Naval War College Review Volume 21 Article 19 Number 6 September
1968 September 1968 Review The .SU . Naval War College
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CHALLENGE
This is my last Challenge article as I retire from active duty in the Navy as of 1 September. It has been 43 years since I raised my right hand and took the oath to enlist in the Navy. It is a strange Kissinger write our books on nuclear quirk of fate that it all began here in strategy. Newport, for I arrived here for recruit We know the classical modern defini training on the old Fall River liner tion of National Strategy is the use by a Priscilla. It will all end here almost a nation of its political, economic, techni half a century later. Where have the cal, psychological and military forces (in years gone! It has been a most reward peace as well as war) to accomplish the ing career and one could call it "Oppor national objective. How can we con tunity USA," for here I leave as the tribute to this accomplishment if we are Senior Vice Admiral of our Navy. It not knowledgeable in· all these areas. doesn't seem possible but it happened. I Please note the peace as well as war. It is don't intend to review all the details of no longer a black or white situation. I those years for you all know the history apologize to Clemenceau but "Peace is of our country and Navy during this too important to be left to civilians." period. If there is one thought I want to You and I must see this is never done. leave with you who pick up the burden We know there is no such thing as a of the years to come, it is that of military mind. We should not let strong professional excellence. differences be drawn between those You have seen the military profo,; components of National Strategy. These sion in recent years degraded by many are all areas in which we must be people and in many forms of the public knowledgeable and be able to con media. It is wrong and it is up to us to tribute. We must avoid becoming mere do something about it. How do we do technicians. Economics must concern us it! I say we do it by professional as well as other facets of our profr�sion. education and excellence. It is a never Military deployments contribute to our ending job but it must be done. balance of payments problems so if we Since World War II there has risen in are to be able to evaluate them one the world of academia many institutes must of course be familiar with the that have made a specialty of interna economics of the situation. These are tional affairs and strategy. Such places examples of the impact on the military as the Institute of War and Peace at in all the other areas such as in the Columbia, the Foreign Policy Research political and technical. Institute at the University of Pennsyl So my closing Challenge to you is vania and many others. Civilians like that our nation's ability to successfully Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 5 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19
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MEETING THE THREAT 01<' COMMUNISM IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
A thesis prepared by Captain Jose M. Amaral, Brazilian Navy Naval Command Course INTRODUCTION the analysis of the causes that produced u dramatic change from that condition The scope of this paper ls a discus to the present revolutionary utmosphere sion regarding the influence of com was considered to be necessary. munism in Latin America. ft includes The presence of communism in Latin an analysis of that influence in a spe America has to be historically examined cific area, the Brazilian Northeast. in order to deteet its pattern of actions, The purpose of the discussion is to iL-, successes, and failures. Although determine the adequacy and feasibility the subversion methods have had an of the processes in use to meet the Com extraordinary evolution since the Sec� munist threat. one! World War, that examination will The understanding of the actual con� provide an outline of the responses cHtions of Latin America, both eco from the Latin Americans to the in, nomic and social, was considered to flucnce of communism, be indispensable for the purposes of Latin America has been Hving ln the discussion, Since the countries quiet iso]ationism. The evolutionary south of Rio Grande have heen living process of the political system in the for many years in an apparenl passivity, nations south of Rio Grande is not
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COLD WAR OPERATIONS: THE POLITICS OF COMMUNIST CONFRONTATION
Part IX: Communism in Africa by Professor Lyman 8. Kirkpatrick, Jr.
( A series of lectures by Professor Lyman B. Kirkpatrick, Jr., of the Political Science Department, Brown University, given at the United States Naval War College as a part of the Electives Program. These lectures are selected from those in a course entitled Cold War Operations which Professor Kirkpatrickpresents at Brown. The original series, which consisted of eight lectures, was given during the 1966-67 tenn. For the present term, Professor Kirkpatrick presentsfour additional lectures. Thus, the series is expanded to twelve lectures. This is the ninth lecture, and the others will appear in the nex I threc issues.)
Africa has been a turbulent continent South Africa and the United Nations, m the 1960's. While six new nations remain as important nonindependent were born in the 1950's--Libya in 1952, territories. Sudan in 1955, Tunis and Morocco in Independence has brought many 1956, Ghana in 1957, and Guinea in things to Africa as well as the privilege 1958-the year 1960 saw an explosion of of controlling its own destiny. Many of new nations with 17 gaining indepen the geographical areas that became new dence, and II more have been added nations were neither political entities since. Today only the colonial terri nor economically viable units. ln many tories of Spain and Portugal and South cases their boundaries had been estab west Africa, under dispute between lished by the European colonial powers
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Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 57 54, Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 PRISONER OF WAR NEGOTIATIONS:
The Korean Experienee and Lesson
A the!!is prepared by Colonel Harry P. Ball, U.S. Army School of Naval Warfare
INTRODUCTION while casualties are heing suffered on the battlefield, and men continue lo From April lhrough September of languish in prisoner-of-war camps. \Ve 195;), over :1,700 Americans were re. musl learn from the experience of leased lo U.S. control from the pris• Koren. It is hoped !hat !his paper will oner�of•war camps in North Korea. contribute to that learning. hs por• Today several hundred Americans are pose is. simply to draw upon onr ex estimated to be held prisoner in No rlh perience in both negotinting for the Vietnnm nm! in !he jungle slrongholds repatriation of prisoners of war and of the Vici· Cong in Soulh Vietnam. in administerin::; prisoners of war in As will he demonstrated, the fate of Korea. Lessons will be sou�ht thal lhcsc prisoners will depend, as did have appl.ie,llion to negotiations over 1hc (nlc of those in Korua, on the om. prisoners of war in Vielnam. come of negotintions. To satisfy this purpose rcquires1 The United Slates must he prepared first� a brief comparison of lhe political for these nc�otinlions. It should not and military situation in Korea in again allow talks lo ,!rag on for 2 1951-53 wilh tlia! in Viclnmn in 1968 years, serving Communist purposes, in order to appreciate the similarities https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 58 War College: September 1968 Review
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Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 91 88 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 AN HISTORICAL ANALOGY:
A MONOGRAPH
by Professor Waring C. Hopkins
Political scientists, historians, and position of South Vietnam. This paper diplomatists are concerned with the assumes that if there is to be any extent to which historical analogies pro agreement in the 1968 negotiations it vide clues and insights of use to policy must be a compromise, that neither side makers. This essay will endeavor to is in a position to win a military victory, extract from the experience of the that the conflict must then shift from a negotiations which ended (in theory) military to a political competition, and the first Indochina war in 1954, what that since both sides have expressed a may be of significance in the current desire to return to the principles of the effort to end the second Indochina war Geneva agreements, the only apparent in l'aris in 1968. The basic issue in 1968 way out is lo agree to internationally remains the same as it was in 1954- supervised elections in South Vietnam whether communism can be contained to determine the political composition within the northern part of Vietnam. A of that country. related issue is whether the elections The question which arises is why that the Geneva agreement seemed to there is any better chance of elections envision for 1956 can, with any hope of settling this question in 1968 since the success for American policy, be em elections envisioned for 1956 were re ployed to determine the political com- fused by President Diem with the con- https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 92 War College: September 1968 Review
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