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Naval War College Review Volume 21 Article 19 Number 6 September 1968 September 1968 Review The .SU . Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation War College, The .SU . Naval (1968) "September 1968 Review," Naval War College Review: Vol. 21 : No. 6 , Article 19. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 1 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 2 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 3 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 4 War College: September 1968 Review CHALLENGE This is my last Challenge article as I retire from active duty in the Navy as of 1 September. It has been 43 years since I raised my right hand and took the oath to enlist in the Navy. It is a strange Kissinger write our books on nuclear quirk of fate that it all began here in strategy. Newport, for I arrived here for recruit We know the classical modern defini training on the old Fall River liner tion of National Strategy is the use by a Priscilla. It will all end here almost a nation of its political, economic, techni half a century later. Where have the cal, psychological and military forces (in years gone! It has been a most reward peace as well as war) to accomplish the ing career and one could call it "Oppor national objective. How can we con tunity USA," for here I leave as the tribute to this accomplishment if we are Senior Vice Admiral of our Navy. It not knowledgeable in· all these areas. doesn't seem possible but it happened. I Please note the peace as well as war. It is don't intend to review all the details of no longer a black or white situation. I those years for you all know the history apologize to Clemenceau but "Peace is of our country and Navy during this too important to be left to civilians." period. If there is one thought I want to You and I must see this is never done. leave with you who pick up the burden We know there is no such thing as a of the years to come, it is that of military mind. We should not let strong professional excellence. differences be drawn between those You have seen the military profo,; components of National Strategy. These sion in recent years degraded by many are all areas in which we must be people and in many forms of the public knowledgeable and be able to con media. It is wrong and it is up to us to tribute. We must avoid becoming mere do something about it. How do we do technicians. Economics must concern us it! I say we do it by professional as well as other facets of our profr�sion. education and excellence. It is a never Military deployments contribute to our ending job but it must be done. balance of payments problems so if we Since World War II there has risen in are to be able to evaluate them one the world of academia many institutes must of course be familiar with the that have made a specialty of interna economics of the situation. These are tional affairs and strategy. Such places examples of the impact on the military as the Institute of War and Peace at in all the other areas such as in the Columbia, the Foreign Policy Research political and technical. Institute at the University of Pennsyl So my closing Challenge to you is vania and many others. Civilians like that our nation's ability to successfully Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 5 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 6 War College: September 1968 Review 3 MEETING THE THREAT 01<' COMMUNISM IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE A thesis prepared by Captain Jose M. Amaral, Brazilian Navy Naval Command Course INTRODUCTION the analysis of the causes that produced u dramatic change from that condition The scope of this paper ls a discus to the present revolutionary utmosphere sion regarding the influence of com was considered to be necessary. munism in Latin America. ft includes The presence of communism in Latin an analysis of that influence in a spe America has to be historically examined cific area, the Brazilian Northeast. in order to deteet its pattern of actions, The purpose of the discussion is to iL-, successes, and failures. Although determine the adequacy and feasibility the subversion methods have had an of the processes in use to meet the Com extraordinary evolution since the Sec� munist threat. one! World War, that examination will The understanding of the actual con� provide an outline of the responses cHtions of Latin America, both eco from the Latin Americans to the in, nomic and social, was considered to flucnce of communism, be indispensable for the purposes of Latin America has been Hving ln the discussion, Since the countries quiet iso]ationism. The evolutionary south of Rio Grande have heen living process of the political system in the for many years in an apparenl passivity, nations south of Rio Grande is not Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 7 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 8 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 9 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 10 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 11 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 12 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 13 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 14 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 15 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 16 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 17 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 18 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 19 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 20 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 21 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 22 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 23 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 24 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 25 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 26 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 27 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 28 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 29 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 30 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 31 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 32 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 33 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 34 War College: September 1968 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1968 35 Naval War College Review, Vol. 21 [1968], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol21/iss6/19 36 War College: September 1968 Review 33 COLD WAR OPERATIONS: THE POLITICS OF COMMUNIST CONFRONTATION Part IX: Communism in Africa by Professor Lyman 8. Kirkpatrick, Jr. ( A series of lectures by Professor Lyman B. Kirkpatrick, Jr., of the Political Science Department, Brown University, given at the United States Naval War College as a part of the Electives Program.