Ursus on 1/2/2019 Terms of Use: https://www.bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Norwegian University Library of Life Sciences SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 123 Fig. 1. Study area in the Napo province of northeastern Ecuador, where we used camera traps to record marking behavior of Andean bears from November 2012 to April 2013. Elevations range from 2,077 m to 2,674 m. The cli- According to the number of bear marks and the pres- mate is warm and wet with an average annual temper- ence of rubbing, we determined the 3 most actively used ature of 18◦C, and with an average precipitation of 2,500 marking sites for mounting cameras. We placed one dig- mm/year. The landscape is heterogeneous and is primar- ital camera trap with infrared function (Bushnell Trophy ily covered by mountain cloud forests. Other land-cover Cam; B Bushnell, Kansas City, Missouri, USA) at each types include bamboo (Chusquea spp.) forests, pastures, of these marking sites (hereafter, “camera sites”; Fig. 1). and clear-cuts. The rainy season lasts from March to Au- Two most actively used marking sites belonged to the gust. The dry season lasts approximately from Septem- same bear trail. Therefore, we installed 2 camera traps ber to February. The closest settlement, Las Palmas de at these marking sites. We installed the third camera trap Cosanga, is located approximately 1 km from the study on a separate bear trail. The camera traps were operative area. Extensive cattle management is present in the study from November 2012 to April 2013, thus encompass- area. ing both the dry and the rainy seasons, including the fruiting season (Mar 2013–Apr 2013). We installed the camera traps on trees approximately 2 m from, and fac- Methods ing, the rub tree, and between 110 and 180 cm above First, we conducted a field survey with an experienced the ground depending on tree and terrain characteris- local guide to identify suitable places for mounting the tics. We did not use baits to attract bears. The camera camera traps. We identified bear trails based on signs of traps recorded 30-second videos after being triggered by bear presence (e.g., tracks, scats, beds, rub trees). We movement. If the animal movement continued on-site, a recorded rub trees with a handheld Global Positioning new recording was initiated. We changed memory cards System (Garmin Ltd., Kansas City, Missouri, USA) and once every 17–36 days. We used BS.Player (AB Team refer to these hereafter as “marking sites.” On each mark- Ltd., Version 2.65, http://bsplayer.com) software to an- ing site, we counted and registered the number of claw alyze camera-trap videos and for individual bear identi- and bite marks and presence of rubbing. fication. We identified sex for each individual based on Ursus 27(2):122–128 (2016) Downloaded From: https://www.bioone.org/journals/Ursus on 1/2/2019 Terms of Use: https://www.bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Norwegian University Library of Life Sciences 124 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Table 1. The list of all identified (n = 49) standing live tree species forming Andean bear marking sites, tree species numbers and frequency, and whether tree species are aromatic (A) or an Andean bear food source (F) in the study area in the Napo province of eastern Ecuador. Data collected by camera traps from November 2012 to April 2013. Identified live tree species Spanish common name Scientific name No. of marking sites Frequency (%) Species category Tilo de monte Palicourea sp. 8 16.3 - Lengua de potro Hieronyma sp. 6 12.2 - Aguacatillo Lauraceae 6 12.2 A, F Panta silvestre Graffenrieda cf. emarginata 5 10.2 - Arrayan Myrcianthes hallii 36.1A Chisinco Nectandra sp. 3 6.1 A, F Motilon Hieronyma asperifolia 36.1F Pinchimuyo Ocotea sp. 3 6.1 A, F Higo Ficus sp. 2 4.1 F Poroton Erythrina edulis 24.1F Canelo Lauraceae 12.0A Cedrillo Trichillia sp. 1 2.0 A Flor de mayo silvestre Tibouchina lepidota 12.0- Guarumbo Cecropia sp. 1 2.0 F Ishpingo Ocotea quixos 12.0A,F Mokuillo Saurauia herthae 12.0F Mus mus Nectandra membranacea 12.0A,F Pera silvestris cf.
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