DOI 10.1515/for-2014-0011 The Forum 2014; 11(4): 603–621 Sean M. Theriault* The American Catholic Church as a Political Institution Abstract: In this article, I place the American Catholic Church into a broader his- torical and global perspective, giving context to both the world in which it oper- ates and the decisions it makes. I argue that several of the decisions that were made by the earliest Church leaders continue to reverberate today. Furthermore, the circumstances under which Catholicism made its way to the New World not only gives meaning to its past path, but provides clues about its future direction. These historical and geopolitical angles must be assessed when evaluating Pope Francis’s challenge to the Vatican, the American Church, and Catholicism around the globe. *Corresponding author: Sean M. Theriault, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA, e-mail:
[email protected] Introduction As Jesus traveled the literal and figurative road to his passion, death, and res- urrection in Jerusalem, the authorities tried on numerous occasions to trip him up. On one noted attempt, they asked him: “Is it right to pay the imperial tax to Caesar or not?” (Matthew 22:17).1 Jesus, after chastising them for trying to trap him, responds: “Give back to Caesar what is Caesar’s, and to God what is God’s” (Matthew 22:21).2 The questioners were hoping to elicit an answer from Jesus that would either run him afoul of the civil authorities or have him slight his own Father. Jesus, in doing neither, proffers an early rationale that would ultimately safeguard religious expression from the authority of the state.