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Shade Tree Timber As a Source of Income Diversification in Agroforestry Coffee Plantations, Peru

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Shade Tree Timber As a Source of Income Diversification in Agroforestry Coffee Plantations, Peru Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X Volume 342 – 4e trimestre – novembre 2019 – p. 93-103 REVENU DU BOIS EN AGROFORESTERIE / LE POINT SUR... 93 Shade tree timber as a source of income diversification in agroforestry coffee plantations, Peru Lenka Ehrenbergerová1 Zuzana Šeptunová1 Hana Habrová1 Ronald Hugo Puerta Tuesta2 Radim Matula1 1 Mendel University in Brno Zem d lská 3 Brno 61 300 Czechě Republicě 2 Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva Avenida Universitaria km 1.5 Tingo María Peru Auteur correspondant / Corresponding author: Lenka Ehrenbergerová – [email protected] Photo 1. Ave Fenix coffee plantation, which is dominantly shaded by Inga spp. trees. Photo L. Ehrenbergerová. Doi : 10.19182/bft2019.342.a31812 – Droit d’auteur © 2019, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques © Cirad – Date de soumission : 3 septembre 2018 ; date d’acceptation : 3 avril 2019 ; date de publication : 15 novembre 2019. Citer l’article / To cite the article Ehrenbergerová L., Šeptunová Z., Habrová H., Puerta Tuesta R. H., Matula R., Licence Creative Commons : 2019. Shade tree timber as a source of income diversification in agroforestry Attribution - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. coffee plantations, Peru. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 342: 93-103. Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) Doi : https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2019.342.a31812 Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN: L-0006-579X Volume 342 – 4th quarter - November 2019 - p. 93-103 94 FOCUS ON... / INCOME FROM TIMBER IN AGROFORESTRY L. Ehrenbergerová, Z. Šeptunová, H. Habrová, R. H. Puerta Tuesta, R. Matula RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN Le bois d’ombrage comme source Shade tree timber as a source of income La madera de árboles de sombra como de diversification des revenus diversification in agroforestry coffee fuente de diversificación de los ingresos dans les plantations de café plantations, Peru en las plantaciones agroforestales agroforestières au Pérou de café de Perús Coffee is traditionally grown in Le café est traditionnellement cultivé agroforestry systems. Shade trees in El café se cultiva tradicionalmente en dans les systèmes agroforestiers. Les coffee plantations provide important sistemas agroforestales. Los árboles arbres d’ombrage dans les plantations ecosystem services, and their timber de sombra en las plantaciones de café de café fournissent d’importants services may also be a good source of income for proporcionan importantes servicios écosystémiques, et leur bois peut coffee growers. However, key information ecosistémicos, y su madera puede également être une bonne source de on the value of shade tree timber and asimismo ser una buena fuente de revenus pour les caféiculteurs. Toutefois, its potential contribution to the income ingresos para los caficultores. Sin on manque d’informations essentielles of coffee growers based on empirical embargo, nos falta información esencial, sur la valeur du bois d’ombrage et sa data is lacking. The income that could basada en datos empíricos, sobre el contribution potentielle au revenu be obtained from shade trees was valor de la madera de sombra y su des caféiculteurs, fondées sur des estimated for three coffee plantations potencial contribución a los ingresos données empiriques. Le revenu que with different shade tree species. To de los caficultores. Se han estimado los l’on pouvait tirer des arbres d’ombrage estimate the marketable timber volume ingresos que se podían obtener de los a été estimé pour trois plantations de of standing trees, allometric equations árboles de sombra para tres plantaciones café avec différentes essences d’arbres were developed. Our results showed de café con diferentes especies de d’ombrage. Pour estimer le volume de that the value of the shade tree timber árboles de sombra. Se han elaborado bois commercialisable des arbres sur varied significantly. It represented only ecuaciones alométricas para estimar pied, des équations allométriques ont été 2-3% of the annual coffee farm income el volumen de madera que se puede élaborées. D’une part, nos résultats ont on the coffee plantation dominated by comercializar de los árboles en pie. Por montré que la valeur du bois des arbres native Inga spp. On the other hand, un lado, los resultados mostraron que d’ombrage variait considérablement. the plantation predominantly shaded el valor de la madera de los árboles de Elle représentait seulement 2 à 3 % du by Eucalyptus trees had high potential sombra variaba considerablemente. Ello revenu annuel de la ferme lorsque la annual (50-68% of plantation income) representaba solamente del 2 al 3 % de plantation était dominée par l’espèce and total (92-96% of plantation income) los ingresos anuales de la explotación, native Inga spp. D’autre part, la timber value, followed by the plantation con la producción de café dominada plantation principalement ombragée par shaded predominantly by Pinus (32-49% por Inga spp. nativas. Por otro lado, la des Eucalyptus présentait un potentiel of plantation income for annual timber plantación con la sombra principalmente élevé tant annuel (50-68 % du revenu volume and 89-94% of plantation income de Eucalyptus tenía un potencial anual de la plantation) que total pour la valeur for total timber volume). It is evident that (50-68 % de los ingresos de la plantación) du bois (92-96 % du revenu), suivie par shade trees may be a good economic y un valor total de la madera (92-96 % de la plantation ombragée principalement reserve for coffee growers when exotic los ingresos de la plantación) elevados, par des Pinus (32-49 % du revenu de Eucalyptus or Pinus tree species are seguida por la plantación con sombra la plantation pour le volume annuel planted. However, using individual-tree principalmente de Pinus (32-49 % de los de bois et 89-94 % du revenu de la data, it was found that the relatively ingresos de la plantación para el volumen plantation pour le volume total de bois). rare native shade tree Retrophyllum anual de madera y 89-94 % de los Il est évident que les arbres d’ombrage rospigliosii, which was found in almost ingresos de la plantación para el volumen peuvent constituer une bonne réserve all plantations, has a high timber value total de madera). Es evidente que los économique pour les caféiculteurs and a large timber supply, making it a árboles de sombra pueden constituir lorsque des espèces exotiques shade species with high potential for una buena reserva económica para los d’Eucalyptus ou de Pinus sont plantées. agroforestry. caficultores cuando se plantan especies Cependant, à l’aide de données sur des exóticas de Eucalyptus o de Pinus. Sin arbres individuels, on a découvert que Keywords: Eucalyptus, Inga, Pinus, embargo, con la ayuda de datos sobre l’arbre d’ombrage indigène relativement Retrophyllum rospigliosii, allometric árboles individuales, se descubrió que el rare Retrophyllum rospigliosii, que equation, agroforestry system, coffee árbol de sombra indígena relativamente l’on trouvait dans presque toutes les plantation, farm income, Peru. raro Retrophyllum rospigliosii, que plantations, a une grande valeur ligneuse se encontraba en casi todas las et fournit une grande quantité de bois, plantaciones, tiene un gran valor leñoso ce qui en fait une espèce d’ombre à fort y una gran cantidad de madera, lo que lo potentiel agroforestier. convierte en una especie de sombra con gran potencial agroforestal. Mots-clés : Eucalyptus, Inga, Pinus, Retrophyllum rospigliosii,équation Palabras clave: Eucalyptus, Inga, Pinus, allométrique, système agroforestier, Retrophyllum rospigliosii, ecuación plantation de café, revenu agricole, alométrica, sistema agroforestal, Pérou. plantación de café, ingresos agrícolas, Perú. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X Volume 342 – 4e trimestre – novembre 2019 – p. 93-103 REVENU DU BOIS EN AGROFORESTERIE / LE POINT SUR... 95 Introduction Agroforestry is widely considered as a potential way vian coffee plantations have been significantly affected by of improving socioeconomic and environmental sustain- the outbreak of coffee leaf rust in recent years (Avelino et al., ability in developing countries (Jiménez-Avila and Martınez, 2015), declining by half on average (Nelson et al., 2016). This 1979; Barradas and Fanjul, 1984; Beer, 1987; Garrett et al., decline in coffee yield means that coffee growers increasingly 2000; Alavalapati and Nair, 2001; Nair, 2002). Shade trees rely on income from non-coffee products, of which the timber in agroforestry systems could serve as a source of wood from shade trees plays an important role (Jezeer et al., 2018). and firewood (Rice, 2008). This contributes to the growing The most common tree species used for shading in demand for wood products in domestic markets of develop- coffee plantations in Peru are leguminous trees of Inga spp. ing countries, it may offer significant economic opportunities (Rice, 2008) but there are a number of other native tree spe- for small-scale agroforestry producers (Scherr, 2004) and it cies used for this purpose (Greenberg and Rice, 1999). In also helps to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest recent decades, farmers have started to plant exotic Pinus degradation (REDD) (Horowitz, 2016). Besides the wood and spp. and Eucalyptus spp. firewood, shade trees provide a variety of products, such as Tropical agroforestry systems have been proposed as fibre, food, and medicinal products, oils and gums, and play farming systems that can reconcile economic and environ- a critical role in meeting the basic needs of the local popu- mental goals (Schroth et al., 2004; Steffan-Dewenter et al., lation (Nair, 1993). Agroforestry systems also have non-pro- 2007). However, changing prices on global coffee markets ductive functions, including providing a refuge for forest and increased incidence of pest and disease are putting biota (Perfecto et al., 1996), reducing pressure for further pressure on smallholder coffee farmers. Moreover, climate forest conversion to agriculture (Noponen et al., 2013), sta- change is expected to even exacerbate their vulnerability bilizing microclimatic conditions (Lin, 2007; Siles, 2010) and (Morton, 2007). Timber from shade trees may serve as an protecting the soil (Wintgens, 2004).
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