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War and Insurgency in the Western Sahara
Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues relat- ed to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrategic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and, • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of Defense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip reports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army participation in national security policy formulation. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press WAR AND INSURGENCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARA Geoffrey Jensen May 2013 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. -
Bibliography
Annotated List of Works Cited Primary Sources Newspapers “Apollo 11 se Vraci na Zemi.” Rude Pravo [Czechoslovakia] 22 July 1969. 1. Print. This was helpful for us because it showed how the U.S. wasn’t the only ones effected by this event. This added more to our project so we had views from outside the US. Barbuor, John. “Alunizaron, Bajaron, Caminaron, Trabajaron: Proeza Lograda.” Excelsior [Mexico] 21 July 1969. 1. Print. The front page of this newspaper was extremely helpful to our project because we used it to see how this event impacted the whole world not just America. Beloff, Nora. “The Space Race: Experts Not Keen on Getting a Man on the Moon.” Age [Melbourne] 24 April 1962. 2. Print. This was an incredibly important article to use in out presentation so that we could see different opinions. This article talked about how some people did not want to go to the moon; we didn’t find many articles like this one. In most everything we have read it talks about the advantages of going to the moon. This is why this article was so unique and important. Canadian Press. “Half-billion Watch the Moon Spectacular.” Gazette [Montreal] 21 July 1969. 4. Print. This source gave us a clear idea about how big this event really was, not only was it a big deal in America, but everywhere else in the world. This article told how Russia and China didn’t have TV’s so they had to find other ways to hear about this event like listening to the radio. -
La Negociación De La Retrocesión De Ifni: Contribución a Su Estudio1
Norba. Revista de Historia, ISSN 0213-375X, Vol. 29-30, 2016-2017, 181-200 LA NEGOCIACIÓN DE LA RETROCESIÓN DE IFNI: CONTRIBUCIÓN A SU ESTUDIO1 THE NEGOTIATION OF THE RETROCESSION OF IFNI: CONTRIBUTION TO ITS STUDY Ana TORRES GARCÍA Universidad de Sevilla Resumen Este trabajo actualiza nuestro conocimiento sobre un proceso negociador a través del análisis de docu- mentación de archivo inédita. En una primera parte se introduce el objeto de estudio resumiendo su historia. En una segunda parte se plantea la relevancia de la guerra de los Seis Días a nivel regional y su posible influencia en el desarrollo de la negociación hispano-marroquí. Por último, se describe la labor realizada por la Comisión que coordinó los trabajos conducentes al Tratado de 1969. Palabras clave: España, Marruecos, Ifni, retrocesión, descolonización. Abstract This article updates our knowledge on a negotiating process based on newly declassified archival docu- mentation. First, it introduces the subject with an overview of its history. Second, it underlines the significance of the impact of the Six-Day war at the regional level, and its likely influence in the development of the Spanish-Moroccan negotiation. Lastly, the work of the Commission created by the Spanish Government to coordinate the administrative work that led to the conclusion of the Treaty of 1969 is explained. Keywords: Spain, Morocco, Ifni, retrocession, decolonisation. 1 Este artículo ha sido elaborado en el marco del Proyecto de Investigación DER2013-42039-P, dirigido por los Investigadores Principales Leandro Martínez Peñas y Manuela Fernández Rodríguez, cuyo título es “Evolución de las jurisdicciones especiales como instrumentos de control político-religioso, de seguridad y de orden público”, financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad en la Convocatoria 2013 de Proyectos de I + D del Sub- programa de Generación de Conocimiento, dentro del Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia. -
Cy Martin Collection
University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Cy Martin Collection Martin, Cy (1919–1980). Papers, 1966–1975. 2.33 feet. Author. Manuscripts (1968) of “Your Horoscope,” children’s stories, and books (1973–1975), all written by Martin; magazines (1966–1975), some containing stories by Martin; and biographical information on Cy Martin, who wrote under the pen name of William Stillman Keezer. _________________ Box 1 Real West: May 1966, January 1967, January 1968, April 1968, May 1968, June 1968, May 1969, June 1969, November 1969, May 1972, September 1972, December 1972, February 1973, March 1973, April 1973, June 1973. Real West (annual): 1970, 1972. Frontier West: February 1970, April 1970, June1970. True Frontier: December 1971. Outlaws of the Old West: October 1972. Mental Health and Human Behavior (3rd ed.) by William S. Keezer. The History of Astrology by Zolar. Box 2 Folder: 1. Workbook and experiments in physiological psychology. 2. Workbook for physiological psychology. 3. Cagliostro history. 4. Biographical notes on W.S. Keezer (pen name Cy Martin). 5. Miscellaneous stories (one by Venerable Ancestor Zerkee, others by Grandpa Doc). Real West: December 1969, February 1970, March 1970, May 1970, September 1970, October 1970, November 1970, December 1970, January 1971, May 1971, August 1971, December 1971, January 1972, February 1972. True Frontier: May 1969, September 1970, July 1971. Frontier Times: January 1969. Great West: December 1972. Real Frontier: April 1971. Box 3 Ford Times: February 1968. Popular Medicine: February 1968, December 1968, January 1971. Western Digest: November 1969 (2 copies). Golden West: March 1965, January 1965, May 1965 July 1965, September 1965, January 1966, March 1966, May 1966, September 1970, September 1970 (partial), July 1972, August 1972, November 1972, December 1972, December 1973. -
Campaign 1968 Collection Inventory (**Materials in Bold Type Are Currently Available for Research)
Campaign 1968 Collection Inventory (**Materials in bold type are currently available for research) Campaign. 1968. Appearance Files. (PPS 140) Box 1 (1 of 3) 1968, Sept. 7 – Pittsburgh. 1968, Sept. 8 – Washington, D.C. – B’nai B’rth. 1968, Sept. 11 – Durham, N.C. 1968, Sept. 11 – Durham, N.C. 1968, Sept. 12 – New Orleans, La. 1968, Sept. 12 – Indianapolis, Ind. 1968, Sept. 12 – Indianapolis, Ind. 1968, Sept. 13 – Cleveland, Ohio. 1968, Sept. 13 – Cleveland, Ohio. 1968, Sept. 14 – Des Moines, Ia. 1968, Sept. 14 – Santa Barbara, Calif. 1968, Sept. 16 – Yorba Linda, Calif. 1968, Sept. 16 – 17 – Anaheim, Calif. 1968, Sept. 16 – Anaheim, Calif. 1968, Sept. 18 – Fresno, Calif. 1968, Sept. 18 – Monterey, Calif. 1968, Sept. 19 – Salt Lake City, Utah. 1968, Sept. 19 – Peoria, Ill. 1968, Sept. 19 – Springfield, Mo. 1968, Sept. 19 – New York City. Box 2 1968, Sept. 20-21 – Philadelphia. 1968, Sept. 20-21 – Philadelphia. 1968, Sept. 21 – Motorcade : Philadelphia to Camden, N.J. 1968, Sept. 23 – Milwaukee, Wis. 1968, Sept. 24 – Sioux Falls, S.D. 1968, Sept. 24 – Bismarck, N.D. 1968, Sept. 24 – Boise, Idaho. 1968, Sept. 24 – Boise, Idaho. 1968, Sept. 24-25 – Seattle, Wash. 1968, Sept. 25 – Denver, Colo. 1968, Sept. 25 – Binghamton, N.Y. 1968, Sept. 26 – St. Louis, Mo. 1968, Sept. 26 – Louisville, Ky. 1968, Sept. 27 – Chattanooga, Tenn. 1968, Sept. 27 – Orlando, Fla. 1968, Sept. 27 – Tampa, Fla. Box 3 1968, Sept. 30-Oct. 1 – Detroit, Mich. 1968, Oct. 1 – Erie, Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 1968, Oct. 1 – Williamsburg, Va. 1968, Oct. 3 – Atlanta, Ga. 1968, Oct. 4 – Spartenville, S. -
President Richard Nixon's Daily Diary, July 16-31, 1969
RICHARD NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY DOCUMENT WITHDRAWAL RECORD DOCUMENT DOCUMENT SUBJECT/TITLE OR CORRESPONDENTS DATE RESTRICTION NUMBER TYPE 1 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest 7/30/1969 A 2 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest from Don- 7/30/1969 A Maung Airport, Bangkok 3 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 7/23/1969 A Appendix “B” 4 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 7/24/1969 A Appendix “A” 5 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 7/26/1969 A Appendix “B” 6 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 7/27/1969 A Appendix “A” COLLECTION TITLE BOX NUMBER WHCF: SMOF: Office of Presidential Papers and Archives RC-3 FOLDER TITLE President Richard Nixon’s Daily Diary July 16, 1969 – July 31, 1969 PRMPA RESTRICTION CODES: A. Release would violate a Federal statute or Agency Policy. E. Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or B. National security classified information. financial information. C. Pending or approved claim that release would violate an individual’s F. Release would disclose investigatory information compiled for law rights. enforcement purposes. D. Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy G. Withdrawn and return private and personal material. or a libel of a living person. H. Withdrawn and returned non-historical material. DEED OF GIFT RESTRICTION CODES: D-DOG Personal privacy under deed of gift -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION *U.S. GPO; 1989-235-084/00024 NA 14021 (4-85) rnc.~IIJc.I'" rtIl."I'\ttU 1"'AUI'4'~ UAILJ UIAtU (See Travel Record for Travel Activity) ---- -~-------------------~--------------I PLACi-· DAY BEGA;'{ DATE (Mo., Day, Yr.) JULY 16, 1969 TIME DAY THE WHITE HOUSE - Washington, D. -
Download JANUARY 1969.Pdf
JANUARY 1969 .. " I ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE J. EDGAR HOOVER, DIRECTOR JANUARY 1969 VOL. 38, NO. 1 THE COVER-C rim e ' and law enforcement, 1969. See page 2. - LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN CONTENTS Message From Director J. Edgar Hoover 1 Crime and Criminals, by Hon. John C. Bell, Jr., Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, Philadel• phia, Pa. 2 "Make Your Contribution. to Our Nation" 5 Law Enforcement as a Business, by John L. Guse• man, Director of Police, Victoria, Tex. 9 Service With Compassion, by Capt. Therese L. Rocco, Missing Persons Section, Bureau of Police, Pitts• burgh, Pa. 12 . Proof of Murder by Insulin-A Medico-Legal First, by Peter J. Pitchess, Sheriff of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, Calif. Published by the Wanted by the FBI FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Washington, D.C. 20535 Is THE AMERICAN EAGLE in danger of becoming and a similar rise is indicated for 1968. In many "bald"? areas, fear forces the citizen to remain off the In an old fable, a bird meets a fisherman streets at night, and anxiety makes him suspicious with a can of worms and asks him for one . of strangers. Some merchants are intimidated by • thugs who walk away with merchandise. More "Sure," says the fisherman. "All I ask in and more businesses are adopting policies not to return is one of your feathers." accommodate the public but to protect their prop• A feather for a worm seems reasonable erty and thwart criminal assaults on their em• to the bird, so the exchange is made. -
The Weather and Circulation of December 1968
March 1969 281 UDC 551.515.72:551.513.2(73)“1968.12” THEWEATHER ANDCIRCULATION OF DECEMBER 1968 Strong Blocking Over the Western Hemisphere and Cold in the United States RAYMOND A. GREEN Extended Forecast Division, Weather Bureau, ESSA, Suitland, Md. 1. MEAN CIRCULATION also increased inCanada and persisted over Greenland Blocking inthe WesternHemisphere, which had and Scandinavia, resulting in a band of positive height decreased in November, came back strongly in December. anomalies from the western Pacific across Canada to The most anomalous blocking feature of the December northernRussia (fig. 2). South of the positive zone, circulation was the strong ridge over the Aleutian Islands height departures were negative from the eastern Pacific (fig. 1) which replaced the deepBering Sea Low of across theUnited States and from the Atlantic to the November (Stark, 1969)’.resulting in anomalous 700-mb eastern Mediterranean. Although November’s deep Sibe- height changes betweenmonths of more than 200 m. rian Low shifted to the Arctic Ocean at itsoriginalintensity, Meanwhile, the mid-Pacific trough of November moved negativeheight anomalies predominatedthrough De- eastward and intensified at lower latitudes, the ridge in cember in Siberia. the Rockies decreased, andthe mid-United States In response to blocking, the axis of maximum 700-mb troughbroadened eastward intothe Atlantic. Blocking westerlies for the month (fig. 3) was south of normal over FIGURE1.-Mean 700-mb contours (decameters) for December 1968. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 09:23 AM UTC 282 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW Vol. 97,No. 3 FIGURE 3.-Mean 700-mbwind speed (meters per second) for FIGURE2.-Departure from normal of mean 700-mb height (dec- December ,1968. -
Database(S) Search Strategy AMED (Allied and 1
Supplementary Material Table 1. Database search strategies, including search terms. Database(s) Search strategy AMED (Allied and 1. Developing Countries.sh,kf. Complementary Medicine) 2. (Africa or Asia or Caribbean or West Indies or South 1985 to July 2017, Embase America or Latin America or Central 1974 to 2017 July 10, Global America).hw,kf,ti,ab,cp. Health 1973 to 2017 Week 3. (Afghanistan or Albania or Algeria or Angola or Antigua 29 Ovid MEDLINE(R) or Barbuda or Argentina or Armenia or Armenian or Aruba 1946 to July Week 2 2017. or Azerbaijan or Bahrain or Bangladesh or Barbados or Benin or Byelarus or Byelorussian or Belarus or Belorussian or Belorussia or Belize or Bhutan or Bolivia or Bosnia or Herzegovina or Hercegovina or Botswana or Brasil or Brazil or Bulgaria or Burkina Faso or Burkina Fasso or Upper Volta or Burundi or Urundi or Cambodia or Khmer Republic or Kampuchea or Cameroon or Cameroons or Cameron or Camerons or Cape Verde or Central African Republic or Chad or Chile or China or Colombia or Comoros or Comoro Islands or Comores or Mayotte or Congo or Zaire or Costa Rica or Cote d'Ivoire or Ivory Coast or Croatia or Cuba or Cyprus or Czechoslovakia or Czech Republic or Slovakia or Slovak Republic or Djibouti or French Somaliland or Dominica or Dominican Republic or East Timor or East Timur or Timor Leste or Ecuador or Egypt or United Arab Republic or El Salvador or Eritrea or Estonia or Ethiopia or Fiji or Gabon or Gabonese Republic or Gambia or Gaza or Georgia Republic or Georgian Republic or Ghana or Gold Coast or -
ESTIMATES of the POPULATION of STATES, by AGE: 196-8 with Provisional Estimates for July 1, 1969
Series P::f:2'S, No. 437 c·y Janui3:ry 16, 1970 ESTIMATES OF THE POPULATION OF STATES, BY AGE: 196-8 With Provisional Estimates for July 1, 1969 (Estimates fc;r 196$ shown here supersede corresponding estimates published in report No o 420 of this series) This report presents estimates of the total estimates of the five broad age groups for each resident population by age groups for 1968 and State equaled the estimate of the total resident provisional estimates for 1969. The age groups population of that State published in Current shown for 1968 ate: under 5 years, 5 to 17 Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 436. In addi years, 18 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years, and 65 tion, th~ sum of the State estimates for each age years and over, plus the cumulative age groups group was adjusted to equal the latest national 14 years and over, 18 years and over, and 21 population estimates in that age group.l years and over. For 1969, the age groups shown are: under 18 years, 18 to 64 years, and 65 years and over, plus the cumulative age groups 18 years To estimate net civilian migration for a State, and over and 21 years and over. migration rates were derived for each age group except age 65 years and over from the State's METHODOLOGY estimated migration rate for school-age children for the period April 1960 to July 1968. Specifically, the net civilian migration rate, 1960 to 1968, for Estimates for 1968. --The estimates for all each age group in a given State was derived by States were obtained by carrying forward the 1960 (1) obtaining the ratio of the national gross inter census data (after subtracting the estimated size state migration rate for that age group to the of the Armed Forces) for each of the age groups national rate for the age group 7.50 to 15.49, and for each State, and allowing for births, deaths, net (2) applying this ratio to the State's net migration civilian international and interstate migration, the rate for the age group 7.50 to 15.49. -
Sample Answer ‘How Did the US Achieve a Successful Moon Landing in 1069 and What Was Its National and International Significance for the US?’ (2019)
Space Race | Sample Answer ‘How did the US achieve a successful moon landing in 1069 and what was its national and international significance for the US?’ (2019) The Moon Landing in 1969 was a statement of American Foreign policy and a huge advancement in technology that impacted both the US domestic and foreign affairs. The moon landing, which was a product of the space race between the ‘superpowers’ America and Russia proved to be a strong political statement in foreign policy and a measure of political reassurance regarding their domestic affairs. During the Cold War, America felt a sense of competition as their fellow superpower, Russia began to compete in producing deadly weapons and means to deliver them. This was known as the arms race and led to advancement such as the internet and eventually led to the moon landing. The Russian space success surprised the US as they launched their first inter- continental ballistic missile and the first man made earth satellite sputnik in 1957. The US, under Eisenhower set up NASA (the national aeronautics and space administration) in 1958 to organise US space exploration but the Soviets were still ahead when their Luna II rocket hit the moon and Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space. The space race was another aspect of Cold War rivalry. In 1961, JFK committed the US to landing a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s. He stated that “No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind or more important to the long-range exploration of space; and none will be more difficult to accomplish”. -
November 1969 $'92 25~ Vol
IN THIS ISSUE -PRISON INTERVIEW WITH LOS SIETE -LIBERATION WOMEN'S UNION -IIC ACTION NOVEMBER 1969 $'92 25~ VOL. 5 NO. 10 -MUNIBLACKCAUCUS • THE MOVEMENT PRESS BULK FlATE 4.•. POSTAGE 330 Grove Street PAID Mr. & Mrs. Grant Cannon San Francisco, California 94102 Sail Franc:l_. Calif. 4907 Klatte Road P..-mlt No. Cincinnati,' Ohio 45244 TORTURE IN BRAZIL EDITORS NOTE: The following document was smug gled out of Brazil. The brother who sent it to us requested that we do "everything within our power to translate it and seek to have it pUblished broadly". OLEO STRUT IS RECRUITING Since he gave no address or suggestions on how we might help, we assume that we can best show our solidarity with our brothers and sisters struggling The Oleo strut is looking for new staff members. oppressive nature of the Army. against imperi.alism in Latin America by building The strut is a GI coffeehouse located in Killeen', The Oleo Strut staff is a collective. We live in one a front against imperialism inside the monster. Texas near Fort Hood. As well as the regular ac house and all work every day at the Strut. We have tivities of a GI coffee house, we hope to have a been working as a collective for 4 months and have been DOCUMENT NO, 1 radical bookstore, combination military law and varyingly successful. Within the collective is a wo radical books library in tIE near future. men's caucus. We discuss all problems and polit On (date, late 1969), two sisters ("A" and"B" , Killeen is a small town with a population of ical questions that arise.