In Model Colony Malir, Karachi, Pakistan
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Environmental Contaminants Reviews (ECR) 3(1) (2020) 04-12 Environmental Contaminants Reviews (ECR) DOI: http://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2020.04.12 ISSN: 2637-0778 (Online) CODEN: ECRNAE RESEARCH ARTICLE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GROUND AND SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT USING WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI) IN MODEL COLONY MALIR, KARACHI, PAKISTAN a b c* d e Majid Ali Seelro , Muhammad Usman Ansari , Sanjrani Manzoor A , A.M. Abodif , Sadaf A a,bDepartment of Energy & Environment Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah 67480, Sindh – Pakistan cSchool of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China dCivil Engineering Department, El Minya High institute for Engineering and Technology, Egypt eDepartment: Plant Science, University: University of Sindh, Jamshoro *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT Article History: This study covers the evaluation of the quality of ground water and surface water using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purpose of Model Colony, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan based on parameters physical, Received 18 December 2019 chemical, biological and heavy metals. The ground water samples were collected through boring wells and Accepted 21 January 2020 surface water samples were collected from (KWSB) Karachi Water and Sewerage Board’s water supply Available online 0 February 2020 system from different locations of study area. Four different locations were selected for collection of water 3 samples using sterilized plastic bottles (1.5L capacity) from 9C, Kazimabad, Abbasi market, and Surti Society. Sampling was done in the evening time (05:00 pm PST). The results were compared with the WHO guidelines. It is concluded that some parameters like Lead and Fecal Coliform (E. coli) are found above from WHO guidelines, some like Arsenic, pH, Turbidity, Total Alkalinity as (CaCO3), Calcium, Chloride, Hardness (CaCo3), Magnesium, Nitrate, Potassium, Sodium, Sulphate and TDS are found below from WHO guidelines. For Water Quality Assessment Weighted Arithmetic Index method is used. WQI categorizes the both sources of water of Model Colony as good quality water. The mixing of sewage water which may infiltrate from the river channels and nala surrounding the study area, results in decreased quality of water. Calculated value of WQI revealed that the ground water with WQI= 25.60 and surface water with WQI= 29.38 are grouped into good category of water quality which indicates that it is unfit for drinking purpose. However, it can be used for the domestic, irrigation and industrial use. However, it can be used Over all public opinion was recorded through checklist at Model Colony causing various health ailment problems. The survey shows that persons found having diseases like Diarrhea 90%, Hepatitis-A 15%, Skin 70%, Eyes problem 45% and Typhoid 65%. KEYWORDS Physical, Chemical, Biological and heavy metal parameters, water quality index, Model Colony, Malir, Karachi. 1. INTRODUCTION al., 2006). Additionally, the ground and surface water play an important role in assimilating municipal and industrial effluent as well as runoff from Water is an essential requirement of human life and activities associated Agricultural land and the surrounding area in a watershed (Sigua et al., with industry, agriculture, and others, and it considers one of the most 2003). delicate parts of the environment (Sanjrani et al., 2017). In the last few decades, the accelerated pace of industrial development and progressive Human activities in particular husbandry livestock and agriculture play an growth of population caused in tremendous increase in the demand of important role in contributing contamination of ground and surface water fresh water (Ramakrishnahiah et al., 2009). The quality of surface and among others pollutants. Waste water of livestock contains high ground water is identified in terms of its physical, chemical, and biological concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, organic and inorganic nitrogen parameters (Loukas 2010). The water quality of surface and ground water compound, and pathogenic bacteria, reported that ground and surface is characterized by a high level of heterogeneity in time and space, because water of Model Colony in which human activities associated with of the distinction of cover-land around. This often creates difficulties to urbanization, mixing of sewage water in water reservoirs during rainy identify water conditions and pollution sources, which is necessary to seasons, industrialization, and agricultural activities are extremely main control effectively pollution in addition to construct successful strategies sources of pollution (Gasim et al., 2009). Industrialization and emergence for minimizing of contamination resources (Singh et al., 2005). of urban units placed immense stress on water resources and discharge of Anthropogenic pollutants related to land use result in drastic wastewater into natural water resources that decreases ground and deterioration of aquatic systems in ground and surface water (Massoud et surface water quality (Awan et al., 2002). Most of the previous studies Quick Response Code Access this article online Website: DOI: www.contaminantsreviews.com 10.26480/ecr.01.2020.04.12 Cite the Article: Majid Ali Seelro, Muhammad Usman Ansari, Sanjrani Manzoor A, A.M. Abodif, Sadaf A (2020). Comparative Study Of Ground And Surface Water Quality Assessment Using Water Quality Index (Wqi) In Model Colony Malir, Karachi, Pakistan. Environmental Contaminants Reviews, 3(1): 04-12. Environmental Contaminants Reviews (ECR) 3(1) (2020) 04-12 about water resources have focused on agriculture, the power industry, 3.2 Survey and Sample Collection the petroleum refinery industry, the dyeing and finishing industry (Sanjrani et al. 2019; Chen et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2016; Sanjrani et al. During survey we have selected Model Colony because residents said they 2018; Bakken et al., 2016; Mughees et al., 2015; Takama et al., 1980). used to consume water for drinking, cooking, and for other purposes too. It was observed that the problem of mixing of sewage water into the Karachi is the biggest and densely populated (more than 20 million surface and ground water was there, and it was due to the infiltration of population) city of Pakistan, which is facing the problem of municipally leaked drainage system and due to mixing of waste water into surface supplied water shortage since many years. It is the main reason that water during rainy season which was the root cause of water residents of Karachi are rapidly switching over to the ground water for contamination. drinking and other domestic uses. This present study is aimed at screening the quality of ground water and surface water. Model Colony is selected Water samples were collected from four different locations using due to a reason that it is densely populated area, where many families are sterilized plastic bottles (1.5L capacity) from 9C, Kazimabad, Abbasi settled since the birth of Pakistan. Other objective of this study is to apply Water quality index (WQI) method to classify the ground and surface market, and Surti Society. Sampling was done in the evening time (05:00 water of Model colony for various purposes. pm PST). 2. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY The main objective of study for drinking quality of ground and surface water of Model Colony is to determine the of quantity of parameters; physical and chemical, microbiological, and heavy metals present in the water and to compare them with the WHO guidelines and apply Water quality index (WQI). In this study we will discuss the reasons for the addition of contaminants in the water causing drinking water polluted, and what mitigation measures can be taken to avoid such problems and to find some solutions for the problems and how can we treat that water to make it clean as a potable/drinking water. Pakistan ranks at number 80 among 122 nations regarding drinking water quality (WHO, 2011). Pakistan ranks number 9 in the list of top 10 countries with lowest access to clean water where 21 million out of the total population of 207 million, do not have access to clean water. India, Ethiopia and Nigeria are the top three countries without safe water (Azizullah, 2011). This study mainly depends upon the following objectives: • Survey of location • Sample collection at Model colony • Physico-chemical analysis of ground and surface water samples Figure 2: Sample Location map using Google map • Public opinion regarding health ailments • Comparison of results with WHO guidelines Ground water in area is available at different depths depends upon the • To determine WQI of this study. location, the water in average is available at the depth of 120 to 130 feet. The surface water to the Model colony is supplied from water pumping 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS station at Damloti through the underground water supply lines by Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB). Location of samples collected areas 3.1 Area of Study was marked on the Google map (Fig. 2) Model Colony is a town in Karachi city with geographical coordinates 3.3 Analysis of water parameters 24.9023° N and 67.1892° E, having area of 12.5 km² with population 383,801 according to the census 2017. Model Colony is one of the neighbor The pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) of collected samples (n = 8) were hoods of Malir Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, situated on the outer part determined by using the glass electrode pH meter (Adwa AD 111) and EC of the city about two miles north-east of Jinnah International Airport, meter (Adwa AD 330) respectively. Concentration of sodium and Karachi's international airport. Other important buildings in the potassium were measured with flame photometer (Model No. JENWAY surrounding are the Security Press, which is Pakistan's mint, and the SOS PFP7). Sulphate content was tested by gravimetric method, while village which houses about 200 orphans.