MICROINJERTACION in Vitro DE Erythrina Edulis M. FAMILIA (FABACEAE) ADRIANA PAOLA BONILLA SÁNCHEZ Trabajo De Grado Presentado

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MICROINJERTACION in Vitro DE Erythrina Edulis M. FAMILIA (FABACEAE) ADRIANA PAOLA BONILLA SÁNCHEZ Trabajo De Grado Presentado MICROINJERTACION in vitro DE Erythrina edulis M. FAMILIA (FABACEAE) ADRIANA PAOLA BONILLA SÁNCHEZ Trabajo de grado presentado a la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas como requisito para optar al titulo de Bióloga Director NEFTALÍ MESA LÓPEZ Mg. en Dirección Universitaria UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS PROGRAMA DE BIOLOGÍA IBAGUÉ - TOLIMA 2014 AGRADECIMIENTOS A Dios y mi Madre por ser los motores, fortaleza e inspiración de mi vida. Al Grupo GEBIUT, porque más allá de hacer investigación, fomentan el desarrollo humano e integral de los estudiantes. Al profesor Neftalí Mesa, por su guía y acompañamiento en el desarrollo de este trabajo. A la profesora Martha Lily Ocampo Guerrero, Diana Carvajal, Diana Beltrán y Nataly Ruiz, por su apoyo durante la ejecución de este trabajo. A Gianina Rozo Rey, por ser una amiga y compañera de trabajo incondicional. Al profesor Jairo Clavijo, por su colaboración en el análisis estadístico de resultados. Al Comité Central de Investigaciones de la Universidad del Tolima, por la financiación de este proyecto. 3 CONTENIDO Pág INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................. 12 1. OBJETIVOS .................................................................................................. 14 1.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL .................................................................................... 14 1.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ........................................................................... 14 2. MARCO TEORICO ........................................................................................ 15 2.1 GÉNERO ERYTHRINA. .................................................................................. 15 2.2 Erythrina edulis Micheli. .................................................................................. 15 2.2.1 Descripción Taxonómica. ............................................................................. 15 2.2.2 Descripción Morfológica. .............................................................................. 16 2.2.3 Distribución Geográfica Y Aspectos Ecológicos De La Especie. .................. 17 2.2.4 Uso E Importancia Económica De Erythrina edulis. ..................................... 18 2.2.5 Propagación De La Especie ......................................................................... 18 2.3. CULTIVO DE TEJIDOS O PROPAGACIÓN in vitro. ...................................... 19 2.3.1 Factores Que Intervienen En La Micropropagación 19 2.3.1.1 El Inoculo o Explante. .............................................................................. 19 2.3.1.2 Factores Físicos ....................................................................................... 19 2.3.1.3 Factores Químicos ................................................................................... 20 2.3.1.4 Principales Reguladores De Crecimiento. ................................................ 20 2.4 ETAPAS DE LA MICROPROPAGACIÓN in vitro. ........................................... 21 2.4.1 Etapa 0 ........................................................................................................ 21 4 2.4.2 Etapa I ......................................................................................................... 21 2.4.3 Etapa II. ....................................................................................................... 24 2.4.4 Etapa III ....................................................................................................... 25 2.4.5 Etapa IV ....................................................................................................... 25 2.5 TÉCNICAS DEL CULTIVO in vitro ................................................................. 25 2.5.1 Propagación A Través Del Rescate De Embriones in vitro.…………………26 2.5.2 Microinjertación. ........................................................................................... 27 2.5.3 Antecedentes En Cultivo in vitro De E. edulis............................................... 28 3. METODOLOGÍA ............................................................................................... 30 3.1 LUGAR DE TRABAJO .................................................................................... 30 3.2 SELECCIÓN DE SEMILLAS ........................................................................... 30 3.3 TRATAMIENTOS DE DESINFECCIÓN PARA SEMILLAS ............................. 31 3.4 EXTRACCIÓN DE EMBRIONES .................................................................... 32 3.5 ETAPA DE MULTIPLICACIÓN in vitro. ........................................................... 32 3.6 MANEJO DE PLANTAS EN INVERNADERO. ................................................ 32 3.7 PROCEDIMIENTO DE INJERTACION. .......................................................... 33 3.7.1 Preparación del injerto. ................................................................................ 33 3.7.2 Microinjertación. ........................................................................................... 33 3.7.2.1 Métodos de incisión .................................................................................. 33 3.7.2.2 Aproximación lateral .................................................................................. 33 3.7.2.3 Púa ........................................................................................................... 33 3.7.2.4 T. invertida ............................................................................................... 34 3.8 EFECTO DE LOS REGULADORES DE CRECIMIENTO CON RESPECTO AL CRECIMIENTO DEL MICROINJERTO. ........................................................... 34 5 3.9 MICROINJERTO A PARTIR DE EXPLANTES ex vitro. .................................. 34 3.10 ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO. ............................................................................ 35 4. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN .......................................................................... 37 4.1 GERMINACIÓN DE EMBRIONES PARA PRODUCCIÓN DE PORTA- INJERTOS Y YEMAS VEGETATIVAS ASÉPTICAS. ............................................ 37 4.1.1 Contaminación ............................................................................................. 38 4.1.2 Oxidación. .................................................................................................... 40 4.1.3 Germinación................................................................................................. 41 4.2 ESTABLECIMIENTO DEL MEDIO NUTRITIVO PARA EL RESCATE DE EMBRIONES in vitro. ............................................................................................ 43 4.3 FASE DE MULTIPLICACIÓN. ......................................................................... 44 4.4 MICROINJERTACIÓN in vitro de Erythrina edulis. .......................................... 45 4.5 EFECTO DEL TIPO DE INCISIÓN EN EL PRENDIMIENTO DE LOS MICROINJERTOS ................................................................................................ 48 4.6 MICROINJERTOS A PARTIR DE YEMAS AXILARES ex vitro. ..................... 50 5. CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................. 52 6. RECOMENDACIONES ..................................................................................... 53 REFERENCIAS .................................................................................................... 54 ANEXOS .............................................................................................................. 58 6 LISTA DE FIGURAS Pág Figura 1. Ilustración de las características morfológicas de E. edulis. .................. 17 Figura 2. Etapas de muestreo: A) árbol de Erythrina edulis en Villarrestrepo, B) frutos de la especie. ......................................................................................... 30 Figura 3. Tipos de Incisión: A) Aprox. Lateral, B) Púa y C) T. invertida. ............... 34 Figura 4. Embriones extraídos a partir de semillas de chachafruto. ..................... 37 Figura 5. Estimación puntual de proporciones de contaminados en los tratamientos de desinfección de E. edulis. ............................................................ 38 Figura 6. Estimación puntual de proporciones de oxidados en los tratamientos de desinfección de E. edulis. ................................................................................ 40 Figura 7. Estimación puntual de proporciones de germinación en los tratamientos de E. edulis....................................................................................... 41 Figura 8. Desarrollo de (Erythrina edulis) empleando HgCl2 al 0.2% por 20’. A) embriones a las 3 semanas. B) plántula a las 6 semanas. ............................... 42 Figura 9. Desarrollo de embriones en: A) medio MS + ANA (2 mg/L) y B) MS (nitratos a la mitad) + ANA (2 mg/L). ..................................................................... 43 Figura 10. Segmentos nodales de E. edulis en medio MS (nitratos a la mitad) + ANA + BAP (1:1). ............................................................................................... 44 Figura 11. Estimación puntual de las proporciones analizando la contaminación y oxidación, en los tres métodos de injertación. .................................................... 46 Figura 12. Microinjerto. A) Contaminación fúngica de los microinjertos B )procesos necróticos en la unión del injerto a través del método T. invertida..... 47 Figura 13. Estimaciones puntuales de prendimiento en injertos
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