Andrea Gritti: Il Doge Della Rinascita Veneziana
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Biological Warfare Plan in the 17Th Century—The Siege of Candia, 1648–1669 Eleni Thalassinou, Costas Tsiamis, Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou, Angelos Hatzakis
HISTORICAL REVIEW Biological Warfare Plan in the 17th Century—the Siege of Candia, 1648–1669 Eleni Thalassinou, Costas Tsiamis, Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou, Angelos Hatzakis A little-known effort to conduct biological warfare oc- to have hurled corpses of plague victims into the besieged curred during the 17th century. The incident transpired city (9). During World War II, Japan conducted biological during the Venetian–Ottoman War, when the city of Can- weapons research at facilities in China. Prisoners of war dia (now Heraklion, Greece) was under siege by the Otto- were infected with several pathogens, including Y. pestis; mans (1648–1669). The data we describe, obtained from >10,000 died as a result of experimental infection or execu- the Archives of the Venetian State, are related to an op- tion after experimentation. At least 11 Chinese cities were eration organized by the Venetian Intelligence Services, which aimed at lifting the siege by infecting the Ottoman attacked with biological agents sprayed from aircraft or in- soldiers with plague by attacking them with a liquid made troduced into water supplies or food products. Y. pestis–in- from the spleens and buboes of plague victims. Although fected fleas were released from aircraft over Chinese cities the plan was perfectly organized, and the deadly mixture to initiate plague epidemics (10). We describe a plan—ul- was ready to use, the attack was ultimately never carried timately abandoned—to use plague as a biological weapon out. The conception and the detailed cynical planning of during the Venetian–Ottoman War in the 17th century. the attack on Candia illustrate a dangerous way of think- ing about the use of biological weapons and the absence Archival Sources of reservations when potential users, within their religious Our research has been based on material from the Ar- framework, cast their enemies as undeserving of humani- chives of the Venetian State (11). -
Vera O Presunta Data Di Nascita, L'anno Della Così Detta Prova Della
vera o presunta data di nascita, l’anno della così detta prova della balla d’oro, che cominciò regolarmente a funzionare in quell’anno e che veniva fatta dai patrizi fra i 18 ed i 25 anni; età quest’ultima della loro legale entrata nel Maggior Consiglio. Di tutti i dogi, eccezione fatta per nove, si sa dalle cronache e dalle storie, meno per qualcuno dei più antichi sui quali esiste qualche incertezza, dove siano stati sepolti. Risulta così che sono stati sepolti ad Eraclea due, a Mantova uno, nell’abazia di S. Ilario presso Fusina cinque, a Grado due, a S. Felice di Ammiana due, nell’abazia di Cuxa nel Rossiglione uno, a Ravenna uno, a Murano: due a S. Cipriano, uno a S. Maria degli Angeli ed uno a S. Chiara; uno a S. Sofia di Costantinopoli; a V e nezia: due in chiese non precisate, sei nella chiesa di S. Zaccaria, nove nella chiesa di S. Marco, cinque a S. Giorgio Maggiore, due a S. Croce di Luprio, diciannove ai Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, sei a S. Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, uno a S. Maria della Celestia, tre a S. Ste fano, uno a S. Marina, due a S. Maria dei Servi, due a S. Maria della Carità, due a S. Antonio di Castello, sei a S. Francesco del la Vigna, uno a S. Salvatore, due a S. Domenico di Castello, tre a S. Giobbe, uno a S. Maria Assunta dei Gesuiti, uno z S. Giuseppe di Castello, uno a S. Lorenzo, quattro a S. Nicolò da Tolentino, uno a S. -
Caterina Corner in Venetian History and Iconography Holly Hurlburt
Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal 2009, vol. 4 Body of Empire: Caterina Corner in Venetian History and Iconography Holly Hurlburt n 1578, a committee of government officials and monk and historian IGirolamo Bardi planned a program of redecoration for the Sala del Maggior Consiglio (Great Council Hall) and the adjoining Scrutinio, among the largest and most important rooms in the Venetian Doge’s Palace. Completed, the schema would recount Venetian history in terms of its international stature, its victories, and particularly its conquests; by the sixteenth century Venice had created a sizable maritime empire that stretched across the eastern Mediterranean, to which it added considerable holdings on the Italian mainland.1 Yet what many Venetians regarded as the jewel of its empire, the island of Cyprus, was calamitously lost to the Ottoman Turks in 1571, three years before the first of two fires that would necessitate the redecoration of these civic spaces.2 Anxiety about such a loss, fear of future threats, concern for Venice’s place in evolving geopolitics, and nostalgia for the past prompted the creation of this triumphant pro- gram, which featured thirty-five historical scenes on the walls surmounted by a chronological series of ducal portraits. Complementing these were twenty-one large narratives on the ceiling, flanked by smaller depictions of the city’s feats spanning the previous seven hundred years. The program culminated in the Maggior Consiglio, with Tintoretto’s massive Paradise on one wall and, on the ceiling, three depictions of allegorical Venice in triumph by Tintoretto, Veronese, and Palma il Giovane. These rooms, a center of republican authority, became a showcase for the skills of these and other artists, whose history paintings in particular underscore the deeds of men: clothed, in armor, partially nude, frontal and foreshortened, 61 62 EMWJ 2009, vol. -
Europa E Italia. Studi in Onore Di Giorgio Chittolini
21 CORE VENICE AND THE VENETO Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Reti Medievali Open Archive DURING THE RENAISSANCE THE LEGACY OF BENJAMIN KOHL Edited by Michael Knapton, John E. Law, Alison A. Smith thE LEgAcy of BEnJAMin KohL BEnJAMin of LEgAcy thE rEnAiSSAncE thE during VEnEto thE And VEnicE Smith A. Alison Law, E. John Knapton, Michael by Edited Benjamin G. Kohl (1938-2010) taught at Vassar College from 1966 till his retirement as Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities in 2001. His doctoral research at The Johns Hopkins University was directed by VEnicE And thE VEnEto Frederic C. Lane, and his principal historical interests focused on northern Italy during the Renaissance, especially on Padua and Venice. during thE rEnAiSSAncE His scholarly production includes the volumes Padua under the Carrara, 1318-1405 (1998), and Culture and Politics in Early Renaissance Padua thE LEgAcy of BEnJAMin KohL (2001), and the online database The Rulers of Venice, 1332-1524 (2009). The database is eloquent testimony of his priority attention to historical sources and to their accessibility, and also of his enthusiasm for collaboration and sharing among scholars. Michael Knapton teaches history at Udine University. Starting from Padua in the fifteenth century, his research interests have expanded towards more general coverage of Venetian history c. 1300-1797, though focusing primarily on the Terraferma state. John E. Law teaches history at Swansea University, and has also long served the Society for Renaissance Studies. Research on fifteenth- century Verona was the first step towards broad scholarly investigation of Renaissance Italy, including its historiography. -
The Abandonment of Butrint: from Venetian Enclave to Ottoman
dining in the sanctuary of demeter and kore 1 Hesperia The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Volume 88 2019 Copyright © American School of Classical Studies at Athens, originally pub- lished in Hesperia 88 (2019), pp. 365–419. This offprint is supplied for per- sonal, non-commercial use only, and reflects the definitive electronic version of the article, found at <https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2972/hesperia.88.2.0365>. hesperia Jennifer Sacher, Editor Editorial Advisory Board Carla M. Antonaccio, Duke University Effie F. Athanassopoulos, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Angelos Chaniotis, Institute for Advanced Study Jack L. Davis, University of Cincinnati A. A. Donohue, Bryn Mawr College Jan Driessen, Université Catholique de Louvain Marian H. Feldman, University of California, Berkeley Gloria Ferrari Pinney, Harvard University Thomas W. Gallant, University of California, San Diego Sharon E. J. Gerstel, University of California, Los Angeles Guy M. Hedreen, Williams College Carol C. Mattusch, George Mason University Alexander Mazarakis Ainian, University of Thessaly at Volos Lisa C. Nevett, University of Michigan John H. Oakley, The College of William and Mary Josiah Ober, Stanford University John K. Papadopoulos, University of California, Los Angeles Jeremy B. Rutter, Dartmouth College Monika Trümper, Freie Universität Berlin Hesperia is published quarterly by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Founded in 1932 to publish the work of the American School, the jour- nal now welcomes submissions -
Epidemic Waves of the Black Death in the Byzantine Empire
Le Infezioni in Medicina, n. 3, 193-201, 2011 Le infezioni Epidemic waves of the Black nella sto - Death in the Byzantine Empire ria della medicina (1347-1453 AD) Ondate epidemiche della Morte Nera nell’Impero Bizantino Infections (1347-1453 d.C.) in the history of medicine Costas Tsiamis 1, Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou 2, Athanassios Tsakris 3, Eleni Petridou 1 1Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Athens Medical School, University of Athens, Greece; 2Department of History of Medicine, Athens Medical School, University of Athens, Greece; 3Department of Microbiology, Athens Medical School, University of Athens, Greece n INTRODUCTION a small geographical area is impressive; it is ba - sically a case of “all against all”. The Republics he completeness of the Byzantine historiog - of Venice and Genova held strategic and eco - raphy of the plague epidemics in the 14 th and nomically important areas in the region after T15 th century cannot be compared with that the 4 th Crusade (1204) and were in permanent of the West. References made to the plague are conflict with the Byzantines for control of the often in conjunction with other concurrent his - Aegean Sea and the trade roads [2, 3]. torical events. The political turmoil and the de - In the east, the Ottoman Turks of Asia Minor cline experienced by the Empire in the 13 th and exert pressure on the Empire of Trebizond, in - 14 th century gradually changed the mentality of vading the Balkan Peninsula, detaching Greek Byzantine scholars. Military defeats, civil wars, territories of the Byzantine Empire, while fight - earthquakes and natural disasters were joined by ing with Venice, Genova and the Knights of the plague, which exacerbated the people’s sense Saint John of Rhodes for control of the sea [4, 5]. -
Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space
Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/4/19 9:22 AM Materiale Textkulturen Schriftenreihe des Sonderforschungsbereichs 933 Herausgegeben von Ludger Lieb Wissenschaftlicher Beirat: Jan Christian Gertz, Markus Hilgert, Hanna Liss, Bernd Schneidmüller, Melanie Trede und Christian Witschel Band 23 Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/4/19 9:22 AM Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space The Interlacing of Real Places and Conceptual Spaces in Medieval Art and Architecture Edited by Tobias Frese, Wilfried E. Keil and Kristina Krüger Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/4/19 9:22 AM ISBN 978-3-11-062913-2 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-062915-6 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063347-4 ISSN 2198-6932 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018964345 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2019 Frese et al., published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston This book is published in open access at www.degruyter.com. Cover Images: Florenz, San Pancrazio, Capella Rucellai, facade. Photo: Miguel Hermoso Cuesta, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). Typesetting: Sonderforschungsbereich 933 (Nicolai Schmitt), Heidelberg Printing and binding: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen www.degruyter.com Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/4/19 9:22 AM Contents Acknowledgements V Tobias Frese, Kristina Krüger Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space The Interlacing of Real Places and Conceptual Spaces in Medieval Art and Architecture. -
Reinhold C. Mueller
Reinhold C. Mueller Aspects of Venetian Sovereignty in Medieval and Renaissance Dalmatia [A stampa in Quattrocento Adriatico , Fifteenth Century Art of the Adriatic Rim , Papers from a colloquium, Florence, 1994, edited by Charles Dempsey (Villa Spelman Colloquia Series, 5), Bologna, Nuova Alfa Editoriale, 1996, pp. 29-56 – Distribuito in formato digitale da “Reti Medievali”] The reader is forewarned that this paper, which maintains the character of the original oral presentation, makes no attempt at covering completely such a vast subject, on which there is an extensive bibliography - much of it in Serbo-Croatian, a language I do not know. My intent is simply to offer for discussion some little-exploited historical materials on well-known themes that exemplify contacts between the two coasts of the Adriatic Sea, especially - but not only - during the Quattrocento. Following an overview of the history of Venetian sovereignty in that part of the Stato da mar, attention will turn to aspects of politics and society, that is, to the political, financial and monetary administration of the subject territories and to the movement of people and peoples across the Adriatic. I. AN OVERVIEW OF HISTORY AND MYTH Venetian efforts at domination of the eastern Adriatic can be said to have begun in the year 1000, with the naval expedition commanded personally by doge Pietro II Orseolo, which put an end to the activity of pirates installed at the mouth of the Narenta River and first avowed control over the Adriatic as the “Gulf of Venice.” Lordship over the Adriatic was central to Venetian historiography and mythology over the centuries: from the supposed papal grant of lordship at the peace of 1177 with Barbarossa and the ceremony each Ascension day of the doge wedding the sea, to invocations of Jove and Neptune - all depicted as part of a political program in the redecoration of the Ducal Palace after the fire of 1577 As late as the eighteenth century, Tiepolo still represented Neptune and the sea as the source of Venice’s wealth, when that was already history. -
VENICE Grant Allen's Historical Guides
GR KS ^.At ENICE W VENICE Grant Allen's Historical Guides // is proposed to issue the Guides of this Series in the following order :— Paris, Florence, Cities of Belgium, Venice, Munich, Cities of North Italy (Milan, Verona, Padua, Bologna, Ravenna), Dresden (with Nuremberg, etc.), Rome (Pagan and Christian), Cities of Northern France (Rouen, Amiens, Blois, Tours, Orleans). The following arc now ready:— PARIS. FLORENCE. CITIES OF BELGIUM. VENICE. Fcap. 8vo, price 3s. 6d. each net. Bound in Green Cloth with rounded corners to slip into the pocket. THE TIMES.—" Good work in the way of showing students the right manner of approaching the history of a great city. These useful little volumes." THE SCOTSMAN "Those who travel for the sake of culture will be well catered for in Mr. Grant Allen's new series of historical guides. There are few more satisfactory books for a student who wishes to dig out the Paris of the past from the im- mense superincumbent mass of coffee-houses, kiosks, fashionable hotels, and other temples of civilisation, beneath which it is now submerged. Florence is more easily dug up, as you have only to go into the picture galleries, or into the churches or museums, whither Mr. Allen's^ guide accordingly conducts you, and tells you what to look at if you want to understand the art treasures of the city. The books, in a word, explain rather than describe. Such books are wanted nowadays. The more sober- minded among tourists will be grateful to him for the skill with which the new series promises to minister to their needs." GRANT RICHARDS 9 Henrietta St. -
Summary for Gambello, Vittore, 1455/1460-1537 (NAM0437)
KRESS COLLECTION DIGITAL ARCHIVE Gambello, Vittore, 1455/1460-1537 IDENTIFIER NAM0437 NATIONALITY Venetian BIRTH DATE 1455 DEATH DATE 1537 EXTERNAL LINKS UNION LIST OF ARTIST NAMES RECORD http://vocab.getty.edu/page/ulan/500023226 VIRTUAL INTERNATIONAL AUTHORITY FILE RECORD http://viaf.org/viaf/65180005 12 RELATED ART OBJECTS Vittore Gambello "Augustus" (Self-Portrait) [obverse]; Male Figure and Winged Caduceus [reverse] Vittore Gambello A Lion Style of Vittore Gambello Agostino Barbarigo, 1420-1501, Doge of Venice 1486 [obverse]; Venetia on Throne [reverse] NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART, WASHINGTON, DC, GALLERY ARCHIVES Page 1 KRESS COLLECTION DIGITAL ARCHIVE Circle of Vittore Gambello Andrea Gritti, 1455-1538, Doge of Venice 1523 [obverse]; Venetia Holding Scales and Cornucopiae [reverse] Vittore Gambello Classical Subject: Male Figure Carrying a Stag [obverse]; Classical Subject: Flaming Tripod on Altar [reverse] Vittore Gambello Gentile Bellini, 1429-1507, Venetian Painter [obverse]; Incised Inscription [reverse] Vittore Gambello Giovanni Bellini, c. 1430-1516, Venetian Painter [obverse]; An Owl [reverse] Style of Vittore Gambello Giuliano II de' Medici, 1479-1516, Duc de Nemours 1515 [obverse]; Virtue and Fortune [reverse] NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART, WASHINGTON, DC, GALLERY ARCHIVES Page 2 KRESS COLLECTION DIGITAL ARCHIVE Style of Vittore Gambello Leonardo Loredano, 1436-1521, Doge of Venice 1501 [obverse]; Equity Holding Scales and Septre [reverse] Circle of Vittore Gambello Marco Barbarigo, c. 1413-1486, Doge of Venice 1485 [obverse]; Inscription in Wreath of Ivy [reverse] Vittore Gambello Self-Portrait [obverse]; Sacrificial Scene [reverse] Vittore Gambello Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere, 1414-1481), Pope 1471 [obverse]; The Pope in Audience [reverse] RECORD LINK https://kress.nga.gov/Detail/entities/NAM0437 NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART, WASHINGTON, DC, GALLERY ARCHIVES Page 3. -
Th E Early Circulation
T HE E ARLY C IRCULATION of Andrea Dandolo’s Chronica per extensum descripta in the light of the ms. Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria, J.IV.7 1 By Miika Kuha This article examines the early circulation of the universal chronicle of the doge and prehumanist Andrea Dandolo (1306–1354). The focus of the present study is to give new insights in the transmission of Dandolo’s chronicle – and in general in the Venetian textual culture of the period – by analysing its second oldest manuscript witness, the ms. J. IV. 7 of the Turin National University Library. It will be argued, furthermore, that the Turin copy is closely linked to an early reworking of Dandolo’s chronicle, the Chronica Venetiarum attributed to the Gran Chancellor Benintendi de’ Ravagnani (c. 1318–1365). Both Chronica Venetiarum and the Turin copy reflect the response of contemporary readers to Dandolo’s chronicle as it started to circulate outside the ducal chancellery. Andrea Dandolo’s historical works During the decades after and before the dogeship of Andrea Dandolo (1342– 1354)2, history writing flourished in Venice both in vernacular and in Latin. 1 The research for this article was financed by the project Transmission of Knowledge in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Tralmar, no. 267518, 2013–2017), funded by the Academy of Finland and the University of Jyväskylä. I would like to thank prof. Outi Merisalo (Tralmar, University of Jyväskylä) for good advice and generous help both as regards my research on Venetian historiography and preparing this text for publication. I wish also to thank Dr. -
The Relations of the Republic Of
Aleksandra V. Chirkova, Daria A. Ageeva , Evgeny A. Khvalkov THE RELATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VENICE AND THE MARQUISES D’ESTE IN THE MID-FOURTEENTH TO MID-FIFTEENTH CENTURY BASED ON THE LETTERE DUCALI FROM THE WESTERN EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE HISTORICAL ARCHIVE OF THE SAINT PETERSBURG INSTITUTE OF HISTORY OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES BASIC RESEARCH PROGRAM WORKING PAPERS SERIES: HUMANITIES WP BRP 174/HUM/2018 This Working Paper is an output of a research project implemented at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE). Any opinions or claims contained in this Working Paper do not necessarily reflect the views of HSE Aleksandra V. Chirkova1,2 Daria A. Ageeva3, Evgeny A. Khvalkov45 THE RELATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VENICE AND THE MARQUISES D’ESTE IN THE MID-FOURTEENTH TO MID- FIFTEENTH CENTURY BASED ON THE LETTERE DUCALI FROM THE WESTERN EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE HISTORICAL ARCHIVE OF THE SAINT PETERSBURG INSTITUTE OF HISTORY OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES6 The present study is devoted to the research into a set of the Venetian lettere ducali to the Marquises d’Este of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries collected by N.P. Likhachev (1862- 1936), Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, stored in the Western European section of the Saint Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the preparation of their full-text critical publication. The lettere ducali are an excellent source to study the Serenissima and its continental and overseas domains. The source material of the Venetian lettere ducali have long and not without reason been considered and actively investigated by researchers as one of the most important sources on the economic, social, political, legal, environmental, cultural, and ethnic history of Venice.