Vascular Flora of the Greater Range, Hampshire County,

Karen B. Searcy

Biology Department University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01002

Special Publication of the Botanical Club Copyright © 2008 Karen B. Searcy

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………….....…….ii Introduction …………………………………………………………………………...…………..1 The Setting ……………………………………………….………………...………...…………...2 Land Use ………………………………………………………………………...………………..2 Geology …...…………………….……………….……………...………...………………………4 Soils ...... ……………………………………………..……………….……………………………5 Climate ...………………………………………………..…………………………………….…..7 Botanical Collection in the Mount ……………………………………….……...7 Vegetation and Communities ………………………………………………………...... …11 Terrestrial Plant communities ……………………………………………………..……13 Palustrine Plant Communities …………………………………………………..………15 Communities of Anthropogenic Origin ………………………………………………...16 Methods for Developing the Mount Holyoke Range Flora …………………...………………...17 Flora Summary …………………………………………………………………….……………20 Explanation of the Catalog ……………………………………………………...22 Vascular Plant Catalog ……………………………………………………………………….….24 Ferns and Fern Allies ………………………………………………………...…………24 Gymnosperms ……………………………………………………………..……………27 Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) ……………………………………………..…………...28 Liliopsida () ………………………………………………..………….64 Literature Cited ………...………………………………………………………………………..80 Index …………………………………………………………………………………………….83

List of Tables and Figures

Figure 1. Location of the Greater Mount Holyoke Range. ……...……………………………….1 Figure 2. Map of the flora area with some of the features mentioned in the text. ……………….3 Figure 3. Cross section of the Mount Holyoke Range showing the bedrock layers. …………….5 Figure 4. Location of the bedrock types in the Greater Mount Holyoke Range. ……………...…6 Figure 5. Number of specimens collected in the Mount Holyoke Range by decade 1860-1995. ..8 Figure 6. Map showing the sampling locations and general areas used in describing locations. …………………………………………………………………...... 18

Table 1. Microclimates of the Mount Holyoke Range. ………………………………...…..…….7 Table 2. People who collected at least 4 specimens in the Mount Holyoke Range, 1820-1995. … Table 3. Natural pant communities of the Greater Mount Holyoke Range. …..………..………13 Table 4. Documented species not relocated between 1999 and 2007...... ………………………19 Table 5. Excluded species. ………………………………………………………………….…..20 Table 6. Taxa summary. ……………………………………...…………………………………20 Table 7. New, Hampshire County records. ………………………...………………………...…21 Table 8. Massachusetts rare and watchlist species with current populations in the Greater Mount Holyoke Range. …………….……………………………………………………...... 22

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Acknowledgments

I thank Robert B. Livingston for introducing me to the Mount Holyoke Range, Paul J. Godfrey and Gina Barletta for initiating my interest in studying its flora, and Brayton Wilson for his help and enthusiasm in actually starting the flora project. Beth Bone, Laura Chaskeleton, Dawn Ciulla, Ann Hazzard, Donald McClelland, Catherine Moran, Carolyn Pucko, Joshua Pycroft, Joshua Schaller, Arieh Tal, Donna Tremonte, and Chris Wood all spent at least a day with me searching for . Brayton and Mary Alice Wilson contributed information on trees, and herbaceous plants from 153 plots that helped provide detailed information on the distribution and abundance of many species. Thomas Clark found the population of Aplectrum hyemale. Diana Barczc and Kathleen Rolih helped with the maps, Sally Klingener prepared the index and Laura Holland helped in printing the illustrations. Arthur Haines, Arthur Gilman, C. Barre Hellquist, Jinshuang Ma, Lisa Standley, Gordon C. Tucker, and Peter Zika kindly helped with the identification of taxa in their specialties. John Hubert and Donald Wise of the Geosciences Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst assisted with the geology section. John Burk, Smith College, provided some historical information about past collectors in the Range and John Burk Jr., Harvard Forest, provided me with copies of some historical maps. Robert Bertin and Patricia Swain kindly reviewed drafts of all or parts of the manuscript. The manuscript also benefited from the comments of two anonymous reviewers. I thank the curators of the Harvard University Herbaria (HUH), Herbarium (MHC), and Smith College Herbarium (SCHN) for access to their collections. I thank the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation for a special use permit and the towns of Hadley and South Hadley and several private landowners for permission to access their properties. The Jane Hallenbeck Bemis Endowment for Research in Natural History supported several aspects of this work.

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documented by over 1000 herbarium specimens. Local floras such as this one are also useful on a regional level since they can fine tune distribution information. For example, this study has added a number of county records and records of state rare species including the first record of Swamp Cottonwood (Populus heterophylla) in Massachusetts (Searcy and Ascher 2001).

The Setting

The Greater Mount Holyoke Range (GMHR) was interpreted as the undeveloped land between Chmura Road and Bay Road in Hadley and Bay Road in Amherst on the north, Harris Mountain Road and Harris Road on the east, Bachelor Street in Granby and Elmer Brook in South Hadley on the south, and Rte. 47 on the west (Fig. 2). A small section of state owned land east of Harris Mountain Road was also included. The area covered by the flora is approximately 31 km2 and is between latitudes 42o 19’ 10” and 42o 16’ 56’’ N and longitudes 72o 36’ 8” and 72o 28’ 16” W. The most conspicuous topographic feature of the GMHR is the east-west trending -capped ridge (main ridge) which ranges in elevation from 150 to 300 m. The ridge line of the Mount Holyoke Range is cut by a series of faults perpendicular to its long axis creating a series of breaks that give the Range an undulating skyline. The best known of these breaks is “the Notch,” which is the current location of Route 116, the major road across the Range (Fig. 2). Movement along the faults east of Route 116 created a series of separate northeast-southwest trending basalt ridges. West of Route 116 the ridge is a single unit (Fig. 4). The north-facing slope has a steep upper region of cliffs and talus slopes, which decrease in height from west to east, and a more gradual slope at mid- to lower elevations. The change in slope angle below the cliffs on the north side gives the Range a distinct profile (Fig. 3). The lower north slope is broken by a few smaller secondary ridges and peaks such as Tinker Hill and Little Tinker, which are cones of old volcanoes now covered with glacial till (Berkowitz 1974). In contrast, the south side of the main ridge has a single relatively uniform slope of about 20o (Fig. 3). Between the base of the main ridge and the southern boundary of the study area, the topography is complex with several lower ridges, basins, and areas with little relief. Both north and south slopes of the main ridge are dissected by ravines supporting intermittent streams and seeps. Some of the larger ravines on the south side are steep-sided and have moist headwater regions. Wetlands are an important component of the GMHR. The most extensive wetlands occur on the south side of the Range between the base of the main ridge and the southern boundary. Wetlands are associated with riparian areas and with numerous small basins created by the rough, dissected topography. Wetlands on the north side are usually on the lower slopes but some are associated with the break between the steep upper slopes and the more gradual mid-slope areas. Intermittent streams are common in ravines. Only the lower reaches of some of the smaller streams and the larger streams such as Elmer Brook, Dry Brook, and tributaries of Bachelor Brook have water year-round. The area has no natural lakes or ponds with permanent water. Land Use

The region was settled in the 1660s (Berkowitz 1974). Early maps suggest that the steeper parts of the Mount Holyoke Range remained forested through the period of maximum forest clearing in the mid-1800s. Although the upper slopes remained relatively undisturbed, lower areas of the GMHR experienced varying intensities and frequencies of disturbance. The major land use appears to have been logging. Historically the land was divided into wood lots (Berkowitz 1974), and Roberts, writing in 1914, indicated that the entire south slope had been cut in the previous 25 years (Roberts 1914). Logging decreased after 1900 (Berkowitz 1974), but continued on a small scale. A number of the woods roads in the GMHR were probably associated with logging activities. Grazing on the wooded slopes has been

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Figure 2. Map of the flora area with some of the features mentioned in the text. A third power line is under the Belchertown town line. Elmer Brook is the southern flora boundary from about the Granby town line west to the junction with Pearl Street. 3 4

reported (Judd 1993) but more intense farming was limited to the lowest slopes on both sides of the range where old rock walls suggest pastures or agricultural fields. Some of these lower slopes still support active farms such as Longview Dairy Farm in Hadley and orchards in Hadley and Amherst, and aerial photographs indicate that some of the currently wooded areas on lower slopes were in agriculture as recently as 1953. Aside from logging and agriculture, the GMHR supported gravel quarries at lower elevations and at least two traprock quarries; an abandoned quarry near J. A. Skinner State Park and an active quarry adjacent to the Notch Visitor’s Center that started operation in 1896. The latter quarry had a major impact on topography since it removed most of the upper part of Round Mtn., an approximately 240 m peak, that use to form the east side of the Notch. Another site of approximately 10 ha on the north side of Bare Mountain, immediately west of the Notch, is the site of the “Bunker.” This is a rock and earth covered structure built in 1957 to house a back-up command center for the . It is now the Five-College Library Depository and is used for archival storage by the area’s colleges (http://www.umass.edu/history/courses_grad/2005-2006/662syllabus.pdf). Other human alterations include damming of some of the larger streams for water or water power, construction of fire towers and associated access roads on Long Mountain, Bare Mountain, and Mt. Norwottock, and development of three power line corridors. In addition, a trolley line that operated from about 1903 until the 1930s ran through the Notch. Today, four reservoirs, Lithia Springs Reservoir, Parker Reservoir, and the two Hadley Reservoirs remain but many of the dams have been breached and abandoned. The fire towers were removed within the last 20 years, but the trolley bed remains and is used as a hiking trail. The Mount Holyoke Range has a long history of recreational use and many of the plant collections from the Range appear to be associated with a day’s outing to one of the Range’s peaks. One of the first recorded climbs was by a Dr. Douglass of Boston who ascended Mount Holyoke in 1743 (Judd 1993). The summit of Mount Holyoke in J. A. Skinner State Park has been an important destination since 1821 when the first mountain house for tourists was built (Graci 1985). A road to the Summit House was constructed in 1850 and the expanded Prospect House was built in 1851. A small tramway was built to carry supplies and people to the resort and remained in operation until 1940 (Graci 1985). Remnants can still be seen directly below the current Summit House. The Range also supported two small ski areas. One of these, operated by the Ski Club between 1954 and 1964 (http://www.nelsap.org/ma/tinker.html), is marked on the 1979 topographic map. Traces of it are still visible as a distinct line of small trees and shrubs running uphill just east of the end of Chmura Rd. Today, major human influences include an active traprock quarry at the Notch, microwave relay towers on the crest of the Range just west of the summit of Bare Mountain, three power line corridors, a shooting range maintained by the Norwottuck Fish and Game Club, residences and farms along the peripheral roads, and recreational activity. Recreation facilities include the Notch Visitor’s Center on Route 116 and the Summit House on Mount Holyoke. The Halfway House on the road to the Summit House serves as headquarters for J. A. Skinner State Park. The Range has a paved road to the Summit House and numerous trails. Trails include the -Monadnock (M. & M.) Trail along the crest of the Range and other formally designated trails as well as many less formal trails and old woods roads used by hikers and mountain bikers.

Geology

The GMHR includes sedimentary and volcanic bedrock (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). The largest outcrop of volcanic rock is Holyoke Basalt, sometimes called Holyoke Diabase, which thins from west to east. It is characterized by columnar fracturing, hence the name traprock, which is derived from the Swedish “trappa” meaning stairs (Little 2003). Holyoke Basalt originated about 200 million years ago as two early Jurassic flows into a large sedimentary basin in a rift valley (Little 2003). After volcanic activity ceased, the basin continued to fill with sediment that covered the basalt and eventually formed rock. Subsequent erosion removed some , leaving the more resistant ridge of Holyoke Basalt,

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N

New Haven Arkose Granby Basaltic Tuff

Holyoke Basalt Portland Formation

East Berlin Formation

Figure 3. Cross section of the Mount Holyoke Range showing the layers of bedrock at the west end. (Not to scale.) From Berkowitz 1974.

which forms the crest of the Range. The cliffs visible on the steep, north-facing slope are the cross section of the lava flow, while the south side is the upper surface. Additional outcrops of volcanic origin are found on both sides of the Range. Hitchcock Volcanics occur on the north slope near Mt. Hitchcock but are largely covered. Granby Basaltic Tuff has extensive outcrops on the south side of the Range and extends from near the western end of the Range to Mt. Norwottock as an increasingly narrow, discontinuous strip (Fig. 4). It consists of basaltic, volcanic fragments and intrusive diabase flows. Hampden Basalt, which is only found at the west end of the Range (Zen et al. 1983), is not differentiated from Granby Basaltic Tuff in Figures 3 or 4. The bedrock on much of the north slope up to the base of the cliffs is the sedimentary New Haven Arkose, which is older than the basalt layer. On the south side of the Range, the Holyoke Basalt contacts a younger sedimentary layer, the East Berlin Formation (Caggiano 1977; Jacobson 1981). This formation is composed of coarse arkose close to the eastern border at the east end of the Range, but also contains a variety of finer-grained siltstones and mudstones (Sancton 1970). A third sedimentary bedrock, the Portland Formation, occurs near the southern boundary of the study area (Fig. 4). It is largely arkose and conglomerate at the east end of the range and includes arkose, siltstone and sandstone at the west end (Zen et al. 1983). Glaciation did little to alter the relief and shape of the Range (Jacobson 1981). However, parts of the Range are covered with remnants of glacial till and stratified drift deposits, which are relatively thick and uniform on the north side and thin and patchy on the south side (Londquist 1975).

Soils

The GMHR includes two major soil associations, the Rock Outcrop - Narragansett - Holyoke Association and the Hinckley - Merrimac - Windsor Association (Swenson 1981). The Rock Outcrop - Narragansett - Holyoke Association covers more area and is found on basalt as well as sedimentary bedrock. Soils in this group occur on the steepest north-facing slopes and on the south slope of the main ridge as well as on most of the ridges extending from the main ridge to the southern boundary of the study area. These soils were formed in glacial till and wind blown deposits and are very well drained. On the

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Figure 4. Location of the bedrock types in the GMHR. Granby Basaltic Tuff includes Hampden Basalt at the west end of the range.

emherst r—dley

x ƒouth2 r—dley qr—n˜y

IHHH H IHHH PHHH weters

New Haven Arkose East Berlin Formation

Holyoke Volcanics Granby Basaltic Tuff

Holyoke Basalt Portland Formation

slopes of the GMHR this complex is about 40% exposed bedrock, 25% deep, well drained Narragansett soil, 20% shallow Holyoke soil, and 15% other soils. The surface is rocky with rocks 1.5 - 6 m apart. Small depressions contain pockets of poorly drained Ridgebury soil and support wetlands, which often function as vernal pools. Soils on lower slopes of the north side and on lower areas on the south side adjacent to the main ridge belong to the Hinckley - Merrimac - Windsor Association. These are deep, well drained soils formed in glacial outwash deposits. Some areas in these soils have been mined for sand and gravel. Lower slopes also include areas of poorly drained soils, such as Rippowam fine sandy loam found along some of the major stream corridors and pockets of poorly drained Maybid and Swansea soils, which support wetlands. The pH of the shallow soil of the Rock Outcrop - Narragansett - Holyoke Association varies depending on the bedrock and aspect (Searcy et al. 2003). Measurements at the east end of the Range indicate that shallow soils over basalt bedrock have a higher average pH (4.97 south side; 4.68 north side) than soils developing on sedimentary bedrock (average pH 3.93 south side; 4.02 north side). In addition, concentrations of soil nutrients differ depending on bedrock type. Soils developing over basalt have significantly higher concentrations of calcium (20 - 500 % higher), potassium, and magnesium than those developing over sedimentary bedrock (Searcy et al. 2003). At least at the east end of the Mount Holyoke Range, soils developing in basalt are base rich but not circumneutral.

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Climate

Weather records from Amherst, Massachusetts (Bradley et al. 1987), approximately 9.5 km north of the Mount Holyoke Range, indicate a climate typical of southern New England. The average temperature in Amherst is 8.4o C (47.1o F), with the winter quarter (Dec. - Feb.) averaging -4o C (24.8o F) and the summer quarter (Jun. - Aug.) averaging 19.8o C (67.7o F). Annual precipitation is 110.7 cm (43.6 in) and is distributed evenly throughout the year. Snowfall averages 122 cm (48 in) falling primarily from December - March. The growing season is about 152 days with the last frost typically occurring about 2 May and the first frost about 4 October. Vegetation is occasionally impacted by hurricanes. Six hurricanes were recorded between 1815 and 1986 with the most severe occurring in 1938. Fires occur infrequently and it is not clear how important they are in maintaining vegetation patterns in the GMHR. One in 1924 burned from the Notch east on the north side of the Range (Berkowitz 1974), and one in the fall of 2001 burned approximately 125 ha from Lithia Springs Reservoir, where it started, up the south side and over the crest to the north side of the Range. While the climate in the Range is similar to Amherst’s, temperature data collected in 1965 by R. B. Livingston (Lund 1969) indicated that temperatures on the south slope averaged slightly warmer and those on the wooded north-facing slope of the Range slightly cooler than were recorded for Amherst during the same period. Perhaps more important for understanding vegetation patterns in the Mount Holyoke Range are the differences in microclimate produced by the aspect and slope angle of the Range. Measurements reported by Lund (1969) and Livingston and Lund (198-? [sic]) indicated that north- and south- facing slopes differed in light intensity, rate of evaporation (a function of temperature and relative humidity), average wind speed, average temperature, and diurnal temperature range (Table 1). As a result, the south-facing slope of the Range was warmer and drier than the north-facing slope. The maximum temperature differences were observed at 10 cm above the surface of the ground. At this level, the average daily maximum for the 1965 growing season was 20o C (36o F) warmer on the open south slope than the forested north slope. Even a comparison of wooded slopes indicated that the relatively open canopy forest on the south slope was 9.4o C (19o F) warmer than wooded north-facing slopes. In addition, Livingston and Lund (198-? [sic]) observed at least a two week difference in the date of spring soil thaw on the two slopes, which they pointed out is important for growth of the herbaceous layer.

Table 1. Microclimates of the Mount Holyoke Range from data collected by Dr. Robert B. Livingston and Bruce E. Lund (Lund 1969). Measurements are the average for the April to October growing season.

Light Wind Temperature o C* Evaporation gcal/cm2/min m/sec max min ml/day

Open south slope 1.5 0.94 37.7 10.0 33.2 Wooded south slope 0.3 0.34 28.3 14.4 27.7 Wooded north slope 0.1 0.13 17.7 9.4 16.3

* measured at 10 cm above surface.

Botanical Collection

The flora of the Mount Holyoke Range has been documented by at least 1000 specimens of 371 species deposited by just over 100 collectors in regional herbaria. Collectors who collected at least 4 specimens are listed in Table 2. Most specimens were collected prior to 1935 (Fig. 5). The many specimens collected in the 1860 - 1879 and 1910 - 1929 periods reflect the collection efforts of a few

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individuals. However, no decade between 1860 and 1939 had fewer than 50 specimens collected (Fig. 5), so the period between 1940 and 1980 stands out as one of particularly low collection effort. Most past collecting concentrated on the main ridge and the lower north slope, with little if any on the lower south side. Collectors were primarily faculty members and students at the area’s colleges. However, the Mount Holyoke Range also attracted well known regional botanists who visited the Range for a day or two of sightseeing and collecting. Collections from the 1800s usually give the locality as Mount Holyoke, meaning the whole Range, while later specimens are more likely to say Mount Holyoke Range or Holyoke Range. There were clearly some favorite collecting localities. The one most commonly listed is “the Notch” or sometimes “Granby Notch.” Between 1903 and the 1930s a trolley line between Springfield and Amherst passed through the Notch and provided easy access to the Range. Names associated with the Notch area include the “Garden of Eden” and the “Devils Garden.” Aside from “the Notch,” other commonly mentioned localities include Bare or “Bear” Mountain. immediately west of the Notch, Mt. Norwottock or “Mt. Norwottuck,” the highest peak in the Range, and the Summit House area on Mt. Holyoke at the west end of the Range.

250 16

200 Specimens collected 1820 - 1995

8 11 10 150

4 100

Number of Number Specimens 14 16

713 7 50 6 4 5 11 0 1820- 1860- 1870- 1880- 1890- 1900- 1910- 1920- 1930- 1940- 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- 1859 1869 1879 1889 1899 1909 1919 1929 1939 1949 1959 1969 1979 1989 1995 Date

Figure 5. Numbers of specimens collected in the Mount Holyoke Range by decade between 1860 and 1995. The period 1820 - 1859 is included. Many of the specimens from 1820 - 1859 lack dates and collectors but can be placed in that period by the type of label (Burk 1994). The numbers above the bars are the numbers of collectors.

Early collections 1820-1859 The earliest specimens from the Mount Holyoke Range are in the Amherst College Herbarium. They lack dates but are likely from the late 1820s. At least four of these specimens, including Lily- Twayblade (Liparis lilifolia) and Narrow-leaved Vervain (Verbena simplex), currently considered

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threatened and endangered, respectively, were collected by (1793-1864), who was appointed Professor of Natural History and Chemistry at Amherst College in 1825. Others were probably collected by students from Amherst College. While not known primarily as a botanist, Hitchcock collected extensively in the River Valley region (Burk 1994) and in 1829 authored “A Catalogue of Plants Growing without Cultivation in the Vicinity of Amherst College.” This book gives the Mount Holyoke Range as the location for eight species, all but one of which, Tall Nut-sedge (Scleria triglomerata), can still be found there today. Regional botanists collecting in the Mount Holyoke Range during this period include William Oakes (1799-1848) who collected Fly-honeysuckle (Lonicera canadensis), and Edward S. Hoar (1823- 1893) who visited the “summit of Mount Holyoke” in August of 1857 and collected Round-leaved Dogwood (Cornus rugosa) and Stout Thimbleweed (Anemone virginica) that are still typical of talus slopes and rocky ridges. In addition, one early collection of Slender Bush-clover (Lespedeza virginica) is attributed to Chester Dewey (1784-1867) who may have come to Amherst for a visit since Hitchcock’s wife, Ora White Hitchcock, did botanical illustrations for Dewey’s publications on sedges (Burk 1994).

Table 2. People who collected at least four specimens from the Mount Holyoke Range between 1820 and 1995.

Number of Specimen1 Collector Date (s) Specimens Location Edward Hitchcock 1820s 5 AC Edward Tuckerman 1859 - 1869 61 AC, MASS, SCHN George G. Kennedy 1863 12 AMES, GH, NEBC George Mackie 1869 4 NEBC Henry G. Jesup 1865 - 1875 256 AC, AMES, NEBC, MASS, SCHN Lafayette W. Goodell 1872 - 1873 4 AC H. M. Zeller 1873 5 AC William H. Blanchard 1873 12 NEBC Charles H. K. Sanderson 1873 - 1875 21 AC Winthrop E. Stone 1879 - 1881 6 MASS Benjamin P. Clark 1880 9 AC W. D. Rogers 1886 4 GH Louise M. Stabler 1886 - 1887 8 GH Levi H. Elwell 1889 - 1903 71 AC, NEBC Harry T. Edwards 1893 4 MASS Allen B. Cook 1894 4 MASS Esther C. Cushman 1902 - 1904 15 MASS Albert V. Osmun 1903 - 1904 6 MASS Joseph R. Churchill 1905 4 GH, NEBC D. P. Miller 1906 6 MASS Lawrence S. Dickinson 1907 8 MASS James M. Hunnewell 1909 9 NEBC Clarence H. Knowlton 1909 - 1910 7 AC, GH, NEBC Ray E. Torrey 1911 - 1952 46* MASS Fredrick T. Hubbard & George S. Torrey 1913 77 NEBC Kenneth B. Laird 1913 - 1916 33 MASS David Potter 1914 10 GH Alma G. Stokey 1918 - 1930 7 MHC Arthur S. Pease 1925 - 1930 29 AC, NEBC Alfred S. Goodale 1921 - 1931 63* AC Randall H. Piper 1927 - 1929 18 AC Walter C. Markert 1928 - 1930 17 AC H. R. Baker 1929 12 AC, NEBC

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Table 2. (Continued) People who collected at least four specimens from the Mount Holyoke Range between 1820 and 1995. Number of Specimen1 Collector Date (s) Specimens Location Frank C. Seymour 1929, 1932 8 AC, NEBC Charles. A. Weatherby 1931 11* AC, AMES, GH, NEBC Wayne E. Manning 1930 - 1939 8 SCHN Carolle E. Anderson 1932 - 1934 5 MASS Bruce. A. Sorrie 1982 - 1984 12 NEBC, GH, MASS Dennis Magee 1983 4 MASS Tad Zebryk 1993 19 MASS, NEBC Gina Barletta 1993 - 1994 11 MASS Paul J. Godfrey 1994 56* MASS 1. For herbarium names see page 23. * includes collections with others

Collections 1860 - 1889 The three largest historic collections from the Mount Holyoke Range date from this period. The earliest was made by Edward Tuckerman (1817-1886). Tuckerman was appointed Professor of History at Amherst College in 1855 and Professor of Botany in 1858. Although he is best known as a lichenologist, he also made a large collection of plants from the Amherst area and his flora (Tuckerman and Frost 1875) updated Hitchcock’s. The 61 specimens of his Mount Holyoke Range collection usually include specific localities and habitat information. Among the species he collected are Whorled Milkweed (Asclepias verticillata), Green Rock-cress (Arabis missouriensis), Glaucescent Sedge (Carex glaucodea), Red Mulberry (Morus rubra), and Narrow-leaved Vervain (Verbena simplex), all of which are rare today. A slightly later but much larger collection was made by Henry Griswold Jesup (1826-1903). Jesup trained as a minister but took up botany, apparently because of poor health (Burk 1999). He arrived in the Amherst area in the 1860s, taught briefly at Smith College in 1876, and was then appointed Instructor in Botany and later Professor of Natural History at Dartmouth College, where he remained until he retired in 1899. While in the Amherst area he collected extensively, including at least 255 specimens from the Mount Holyoke Range. His duplicates are widely distributed in regional herbaria and his personal collection from Massachusetts is now in the Smith College Herbarium (SCHN). Several of the plants he collected, including Showy Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium reginae) and Hairgrass (Muhlenbergia capillaris) have not been relocated since. However, Jesup noted that M. capillaris was rare at the time he collected it. The last of the larger collections in this period (71 specimens) was made by Levi Harry Elwell (1854-1916), Associate Professor of Greek and Instructor of Sanskrit at Amherst College. He began a collection in 1889 and Day (1901) reported that his herbarium had nearly all the vascular plants including ferns and fern allies known from the Amherst vicinity. Many of the species he collected are common in the Mount Holyoke Range today and were not collected by other collectors of the period. Other collectors from the 1860 - 1889 period include Charles Henry Kellogg Sanderson, known for his collection of flowering plants and ferns of Greenfield, MA and vicinity made during the last 10 years of his life (Day, 1901). He probably did some collecting with Jesup since there are several instances in which they collected the same species on the same day. George Goulding Kennedy (1841- 1918), who had a large collection from New England (Day 1901), also visited the Mount Holyoke Range for several days in late May of 1863. Louise Merritt Stabler, one of relatively few women who left collections from the Mount Holyoke Range, visited the Range during July of 1886 and 1887. Her eight specimens include the only historical collection of Indian Pipes (Monotropa uniflora), which is quite common today, particularly on the lower north slope. Student collectors in the Mount Holyoke Range during this period include Benjamin Preston Clark (AC class of 1881), George Mackie (1850-1906, MAC class of 1872), and Winthrop Ellsworth Stone (1862-1921, MAC class of 1882). Stone later became president of Purdue University (Barnhart 1965). I have not found any specimens collected by William S. Clark, third president of the Massachusetts Agricultural College (MAC), from the Mount Holyoke Range,

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but he is reported to have collected Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) on Mt. Norwottock (Stone 1913; Tuckerman and Frost 1875).

Collections 1890 - 1919 Most collectors from this period were students. They include Allen Bradford Cook (MAC class of 1896), later associated with the Connecticut Horticultural Society; Albert V. Osmun (1880-1954; MAC class of 1903), later head of the Botany Department at MAC; Esther Cowles Cushman (MAC class of 1904) who was in the first class to graduate women; Lawrence S. Dickinson (MAC class of 1907) later a faculty member at MAC; David Potter (1894-1967, MAC class of 1916) a regional botanist who became head of Clark University, and Kenneth B. Laird (MAC class of 1916). Laird’s Mount Holyoke Range collection was large (33 specimens) and included detailed locality information. He was apparently a promising botanist but died of influenza in 1918 (Doran, 1920). Another student collector from this period was Ray Ethan Torrey (1887-1956, MAC class of 1912). His first Mount Holyoke Range collections date from 1911 when he was an undergraduate at MAC. He returned to MAC as a faculty member in 1919, where he remained until 1956. Several regionally known collectors such as Charles Hinckley Knowlton (1876-1956), Joseph Richard Churchill (1845-1933), and James Melville Hunnewell (1880-1964) visited the Range once or twice and made small collections. The most extensive collection in the 1890-1919 period was made by Fredrick Tracy Hubbard (1860-1920) and George Stafford Torrey (1891-1977). The latter was an instructor and later head of the Botany Department at the Connecticut Agricultural College. They collected at least 77 specimens on a single day, May 17, 1913, as one of a series of field trips to the “Valley of the Connecticut” sponsored by the New England Botanical Club (Knowlton et al. 1912). Most of their collections are listed as being on Holyoke Diabase and they appear to have collected on Mount Holyoke and in the vicinity of Bare Mountain and the Notch. Among their specimens are Drooping Speargrass (Poa saltuensis subsp. languida) and Arabis missouriensis, both of which are rare today.

Collections 1920 - 1949 The largest collections during this period are associated with Amherst College. Alfred Stanley Goodale (1876-1951), Curator of the Amherst College Herbarium, and his assistants Walter C. Markert, Randell H. Piper, Francis H. St. John, Samuel F. Potsubay, and H. R. Baker, collected over 100 specimens, mostly between 1925 and 1930. At this time Goodale was working on a regional flora, which was never published, however, a manuscript copy is in the Converse Library at Amherst College. Arthur Stanley Pease (1881-1964) a regional botanist known primarily for his 1924 “Vascular Flora of Coös County, ” collected in the Mount Holyoke Range between 1925 and 1932 while he was on the faculty or president (1927-1932) of Amherst College. His favorite localities were “Bear Mtn.” (Bare Mountain) and Mt. Norwottock. Alma G. Stokey (1877-1968) from Mount Holyoke College also collected between 1920 and 1930. Her collection is one of the few that clearly indicate that specimens were from the lower south side of the Range. There were likely more collections from Mount Holyoke College but the college’s herbarium and natural history museum was destroyed by fire in 1917 (Levin 2005). Wayne E. Manning of Smith College also collected in the Range, primarily on Mount Holyoke in J. A. Skinner State Park. Finally, regional botanist Frank Conklin Seymour (1895-1985) made several collecting trips to the Range either by himself or with Charles A. Weatherby and Ludlow Griscom.

Collections 1950 - 1979 This was a period of relatively low collection activity for the Mount Holyoke Range. Ray Ethan Torrey made a few collections, often on walks up the abandoned trolley line (E. Davis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, pers. comm.). He was accompanied by students including Norton Nickerson, later professor of Biology and Environmental Studies at Tufts, Theodore Delevoryas, later a well known paleobotanist with positions at the University of Illinois and Yale, and Edward Davis, later chairman of the Botany Department at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. His last collections in the Holyoke Range (1952) were done with Fay Hyland, Professor of Botany at the University of , who provided

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transportation for Torrey who did not drive (E. Davis, pers. comm.). The well known regional collectors Harry E. Ahles, Curator at MASS, and Roberta G. Poland, who taught at Deerfield Academy, each contributed a few specimens from the Notch area as did Robert B. Livingston.

Collections 1980 - 1995 Interest in collecting revived during this period largely due to the efforts of the Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program. Bruce A. Sorrie, former State Botanist with the Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program, made collections between 1982 and 1984 focused on rare plants. In 1993 Tad M. Zebryk, local botanist and consultant, collected on Bare Mt, and in 1994, Paul J. Godfrey and his student Gina Barletta made a large collection while documenting the flora of ridge top communities for the Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program.

Vegetation and Plant Communities

The Mount Holyoke Range is in the Valley ecoregion of the North Eastern Coastal Zone (Griffith et al. 1994). The vegetation in the southern part of this ecoregion belongs to the Central Hardwoods - Hemlock - White Pine region dominated by oaks and hickories while the northern part, including the GMHR, is in the Transition Hardwoods - White Pine - Hemlock region (Westveld et al. 1956). In the transition zone, drier sites tend to have oaks and hickories while lower elevations and moister sites may include beech, birch, and maples, which are species typical of the Northern Hardwoods - Hemlock - White Pine region further north (Westveld et al. 1956). In the GMHR, the east-west orientation of the Range, which produces different microclimates on north- and south-facing slopes, differences in bedrock, topographic complexity, and land use history, combine to support vegetation of both northern and southern affinities. Livingston and Lund (198-? [sic]) identified five terrestrial communities in the Mount Holyoke Range and associated these plant communities with differences in microclimate between the north- and south-facing slopes. The communities they identified were: “Oak Chestnut” on the relatively flat, lower areas on both sides of the Range, “Hemlock - Northern Hardwood” on the steep north-facing slopes, “Oak-Hickory” on the south-facing slopes, a grassland community on open traprock ridges, and a summit ridge community of small trees and shrubs. This general pattern appears to have been stable for at least 150 years. Judd (1993), describing vegetation in the vicinity of J. A. Skinner State Park for the period 1845-1850, indicated that the lower north slope was characterized by oaks and chestnut, that the upper north slope, including the basalt talus slopes and the north-facing brow of the ridge, supported hemlock, white pine and various mixtures of birches and oaks, and that the rocky south slope was primarily “walnuts” (hickory) and oaks. Like Livingston and Lund 198-? [sic]), Judd also mentions an area on the summit that was characterized by stunted oaks, hickories and red cedar. Judd (1993) was also aware that some vegetation patterns were related to bedrock since he commented that chestnut was rarely seen on greenstone (basalt). In fact, chestnut is a good indicator of soils developing on the more acidic sedimentary bedrock of the lower slopes, and is rarely found on basalt (Searcy et al. 2003). Recent work in the GMHR (Godfrey and Searcy 1997; Searcy et al. 2003; Shaw 2000) and observations made while working on this flora indicate that about 20 of the plant communities recognized in “Classification of Natural Communities of Massachusetts” (Swain and Kearsley 2000) are present. Some of the increase in communities is due to a finer division of terrestrial communities in the treatment by Swain and Kearsley (2000), and the remainder is due to the inclusion wetland or palustrine communities which were not considered in previous studies. These communities are listed in Table 3, which also gives their abundance in the state and their distribution in the GMHR. In addition to the communities in Table 3, there are disturbed areas of anthropogenic origin that support vegetation types not included in Swain and Kearsley (2000). Most of the natural communities that are associated with specific habitats are readily recognized. However, at least on a particular bedrock type, the forested communities tend to grade into one another.

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As a result there are areas, particularly at low elevations, where past disturbance was the greatest, that the vegetation is not readily assigned to a particular forest community.

Table 3. Natural plant communities in the Greater Mount Holyoke Range using the classification of Swain and Kearsley (2000).

Community name State Bedrock type Side Distribution* Abundance Terrestrial Circumneutral Rocky Summit/Rock Outcrop S2/S3 basalt1 S main ridge Circumneutral Rock Cliff S3 basalt N, E main ridge Circumneutral Talus Forest/Woodland S3 basalt N, E main ridge Dry, Rich Acidic Oak Forest S4 basalt S, E main ridge Oak - Hickory Forest S4 basalt S main ridge Hickory - Hop Hornbeam Forest/Woodland S2 basalt S main ridge Oak - Hemlock - White Pine Forest S5 sedimentary2 S, N lower N & S sides Hemlock Ravine S4 various S, N throughout Red Oak - Sugar Maple Transition Forest S4 various N main ridge Northern Hardwoods - Hemlock - White Pine Forest S5 various N main ridge Rich, Mesic Forest S3 basalt S main ridge Forest Seep Community S4 various S, N throughout

Palustrine Red Maple Swamp S5 sedimentary S, N lower N & S sides Swamp S5 various S, N lower N & S sides Shallow Emergent Marsh S4 sedimentary S lower south side Deep Emergent Marsh S4 sedimentary S lower south side Mud Flat S4 sedimentary S lower south side Inland Acidic Pondshore/Lakeshore S4 sedimentary S lower south side Small River Floodplain Forest S2 sedimentary S lower south side Woodland Vernal Pool S3 various S, N throughout * See Fig. 6. 1 Includes Holyoke Basalt and Granby Basaltic Tuff 2 Includes New Haven Arkose, East Berlin Formation, and Portland Formation

Terrestrial Plant Communities

The Oak - Hemlock - White Pine Forest, a community with southern affinities, is probably the most extensive forest community on the lower slopes of the north side and at the base of the main ridge on the south side of the range. In the GMHR it is restricted to sedimentary bedrock (New Haven Arkose on the north side and the East Berlin or Portland Formation on the south side of the Range). It corresponds to the “Oak Chestnut” community of Livingston and Lund and is described in Searcy et al. (2003). This community is widespread in Massachusetts and typically occurs in dry, acid soils, and is at the moister end of the spectrum of oak dominated communities (Swain and Kearsley 2000). The most common trees in the GMHR are Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Chestnut Oak (Q. montana), and Red Maple (Acer rubrum). The north side of the Range has a higher proportion of American Beech (), Chestnut (Castanea dentata), and Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in this community than the south side. Characteristic shrubs include several species of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) and Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), which is a good indicator for this community in the GMHR. Only a few species occur in the herbaceous layer, including Pink Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium acaule), Starflower (Trientalis borealis), and Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens). The transition between this community and the communities on basalt is often abrupt except in ravines where there is runoff from basalt slopes (Searcy et al. 2003).

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Three additional communities with southern affinities occur on basalt and are restricted to the south side of the Range. These are the Dry, Rich Acidic Oak Forest and the Oak - Hickory Forest, which are widespread in Massachusetts, and the Hickory - Hop Hornbeam Forest/Woodland, which is uncommon in the state and is patchy in the GMHR. Their relative position appears to be related to a moisture gradient. The Dry, Rich Acidic Oak Forest tends to be on the lower basalt slopes, in ravines or on east-facing slopes; the Oak - Hickory Forest is associated with mid- to upper slopes; and the Hickory - Hop Hornbeam Forest/Woodland is often associated with ridges on mid- to upper slopes or with the crest of the range. These three communities all have Quercus rubra, Pignut-hickory (Carya glabra), and Hop- hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) and tend to grade into one another. The Dry, Rich Acidic Oak Forest has a more complete canopy with a higher proportion of Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), White Ash (Fraxinus americana), and Basswood (Tilia americana) than the other two. The herbaceous layer in all three communities is rich and typically includes Blunt-lobed Hepatica (Anemone americana), False Solomon’s Seal (Maianthemum racemosum), and a number of sedges. The Hickory-Hop Hornbeam Forest/Woodland differs from the other two in that it has a relatively open canopy with few shrubs and an herbaceous layer dominated by graminoids. Two forest communities with northern affinities are common in the GMHR. These are the Red Oak - Sugar Maple Transition Forest and hemlock dominated areas similar to the Hemlock Ravine Community. The Red Oak - Sugar Maple Transition Forest is found on mid- to upper slopes on the north side of the range where it is primarily on sedimentary bedrock, but it can also occur in ravine headwaters on the south side of the Range where the bedrock is basalt. Much of what Livingston and Lund (198-? [sic]) considered “Hemlock-Northern Hardwood” is probably this community. In addition to Acer saccharum, Black Birch (Betula lenta), and Paper Birch (B. papyrifera), Quercus rubra is a common component. Common understory shrubs include Maple-leaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium) and Witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). Herbaceous plants often include Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis) and Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides). Within this community, areas along seeps and intermittent streams support a community similar to the Forest Seep Community. Characteristic species of this community in the GMHR include Rattlesnake-fern (Botrychium virginianum), Silvery Spleenwort (Deparia acrostichoides), and Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum). In the GMHR the Hemlock Ravine Community, which is dominated by Tsuga canadensis, has a very sparse understory. This community is found in ravines on both sides of the range and also forms an almost continuous band on the steep north facing slope. Some hemlocks in this latter area are reported to be 250 years old (Leverett, http://www.uark.edu/misc/ents/fieldtrips/mass/mt_holyoke.htm). In addition, extensive areas dominated by hemlock occur at low elevations on both sides of the Range where the presence of stone walls suggests that these areas were cleared in the not too distant past. Other communities with northern affinities are much less common. A few relatively mesic sites on the north side of the Range and in ravine headwaters on the south side could be considered Northern Hardwoods - Hemlock - White Pine Forest. These areas are often rocky and share a number of species with adjacent talus slope communities such as Fly-honeysuckle (Lonicera canadensis), Red-berried Elderberry (Sambucus racemosa var. pubens), and Striped Maple (Acer pensylvanicum). Canada Yew (Taxus canadensis) also occurs at two such sites. Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis), which is typical of this community, while present, is not common, and Hobble-bush (Viburnum alnifolium) characteristic of this community elsewhere in Massachusetts (Swain and Kearsley 2000), does not appear to occur in the GMHR. Some mesic sites also approach the Rich, Mesic Forest Community. These areas are dominated by Acer saccharum and have a rich herbaceous layer including Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense), Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), Toothwort (Cardamine diphylla), Doll’s Eyes (Actaea pachypoda), Adiantum pedatum, and Zigzag Goldenrod ( flexicaulis). Wood-nettle (Laportea canadensis), Canada Violet (Viola canadensis), and American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) are each found at one site. However, a number of species characteristic of rich, mesic forests (Bellmare et al. 2005) such as Wild Leek (Allium tricoccum), Squirrel Corn or Dutchman’s Breeches (Dicentra spp.), Glade-fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), and Plantain-leaf Sedge (Carex plantaginea) appear to be absent. Goldie’s Fern (Dryopteris goldiana), a fern typical of

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rich mesic woods, has been reported from the Mount Holyoke Range (Stone 1913), but I have not been able to locate it. The last three terrestrial communities in the GMHR recognized in Swain and Kearsley (2000) are associated with specific habitats that are relatively uncommon in the state (Table 3). The Circumneutral Rocky Summit/Rock Outcrop Community is one of the few natural grasslands in Massachusetts and is found on basalt ridges on the south side of the Range with exposed bedrock and shallow soil. Observations of fallen trees suggest wind-throw may help keep this community open. Similar communities can be found on Mount Tom and other traprock ridges in the Connecticut River Valley (Andrews 1899; Lee 1985; Nichols 1914; Rozsa and Dowhan 1977). Vegetation is dominated by herbaceous plants although pockets of deeper soil may include isolated individuals of Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Fraxinus americana, and Carya glabra. Characteristic species include Early Saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiensis), Arrow-leaf Violet (Viola sagittata). Poverty-grass (Danthonia spicata), Dwarf Dandelion (Krigia virginica), and Little Bluestem (Schizachryium scoparium). Areas of this community are generally small and can be found throughout the Range except for Long Mountain. A community similar to the Circumneutral Rock Cliff community occurs on basalt cliffs on the north side of the Range, along Dry Brook, and in ravines on the south side that run perpendicular to the long axis of the Range. Most cliff faces are relatively dry and have only sparse vegetation that can include ferns such as Maidenhair Spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes) and Purple Cliff-brake (Pellaea atropurpurea), which are restricted to this habitat, as well as Mackay’s Fragile Fern (Cystopteris tenuis), Rusty Woodsia (Woodsia ilvensis), and Blunt-lobed Woodsia (W. obtusa), which are not. Finally, many of the stable talus slopes support a Circumneutral Talus Forest/Woodland Community very similar to that described in Swain and Kearsley (2000). In the GMHR talus slopes are common along the base of the basalt cliffs on north- and east-facing slopes of the Range, and along east and west sides of the many ravines that dissect the south slope. This community has a characteristic group of shrubs or small trees including Mountain Maple (Acer spicatum), Sambucus racemosa var. pubens, Acer pensylvanicum and less commonly Round-leaved Dogwood (Cornus rugosa). Ferns such as Common Polypody (Polypodium virginianum), Intermediate Wood-fern (Dryopteris intermedia), and Marginal Wood-fern (D. marginalis) are common on the north-facing talus slopes but less so on other aspects. Open areas on talus slopes include Bush-honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera), Clearweed (Pilea pumila), Herb-Robert (Geranium robertianum), Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia). This community grades into Northern Hardwoods - Hemlock - White Pine Forest on the north side and Dry, Rich, Acidic Oak Forest on east-facing slopes and in some ravines.

Palustrine Plant Communities

The most common palustrine community is the Red Maple Swamp (RMS), which is widespread in Massachusetts. Red Maple Swamps occur on both sides of the Range and are usually wet in the spring and may be wet again in the fall, but are frequently dry from mid-summer on. For the most part, vegetation in these communities is similar to that described in Swain and Kearsley (2000). However, probably because they receive runoff from calcium-rich basalt bedrock, some Red Maple Swamps include species such as Delicate Sedge (Carex leptalea), Brome-like Sedge (C. bromoides), Swamp-saxifrage (Saxifraga pensylvanica), Rough-leaved Goldenrod (Solidago patula), and Golden Ragwort (Packera aurea) which are considered calciphiles by Swain and Kearsley (2000). A RMS variant, the Alluvial Red Maple Swamp Community, occurs at a few locations at the west end of the Range. In the eastern part of Massachusetts, this community occurs along rivers and streams that experience over-bank flooding (Swain and Kearsley 2000). In the GMHR it is found in a few shallow basins on or immediately adjacent to Granby Basaltic Tuff. Species include Silver maple (Acer saccharinum), Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor), and Pin Oak (Q. palustris). These swamps have a well-developed shrub layer. The only known site in Massachusetts for Populus heterophylla occurs in this community.

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Like the RMS community, the Shrub Swamp community is common in the GMHR and is also widespread in Massachusetts. In the GMHR shrub swamps with Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Winterberry (Ilex verticillata), and Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) are often found in small basins on the south side of the Range where they are frequently surrounded by Black Gum (Nyssa sylvatica), Quercus palustris, and Q. bicolor. Shrub swamps are also found as a narrow fringe along the margins of some of the reservoirs and ponds. These typically include Speckled Alder (Alnus incana subsp. rugosa), Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum), Highbush-blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and often several species of Willow (Salix spp.). The remaining palustrine communities, Shallow and Deep Emergent Marsh, Mud Flat, Inland Acidic Pondshore/Lakeshore, Small River Floodplain Forest and Woodland Vernal pool are not common in the GMHR, although the first four are common in Massachusetts (Table 3). The Shallow Emergent Marsh and Deep Emergent Marsh communities are associated primarily with Lithia Springs Reservoir and Comma Pond, although an extensive area of Shallow Emergent Marsh Community can be found behind a breached earth dam on Elmer Brook. The Mud Flat Community includes many of the herbaceous plants listed in Swain and Kearsley (2000) such as Blue Monkey- (Mimulus ringens) and False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica). The plants in this community emerge in mid- to late summer, and in the GMHR, this community tends to be associated with beaver dams which appear have increased over the period of this study (1999 - 2007). The Inland Acidic Pondshore/Lakeshore Community is associated with two small ponds near Lower Access Road which in dry years support extensive populations of Philadelphia Panic-grass (Panicum philadelphicum), a rare species in Massachusetts. The Small-river Floodplain Forest is uncommon in the GMHR and is only found along lower reaches of Elmer Brook and on a small section of Dry Brook. Characteristic trees include Acer saccharinum and Quercus palustris. This community has a high density of invasive shrubs such as Morrow Honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii), Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii), and Japanese Privet (Ligustrum obtusifolium). Japanese Corktree (Phellodendron amurense), which is a listed as a “likely invasive” species (Somers et al. 2006), is also well established along Elmer Brook.

Communities of Anthropogenic Origin

Human impacted areas include trails, woods roads, log landings, abandoned quarries, power line corridors, disturbed margins of some reservoirs, and lawn areas associated with the Notch Visitor’s Center and the Summit House. These areas contain a mixture of native and introduced species. Many of the non-invasive introduced species are restricted to these habitats, and except for Berberis thunbergii, introduced invasive species are more common in these disturbed areas as well (Searcy et al. 2006). The most diverse of these anthropogenic habitats are the power line corridors and quarries. Introduced species are particularly common along power line corridors especially in the moister areas along the E/W power line corridor between Lithia Springs Reservoir and Dry Brook, which has dense populations of invasive species. However, certain native species are also largely restricted to power line corridors. These include Tea (Ceanothus americanus), Slender Ground-cedar (Diphasiastrum tristachyum), Hairy Bedstraw (Galium pilosum), Indian Hemp (Apocynum cannabinum), and Wood Lily (Lilium philadelphicum). Other native species that are more common on the power line corridors than elsewhere include Tall Cinquefoil (Potentilla arguta), Spiked Lobelia (Lobelia spicata), Pasture Juniper (Juniperus communis), Fern-leaf False Foxglove (Aureolaria pedicularia), as well as most species of Bush-clover (Lespedeza spp.), and Tick-trefoil (Desmodium spp.).

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Methods for developing the GMHR flora

Most fieldwork was done between August 1999 and October 2006. However, a number of common species were collected in 2007, and work done in 1996 as part of a study on ridge-top grasslands (Godfrey and Searcy 1997) was included. The goal was to develop an inventory of the species of the GMHR that included habitat preference, frequency of occurrence, and distribution in the Range. Efforts concentrated primarily on Joseph Allen Skinner State Park, Mount Holyoke Range State Park, and other publicly owned land (inset in Fig. 6). Developed areas along boundary roads including areas in active agriculture were excluded, but developed areas adjacent to the Summit House, the Notch Visitor’s Center, and roadsides along Route 116 and along the road to the Summit House were included. A total of 517 sites were visited. At a minimum, information collected at each location included a species list and the habitat. In addition, latitude and longitude were determined with a hand-held GPS unit (accuracy about 10 m) or from a topographic map using TERRAIN NAVIGATOR (MAPTECH, edition 2.0, Greenland, NH) when a reading was not possible. Sample sites varied in size and how they were selected. One hundred fifty-three locations were sampled with 200 m2 plots placed at 200 m intervals along 11 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) lines that are 1 km apart and are perpendicular to the long axis of the Range. These plots were sampled primarily by Dr. B. F. Wilson of the University of Massachusetts and include quantitative data on trees, shrubs, and presence/absence data for herbaceous species. Eight similarly sampled locations from a study by Searcy et al. (2003) were included because additions to the flora were made at those sites. Data from 27 localities were part of an earlier study of the Circumneutral Rocky Summit/Rock Outcrop Community (Godfrey and Searcy 1997), and the remaining 329 sample locations were selected in an effort to visit as many different habitats as possible or were sites where additions to the flora were found while getting to a selected site. This group of 329 sites averaged about 200 m2 but varied in area from a few very small sites to a few sites of about 1000 m2. Many sample locations were visited several times to follow seasonal changes in the flora. There were 149 sites on the north side of the Range, 348 on the south side and 20 along the crest or on east or west facing slopes (Fig. 6). The difference in number of sites between the north and south sides largely reflects the difference in area and diversity of habitats. Nomenclature followed Gleason and Cronquist (1991 2nd Edition) except where superseded by the published volumes of the Flora of (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 1993+. Volumes 2-5, and 19-26). The treatment of violets follows Haines (2001). Where FNA divided taxa more finely than Gleason and Cronquist, the specimen was re-identified. Synonyms are given where names differ between FNA and Gleason and Cronquist. Common names are based on The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: a County Checklist (Sorrie and Somers 1999). I classified species as native or introduced based on Sorrie and Somers (1999). Some species native to Massachusetts, such as Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) and Red Pine (Pinus resinosa), were treated as introduced for the purposes of this flora since they were most likely introduced into the GMHR. In addition, Phragmites australis in the GMHR appears to be the introduced lineage based on ligule length (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007), and Phalaris arundinacea is considered introduced since most North American populations are a mixture of native and European strains (Barkworth 2007). Finally the native status of some species like Podophyllum peltatum is not clear and they are also considered introduced.

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Publicly owned land

emherst r—dley w—in2‚idge vower2xorth2ƒlope fel™her2E 5 town 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 55 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 ‚oute2RU 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 555 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 55 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5555 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 55 555 55 5 5 55 5 5 5 55 5 5 555 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 555 5 5 55 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 555 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 555 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 555 5 5 5 5 5 555 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 555 5 5 555 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 55 5 5 55 5 5 55 5 5 5 555 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 555 5 5 x 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 qr—n˜y2f—s—lti™ „uff ƒouth2r—dley vower2ƒouth2ƒide qr—n˜y IHHH H IHHH weters

Figure 6. Map showing sampling locations ( ● ) and the general areas used in describing species distributions. The inset shows publicly owned land in the Greater Mount Holyoke Range.

About 95% of the taxa are vouchered by my own GMHR collection (785 species) deposited at the University of Massachusetts Herbarium (MASS), or by an additional 39 specimens at MASS that were collected since 1990. Thirty-seven species with voucher specimens, but which I have not relocated (Table 4), are also included in the flora. Eleven taxa reported for the Range were excluded either because of misidentification or because, although they were listed as occurring in the GMHR, no herbarium specimen documenting the taxon was found (Table 5). New species will undoubtedly be added and these will be listed on the following website: http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/herbarium/checklist.phtml.

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Table 4. Species from the Greater Mount Holyoke Range documented by herbarium specimens but not relocated between 1999 and 2007.

Family Species Last Documented

Asclepiadaceae Asclepias tuberosa 1926 parlinii subsp. fallax 1931 Pseudognaphalium macounii 1870s Solidago macrophylla 1942 Solidago speciosa 1872 Brassicaceae Cardamine bulbosa 1929 C. laciniata (no collection date) Caprifoliaceae Lonicera caerulea 1924 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria borealis 1924 Cyperaceae Carex canescens 1924 C. foenea 1870s C. pellita 1905 Scirpus microcarpus 1928 Ericaceae Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 1891 Geraniaceae Geranium bicknellii 1873 Liliaceae Aletris farinosa 1869 Clintonia borealis 1916 Ophioglossaceae Botrychium simplex 1872 Coeloglossum viride 1928 Cypripedium reginae 1873 Isotria medeoloides 1899 Platanthera hookeri 1906 P. psycodes 1915 Bromus ciliatus 1872 Elymus canadensis 1859 Elymus virginicus 1909 Muhlenbergia capillaris 1875 Oryzopsis pungens 1913 Poa palustris 1948 Dicanthelium oligosanthes subsp. scribnerianum 1870 Portulacaceae Claytonia caroliniana 1864 C. virginica 1932 Pyrolaceae Pyrola chlorantha 1929 Rubiaceae Galium boreale 1864 nuda 1882 Tiarella cordifolia 1873 Verbenaceae Phryma leptostachya 1952

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Table 5. Excluded species.

Species Reason for exclusion Acer nigrum misidentified Anemone acutiloba no specimen Aristida purpurescens no specimen Asplenium rhizophyllum no specimen Carex albursina misidentified Carex novae-angliae misidentified Cypripedium parviflorum var. parviflorum inadequate specimen Dryopteris goldiana no specimen Scleria triglomerata no specimen Viburnum alnifolium misidentified Zanthoxylum americanum no specimen

Flora Summary

The flora of the GMHR includes 863 taxa in 122 families and 397 genera (Table 6). Taxa include species, subspecies, varieties and a few named hybrids. Approximately 17.2 % of the flora is introduced, just over half the 30% introduced species reported for the state (Sorrie 2005). This survey added 492 taxa to those documented from the Mount Holyoke Range by herbarium records collected prior to the start of this project. These additions to the flora include 20 new, Hampshire County records based on Sorrie and Somers (1999) county checklist (Table 7), 6 state endangered, threatened, or special concern species, 8 watch list species (Table 8), and numerous introduced species. Most of the new, Hampshire County records have previously been reported from adjacent Hampden or Franklin County or both. Carex merritt-fernaldii and C. molesta are treated as separate taxa in FNA but are included with C. brevior in previous floras. However Botrychium oneidense and Crepis tectorum appears to be the first records from the Connecticut River Valley, although C. tectorum has been collected in Hampshire Co. previously, but was mis-identified.

Table 6. Summary of taxa for the Greater Mount Holyoke Range.

Taxonomic Group Families Genera Introduced taxa Native taxa Total

Pteridophytes 12 26 0 50 50

Gymnosperms 3 6 4 6 10

Dicotyledons 89 266 117 446 563

Monocotyledons 18 89 27 213 240 Totals 122 397 148 715 863

I was able to relocate all but 37 of the 371 taxa found in regional herbaria collected between 1820s and 1990 (Table 4). This is a loss of about 10% of the documented taxa and is at the low end of the scale compared with recent species losses at other locations in North America summarized in Bertin (2002). Seventeen species in this group have not been recorded since 1900 and are likely extirpated since none was recorded in the 1920s and 1930s, which saw reasonable collection efforts. The Orchidaceae

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show the largest percent loss of any family with 5 species or about 28% of those documented in the GMHR. High losses in the Orchidaceae have been reported in many studies (Bertin 2002). The losses in the Orchidaceae are larger than the 20% loss among rare species (state listed endangered, threatened or special concern species), which also lost 5 species (2 of which were orchids). Another group of species that appear to have been lost are those of northern affinities such as Lesser Mitrewort (Mitella nuda), Foamflower (Tiarella cordifolia), Bluebead-lily (Clintonia borealis), and Cut-leaved Toothwort (Cardamine concatenata). However, since these species are only represented by a single specimen each, they may have been uncommon at the time of collection. A more through discussion of floristic changes will be provided in a separate publication.

Table 7. New, Hampshire County Records.

Family Species Common Name

Asteraceae *Crepis tectorum Narrow-leaved Hawk's Beard * micrantha Blue Scorpion Grass *Myosotis sylvatica Garden Forget-me-not Cyperaceae Carex backii Back's Sedge Carex lupuliformis False Hop-sedge Carex merritt-fernaldii Fernald’s Sedge Carex molesta Troublesome Sedge Fabaceae Desmodium humifusum Spreading Tick-trefoil Desmodium rotundifolium Round-leaved Tick-trefoil Juncaceae Juncus secundus Secund Rush Oleaceae *Forsythia suspensa Weeping Forsythia Ophioglossaceae Botrychium oneidense Blunt-lobed Grape-fern Polygonaceae Fallopia scandens Bindweed Agrimonia pubescens Downy Agrimony Aronia arbutifolia Red Chokeberry * horizontalis Rock Cotoneaster Rubus pensilvanicus Blackberry Rubiaceae Galium pilosum Hairy Bedstraw Salicaceae 1Populus heterophylla Swamp Cottonwood Scrophulariaceae Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis Purslane-speedwell * Introduced species 1 State Record and not listed in Sorrie and Somers (1999)

Explanation of the Vascular Plant Catalog

Information for each taxon includes scientific name, authority, status, common name, frequency, habitat and/or community in which it is found, distribution within the Range, a locality where species can be seen, reproductive phenology, and comments. The first collection and most recent collection are also cited. Introduced species are indicated by * and synonyms are in brackets.

Status: The abbreviations E, T, SC, refer to endangered, threatened, and special concern species, which are categories of rarity recognized by the Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program (Cullina et al. 2007). Species listed as H are considered extirpated from Massachusetts. WL refers to watchlist species. The watchlist is an unofficial list maintained by the MNHESP and includes

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Table 8. Massachusetts rare and watchlist species with current populations in the Greater Mount Holyoke Range.

State Rare Species Status State Watchlist Species

Adlumia fungosa* SC Acalypha virginica* Agrimonia pubescens* T Botrychium lanceolatum var. angustisegmentum Aplectrum hyemale E Botrychium matricarifolium Arabis missouriensis T Botrychium oneidense* Asclepias verticillata T Carex bicknellii Carex backii* E Chenopodium simplex Carex glaucodea E Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens Carex lupuliformis* E Equisetum variegatum subsp. variegatum* Cerastium nutans E Eragrostis capillaris Clematis occidentalis SC Galearis spectabilis Desmodium cuspidatum T Huperzia appalachiana Liparis liliifolia T Isotria verticillata Morus rubra E Juglans cinerea Oxalis violacea E Lespedeza violacea Panax quinquefolia* SC Pellea atropurpurea Panicum philadelphicum SC Podophyllum peltatum* Poa saltuensis var. languida E Polygonum tenue Populus heterophylla* E Ranunculus allegheniensis* Sphenopholis nitida T Ranunculus facicularis Verbena simplex E Rosa blanda Scripus polyphyllus Selaginella rupestris Streptopus amplexifolius* Utricularia minor* Viola subsinuata* * added by current survey E = Endangered, T = Threatened, SC = Special Concern

species that may be rare, but for which information on number and size of populations or is insufficient to judge their status.

Frequency: Frequency is based primarily on the percentage of the 517 sample locations at which the species was observed. The categories are rare, infrequent, occasional, frequent, and abundant. Frequency is not intended as an indicator of abundance within a habitat. Rare species are those found at only one or two locations. These species are not necessarily state listed rare species. In some cases the rare species are probably just overlooked, but they may also represent waifs in the area since quite a few are introduced species. Infrequent species are those found at up to 4% of the sample locations. Occasional species are found at between 5-10% of the sample locations. Some species this categories are habitat specific, so that frequency reflects habitat frequency. Frequent applies to those species found at 11–20% of the sample locations. A casual visitor to the Mount Holyoke Range is likely to see these species. Abundant species are those found at more than 20% of the sites visited and will certainly be encountered.

Habitat and Community. The habitat and/or community given are those in which the species was found in the GMHR. Forested or wooded habitats were divided into lower-, mid-, upper-slope, and ridge- top, which generally reflects a moisture gradient. Ravines and ravine headwaters are additional forested habitats at the moister end of the scale. Since the forested communities on a particular bedrock type

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tended to grade into one another, and since my emphasis was on habitat, a forest community is only occasionally given. The following abbreviations were used to indicate forest communities: OHeWPF, Oak – Hemlock - White Pine Forest; DRAF, Dry, Rich Acidic Forest; OHiF, Oak - Hickory Forest; HiHop, Hickory – Hop Hornbeam Forest/Woodland; and ROSMTF, Red Oak - Sugar Maple Transition Forest. Other upland habitats include talus slopes, cliffs, rock outcrops and forested seeps. These habitats usually correspond to well-defined plant communities. Where they do, communities are abbreviated as follows: CTF, Circumneutral Talus Forest/Woodland; CRC, Circumneutral Rock Cliff; CRS, Circumneutral Rocky Summit/Rock Outcrop; and FS, Forest Seep Community. Wetlands include shrub swamps, forested swamps, pond shores and riparian areas. Many of these wetlands could be assigned to a community type and the following abbreviations are used: RMS, Red Maple Swamp; SS, Shrub Swamp; SEM, Shallow Emergent Marsh; DEM, Deep Emergent Marsh; and IAP, Inland Acidic Pondshore/Lakeshore. Finally disturbed areas include roadsides, trail margins, parking lot areas, lawns, old fields, power line corridors and abandoned quarries.

Distribution within the GMHR: To give some indication of the distribution of a species, the GMHR was divided into 4 general areas; the largely basalt main ridge, the lower north slope and the lower south side, which are on sedimentary bedrock, and the area of Granby Basaltic Tuff and Hampden Basalt at the west end of the Range (Fig. 6). This area was kept distinct from the rest of the lower south side because a number of species were found on the main ridge and on Granby Basaltic Tuff, but not elsewhere. The term lower south side is used rather than south slope because large parts of the south side of the range are on secondary ridges and not part of the continuous slope of the main ridge which is more nearly the case with the lower north side of the range. If a species was found in all these areas, the distribution is listed as “throughout.” A few species are restricted to basalt bedrock, and others are more common on the north or south side of the Range and this is also indicated.

Specific locality within the GMHR: For many species a specific area where the species is likely to be seen is included. Trail names are from the trail map of Mount Holyoke Range/ Joseph Allen Skinner State Park which can be obtained at the park entrances.

Reproductive Phenology: The flowering dates are based on my observations and may include as well as immature fruit. If dates for fruiting are given, the fruits were mature. Grasses and sedges were usually collected when fruit was sufficiently mature for identification purposes so dates associated with these groups are fruiting dates.

Comments: Included here are estimates of population size, indications of abundance within a particular habitat type, and other notes.

Specimen citation: The first collection for each species is cited by the date, collector, collection number, and herbarium. No collection number is indicated by “s. n.” (sin numero). The most recent collection is similarly cited unless it was my collection. My collections are indicated by my initials, KBS, and the collection number. My collections were made between 1999 and 2007 and are deposited at the University of Massachusetts Herbarium, Amherst (MASS). The other herbarium acronyms are: A, Arnold Arboretum; AC, Amherst College Herbarium; AMES, Oakes Ames Herbarium; MHC, Mount Holyoke College; NEBC, New England Botanical Cub Herbarium; and SCHN, Smith College Herbarium.

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VASCULAR PLANT CATALOG OF THE GREATER Cystopteris tenuis (Michaux) Desvaux MOUNT HOLYOKE RANGE MacKay's Fragile Fern [Cyptopteris fragilis (Linnaeus) Bernhardi var. mackayi G. Lawson] PTERIDOPHYTES (Ferns and Fern Allies) Infrequent. Moist CTF and CRC. Main ridge on basalt. Road to the Summit House. (1859, ASPLENIACEAE E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 006)

Asplenium platyneuron (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns & Deparia acrostichoides (Schwartz) M. Kato Poggenburg Ebony Spleenwort Silvery Spleenwort Occasional. CRS and open, wooded mid- to upper- [Athyrium thelypteroides (Michaux) Desvaux] slopes. South side of the main ridge on basalt and on Infrequent. FS and along intermittent streams. Granby Basaltic Tuff. Bare Mtn. (1859, E. Throughout. Hollow Trail. (KBS 107) Tuckerman s. n., AC; 1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS) Dryopteris carthusiana (Villars) H. P. Fuchs Spinulose Wood-fern Asplenium trichomanes Linnaeus Infrequent. RMS and moist talus slopes. Main ridge Maidenhair Spleenwort and lower south side. Wetlands near Swamp Trail. Infrequent. CRC. Main ridge and lower south side. (KBS 028) North-facing cliffs and ledges along Dry Brook. (1873, W. H. Blanchard s. n., NEBC; KBS 157) Dryopteris cristata (Linnaeus) A. Gray Crested Wood-fern DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Infrequent. RMS, SS, and seeps. Lower north slope and lower south side. Wetlands near Swamp Trail and Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michaux) T. Moore Comma Pond. (KBS 023) Hay-scented Fern Occasional. Relatively open OHeWPF and power Dryopteris intermedia (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) lines. Throughout. Rarely on basalt. (1859, E. A. Gray Intermediate Wood-fern Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 797) Occasional. CTF, moist, rocky woods, and ravines. Throughout. Brookbank Trail and along the road to Pteridium aquilinum (Linnaeus) Kuhn var. the Summit House. One of the more common ferns on latiusculum (Desvaux) L. Underwood ex A. Heller north-facing talus slopes. (KBS 005) Bracken Infrequent. Open OHeWPF and power lines. Dryopteris marginalis (Linnaeus) A. Gray Throughout. Rarely on basalt. (KBS 798) Marginal Wood-fern Abundant. Dry, rocky woods, mid-slope to ridge-top, DRYOPTERIDACEAE rock outcrops, and CTF. Throughout. Mt. Norworttock, Bare Mtn. (1859, E. Tuckerman s. n., Athyrium filix-femina (Linnaeus) Roth ex Mertens AC; KBS 008) var. angustum (Willdenow) G. Lawson Northern Lady Fern Gymnocarpium dryopteris (Linnaeus) Newman Occasional. Variety of moist, wooded areas. Oak-fern Throughout. Headwaters of Baby Carriage Brook. It Rare. Moist CTF. North and east sides of the main is more common on lower slopes. (1927, A. S. ridge. Bare Mtn. and Rattlesnake Knob. (KBS 115) Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 007) Matteuccia struthiopteris (Linnaeus) Todaro var. pensylvanica (Willdenow) C. V. Morton Ostrich Fern Infrequent. FS and riparian areas. Throughout. Swamp beyond the end of Mechanics Street. Typically in small, widely scattered populations. (KBS 377)

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Onoclea sensibilis Linnaeus Sensitive Fern Equisetum variegatum Schleicher ex F. Weber & D. Frequent. RMS and a variety of other wet areas. Mohr subsp. variegatum WL Throughout. Wetlands near Comma Pond and along Variegated Scouring Rush Elmer Brook. Only occasionally on the main ridge. Rare. Wet, gravelly quarry bottom. Lower north (KBS 805) slope. Large population in the gravel pit west of Parker Dam Reservoir. (KBS 602) Polystichum acrostichoides (Michaux) Schott Christmas Fern ISOETACEAE Frequent. CTF, moist, wooded slopes, and ravines. Throughout. Half-way House Trail. Often on or just Isoetes echinospora Durieu Spiny-spored Quillwort below basalt. (KBS 714) Rare. Aquatic. Lower north slope. Shallow, sandy bottom of Parker Dam Reservoir. Large population. Woodsia ilvensis (Linnaeus) R. Brown (KBS 622) Rusty Woodsia Infrequent. CRS and CRC. Along the ridge-crest and LYCOPODIACEAE south side of the main ridge on basalt. Summit of Mt. Norwottock, and near the Summit House, J. A. Skinner Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dillenius ex A. Braun) State Park. (1859, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; 1994, Holub Southern Ground-cedar G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS) [Lycopodium complanatum Linnaeus var. flabelliforme Fernald] Woodsia obtusa (Sprengel) Torrey Occasional. Forested lower- to mid-slopes and power Blunt-lobed Woodsia lines. Throughout, but rarely on basalt. More common Infrequent. CRC, CTF, and HiHop. Along the ridge- on the north side of the Range. (1960, R. B. crest and south side of the main ridge on basalt. Bare Livingston s. n., MASS; KBS 775) Mtn. and Mt. Norwottock. (1859, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 158) Diphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursh) Holub Slender Ground-cedar EQUISETACEAE [Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh] Infrequent. Power lines and open ridge tops. Equisetum arvense Linnaeus Common Horsetail Throughout. Laurel Loop Trail. Only seen west of Mt. Occasional. RMS and riparian areas. Lower north Norwottock, not seen on basalt. The most extensive slope and lower south side. Wetlands associated with populations are along power lines. (KBS 390) Lithia Springs Reservoir. (KBS 022) Huperzia appalachiana Beitel & Mickel WL Equisetum hyemale Linnaeus subsp. affine Appalachian Clubmoss (Engelmann) Calder & Roy L. Taylor Scouring Rush [Huperzia appressa (Desvaux) A. Löve & D. Löve] Infrequent. CTF and disturbed wet areas. Throughout. Rare. Mossy CRC. North side. Single location. Swamp beyond the end of Mechanics Street. Forms Population observed with A. Haines, but no specimen large colonies. (1916, K. B. Laird 8./8. [sic], MASS; collected. (1903, G. Freeman 60, GH) KBS 385) Huperzia appalachiana Beitel & Mickel x H. lucidula Equisetum sylvaticum Linnaeus (Michaux) Trevisan. [H. x protoporophila A. Haines] Woodland-horsetail Rare. On and just below mossy cliff. Single location. Rare. RMS. Lower south side. Along stream near H. appalachiana occurs on cliffs above and H. lucidula Swamp Trail. (KBS 564) is common on forested moist talus slopes below. (1989, B. A. Sorrie & V. Salzman 4977, GH; KBS 306)

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Huperzia lucidula (Michaux) Trevisan Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmelin) Angström Shining Clubmoss subsp. angustisegmentum (Pease & A. H. Moore) [Lycopodium lucidulum Michaux] R. T. Clausen WL Lance-leaved Grape-fern Occasional. Moist, rocky woods and ravines. Rare. Dried water course associated with an Throughout. More common on the north side. (1928, intermittent stream. Lower north slope. J. A. Skinner A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 735) State Park. Many small individuals. Occurs with several other species of Botrychium. (ca. 1900, A. V. Lycopodiella inundata (Linnaeus) Holub Osmun, MASS; KBS 608) Northern Bog-clubmoss [Lycopodium inundatum Linnaeus] Botrychium matricariifolium (Doll) A. Braun ex. W. Rare. Gravel quarry. Lower north slope. Small D. J. Koch WL Daisy-leaf Grape-fern population in the lowest quarry east of Taylor Notch. Rare. Dried water course associated with an (KBS 627) intermittent stream. Lower north slope. J. A. Skinner State Park. Occurs with several other species of Lycopodium clavatum Linnaeus Botrychium. (1872, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS Running Clubmoss 609) Infrequent. Power lines and drier, open, wooded slopes. Lower north slope and lower south side. Botrychium oneidense (Gilbert) House WL Power line by Sweet Alice Brook. Primarily on more Blunt-lobed Grape-fern acid substrates. Extensive populations on the N/S Rare. Moist woods, edge of trail. Lower north slope power line. (KBS 485) and the main ridge. Mt. Norwottock and Brookbank Trail. Small populations of 2-4 individuals. (KBS Lycopodium dendroideum Michaux 637) [Lycopodium obscurum Linnaeus var. dendroideum (Michaux) D. C. Eaton] Northern Ground-pine Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock Little Grape-fern Infrequent. Moist ROSMTF. Lower north slope and No record since 1872. L. B. Tuckerman, AC. north side of the main ridge. Along small stream just east of Rte. 116. (KBS 504) Botrychium virginianum (Linnaeus) Swartz Rattlesnake-fern Lycopodium hickeyi W. H. Wagner, Beitel, & R. C. Occasional. FS and along intermittent stream banks. Moran Hickey's Ground-pine Throughout. Seeps along the Southside Trail. Rarely [Lycopodium obscurum Linnaeus var. isophyllum found on more acid substrates. (1918, A. G. Stokey Hickey] s. n., MHC; KBS 395) Occasional. Power lines, drier forested slopes. Throughout. Power line by Sweet Alice Brook. OSMUNDACEAE Primarily on more acid substrates. (KBS 134) Osmunda cinnamomea Linnaeus Cinnamon Fern Lycopodium obscurum Linnaeus Ground-pine Frequent. RMS and riparian areas. Throughout. Frequent. Forested lower- to mid-slopes. Throughout. Swamp beyond the southern end of Mechanic’s Street. Laurel Loop Trail. Primarily on more acid substrates (KBS 806) on the north-side of the Range. Rarely seen on power lines. (KBS 733) Osmunda claytoniana Linnaeus Interrupted Fern Occasional. Moist ravines and moist lower-slopes. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Throughout. Halfway House Trail. (KBS 850)

Botrychium dissectum Sprengel Osmunda regalis Linnaeus var. spectabilis Dissected Grape-fern (Willdenow) A. Gray Royal Fern Infrequent. Moist woods. Throughout. Widely Occasional. RMS. Lower north slope and lower south scattered populations. The populations are not always side. Roadside wetland on the road to the water tower seen in consecutive years. (KBS 301) in Amherst. (KBS 819)

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POLYPODIACEAE Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michaux) Fée Southern Beech-fern Polypodium virginianum Linnaeus Occasional. FS and along intermittent streams. Common Polypody Throughout. Along Hollow Trail. Often on or just Occasional. CRC, CTF, and rock outcrops. below basalt or Granby Basaltic Tuff. (1872, H. G. Throughout. Road to the Summit House. Common on Jesup s. n., AC; KBS 365) north-facing talus slopes. Some populations with misshapen spores are probably hybrids with P. Thelypteris noveboracensis (Linnaeus) Nieuwland appalachianum. (1893, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS Fern 290) Occasional. Moist lower- to mid-slopes and wetlands. Throughout. Brookbank Trail. Primarily on the north PTERIDACEAE side of the Range where it can occur in extensive patches. (KBS 818) Adiantum pedatum Linnaeus Maidenhair-fern Occasional. Moister, rocky woods and talus slopes. Thelypteris palustris Schott var. pubescens (Lawson) Throughout. Along Brookbank Trail. Typically on or Fernald Marsh Fern immediately below basalt or Granby Basaltic Tuff. Occasional. RMS, SEM and riparian areas. Lower (1893, A. B. Cook s. n., MASS; KBS 709) north slope and lower south side. Wetlands along Lower Access Road. More common on the south side Pellaea atropurpurea (Linnaeus) Link WL of the Range. (KBS 844) Purple Cliff-brake Rare. CRC. Main ridge. Titan's Piazza. Only seen toward the west end of the Range. Listed in early local GYMNOSPERMS floras, but no historic herbarium specimen found. (1982, B. A. Sorrie et al., NEBC; KBS 156) CUPRESSACEAE

SELAGINELLACEAE Juniperus communis Linnaeus Pasture-juniper Infrequent. Open disturbed areas and power lines. Selaginella apoda (Linnaeus) Spring Throughout. E/W power line near Rte. 116. More Meadow-spikemoss common on the south side of the Range. (KBS 834) Infrequent. SEM and damp, disturbed soil. Throughout. Near water tower, Amherst. Probably Juniperus virginiana Linnaeus overlooked. (KBS 533) Eastern Red Cedar Occasional. CRS and rocky upper- and mid-slopes. Selaginella rupestris (Linnaeus) Spring WL South side of the main ridge and lower south side. M. Rock-spikemoss & M. Trail, Mt. Holyoke. This species also occurs in Infrequent. CRS. South side of the main ridge on mid- to late-successional old fields where it is largely basalt. Bare Mtn. (1871, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; KBS overgrown. (KBS 835) 771) PINACEAE THELYPTERIDACEAE *Abies balsamea (Linnaeus) Miller Balsam Fir Phegopteris connectilis (Michaux) Watt Rare. Moist woods. Lower south side. Along the Northern Beech-fern Lithia Springs Trail near the Granby/South Hadley marker. A small population that appears to produce Infrequent. Moist CTF and rocky ravines. North side new individuals vegetatively. Not obviously planted. of the main ridge. Sisters and Mt. Holyoke areas. (KBS 542) (KBS 139)

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*Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce ANGIOSPERMS Infrequent. Disturbed roadside and moist woods. MAGNOLIOPSIDA (Dicotyledons) Lower north slope and main ridge. Near the Bunker and on the east side of Rattlesnake Knob. Not obviously planted. Picea abies occurs in a plantation ACERACEAE around the lower Hadley Reservoir, but does not seem to be spreading spontaneously. (KBS 369) Acer negundo Linnaeus Boxelder Rare. Riparian. Lower south side. Small population *Pinus resinosa Aiton Red Pine on Dry Brook near Rte. 47. (KBS 662) Infrequent. Plantation and disturbed reservoir margin. Lower north slope. May be spontaneous near the Acer pensylvanicum Linnaeus Striped Maple Upper Hadley Reservoir. There is a plantation of this Frequent. CTF and moist, wooded mid- to upper- species just off Rte. 47 toward the west end of the slopes. Throughout. More common on the north side. Range. (1932, F. C. Seymour 3784, MASS, AC; KBS M. & M. Trail, Bare Mtn. Fl. 11 May. (1867, H. G. 874) Jesup s. n., AC; KBS 684)

Pinus rigida Miller Pitch-pine *Acer platanoides Linnaeus Norway Maple Infrequent. Successional old fields and rocky ridge- Rare. Moist forests. Main ridge and lower north slope. tops. Throughout. Along Lower Access Rd. Only a Several sub-canopy trees along the M. & M. Trail, few individuals observed on the upper-slopes of the Long Mt, and also along old trolley line. (KBS 761) main ridge. (KBS 883) Acer rubrum Linnaeus Red Maple Pinus strobus Linnaeus White Pine Abundant. RMS, riparian areas, and forested lower- to Abundant. Variety of habitats. Throughout. Notch mid-slopes. Throughout. Along Swamp Trail. Fr. 4 Visitor’s Center. More common on lower north slope May. This is the most frequently encountered tree. and lower south side. (KBS 841) (1889, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 789)

Tsuga canadensis (Linnaeus) Carriere Acer saccharinum Linnaeus Silver Maple Eastern Hemlock Infrequent. Wooded swamps and riparian areas. Abundant. Variety of habitats. Throughout. Forms a Lower south side at the west end of the Range. conspicuous band on the steep, upper, north-facing Wetlands along Lithia Springs Rd. (KBS 864) slopes. It also can form dense stands in areas that were recently in agriculture, particularly on the south side of Acer saccharum Marshall Sugar Maple the Range. Between 1999 and 2006, I only found a Abundant. Moist, forested slopes, ravines, and talus few trees with wooly adelgids, a recently introduced slopes. Throughout. It is most common on basalt pest of this species. (KBS 847) where it can be a canopy dominant on moister slopes. (1889, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 110) TAXACEAE Acer spicatum Lamarck Mountain Maple Taxus canadensis Marshall Canada Yew Occasional. CTF. North and east sides of the main Rare. Moist forested ravines. Lower north slope. ridge. M. & M. Trail, Bare Mtn. Fl. 2 - 10 Jun.; Fr. 5 - Near headwater of Sweet Alice Brook. (KBS 607) 25 Jul. (1865, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; KBS 119)

*Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zuccarini AMARANTHACEAE Japanese Yew Rare. Moist woods. Lower north slope. A few widely *Froelichia gracilis (Hooker) Moquin-Tandon scattered individuals 6 - 8 inches high. Spontaneous, Slender Cottonweed but perhaps not persisting. (KBS 368) Infrequent. Roadside. Large population spreading along Rte. 116 south of the Notch. Fl. 23 Aug. (KBS 478)

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ANACARDIACEAE *Daucus carota Linnaeus Queen Anne's Lace Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas including power Rhus copallina Linnaeus Winged Sumac lines, roadsides, and quarries. Primarily lower north Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas and rock outcrops. slope and lower south side. Fl. 26 Jul. - 28 Aug. (KBS Bare Mtn. and Upper Hadley Reservoir. Most 837) individuals are small. (KBS 577) Hydrocotyle americana Linnaeus Rhus glabra Linnaeus Smooth Sumac Swamp Pennywort Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas and power lines. Occasional. Seeps, streamsides, and RMS. Lower Lower south side. Along Rte. 116 near old trolley line. north slope and lower south side. Headwaters of Elmer (KBS 422) Brook. Fl. 10 Jun. - 20 Aug. (KBS 488)

Rhus typhina Linnaeus Staghorn Sumac Sanicula marilandica Linnaeus Black Snakeroot [R. hirta (Linnaeus) Sudworth] Infrequent. Moist, rocky woods and ravines. Main Occasional. Open, rocky ridges and disturbed areas. ridge on basalt and on Granby Basaltic Tuff. Along Throughout. Summit House area. Fl. 26 Jun. - 5 Jul. M. & M. Trail, Long Mountain. Fl. 6 Jun. - 1 Jul. (1875, C. H. K. Sanderson s. n., AC; KBS 813) (1913, F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T333, NEBC; KBS 836) Toxicodendron radicans (Linnaeus) Kuntze Poison Ivy Sium suave Walter Water-parsnip Frequent. Variety of habitats ranging from RMS to dry Infrequent. SS with fluctuating water levels. Lower rock outcrops and talus slopes. Throughout. Talus south side. Fl. 18 Jul. - 28 Aug. (KBS 090) slope along M. & M. Trail, Bare Mtn. Fl. 8 Jun. (1873, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, SCHN) Zizia aurea (Linnaeus) Koch Golden Alexanders Infrequent. RMS and moist trailsides. Lower north Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze slope and lower south side. Edge of swamp beyond the Poison Sumac end of Mechanics Street. Fl. 5 - 21 May. (1913, F. T. Infrequent. RMS. Lower north slope and lower south Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T290, NEBC; KBS 386) side. Headwaters of Elmer Brook. Fl. 23 Jun. (KBS 885) APOCYNACEAE APIACEAE Apocynum androsaemifolium Linnaeus Cicuta bulbifera Linnaeus Bulblet Water-hemlock Spreading Dogbane Infrequent. SEM. Lower south side. Wetlands Occasional. Disturbed areas, CRS, and open woods of associated with Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 8 Aug. mid- and upper-slopes. Throughout. Top of Mt. (KBS 268) Norwottock. Fl. 18 Jun. - 20 Jul. (1929, H. R. Baker et al. s. n., AC; KBS 406) Cicuta maculata Linnaeus Water-hemlock Rare. SEM. Lower north slope. Upper Hadley Apocynum cannabinum Linnaeus Indian Hemp Reservoir. Probably more common. (KBS 873) Rare. Power line. Lower south side. A single small population on E/W power line toward the west end of Cryptotaenia canadensis (Linnaeus) de Candolle the Range. Fl. 7 - 25 Jul. (1911, R. E. Torrey s. n., Honewort MASS; KBS 619) Infrequent. RMS and moist streamsides. Lower south side. Along stream parallel to Hollow Trail. Fl. 27 *Vinca minor Linnaeus Periwinkle Jun. (KBS 184) Rare. Power line and disturbed woods. Main ridge and lower south side. Fl. 5 May. A planting at the Notch Visitor’s Center may be establishing in the adjacent woods. (KBS 749)

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AQUIFOLIACEAE ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Ilex verticillata (Linnaeus) A. Gray Winterberry Occasional. RMS and SS. Lower north slope and Asarum canadense Linnaeus Wild Ginger lower south side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Infrequent. CTF, ravines, and ravine headwaters. Fl. 26 Jun; Fr. 23 Aug. - 24 Sep. (KBS 802) West end of the main ridge on basalt. Along road to the Summit House. Fl. 7 May. (1863, G. G. Kennedy Nemopanthus mucronatus (Linnaeus) Loesner s. n., GH; KBS 860) Common Mountain-holly Rare. Wet swale. Lower south side. A single small ASCLEPIADACEAE population on the N/S power line corridor south of the Notch. (KBS 746) Asclepias incarnata Linnaeus subsp. pulchra (Ehrhart ex Willdenow) Woodson Swamp-milkweed ARALIACEAE Infrequent. SEM and streamside seeps. Lower north slope and lower south side. Fl. 7 Aug; Fr. 20 Aug. - 12 Aralia hispida Ventenat Bristly Sarsaparilla Sep. (KBS 707) Infrequent. Dry ridges and open, disturbed areas. Main ridge and lower south side from Mt. Norwottock Asclepias quadrifolia Jacquin west. South side of the Range on the road to the Four-leaved Milkweed Summit House. Fl. 27 Jun.; Fr. 13 Jul. (1926, A. S. Infrequent. Moist, rocky, wooded mid- to upper-slope. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 240) Main ridge. M. & M. Trail, Long Mtn. Fl. 6 - 16 Jun. More common on the south side. (1868, H. G. Jesup Aralia nudicaulis Linnaeus Wild Sarsaparilla s. n., SCHN; KBS 159) Abundant. Moister forested areas. Throughout. Along the M. & M. Trail on Mt. Norwottock. Fl. 12 Asclepias syriaca Linnaeus Common Milkweed May - 2 Jun. One of the 3 most common herbaceous Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas and old fields. plants. (1889, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 760) Lower north slope and lower south side. Fl. 1 Jul. (KBS 624) Aralia racemosa Linnaeus Spikenard Infrequent. CTF and moist, rocky ravines. Main ridge Asclepias tuberosa Linnaeus WL Orange Milkweed and lower south side on Granby Basaltic Tuff. North- No record since 1926. F. C. Seymour 2347, AC. facing talus slopes along Dry Brook. Fl. 13 - 26 Jul.; Fr. 22 Aug. (KBS 237) Asclepias verticillata Linnaeus T Whorled Milkweed Panax quinquefolius Linnaeus SC Infrequent. CRS. South side of the main ridge on American Ginseng basalt. Mt. Norwottock and west. Fl. 10 - 28 Jul.; Fr. Rare. Rich woods at the base of a talus slope. Main 6 Oct. Flowers often eaten by deer. (1865, E. ridge on basalt. Fr. 1 Aug. A single population. (KBS Tuckerman s. n., AC; 1994, G. Barletta & P. J. 553) Godfrey s. n., MASS)

Panax trifolius Linnaeus Dwarf Ginseng *Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopov) Borhidi Infrequent. Seeps and moist woods along streams. Pale Swallow-wort Lower north slope and lower south side. Brookbank [Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopov) Barbarich] Trail. Fl. 4 - 16 May. (1909, J. M. Hunnewell s. n., Rare. Disturbed sandpit/dump. Lower south side in NEBC; KBS 361) South Hadley. Fl. 25 Jun. Large population in a single small area. (KBS 535)

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ASTERACEAE *Arctium minus (Hill) Bernhardi Common Burdock Infrequent. Disturbed pond margins and roadsides. *Achillea millefolium Linnaeus Yarrow Lower north slope and lower south side. Along road to [Includes vars. borealis (Bongard) Farwell and Comma Pond. Fl. 11 - 22 Aug. (KBS 500) occidentalis de Candolle] Infrequent. Disturbed areas, quarries, trail margins, *Artemisia vulgaris Linnaeus Mugwort and ridgetops. Throughout. North edge of picnic area, Rare. Quarries and disturbed roadsides. Throughout. J. A. Skinner State Park. Fl. 23 Jun. (KBS 407) Large population along Rte. 116 in 2006. Fl. 3 Sep. (KBS 487) Ageratina altissima (Linnaeus) R. M. King & H. Robinson var. altissima White Snakeroot Bidens cernua Linnaeus Nodding Bur-marigold [Eupatorium rugosum Houttuyn] Infrequent. SEM, SS, and streamside seeps. Lower Frequent. Moister, forested areas. Throughout. south side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Fl. 20 Brookbank Trail. Fl. 11 Aug. - 12 Sep. Often forms Aug. - 8 Sep. (KBS 315) dense patches. (KBS 001) Bidens connata Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Ambrosia artemisiifolia Linnaeus Ragweed Purplestem Beggar-ticks Infrequent. CRS, quarries, and roadsides. Throughout. Infrequent. RMS and SEM. Lower south side. Along Lower Access Trail. Fl. 3 Sep. (KBS 579) Wetlands associated with Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 5 - 8 Sep. (KBS 312, 065) Anaphalis margaritacea (Linnaeus) Bentham & Hooker f. Pearly Everlasting Bidens discoidea (Torrey & A. Gray) Britton Rare. Mowed area. Periodically mowed wet meadow Buttonbush Beggar-ticks near the pond just east of the intersection of Rte. 116 Infrequent. SS. Lower south side. Isolated ponds SW and Bay Rd. Fl. 20 Aug. Large population. (1930, of Bare Mtn. Fl. 1 Sep. Usually growing on A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 659) Cephalanthus occidentalis or downed branches. (KBS 303) Greene subsp. neodioica (Greene) R. J. Bayer Pussytoes Bidens frondosa Linnaeus Devil's Pitchforks [A. neglecta var. neodioica (Greene) Cronquist] Occasional. Pond shores, seeps, and moist spots along Infrequent. Disturbed areas, lawns. Throughout. trails. Throughout. Wetlands associated with Lithia Notch area and west. Picnic area J. A. Skinner State Springs Reservoir. Fl. 25 Aug. - 22 Sep. (KBS 310, Park. Fl. 15 - 28 May. (1913, F. T. Hubbard & G. S. 062) Torrey T329, NEBC; KBS 387) *Centaurea stoebe Linnaeus subsp. micranthos Fernald subsp. fallax (Greene) (S. G. Gmelin ex Gugler) Hayek Spotted Knapweed R. J. Bayer & Stebbins Broad-leaved Pussytoes [C. biebersteinii de Candolle, C. maculosa Lamark] [A. plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson var. ambigens Rare. Disturbed roadside. Along gravel road adjacent (Greene) Cronquist] to the Notch Quarry. Fl. 13 Sep. It appears to be No record since 1931. C. A. Weatherby et al. 3717, spreading from the seeded and maintained bank of the AC. quarry. (KBS 743)

Antennaria plantaginifolia (Linnaeus) Hooker *Cichorium intybus Linnaeus Chicory Plantain-leaved Pussytoes Infrequent. Disturbed roadsides. Along Rte. 116 and Occasional. Rock outcrops and rocky, open woods of road to Summit House. Parking lot of the Summit mid- and upper-slopes. South side of the main ridge. House. Fl. 1 - 15 Aug. (KBS 828) M. & M. Trail Bare Mtn. Fl. 15 - 23 May. (1905, J. R. Churchill s. n., GH; KBS 099) Cirsium muticum Michaux Swamp-thistle Rare. Pond margin seep. Lower south side. Just north of Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 9 Sep. Small population. (KBS 327)

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*Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore Common Thistle Eupatorium sessilifolium Upland Boneset Infrequent. Power lines, disturbed trailsides. Main Infrequent. Open woods, lower- to mid-slope. South ridge in the Notch and Bare Mtn. area. Fl. 22 Sep. side of the main ridge on basalt. Widely scattered Populations of a few scattered individuals each. (KBS populations between Mt. Norwottock and Mt. 502, 554) Hitchcock. Fl. 16 - 22 Aug. (1875, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, MASS; KBS 716) Conyza canadensis (Linnaeus) Cronquist Horseweed Eurybia divaricata (Linnaeus) G. L. Nesom Occasional. CRS, disturbed areas, and power lines. [Aster divaricatus Linnaeus] White Wood-aster Throughout. Summit of Bare Mtn. Fl. 3 - 28 Aug. Frequent. Wooded slopes and ravines. Throughout. Common on burned slopes above Lithia Springs Along the M. & M. Trail. Fl. 25 Aug. - 17 Sep. (KBS Reservoir. (KBS 713) 741)

*Crepis tectorum Linnaeus Eurybia macrophylla (Linnaeus) Cassini Narrow-leaved Hawk's Beard [Aster macrophyllus Linnaeus] Big-leaved Aster Infrequent. Disturbed roadside and rock outcrops. Infrequent. Dry woods particularly along trails. Main Notch Visitor's Center, Bare Mtn. Fl. 26 Jul. (KBS ridge and lower south side. M. & M. Trail between 654) Rattlesnake Knob and Long Mtn. Fl. 5 Sep. (1952, R. E. Torrey et al. s. n., MASS; KBS 194) Erechtites hieraciifolius (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ex de Candolle var. hieraciifolius Pilewort Euthamia graminifolia (Linnaeus) Nuttall Occasional. CRS, upper-slopes, and power lines. Grass-leaf Goldenrod Throughout. Mt. Norwottock and west. Fl. 25 Jun. - 8 Occasional. Power lines, drier pond shores, and open, Sep. Common on slope above Lithia Springs disturbed areas. Primarily lower north slope and lower Reservoir burned in 2001. (1994, G. Barletta s. n., south side. Fl. 8 - 28 Aug. (KBS 479) MASS; KBS 708) Eutrochium fistulosum (Barratt) E. E. Lamont Erigeron annuus (Linnaeus) Persoon Hollow-stemmed Joe-Pye-weed Daisy-fleabane [Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt] Infrequent. CRS and disturbed areas. Throughout. Infrequent. SEM and wet thickets. Lower north slope. Mt. Norwottock and west. Fl. 25 Jun. - 16 Sep. (KBS Swamp adjacent to old trolley line. Fl. 25 Aug. (KBS 354) 877)

Erigeron pulchellus Michaux var. pulchellus Eutrochium maculatum (Linnaeus) E. E. Lamont var. Robin's Plantain maculatum Spotted Joe-Pye-weed Infrequent. Open, rocky woods on lower- to mid- [Eupatorium maculatum Linnaeus] slopes. Main ridge. Long Mtn. to Taylor Notch. Fl. 5 Infrequent. SEM and RMS. Lithia Springs Rd. at - 10 Jun. (1913, F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T367, Elmer Brook. Fl. 10 Aug.; Fr. 12 Sep. (1868, NEBC; KBS 400) H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; KBS 038, 043)

Erigeron strigosus Muhlenberg Rough Fleabane Eutrochium purpureum (Linnaeus) E. E. Lamont var. Infrequent. Logged areas, power lines, and old fields. purpureum Sweet Joe-Pye-weed Lower north slope and lower south side, Bare Mtn. and [Eupatorium purpureum Linnaeus] west. Fl. 23 Jun. - 5 Sep. (KBS 195) Infrequent. Seeps and moist, wooded lower-slopes. Lower south side between Mt. Norwottock and Bare Eupatorium perfoliatum Linnaeus Boneset Mtn. Along the Southside Trail. Fl. 18 Jul. - 15 Aug. Occasional. SEM and seeps. Lower north slope and (1929, F. C. Seymour 3439, AC; KBS 233) lower south side. Wetlands adjacent to Comma Pond. Fl. 28 Aug. - 13 Sep. (KBS 455)

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*Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon Hieracium venosum Linnaeus Rattlesnake Weed Gallant Soldiers Occasional. Open woods, mid-to upper-slope and Rare. Disturbed trail. Along the M. & M. Trail near ridge tops. South side of the main ridge on basalt and Taylor Notch. Fl. 1 Aug. (KBS 550) on Granby Basaltic Tuff. Fl. 12 - 21 Jun. (1929, H. R. Baker et al. s. n., AC; KBS 506) uliginosum Linnaeus Low Cudweed Rare. Power lines. Large population on power line Ionactis linariifolia (Linnaeus) Greene east of Harris Mtn. Rd. Fl. 24 Sep. Probably more [Aster linariifolius Linnaeus] Stiff-leaved Aster common. (KBS 572) Infrequent. Power lines and open woods of upper- slopes. Main ridge and on Granby Basaltic Tuff. *Helenium flexuosum Rafinesque South side Bare Mtn. Fl. 25 Aug. - 22 Sep. (1994, G. Winged Sneezeweed Barletta s. n., MASS) Rare. Disturbed area. Lower south side. Near the dam on Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 8 Aug. (KBS Krigia virginica (Linnaeus) Willdenow 269) Dwarf Dandelion Infrequent. CRS, and openings in wooded mid- to Helianthus divaricatus Linnaeus upper-slopes. Primarily on the main ridge from Mt. Woodland Sunflower Norwottock west. Fl. 28 May - 18 Jun. (1913, F. T. Occasional. Open, rocky woods, mid- to upper-slope Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T314, NEBC; 1994, G. and power-lines. Main ridge and lower south side on Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS) Granby Basaltic Tuff. Fl. 25 Jul. - 28 Aug. (1925, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 545) Lactuca canadensis Linnaeus Yellow Wild Lettuce Infrequent. Disturbed trails, roadsides, and power *Hieracium aurantiacum Linnaeus lines. Throughout. Summit of Long Mtn. Fl. 19 Jun. - Orange Hawkweed 28 Aug. (KBS 415) Rare. Old field. Lower south side. Single location in a field at west end of the Range. Fl. 23 Jun. (KBS *Lactuca serriola Linnaeus Prickly Lettuce 649) Rare. Disturbed roadside. Main ridge. Along gravel road near the Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 29 Aug. *Hieracium caespitosum Dumortier King-devil (KBS 675) Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas, mid- to upper- slopes. Throughout. Along the road to the water *Leontodon autumnalis Linnaeus Fall-dandelion tower, Amherst. Fl. 1 - 28 Jun. (KBS 152) Infrequent. Roadside and lawns. Throughout. Notch Visitor’s Center. Fl. 10 Aug. - 7 Oct. Populations can Hieracium paniculatum Linnaeus be large. (KBS 669) Panicled Hawkweed Occasional. Open woods of mid- to upper- slope. *Leucanthemum vulgare Lamarck Ox-eye Daisy Throughout. Along road to the Summit House. Fl. 18 [Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Linnaeus] Jul. - 10 Aug. More frequent on the south side of the Infrequent. Disturbed roadsides, quarries, and power main ridge and lower south side on Granby Basaltic lines. Lower north slope and lower south side. Along Tuff. (1893, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 229) Lower Access Trail. Fl. 1 Jun. - 22 Aug. (KBS 784)

*Hieracium piloselloides Villars Smooth Hawkweed *Matricaria discoidea de Candolle Pineapple-weed Infrequent. Rock outcrops and quarries. Main ridge [M. matricarioides auct., non (Lessing) Porter] and lower south side. Top of ridge just east of the “low Rare. Disturbed roadside. Spreading along Rte. 116 in place.” Fl. 20 Jun. (KBS 166) the vicinity of the Notch Visitor’s Center. Fl. 8 Jul. (KBS 765) Hieracium scabrum Michaux Rough Hawkweed Infrequent. Dry, disturbed soil and power lines. Lower south side. Along Lower Access Rd. Fl. 29 Aug. (KBS 035)

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Oclemena acuminata (Michaux) Greene Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (Linnaeus) Hilliard [Aster acuminatus Michaux] Whorled Wood-aster & B. L. Burtt Sweet Everlasting Infrequent. Moist, wooded slopes, rocky streamsides. [Gnaphalium obtusifolium Linnaeus] Throughout. Intersection of Harris Mtn. Rd. and M. & Infrequent. Power lines and disturbed areas. Lower M. Trail. Fl. 10 - 27 Aug. More frequently seen on the north slope and lower south side. Along E/W power north side of the Range. (KBS 482) line. Fl. 3 - 12 Sep. (1930, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 059, 078) Packera aurea (Linnaeus) A. Löve & D. Löve [Senecio aureus Linnaeus] Golden Ragwort *Rudbeckia hirta Linnaeus Black-eyed Susan Occasional. RMS and moist streamsides. Lower north Infrequent. Quarries, power lines, and disturbed slope and lower south side. Wetlands near Comma roadsides. Primarily lower north slope and lower south Pond. Fl. 5 - 31 May. (1865, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; side. Mt. Norwottock and west. Fl. 1 Jul. - 23 Aug. KBS 092) (KBS 430)

Packera obovata (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) W. A. Sericocarpus asteroides (Linnaeus) Nees Weber & A. Löve Broad-leaved Ragwort [Aster paternus Cronquist] [Senecio obovatus Muhlenberg ex Willdenow] Toothed White-topped Aster Infrequent. Rocky, open woods of mid- to upper- Infrequent. Power lines. Lower south side. Fl. 4 Jul. slopes. Main ridge. Along the M. & M. Trail, Bare Common along E/W power-line, where it occurs in Mtn. Fl. 5 - 14 May. (1867, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; extensive populations. (1927, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; 1996, KBS s. n., MASS) KBS 002)

Packera paupercula (Michaux) A. Löve & D. Löve Solidago altissima Linnaeus subsp. altissima [Senecio pauperculus Michaux] Balsam-ragwort [S. canadensis Linnaeus var. scabra (Muhlenberg ex Infrequent. CRS and rocky woods of the upper-slopes. Willdenow) Torrey & A. Gray] Tall Goldenrod South side of the main ridge on basalt from Long Mtn. Infrequent. Moist, disturbed areas, quarries, and power to Mt. Hitchcock. South side of Mt. Norwottock. Fl. lines. Lower north slope and lower south side. Old 28 May - 11 Jun. (1866, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; quarry near the trolley line. Fl. 20 - 25 Aug. Many 1996, KBS s. n., MASS) populations have galls. (KBS 077)

Prenanthes altissima Linnaeus Solidago arguta Aiton var. arguta Tall Rattlesnake- Sharp-leaved Goldenrod Occasional. Moist, forested lower- to mid-slopes, Occasional. Rocky woods of mid- to upper-slopes. seeps, and edge of woods. Throughout. Headwaters of Primarily on the south side of the main ridge and the Baby Carriage Brook. Fl. 25 Aug. (KBS 298) lower south side on Granby Basaltic Tuff. Mt. Norwottock. Fl. 25 Aug. - 30 Sep. (1868, H. G. Jesup Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cassini) Fernald s. n., SCHN; KBS 197,198) Gall-of-the-earth Occasional. Moister lower- to mid-slopes. Solidago bicolor Linnaeus Silverrod Throughout. Along the M. & M. Trail. Fl. 31 Aug. Occasional. CRS, CTF, dry, rocky woods of upper- More common than P. altissima. (1952, R. E. Torrey slopes. Along the crest and south side of the main et al. s. n., MASS; KBS 511) ridge and E/W power line. South side of Bare Mtn. Fl. 20 Jul. - 30 Sep. A few populations have some Pseudognaphalium macounii (Greene) Kartesz WL individuals with pale yellow flowers. (1994, G. [Gnaphalium macounii Greene] Barletta s. n., MASS; KBS 718) Clammy Everlasting No record since about 1875. H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN.

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Solidago caesia Linnaeus var. caesia Solidago rugosa Miller subsp. rugosa Bluestem-goldenrod Rough-stemmed Goldenrod Occasional. Dry to moist, open, wooded slopes and Occasional. Power lines, pond shores, old fields, and seeps. Throughout. M. & M. Trail on Rattlesnake open woods. Primarily lower north slope and lower Knob. Fl. 1 Sep. - 1 Oct. The most common species south side. Along the N/S power line. Fl. 27 Aug. - 25 of goldenrod. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS Sep. Often occurs in dense populations. (KBS 875) 745) Solidago speciosa Nuttall subsp. speciosa WL Solidago canadensis Linnaeus var. canadensis Showy Goldenrod Canada Goldenrod No record since 1872. H. G. Jesup s. n., MASS. Occasional. Swamps, stream margins, and open, moist, disturbed areas. Lower north slope and lower Solidago squarrosa Muhlenberg Stout Goldenrod south side. Fl. 20 - 25 Aug. (KBS 042, 331) Infrequent. Upper rocky slopes. Along the crest and south side of the main ridge. Mt. Norwottock. Fl. 16 Solidago flexicaulis Linnaeus Zigzag Goldenrod Sep. (1873, H. G. Jesup s. n., MASS; KBS 067) Occasional. Moist woods of ravines and stream margins. Primarily on basalt and Granby Basaltic Solidago ulmifolia Muhlenberg ex Willdenow var. Tuff. Along moist, gravel road east of the Notch ulmifolia Elm-leaf Goldenrod Visitor’s Center. Fl. 29 Aug. - 7 Oct. (1868, H. G. Occasional. CRS, open, rocky woods, mid to upper- Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 191) slopes on basalt. South side of the main ridge, Long Mtn. to Taylor Notch. M. & M. Trail on the SE side Solidago gigantea Aiton Late Goldenrod Long Mtn. Fl. 16 Aug. - 13 Sep. (1873, H. G. Jesup Occasional. Streamside meadows, SEM, and moist s. n., AC; KBS 068) power lines. Lower north slope and lower south side. Lower reaches of Elmer Brook. Fl. 8 - 20 Aug. (KBS Symphyotrichum cordifolium (Linnaeus) G. L. Nesom 040) Blue Heart-leaf Aster [Aster cordifolius Linnaeus, includes A. lowrieanus Solidago juncea Aiton Early Goldenrod Porter] Infrequent. Power lines, rocky, open woods, mid- Infrequent. Along trails and margins of woods. slope. Main ridge and power lines. E/W Power line. Throughout. Fl. 24 Sep. - 1 Oct. Along gravel road east Fl. 13 Jul. - 6 Sep. (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey of the Notch Visitor’s Center. Common along trails s. n., MASS; KBS 238) and roadsides. (KBS 193)

Solidago macrophylla Banks ex Pursh T Symphyotrichum ericoides (Linnaeus) G. L. Nesom Large-leaved Goldenrod var. ericoides Heath White Aster No record since 1942. A. Harrison s. n., MASS. [Aster ericoides Linnaeus] Infrequent. Open, dry, disturbed areas. Lower north Solidago nemoralis Aiton subsp. nemoralis slope and lower south side. Parker Dam Reservoir Gray Goldenrod area. Fl. 25 Sep. (KBS 726) Occasional. CRS, power lines, and rocky, open woods, mid- to upper-slopes. Throughout. South side, Mt. Symphyotrichum laeve (Linnaeus) A. Löve & D. Löve Norwottock. Fl. 20 Aug. - 30 Sep. (KBS 494) var. leave Smooth Aster [Aster laevis Linnaeus] Solidago patula Muhlenberg ex Willdenow subsp. Occasional. Open, wooded mid- to upper-slopes. patula Rough-leaved Goldenrod South side. Main ridge on basalt. M. & M. Trail up Infrequent. RMS. Lower south side. Wetlands in the Long Mtn. 21 Aug. - 20 Sep. (1993, T. Zebryk 0803, Comma Pond area. Fl. 29 Aug. - 3 Sep. Several small MASS; KBS 069) populations in a single drainage system receiving run- off from basalt. (1930, A. S. Pease 22086, 22087, AC; KBS 481)

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Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willdenow) G. L. Symphyotrichum racemosum (Elliott) G. L. Nesom Nesom var. lanceolatum Tall White Aster [Aster racemosus Elliott] Small White Aster [Aster lanceolatus Willdenow, A. simplex Willdenow, Infrequent. Disturbed trailsides and power lines. A. lanceolatum var. simplex (Willdenow) A. G. Lower south side. Comma Pond area. Fl. 28 Aug. - 24 Jones] Sep. (1930, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 074) Infrequent. Open, moist areas on power lines. Throughout. Fl. 23 Sep. (KBS 501) Symphyotrichum undulatum (Linnaeus) G. L. Nesom [Aster undulatus Linnaeus] Wavy-leaved Aster Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (Linnaeus) A. Löve & Occasional. Rocky woods, mid- to upper-slopes. D. Löve Calico Aster South side of the main ridge, and E/W power line. Fl. [Aster lateriflorus (Linnaeus) Britton, A. vimineus 25 Aug. - 29 Sep. (1930, A. S. Pease 59371, AC; KBS Lamark] 070) Occasional. RMS, wooded mid-slopes, ravines, and pond shores. Throughout. Southside Trail. Fl. 28 *Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wiggers Dandelion Aug. - 24 Sep. (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., Infrequent. Disturbed areas, roadsides, and trail edges. MASS; KBS 064, 076) Throughout. Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 15 May.

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (Linnaeus) G. L. *Tragopogon dubius Scopoli Nesom New England Aster Thick-stemmed Goat's Beard [Aster novae-angliae Linnaeus] Rare. Quarry. Quarry on the north side, east of Taylor Rare. Moist, disturbed area. Lower south side. Gravel Notch. One large population. Fl. 26 Jul. (KBS 447) quarry near the old trolley line. Fl. 21 Sep. Small population. (KBS 768) *Tussilago farfara Linnaeus Colt's Foot Occasional. Roadsides, base of talus slopes, and rocky Symphyotrichum patens (Aiton) G. L. Nesom stream banks. Primarily lower north slope and lower [Aster patens Aiton] Clasping Aster south side. Along gravel road east of the Notch Occasional. Rocky, wooded mid- to upper- slopes, and Visitor's Center. Fl. 21 Apr - 7 May. (KBS 838) power lines. South side of the main ridge and E/W power line. South side of Mt. Norwottock. Fl. 3 Aug. BALSAMINACEAE - 29 Sep. (1993, T. Zebryk 0804, MASS; KBS 073) Impatiens capensis Meerburgh Orange Jewelweed Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willdenow) G. L. Nesom Occasional. RMS, moist pond shores, streamsides, and var. pringlei (A. Gray) G. L. Nesom Hairy Aster seeps. Lower north slope and lower south side. [Aster pilosus Willdenow var. pringlei (A. Gray) S. F. Comma Pond, Lower Access Trail. 8 Aug. - 9 Sep. Blake, A. pilosus Willdenow var. demotus S. F. (KBS 849) Blake] Infrequent. Power-lines, disturbed areas, and quarries. Impatiens pallida Nuttall Yellow Jewelweed Lower north slope and lower south side. Quarries east Infrequent. Rich, moist woods of stream headwaters of Taylor Notch. Fl. 1 - 24 Sep. (1993, T. Zebryk and pond shores. West end of the main ridge and 0795, MASS; KBS 075) lower south side. West side of Lithia Springs Reservoir. 1 Aug. - 16 Sep. (KBS 323) Symphyotrichum puniceum (Linnaeus) A. Löve & D. Löve var. puniceum Swamp Aster [Aster puniceus Linnaeus] Occasional. RMS and stream sides. Primarily lower north slope and lower south side. Along Elmer Brook. Fl. 20 Aug. - 24 Sep. (KBS 039, 353)

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BERBERIDACEAE Betula lenta Linnaeus Black Birch Abundant. Rocky, wooded slopes ranging from moist *Berberis thunbergii de Candolle to dry. Throughout. Brookbank Trail. More common Japanese Barberry on the north side of the Range. (1891, L. H. Elwell Occasional. Rich, moist woods of ravines, s. n., AC; KBS 854) streamsides, and lower slopes. Throughout. Trail to Comma Pond. Fl. 7 May. B. thunbergii is the most Betula papyrifera Marshall Paper Birch common invasive species in the GMHR and is one of Occasional. CTF and moister, wooded slopes. the few found outside disturbed areas. The densest Throughout. East side, Bare Mtn. (1867, E. populations are on the lower north slope and the lower Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 853) south side. (KBS 823) Betula populifolia Marshall Grey Birch *Berberis vulgaris Linnaeus European Barberry Infrequent. Margin of woods and disturbed areas. Infrequent. Disturbed areas. Lower south side. Lower Throughout. Comma Pond. More common on the trail west of Lithia Springs Rd. Fl. 14 May. (KBS lower north slope and lower south side. (1890, L. H. 380) Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 826)

Caulophyllum thalictroides (Linnaeus) Michaux Carpinus caroliniana Walter subsp. virginiana Blue Cohosh (Marshall) Furlow Musclewood Infrequent. FS, moist woods of ravines and ravine Occasional. RMS, and riparian areas. Throughout. headwaters. South side of the main ridge and lower Swamp south of the end of Mechanics Street. (KBS south side on Granby Basaltic Tuff. Southside Trail. 816) Fl. 5 May. Widely scattered but often large populations. (1877, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 200) Corylus americana Walter Hazelnut Infrequent. Small openings in wooded lower- to mid- *Podophyllum peltatum Linnaeus WL May-apple slopes. Throughout. Along E/W Power line. (1927, Rare. RMS. Lower north slope. East of Rte. 116 as it A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 629) starts up the hill to the Notch. Fl. 4 May. One large population. It is a possible escape from cultivation. Corylus cornuta Marshall subsp. cornuta However, this species was noted as present in South Beaked Hazelnut Amherst in Hitchcock’s 1829 flora. (KBS 359) Occasional. Open, rocky woods and clearings. Throughout. CR Trail. (1875, A. Clark s. n., MASS; BETULACEAE KBS 621)

Alnus incana (Linnaeus) Moench subsp. rugosa (Du Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch Hop-hornbeam Roi) R. T. Clausen Speckled Alder Frequent. Open, rich, rocky woods from lower- to [A. rugosa (Du Roi) Sprengel] upper-slopes. Throughout. M. & M. Trail, Long Mtn. Occasional. SS and riparian areas. Primarily lower Most frequent on the south side of the main ridge. north slope and lower south side. Comma Pond. (KBS (1891, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 791) 601) BIGNONIACEAE Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willdenow Smooth Alder Infrequent. SS. Primarily lower north slope and lower *Catalpa speciosa Warder Cigar-tree south side. Pond near Dry Brook. (1950, R. E. Torrey Rare. RMS and wet quarry bottoms. Lower south et al. s. n., MASS; KBS 087) side. Quarry near trolley line. (KBS 151)

Betula alleghaniensis Britton Yellow Birch Occasional. RMS, moist woods of riparian areas and ravines. Throughout. Brookbank Trail. (KBS 863)

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BORAGINACEAE Arabis canadensis Linnaeus Sickle-pod Infrequent. Rocky, open, wooded mid- to upper- Hackelia virginiana (Linnaeus) I. M. Johnston slopes. Main ridge on basalt, primarily along the crest Woodland Hound's Tongue and on the south side. Upper part of Southside Trail. Infrequent. CTF. Main ridge. Talus slope below Fl. 24 Jun. - 11 Jul. (1871, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; KBS Rattlesnake Knob. Fr. 14 Sep. (KBS 328) 186)

Myosotis laxa Lehmann Smaller Forget-me-not Arabis drummondi A. Gray WL Rare. Moist, open swamp/beaver meadow. Lower Drummond's Rock-cress south side. Along Elmer Brook. Fl. 7 Aug. Likely Rare. Power line on Granby Basaltic Tuff. Small more common. (KBS 710) population. Fl. 4 Jul. (KBS 685)

*Myosotis micrantha Pallas Blue Scorpion-grass Arabis glabra (Linnaeus) Bernhardi Tower-mustard [M. stricta Link ex Roemer & J. A. Schultes] Infrequent. Power lines and burned area. South side Rare. Disturbed lawn. Notch Visitor's Center. 20 of the main ridge and lower south side. Along E/W May. Large population. (KBS 640) power line west of Mt. Hitchcock. Fl. 16 Jun. - 1 Jul. (1889, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 613) *Myosotis scorpioides Linnaeus True Forget-me-not Arabis missouriensis Greene T Green Rock-cress Infrequent. Moist, riparian areas. Lower south side. Occasional. Open, rocky woods and edges of rock Along Elmer Brook and lower part of Dry Brook. Fl. outcrops. South side of the main ridge on basalt. 16 Jun. (KBS 612) Bare Mtn. Fl. 16 May - 18 Jun. (1865, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 160) *Myosotis sylvatica Ehrhart ex Hoffman Garden Forget-me-not *Barbarea vulgaris R. Brown Winter-cress Rare. Disturbed area. Main ridge. Edge of trail on the Infrequent. Moist, open, disturbed areas. Throughout. summit of Bare Mtn. Fl. 3 Jun. Single small Lower Access Rd. Fl. 5 May. (F. T. Hubbard & G. S. population that may not persist. (KBS 599) Torrey T330, NEBC; KBS 370)

Myosotis verna Nuttall Spring Scorpion-grass *Beteroa incana (Linnaeus) de Candolle Infrequent. CRS. South side of the main ridge on Hoary Alyssum basalt. Mt. Norwottock and Mt. Hitchcock. Fl. 28 Rare. Disturbed areas. Lower north slope. Edge of May. (1871, T. O. Fuller s. n., NEBC; 1996, KBS gravel road near Parker Dam. Fl. 4 Sep. (KBS 887) s. n., MASS) *Capsella bursa-pastoris (Linnaeus) Medikus BRASSICACEAE Shepherd's Purse Rare. Old field. Lower south side. Old field at the *Alliaria petiolata (Bieberstein) Cavara & Grande west end of the Range near Rte. 47. Fr. 23 Jun. Garlic-mustard Infrequent. Moist disturbed areas along streams and Cardamine bulbosa (Schreber ex Muhlenberg) Britton, roadsides. West end of the Range and lower section of Sterns & Poggenburg WL Spring Cress Dry Brook. Fl. 7 May. Common on the lower part of No record since 1939. R. E. Bingham s. n., AC. the road to the Summit House. (KBS 376) Label just says “Notch” likely Mount Holyoke Range.

*Arabidopsis thaliana (Linnaeus) Heynhold Cardamine concatenata (Michaux) O. Schwarz Mouse-ear Cress [Dentaria laciniata Muhlenberg ex Willdenow] Rare. Disturbed area. Lawn, Notch Visitor’s Center. Cut-leaved Toothwort Fl. 15 May. Large population. (KBS 750) No record since old, undated collection. R. B. K. s. n., AC.

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Cardamine diphylla (Michaux) Wood CABOMBACEAE [Dentaria diphylla Michaux] Broad-leaved Toothwort Brasenia schreberi J. F. Gmelin Water-shield Infrequent. RMS, seeps, and riparian areas. Lower Rare. Aquatic. Lower south side. Small pond near north slope and lower south side. Headwaters of Elmer Lower Access Rd. Fr. 8 Aug. Large population. Brook, Brookbank Trail. Fl. 5 - 15 May. (1866, H. G. (KBS 846) Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 362) CAESALPINACEAE Cardamine parviflora Linnaeus var. arenicola (Britton) O. E. Schulz Small-flowered Bittercress Chamaecrista nictitans (Linnaeus) Moench Infrequent. CRS and rocky, wooded upper-slopes. Wild Sensitive Plant Main ridge on basalt. Bare Mtn. and Mt. Norwottock. Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas. Lower south side. Fl. 16 - 28 May. Often found in large populations of Quarry near old trolley tracks. Fr. 25 Aug. small individuals. (1865, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; Populations tend to be large. (KBS 027) 1994 G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS) CALLITRICHACEAE Cardamine pensylvanica Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Common Bittercress Callitriche heterophylla Pursh Infrequent. Pond shores, RMS, and streamsides. Variable Water-starwort Throughout. Low Place Trail along stream. Fl. 7 - 17 Infrequent. Aquatic. Lower south side. Elmer Brook. May. (1863, G. G. Kennedy s. n., GH; KBS 097) Fr. 9 Aug. (KBS 656)

*Draba verna Linnaeus Shortpod Whitlow-grass CAMPANULACEAE Rare. Disturbed lawn. Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 15 Apr. (KBS 596) Campanula aparinoides Pursh Marsh-bellflower Infrequent. SEM. Lower north slope and lower south *Erysimum cheiranthoides Linnaeus side. Eastern inlet of Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 8 - Wormseed-mustard 20 Aug. (KBS 254) Rare. Disturbed trailside. Main ridge. Beside M. & M. Trail on Mt. Hitchcock. Fl. 20 Jul. Population has Campanula rotundifolia Linnaeus Harebell persisted for at least 3 years. (KBS 210) Infrequent. CTF, CRC. Primarily on the on north- and east-facing slopes of the main ridge on basalt. Below Lepidium virginicum Linnaeus Wild Peppergrass the Summit House. Fl. 18 Jun. - 26 Jul. Not observed Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas, quarries, and old on Long Mtn. (1887, L. M. Stabler s. n., GH; KBS fields. Throughout. Gravel road near the Notch 781) Visitor’s Center. Fr. 17 Jun. (1913, F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T286, NEBC; KBS 410) Lobelia cardinalis Linnaeus Cardinal-flower Infrequent. Wet swales and riparian areas. Lower *Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (Linnaeus) Hayek south side. Wetlands along Swamp Trail. Fl. 6 - 29 [Nasturtium officinale Aiton f.] Water-cress Aug. (1930, F. R. St. John s. n., AC; KBS 843) Rare. Stream margin. Lower south side. West end of the Range. Along small tributary of Elmer Brook. Lobelia inflata Linnaeus Indian Tobacco (KBS 610) Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas and power lines. Primarily lower north slope and lower south side. BUXACEAE Along E/W power line. Fl. 3 Aug. - 3 Sep. (1980, M. Rohman s. n., MASS; KBS 440) *Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zuccarini Japanese Pachysandra Rare. RMS. Lower south side. West end of the Range. Probably persisting from the garden dump of an old home site. (KBS 379)

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Lobelia spicata Lamarck var. spicata Sambucus canadensis Linnaeus Spiked Lobelia Common Elderberry Infrequent. Open, moist areas on power lines. Lower Infrequent. Pond shores and wet swales on power south side. Along the E/W power line. Fl. 1 - 10 Jul. lines. Primarily north slope and lower south side. Wet More common W of Lithia Springs Reservoir. (1868, area along power line near the Notch Visitors Center. H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, SCHN; KBS 426) Fl. 12 May. (KBS 413)

Triodanis perfoliata (Linnaeus) Nieuwland Sambucus racemosa Linnaeus subsp. pubens Venus's Looking-glass (Michaux) House Red-berried Elderberry Occasional. CRS, dry, rocky, wooded upper-slopes, Occasional. CTF and rocky ridge tops. Main and power lines. South side of the main ridge on basalt ridge. Halfway House Trail, M. & M. Trail Bare Mtn. and lower south side on Granby Basaltic Tuff. Fl. 11 - Fl. 11 May; Fr. 27 Jun. (1869, H. G. Jesup s. n., 27 Jun. (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey SCHN; KBS 764) s. n., MASS) Viburnum acerifolium Linnaeus CAPRIFOLIACEAE Maple-leaf Viburnam Abundant. Dry to moist, wooded slopes. Throughout. Diervilla lonicera P. Miller Bush-honeysuckle M. & M. Trail, Mt. Norwottock. Fl. 2 - 10 Jun. One of Occasional. CTF, open, rocky woods of upper-slopes, the most common shrubs. (ca. 1860, E. Tuckerman, ridge tops, and rocky power lines. Primarily on the AC; KBS 722) main ridge on basalt. M. & M. Trail, Mt. Holyoke, Fl. 15 Jun. - 5 Jul. (1887, L. M. Stabler s. n., GH; KBS Viburnum dentatum Linnaeus var. lucidum Aiton 763) Northern Arrow-wood Infrequent. RMS, pond shores, and riparian areas. Lonicera caerulea Linnaeus var. villosa (Michaux) Lower north slope and lower south side. Sweet Alice Torrey & A. Gray Mountain Fly-honeysuckle Conservation Area. (KBS 285) [L. villosa (Michaux) J. A. Schultes] No record since 1924. E. T. Headley 40, AC. Viburnum lentago Linnaeus Nannyberry Infrequent. RMS and riparian areas. Primarily lower Lonicera canadensis Marshall Fly-honeysuckle south side. Swamp between Rte. 116 and trolley line. Infrequent. Moist CTF and rocky woods. Main ridge, (KBS 588, 232) primarily north and east slopes. Along M. & M. Trail east of the Notch Visitor’s Center. Fl. 29 Apr - 11 Viburnum nudum Linnaeus var. cassinoides May. (ca. 1820-1840, W. Oakes, AC; KBS 360) (Linnaeus) Torrey & A. Gray Witherod Infrequent. Moist, wooded lower- to mid-slopes. Lonicera dioica Linnaeus Wild Honeysuckle Lower north slope from Rattlesnake Knob to Bare Mtn. Infrequent. CTF and rocky ridge tops. Main ridge. Wetland near the southern end of Mechanics Street. Long Mtn. to the Notch. Rte. 116, opposite quarry. Fl. (1866, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC) 17 May. (1864, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 133) CARYOPHYLLACEAE *Lonicera morrowii A. Gray Morrow Honeysuckle Infrequent. Power lines, open, disturbed areas and *Cerastium fontanum Baumgarten subsp. vulgare streamsides. Primarily lower north slope and, lower (Hartman) Greuter & Burdet south side. Along Elmer Brook. Fl. 15 May - 3 Jun. Mouse-ear Chickweed More common west of Lithia Springs Reservoir. (KBS [Cerastium vulgatum Linnaeus] 201) Infrequent. Disturbed areas along trails and lawns. Throughout. Road to the Summit House. Fl. 1 Jun. *Lonicera x bella Zabel Bell’s Honeysuckle (1913, F. T. Hubband & G. S. Torrey T326, NEBC; Infrequent. Power lines. Lower south side. Power KBS 691) lines west of Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 15 May. Probably more common. (KBS 639)

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Cerastium nutans Rafinesque E Silene antirrhina Linnaeus Sleepy Catchfly Nodding Chickweed Occasional. CRS and dry, open, wooded upper-slopes. Rare. CRS. South side of the main ridge on basalt. Fl. Primarily on the south side of the main ridge on basalt. 15 May. Large population. (1882, F. E. Cotton Top of Mt. Norwottock. Fl. 28 May - 23 Jun. (1868, s. n., AC; KBS 595) H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; 1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS) *Cerastium semidecandrum Linnaeus Little Mouse-ear Chickweed *Silene flos-cuculi (Linnaeus) Clairville subsp. Rare. Disturbed areas. Along edge of a paved path at flos-cuculi Ragged Robin the Summit House. Fl. 10 Jun. Large population. [Lychnis flos-cuculi Linnaeus] (KBS 759) Infrequent. Moist, open, disturbed areas. Lower north slope. Around Parker Dam Reservoir and west. Fl. 10 *Dianthus armeria Linnaeus Deptford Pink Jun. (KBS 600) Infrequent. Disturbed areas, quarries, and power lines. Lower north slope and lower south side west of Rte. *Silene latifolia Poiret White Campion 116. Fl. 10 - 26 Jul. (KBS 423) Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas. Lower north slope and lower south side. Old field, west end of the Range. *Gypsophila muralis Linnaeus Mist-gypsophila Fl. 23 Jun - 10 Jul. (KBS 424) Rare. Disturbed roadsides and quarries. Quarry east of Taylor Notch. Fl. 17 Jun. Can form extensive *Spergula arvensis Linnaeus Spurrey populations. (KBS 528) Infrequent. CRS. Main ridge. Bare Mtn. and west. Summit of Bare Mtn. Fl. 3 - 6 Jun. (KBS 136) *Myosoton aquaticum (Linnaeus) Moench Giant Chickweed *Spergularia rubra (Linnaeus) J. Presl & C. Presl [Stellaria aquatica (Linnaeus) Scopoli] Red Sand-spurrey Rare. Old field. Lower south side. Fl. 23 Jun. Large Rare. Disturbed roadside. Along road to the Summit population established in field, west end of the Range House. Fl. 1 Aug. (KBS 560) near Rte. 47. (KBS 646) Stellaria borealis Bigelow subsp. borealis WL Paronychia canadensis (Linnaeus) A. Wood Northern Starwort Forked Chickweed No record since 1924. R. E. Torrey s. n., MASS. Occasional. CRS, dry, wooded upper- slopes, and ridge tops. South side of the main ridge on basalt and *Stellaria graminea Linnaeus Field Stitchwort on Granby Basaltic Tuff. Along the M. & M. Trail to Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas. Lower north slope Mt. Norwottock. Fr. 25 Jul. Often occurs along the and lower south side west of Rte. 116. Old field, near disturbed edges of trails. (1893, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; Rte. 47. Fl. 17 Jun. (KBS 527) KBS 666) *Stellaria media (Linnaeus) Villars *Sagina procumbens Linnaeus Matted Pearlwort Common Chickweed Rare. Disturbed roadsides. Main ridge. Along road to Infrequent. CRS and roadsides. Main ridge and lower the Summit House. Fl. 17 Jun. Large population. north slope west of the Notch. Road to the Summit (KBS 525) House. Fl. 17 Jun. (KBS 526)

*Saponaria officinalis Linnaeus Bouncing Bet Infrequent. Disturbed trails and roadsides. Throughout. Along gravel road near the Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 23 Aug. (KBS 466)

*Scleranthus annuus Linnaeus Annual Knawel Infrequent. Disturbed summit and ledges. Main ridge On rocks near Summit House. Fl. 2 May. (KBS 552)

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CELASTRACEAE Helianthemum canadense (Linnaeus) Michaux Canadian Frostweed *Celastrus orbiculatus Thunberg Infrequent. Dry openings in wooded upper-slopes and Oriental Bittersweet power lines. South side of the main ridge. Mt. Infrequent. Moist, disturbed areas, power lines, and Norwottock and west. Fl. 22 Jun. - 1 Jul. (1911, R. E. riparian areas. Throughout. Along Elmer Brook and Torrey s. n., MASS; KBS 178) Lower Access Trail to Comma Pond. Fl. 22 Aug. More common on lower north slope and lower south Lechea intermedia Leggett Large-podded Pinweed side. (KBS 618) Infrequent. Roadsides and power lines. Lower north slope. Power line east of Harris Mtn. Rd. Fr. 3 - 12 Celastrus scandens Linnaeus Sep. (KBS 490) American Bittersweet Rare. Edge of woods/trail margin. Lower south side. Lechea mucronata Rafinesque Hairy Pinweed Fr. 5 Sep. Small population at a single locality near Infrequent. CRS and power lines. Main ridge and Elmer Brook. (1874, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; KBS 048) lower south side. Mt. Norwottock and west. Fr. 28 Aug. - 30 Sep. (1994 G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., *Euonymus alatus (Thunberg) Siebold MASS; KBS 003, 211) Winged Euonymus Infrequent. Moist, wooded lower-slopes, ravines and Lechea tenuifolia Michaux Slender Pinweed power lines. Main ridge and lower south side. Swamp Infrequent. CRS and power lines. South side of the Trail. Often spreading from seedlings associated with main ridge and lower south side, Bare Mtn. and west. established plants. (KBS 433) Fr. 28 Aug. (1983, B. A. Sorrie 2140, NEBC; KBS 866) CHENOPODIACEAE CLUSIACEAE *Chenopodium album Linnaeus Lamb's Quarters Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas, power lines. Hypericum boreale (Britton) E. P. Bicknell Throughout, primarily Notch area and west. (KBS Northern Dwarf St. John's Wort 499) Infrequent. IAP. Lower south side. Ponds near Lower Access Trail and Bachelor Rd. Fl. 8 - 28 Aug. (KBS Chenopodium simplex (Torrey) Rafinesque WL 704) [C. gigantospermum Aellen] Maple-leaf Goosefoot Infrequent. CTF. North- and east-facing slopes of the Hypericum canadense Linnaeus main ridge from Rattlesnake Knob west. Talus slope Canadian St. John's Wort below Rattlesnake Knob. (2002, T. Zebryk 7605, Infrequent. IAP and open, moist areas. Lower north NEBC; KBS 208) slope and lower south side. Wetlands near Comma Pond. Fl. 26 Jul.; Fr. 8 Aug. (KBS 276) CISTACEAE Hypericum gentianoides (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns & Helianthemum bicknellii Fernald Poggenburg Orange Grass Bicknell's Frostweed Infrequent. CRS and dry, sandy quarry bottoms. Infrequent. Edges of rock outcrops, wooded mid- to Primarily on the main ridge from Mt. Norwottock upper-slopes, and power lines. South side of the main west. Summit of Bare Mtn. Fl. 20 Jun. - 20 Aug. ridge and along the E/W power line on the lower south (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS; KBS side. Fr. 3 - 22 Aug. Found only on basalt or Granby 857) Basaltic Tuff. (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS; KBS 556) Hypericum mutilum Linnaeus Dwarf St. John's Wort Infrequent. IAP. Lower south side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Fr. 28 Aug. (1930, A. S. Goodale & W. C. Markert s. n., AC; KBS 309)

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*Hypericum perforatum Linnaeus Cornus racemosa Lamarck Gray Dogwood Common St. John's Wort Occasional. Open, rocky woods, mid- to upper-slopes. Occasional. CRS and open, disturbed areas. Primarily on the south side of the main ridge. Summit Throughout. Rock outcrops on Mt. Norwottock. Fl. of Long Mtn. Fl. 19 Jun. - 10 Jul. Often forming 20 Jun. - 25 Aug. (1994 G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey extensive populations. (1911, R. E. Torrey s. n., s. n., MASS; KBS 420) MASS; KBS 402)

Hypericum punctatum Lamarck Cornus rugosa Lamarck Round-leaved Dogwood Spotted St. John's Wort Infrequent. Moist CTF. North- and east-facing slopes Infrequent. Seeps and riparian areas. Lower south of the main ridge on basalt. Along the road to the side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Fl. 4 Jul. - Summit House. Fl. 2 Jun. (1857, E. S. Hoar s. n., 20 Aug. (1927, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 235) NEBC; KBS 116)

Triadenum virginicum (Linnaeus) Rafinesque CRASSULACEAE Marsh St. John's Wort Infrequent. RMS and SEM. Lower south side. Lithia Penthorum sedoides Linnaeus Ditch-stonecrop Springs Reservoir. Fl. 20 Jul. - 28 Aug. (KBS 226) Rare. IAP. Lower south side. Comma Pond area. Fr. 28 Aug. (KBS 459) CONVOLVULACEAE *Sedum purpureum (Linnaeus) J. A. Shultes Calystegia sepium (Linnaeus) R. Brown. [S. telephium Linnaeus] Live-forever Wild Morning-glory Infrequent. Disturbed roadsides. Lower north slope Rare. Moist, open, disturbed area. Lower north slope. and lower south side. Along the road to the Summit Just off the lower Tramway Trail, J. A. Skinner State House. (KBS 348) Park. Fl. 29 Jul. (KBS 625) CUCURBITACEAE CORNACEAE Sicyos angulatus Linnaeus Bur-cucumber Cornus alternifolia Linnaeus f. Rare. Edge of old field. Lower north slope. Sweet Alternate-leaved Dogwood Alice Conservation area. (KBS 467) Infrequent. Moist woods of lower- to mid-slopes. Main ridge and lower north slope. Along the Trolley CUSCUTACEAE Bed Trail. (1875, C. H. K. Sanderson s. n., AC; KBS 840) Cuscuta gronovii Willdenow Common Dodder Infrequent. SEM and disturbed trail edges. Main ridge Cornus amomum Miller Silky Dogwood and lower south side. Mt. Norwottock. Fl. 10 Aug. Occasional. SS. Lower north slope and lower south Can form large populations. (KBS 289) side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. (KBS 829) DROSERACEAE Cornus canadensis Linnaeus Bunchberry Rare. Hemlock dominated swamp. Lower south side. Drosera rotundifolia Linnaeus Single location with a small population. (KBS 592) Round-leaved Sundew Rare. Seep in quarry bottom. Lower north slope. Cornus Linnaeus Flowering Dogwood Single large population in gravel quarry east of Taylor Infrequent. Dry, rocky woods. Primarily on the south Notch. (KBS 453) side of the main ridge and lower south side. M. & M. Trail, Long Mtn. Fl. 10 May. (1891, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 852)

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ELAEAGNACEAE Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small) Millais Mountain-azalea *Elaeagnus umbellata Thunberg Autumn-olive Occasional. Wooded mid- to upper-slopes. Main Infrequent. Disturbed areas. Throughout. Quarry near ridge. Notch Visitor’s Center, Halfway House Trail. trolley line south of the Notch. Fl. 10 May. A few Fl. 13 - 17 May. More common on the north side, and scattered individuals on the main ridge outside rarely on basalt. (1907, L. S. Dickinson s. n., MASS; disturbed areas. (KBS 389) KBS 510)

ERICACEAE Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton Lowbush-blueberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Linnaeus) Sprengel Frequent. Dry, wooded slopes. Throughout. Fl. 30 Bearberry Apr - 28 May; Fr. 10 Jul. Rarely on basalt. (1886, No record since 1893. L. H. Elwell s. n., AC. D. W. Rogers s. n., GH; KBS 793)

Epigaea repens Linnaeus Trailing Arbutus Vaccinium corymbosum Linnaeus Infrequent. Open or disturbed areas along trails, Highbush-blueberry woods roads, and power lines. Throughout. Power Frequent. RMS and SS. Throughout. Pond just off lines near Notch Visitor’s Center. Fl. 15 Apr. Rarely the Link Trail south of Long Mtn. Fl. 17 May. on basalt. (1913, K. B. Laird 21.1, MASS; KBS 815) Occasional individuals on the main ridge. (1906, W. S. Regan s. n., MASS; KBS 801) Gaultheria procumbens Linnaeus Wintergreen Frequent. Dry woods. Throughout, but more common Vaccinium pallidum Aiton Early Sweet Blueberry on the north side. Northside Trail. Fl. 3 Aug. Rarely Frequent. Dry, wooded slopes, ridge tops. on basalt. (1897, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 706) Throughout. Conglomerate Rock Trail. Fr. 23 Jun. - 6 Aug. (1906, W. S. Regan s. n. MASS; KBS 736) Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenheim) K. Koch Black Huckleberry Vaccinium stamineum Linnaeus Deerberry Occasional. Dry, wooded slopes. Throughout. Along Occasional. Dry, rocky, open woods, mid- to upper- Conglomerate Trail and M. & M. Trail near the Horse slopes. Main ridge. Along the M. & M. Trail at the Caves. Fl. 21 May. Rarely on basalt. (1913, east end of Long Mtn. Fl. 6 - 18 Jun. More common F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T360, NEBC; KBS 809) on the south side of the Range on basalt. (1863, G. G. Kennedy s. n., GH; KBS 520, 550) Kalmia angustifolia Linnaeus Sheep Laurel Occasional. Open, wooded lower to mid-slope. EUPHORBIACEAE Throughout, but more common on the north side. M. & M. Trail east of Harris Mtn. Rd. Fl. 15 Jun. Acalypha gracilens A. Gray Rarely on basalt. (1929, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS Slender Three-seeded Mercury 795) Infrequent. Dry, open, wooded mid-slopes and power lines. Main ridge and E/W power line. Fl. 16 Aug. Kalmia latifolia Linnaeus Mountain Laurel Only seen at the western end of the Range, but likely Abundant. Moist to dry, wooded lower- to mid-slopes. more common. (KBS 728) Throughout. Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 8 - 18 Jun. Rarely on basalt. (1929, H. R. Baker et al. s. n., AC; Acalypha rhomboidea Rafinesque KBS 794) Broad Three-seeded Mercury Infrequent. Roadsides and rock outcrops. Throughout. Lyonia ligustrina (Linnaeus) de Candolle Maleberry Along old road up the south side of Mt. Norwottock. Infrequent. RMS and SS. Lower north slope and Fr. 9 - 15 Sep. (KBS 049) lower south side. Headwater of Elmer Brook, eastern inlet of Lithia Springs Reservoir. (KBS 253)

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Acalypha virginica Linnaeus WL Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhlenberg) Loudon T Three-seeded Mercury Large-bracted Tick-trefoil Rare. Open talus slopes. Main ridge. Rattlesnake Infrequent. Rocky, open woods and power lines. Knob. Fl. 2 Jun; Fr. 23 Aug. (KBS 113) Main ridge and E/W power line on Granby Basaltic Tuff. Along M. & M. Trail, Long Mtn. Fr. 1 - 12 Sep. *Euphorbia cyparissias Linnaeus Cypress-spurge (1872, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 633) Rare. Open woods, mid-slope. South side of the main ridge. Single population of about 25 stems. (KBS Desmodium glabellum (Michaux) de Candolle 647) [D. perplexum Schubert] Smooth Tick-trefoil Infrequent. Disturbed areas. Lower north slope. FABACEAE Lower quarry east of Taylor Notch near Rte. 47. Only seen west of Rte. 116. Fl. 29 Jul. - 23 Aug. (KBS 623) Amphicarpaea bracteata (Linnaeus) Fernald Hog-peanut Desmodium glutinosum (Muhlenberg) A. W. Wood Occasional. Moist woods lower- to mid-slopes and Cluster-leaf Tick-trefoil riparian areas. Throughout. Along the Southside Trail. Infrequent. Moist, wooded lower- to mid-slopes. Fl. 6 - 28 Aug. More common on the south side of the South side of the main ridge on basalt. Fr. & Fl. 12 - Range on basalt. (KBS 051) 23 Aug. Seen only in the eastern half of the Range, but likely throughout. (1927, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; Apios americana Medikus Groundnut KBS 009) Infrequent. Moist, open, disturbed areas. Lower north slope and lower south side. Field near Rte. 47. Fl. 20 Desmodium humifusum (Muhlenberg ex Bigelow) Aug. Only seen west of Rte. 116. (KBS 450) Beck Spreading Tick-trefoil Rare. Shrubby talus slope on power line. Lower south Baptisia tinctoria (Linnaeus) R. Brown side. E/W power line. Fl. 16 Aug. Hybrid growing Yellow Wild Indigo with both parents, D. paniculatum and Infrequent. Power lines. N/S power line, south of the D. rotundifolium. (KBS 711) Quarry. Fl. 16 Jul. (KBS 431) Desmodium nudiflorum (Linnaeus) de Candolle *Coronilla varia Linnaeus Crown-vetch Naked Tick-trefoil Infrequent. Disturbed roadsides and quarries. Lower Infrequent. Moist, wooded lower- to mid-slopes. south side west of Rte. 116. Edge of road at the Throughout. M. & M. Trail, Long Mtn. 29 Jul - 25 bottom of Bare Mtn. Fl. 25 Jun. May have originally Aug. (1927, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 513) been planted, but spreading spontaneously. (KBS 537) Desmodium paniculatum (Linnaeus) de Candolle Crotalaria sagittalis Linnaeus Rattlebox Panicled Tick-trefoil Infrequent. Dry, open, disturbed areas along trail or in Infrequent. Open woods and power lines. South side quarries. Throughout. Quarry near J. A. Skinner State of the main ridge and E/W power line. Primarily on Park. Fl. 12 Sep. Widely scattered small populations. basalt and Granby Basaltic Tuff. Southside Trail. (KBS 448) Fl. 3 - 18 Aug. (KBS 010, 299)

Desmodium canadense (Linnaeus) de Candolle Desmodium rotundifolium de Candolle Canadian Tick-trefoil Round-leaved Tick-trefoil Infrequent. Open, moist streamsides, pond shores, and Infrequent. Open woods and power lines. South side moist areas along power lines west of Rte. 116. Upper of the main ridge and E/W power line. Along power Hadley Reservoir. Fl. 3 Aug. (1927, A. S. Goodale line W of Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 3 Aug. - 1 Sep. s. n., AC; KBS 060) Primarily on basalt or Granby Basaltic Tuff. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 071)

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Lespedeza capitata Michaux *Medicago lupulina Linnaeus Black Medick Round-headed Bush-clover Rare. Disturbed roadsides. Main ridge. Along gravel Occasional. CRS, open areas along power lines, and road near Notch Visitor’s Center. Fl. 2 Jul. (KBS 411) ridge tops. Throughout. Old Quarry just east of Trolley line. Fl. 25 Jul. More common on the south *Melilotus albus Medikus White Sweet-clover side of the Range on basalt and Granby Basaltic Tuff. Infrequent. Disturbed roadsides and quarries. (1994, G. Barletta s. n., MASS; KBS 719) Throughout. Along gravel road near Notch Visitor’s Center. Fl. 2 - 20 Jul. (KBS 414) Lespedeza hirta (Linnaeus) Hornemann Hairy Bush-clover *Robinia pseudoacacia Linnaeus Black Locust Infrequent. Power lines and quarries. Lower south Infrequent. Roadside and disturbed areas. side. Old Quarry just east of the Trolley line. Fl. 28 Throughout. Military Road, and along Trolley Bed Jul. - 18 Aug. Extensive populations on E/W power Trail. (KBS 825) line. (KBS 026) *Trifolium arvense Linnaeus Rabbit-foot Clover Lespedeza intermedia (S. Watson) Britton Infrequent. Roadsides and quarries. Lower north Intermediate Bush-clover slope and lower south side. Quarry just east of Taylor Infrequent. Dry, open, wooded slopes and power lines. Notch, and along Rte. 116. Fl. 26 Jul. (KBS 452) Scattered populations on the south side of the main ridge and along E/W power line. Fl. 3 Aug. (ca. 1860, *Trifolium aureum Pollich Yellow Hop-clover E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 025, 054) Infrequent. Moist disturbed areas and pond shores. Lower south side. Along the lower Lithia Springs Lespedeza procumbens Michaux Trail. Fl. 1 - 10 Jul. (KBS 272) Trailing Bush-clover Rare. Open upper-slopes and power lines. South side *Trifolium pratense Linnaeus Red Clover of the main ridge on basalt. Fl. 28 Aug. - 13 Sep. Two Infrequent. Disturbed areas. Lower north slope and locations one at each end of the Range, likely more lower south side. Around the water tower, Amherst. common. (1872, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, SCHN; KBS Fl. 1 Jun. - 26 Jul. (KBS 392) 632) *Trifolium repens Linnaeus White Clover Lespedeza violacea (Linnaeus) Persoon WL Infrequent. Disturbed areas. Main ridge and lower Violet Bush-clover north slope. Summit of Long Mtn. Fl. 23 Jun. (KBS Infrequent. Open mid- to upper-slopes and power 416) lines. Main ridge and E/W power line. E/W Power line west of Elmer Brook. Fl. 3 Aug. - 1 Sep. *Vicia cracca Linnaeus Vetch Primarily on basalt and Granby Basaltic Tuff. (1872, Infrequent. Disturbed areas. Lower north slope. Open H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, SCHN; KBS 080) field near the Bunker. Fl. 26 Jul. (KBS 445)

Lespedeza virginica (Linnaeus) Britton *Vicia tetrasperma (Linnaeus) Moench Slender Bush-clover Four-seed Vetch Infrequent. CRS and power lines. South side of the Infrequent. CRS and quarries. Main ridge and lower main ridge and lower south side. South side Mt. north slope. Fl. 17 Jun. Only seen west of Rte. 116. Norwottock. Fl. 3 - 28 Aug. (before 1860, C. Dewey (KBS 164) s. n., AC; KBS 053)

*Lotus corniculatus Linnaeus Birdsfoot-trefoil Rare. Disturbed areas. Lower north side. Upper Hadley Reservoir. Fl. 12 Sep. Likely more common. (KBS 575)

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FAGACEAE Quercus prinoides Willdenow Dwarf Chestnut Oak Frequent. Dry, open woods of mid- to upper-slopes Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkhausen Chestnut and rock outcrops. South side of the main ridge. Occasional. Drier woods of lower- to mid-slopes. South side Bare Mtn. (1872, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; Throughout. Along the Conglomerate Trail. Most KBS 772) abundant on the lower north slope and rarely seen on basalt or Granby Basaltic Tuff. (1889, L. H. Elwell Quercus rubra Linnaeus Red Oak s. n., AC; KBS 790) Abundant. Dry to moist, wooded slopes and ravines. Throughout. Mt. Norwottock, Notch Visitor's Center. Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart American Beech The most common oak. (1916, K. B. Laird 45.3.11, Abundant. Moister wooded slopes and ravines. MASS; KBS 558) Throughout. Northside Trail. More abundant on the north slope. (KBS 822) Quercus velutina Lamarck Black Oak Occasional. Wooded slopes. Throughout. M. & M. Quercus alba Linnaeus White Oak Trail east of Harris Mtn. Rd. Only occasionally found Frequent. Wooded slopes and ridge tops. Throughout. on the main ridge. (KBS 788) Along the Lithia Springs Trail. (1889, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 742) FUMARIACEAE

Quercus bicolor Willdenow Swamp White Oak (Aiton) Greene T Occasional. RMS. Lower south side. Lithia Springs Climbing Fumitory area and some wet areas along Hollow Trail. (KBS Rare. Talus slope. Main ridge. Two small 723) populations on Mt. Holyoke. (KBS 551)

Quercus coccinea Muenchhausen Scarlet Oak Corydalis sempervirens (Linnaeus) Persoon Occasional. Wooded slopes. Main ridge and lower Pale Corydalis south side. Long Mtn. to Bare Mtn. Not observed at Occasional. CRS and open, rocky mid-to upper- the west end of the Range, but likely occurs there. slopes. Main ridge and lower south side. Along the (1904, E. C. Cushman s. n., MASS; KBS 855) M. & M. Trail on Mt. Holyoke. Fl. 16 May - 19 Jun. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; 1994, G. Barletta & Quercus ilicifolia Wangenheim Scrub-oak P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS) Occasional. Dry, open woodland and rock outcrops. Throughout. Peak on the east side of Taylor Notch. GENTIANACEAE Only a few scattered occurrences on the lower north slope. (1913, F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T296, Bartonia virginica (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns & NEBC; KBS 432) Poggenburg Screw-stem Infrequent. Moist power lines and pond shores. Along Quercus montana Willdenow Chestnut Oak power lines and near Lithia Springs Reservoir. [Quercus prinus Linnaeus] Fl. 8 Sep. (KBS 326) Frequent. Wooded mid- to upper-slopes. Throughout. An important tree of mid- to upper-slopes on the south Gentiana clausa Rafinesque Bottle-gentian side of the Range. (1875, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; KBS Infrequent. Moist stream banks and pond shores. 783) Lower south side. Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 5 Sep. (KBS 056) Quercus palustris Muenchhausen Pin-oak Infrequent. Edge of shrub swamps and along streams. Gentianopsis crinita (Froelich) Ma Fringed Gentian Lower south side. Pond just off the Link Trail on Long Infrequent. Moist areas on power lines. Near Notch Mtn. (KBS 017) Visitor’s Center. Fl. 18 Sep. Several populations, on or below basalt or Granby Basaltic Tuff. (KBS 727)

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GERANIACEAE JUGLANDACEAE

Geranium bicknellii Britton WL Carya cordiformis (Wangenheim) K. Koch Bicknell's Crane's Bill Bitternut-hickory No record since 1873. E. J. Bishop s. n., AC, SCHN. Infrequent. Moist, wooded lower- to mid-slopes and ravines. Main ridge, primarily on basalt. Along the Geranium maculatum Linnaeus Wild Geranium road to the Summit House. (KBS 820) Occasional. Moist, wooded lower- to mid-slopes, ravines, and riparian areas. Throughout. Road near Carya glabra (Miller) Sweet Pignut-hickory Notch Visitor’s Center, Lower Access Trail. Fl. 14 - [Carya ovalis (Wagenheim) Sargent included] 16 Jun. (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., Frequent. CRS and rocky, wooded slopes. Primarily MASS; KBS 396) on the south side of the main ridge on basalt. M. & M. Trail, Long Mtn. (1935, W. E. Manning s. n., SCHN; Geranium robertianum Linnaeus Herb-Robert KBS 782) Infrequent. CTF. Main ridge from the river to Rattlesnake Knob. Along M. & M. Trail, Bare Mtn. Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch var. ovata Fl. 15 May - 21 Jun. Forms large populations. (ca. Shagbark-hickory 1820-1859, AC 44938; KBS 757) Occasional. Dry, rocky, wooded slopes, ravines, and riparian areas. Throughout. Much more common on GROSSULARIACEAE the south side of the Range. (1889, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 799) Ribes hirtellum Michaux Swamp Gooseberry Infrequent. RMS. Lower north slope and lower south (Poiret) Nuttall side. Swamps near Rattlesnake Knob. Mockernut Hickory (KBS 342, 343) Rare. Moist, wooded lower-slopes. Lower north slope. Single location near the intersection of Devil’s *Ribes sativum Syme Garden Red Currant Football and Tramway Trails. (1938, W. E. Manning [Ribes rubrum Linnaeus] s. n., SCHN; KBS 605) Infrequent. Moist talus slopes and seeps. Main ridge. Several widely scattered populations. Just below the Juglans cinerea Linnaeus WL Butternut gate on the road to the Summit House. Fl. 15 May. Infrequent. CTF and wooded upper-slopes. Main (KBS 102) ridge on basalt. Along road to Summit House near Taylor Notch. (1889, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 117) HALORAGACEAE LAMIACEAE Proserpinaca palustris Linnaeus Mermaid-weed Infrequent. Pond shores. Lower south side. Wetlands Collinsonia canadensis Linnaeus in the Comma Pond area, Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. Northern Horse-balm 25 Jul. (KBS 544) Infrequent. Moist ravines, ravine headwaters, and bottoms of talus slopes. Throughout. Along the road HAMAMELIDACEAE to the Summit House. Fl. 18 Aug. - 12 Sep. (KBS 295) Hamamelis virginiana Linnaeus Witch-hazel Abundant. Moist woods of ravines, talus slopes, *Glechoma hederacea Linnaeus riparian areas, and wooded slopes. Throughout. Fl. 24 Gill-over-the-ground Sep - 10 Oct. One of the most common shrubs. (1889, Infrequent. Old field, seeps, and riparian areas. Lower L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 821) north slope and lower south side. Old field adjacent to Rte. 47. Fl. 1 May. Only seen west of Rte. 116. (KBS 884)

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Hedeoma pulegioides (Linnaeus) Persoon Pycnanthemum muticum (Michaux) Persoon American Pennyroyal Short-toothed Mountain-mint Occasional. CRS and open, rocky woods of mid- to Rare. Moist pond margin. Lower south side. North upper-slopes. South side of the main ridge and on side of Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 25 Jul. (KBS Granby Basaltic Tuff. Rattlesnake Knob and west. 543) South side of Bare Mtn. Fl. 29 Aug. (1994, G. Barletta s. n., MASS; KBS 879) Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrader Slender-leaved Mountain-mint Lycopus americanus Muhlenberg Infrequent. Disturbed soil in dry, sandy woods. Lower American Water-horehound north slope. Disturbed soil near the Bunker. Fl. 12 Infrequent. Seeps and stream margins. Lower north Sep. (KBS 573) slope and lower south side. Under power line on Dry Brook. Fl. 29 Jun. (1925, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; Pycnanthemum virginianum (Linnaeus) Durand & KBS 300) B. D. Jackson Virginia Mountain-mint Rare. Moist swale on power line. Lower south side. Lycopus uniflorus Michaux Eastern end of E/W power line, Granby. Fl. 3 Aug. Northern Water-horehound (ca 1820s, AC; KBS 628) Occasional. SEM. Lower north slope and lower south side. Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 18 - 29 Aug. (KBS *Satureja vulgaris (Linnaeus) Fritsch Wild Basil 055, 225) [Clinopodium vulgare L.] Infrequent. CRS and disturbed areas along trail. Main Lycopus virginicus Linnaeus ridge and lower south side. Lithia Springs Trail near Virginia Water-horehound abandoned mill pond. Fl. 10 Jul. (1914, H. St. John Rare. SEM. Along Elmer Brook. Fl. 8 Aug. (KBS s. n., NEBC; KBS 341) 672) Scutellaria lateriflora Linnaeus Mad-dog Skullcap *Mentha arvensis Linnaeus Field-mint Occasional. RMS and seeps. Lower north slope and Infrequent. Seeps, swamps, and riparian areas. Lower lower south side. Seeps below Brookbank Trail. Fl. 6 south side. Lithia Springs Reservoir and along Elmer - 20 Aug. (1929, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 081) Brook. Fl. 8 - 20 Aug. (KBS 250) Trichostema dichotomum Linnaeus Blue Curls *Mentha x piperita Linnaeus Peppermint Occasional. CRS, rocky upper-slopes, and power Rare. Riparian seeps. Lower reaches of Elmer Brook. lines. Main ridge and lower south side on power lines. Fl. 20 Aug. Single large population along stream at the Top of Mt. Norwottock. Fl. 20 - 31 Aug. (KBS 868) edge of a mowed field. (KBS 660) LAURACEAE Prunella vulgaris Linnaeus var. lanceolata (Barton) Fernald American Heal-all Lindera benzoin (Linnaeus) Blume Spicebush Occasional. Moist areas near pond shores, along trails, Frequent. RMS, riparian areas. Throughout. Lower and power lines. Lower north slope and lower south Access Trail near Comma Pond, and along Sweet Alice side. Southside Trail. Fl. 2 Jul. - 29 Aug. (KBS 405) Brook. Fl. 15 Apr - 6 May. (KBS 800)

Pycnanthemum incanum (Linnaeus) Michaux Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Nees Sassafras Hoary Mountain-mint Occasional. OHeWPF. Primarily lower south side. Occasional. CRS and open mid- to upper-slopes. Along Upper Access Trail. Only a few populations on South side of the main ridge on basalt. Bare Mtn. the north side of the Range. (KBS 786) 12 Jul. (1860, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 072)

50

LENTIBULARIACEAE MORACEAE

Utricularia minor Linnaeus WL Lesser Bladderwort Morus rubra Linnaeus E Red Mulberry Rare. Aquatic. Lower south side in a small pond near Infrequent. East facing CTF. Main ridge. Fl. 8 Jun. Lower Access Rd. (KBS 893) Small populations on several talus slopes from Long Mtn. to the “Low Place." (1860, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 129, 348) LINACEAE MYRICACEAE Linum virginianum Linnaeus Virginia Yellow Flax Infrequent. Power lines. Lower south side. Scattered Comptonia peregrina (Linnaeus) J. M. Coulter populations along the E/W power line. Fl. 13 Jul. Sweet Fern (KBS 236) Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas and power lines. Lower north slope and lower south side. Power line LYTHRACEAE just east of the Notch Visitor's Center. (1913, F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T311, NEBC; KBS 381) *Lythrum salicaria Linnaeus Purple Loosestrife Infrequent. Disturbed areas, wet quarries, and pond Myrica gale Linnaeus Sweet Gale shores. Lower north slope and lower south side. Rare. SS. Lower south side. Large population at a Wetlands near Comma Pond. Fl. 15 Aug. - 3 Sep. single shrub swamp in Granby, east of Lower Access (KBS 443) Rd. (KBS 569)

MALVACEAE NYMPHAEACEAE

*Malva moschata Linnaeus Musk-mallow Nuphar variegata Durand Yellow Water-lily Rare. Disturbed area. Lower north slope. Single Rare. Aquatic. Lower south side. In a small pond location in the lower quarry east of Taylor Notch. Fl. near Lower Access Rd. Fl. 28 Aug. Large population. 16 Jul. (KBS 444) (KBS 845)

MOLLUGINACEAE Nymphaea odorata Aiton White Water-lily Rare. Aquatic. Lower north slope. In man-made pond *Mollugo verticillata Linnaeus Carpetweed east of Bay Rd., Amherst. Fl. 20 Aug. May be Rare. Disturbed area. Edge of lawn at the Notch introduced. (KBS 888) Visitor’s Center. Fr. 25 Aug. Probably more common. (KBS 870) NYSSACEAE

MONOTROPACEAE Nyssa sylvatica Marshall Black Gum Occasional. Edges of SS and RMS. Lower north slope Monotropa hypopithys Linnaeus Pinesap and lower south side. Head waters of Elmer Brook. Infrequent. Moist, wooded lower- to mid-slopes. More common on the south side at the edge of shallow Throughout. Along Upper Access Trail shortly after depressions with fluctuating water levels. (KBS 724) the junction with Lower Access Trail. Fl. 25 Jul. - 12 Aug. Often associated with pine or hemlock stands. OLEACEAE (1920, W. C. Markert s. n., AC; KBS 559) *Forsythia suspensa (Thunberg) Vahl Monotropa uniflora Linnaeus Indian Pipe Weeping Forsythia Occasional. Moist, wooded lower- to mid-slopes. Rare. Dry woods. Notch Visitors Center, probably Throughout. Along Upper Access Trail shortly after escaped from cultivation. Fl. 15 May. (KBS 892) the junction with Lower Access Trail. Fl. 18 Jul. - 7 Aug. Often associated with pine or hemlock stands. (1886, L. M. Stabler s. n., GH; KBS 705)

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Fraxinus americana Linnaeus White Ash Ludwigia alternifolia Linnaeus Seedbox Abundant. CRS, RMS, and moist to dry, rocky woods. Infrequent. SEM and moist disturbed areas. Lower Throughout. M. & M. Trail, Long Mtn. More north slope and lower south side. Near Parker Dam common on the south side of the Range on basalt or Reservoir. Fl. 8 Aug. (1950, R. E. Torrey et al. s. n., Granby Basaltic Tuff. (1889, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; MASS; KBS 270) KBS 785) Ludwigia palustris (Linnaeus) Elliot Water Purslane Fraxinus nigra Marshall Black Ash Infrequent. IAP and riparian areas. Lower south side. Occasional. RMS and pond shores. Lower north slope Ponds near lower Access Rd. Fl. 18 Aug. (KBS 016) and lower south side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. (1952, R. E. Torrey et al. s. n., MASS; KBS 862) Oenothera biennis Linnaeus Common Evening-primrose Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall Green Ash Infrequent. CRS and open, disturbed areas. Infrequent. RMS and SS. Lower south side. Swamps Throughout. Along gravel road near the Notch along Lithia Springs Rd. (KBS 089) Visitor's Center. Fl. 23 Aug. (KBS 475)

*Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zuccarini Oenothera perennis Linnaeus Small Sundrops Japanese Privet Infrequent. Vernal pools and open seeps. South side Infrequent. Moist, riparian areas. Lower south side. of the main ridge and E/W power line. Fl. 27 Jun. Dense population along Elmer Brook west of Lithia Only seen between Long Mtn. and Mt. Hitchcock. Springs Rd. (KBS 202) (KBS 417)

ONAGRACEAE

Circaea alpina Linnaeus Conopholis americana (Linnaeus) Wallroth Small Enchanter's Nightshade Squaw-root Infrequent. Moist ravines and seeps. Throughout. Occasional. Rocky ravines and wooded mid-slopes. Stream bank near the end of Chmura Rd. Fl. 20 Jun. - Throughout. South of M. & M. Trail near Taylor 24 Jul. (1865, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, SCHN; KBS 170) Notch. Fl. 9 - 14 Jun. Most populations are on the south side of the main ridge on basalt or on Granby Circaea lutetiana Linnaeus var. canadensis Linnaeus Basaltic Tuff. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS Enchanter's Nightshade 140) Occasional. Moist, wooded lower-slopes and rocky ravines. Lower north slope and lower south side. Epifagus virginiana (Linnaeus) Barton Beech-drops Headwaters of Baby Carriage Brook. Fl. 5 Jul. (1927, Infrequent. Under Fagus grandifolia. Throughout. A. S. Goodale s. n., AC, NEBC; KBS 207) Trail on north side of Long Mtn. Fl. 29 Aug. More common on the north side of the Range. (ca. 1829 - Epilobium ciliatum Rafinesque 1860, AC 45520; KBS 293) American Willow-herb Occasional. RMS and seepy pond shores. Lower Orobanche uniflora Linnaeus north slope and lower south side. Wetlands in the One-flowered Cancer-root Comma Pond area. Fl. 8 - 18 Aug. (1952, R. E. Infrequent. Moist, rocky woods lower- to mid-slopes. Torrey et al. South side of the main ridge on basalt. Bare Mtn. Fl. s. n., MASS; KBS 034, 296) 15 May - 6 Jun. (1902, E. C. Cushman s. n., MASS; KBS 752) Epilobium coloratum Biehler Eastern Willow-herb Rare. Riparian area. Lower south side. A single population in streamside wetland by the Trolley line. Fr. 1 Sep. Likely more common. (KBS 670)

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OXALIDACEAE Plantago rugelii Decaisne Pale Plantain Infrequent. Disturbed areas particularly along old Oxalis dillenii Jacquin tracks and edges of trails. Throughout. Fr. 15 - 29 Southern Yellow Wood-sorrel Aug. (KBS 031) Infrequent. Moist, disturbed areas and old fields. Lower south side. Near the eastern inlet of Lithia PLATANACEAE Springs Reservoir. 23 Jun. - 5 Sep. (KBS 263) Platanus occidentalis Linnaeus Sycamore Oxalis stricta Linnaeus Rare. Streamside. Lower south side. West end of the Common Yellow Wood-sorrel Range on Dry Brook. A single location with several Infrequent. Disturbed areas. Main ridge and lower individuals. (KBS 645) south side. Old field near Rte. 47, west end of Range. 13 Jun. - 28 Aug. (KBS 311) POLYGALACEAE

Oxalis violacea Linnaeus T Violet Wood-sorrel Polygala paucifolia Willdenow Fringed Polygala Rare. Open, rocky woods. South side of the main Occasional. Moister woods. Throughout. Notch ridge on basalt. Fl. 1 Jun. Bare Mtn. and Mt. Visitor's Center. Fl. 12 - 16 May. (1913, F. T. Norwottock. Large population on Bare Mtn. (1872, Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T303, NEBC; KBS 391) H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, SCHN; KBS 780) Polygala polygama Walter Racemed Milkwort Infrequent. CRS and power lines. Main ridge and E/W power line from Bare Mtn. west. Bare Mtn. Fl. Sanguinaria canadensis Linnaeus Bloodroot 22 Jun. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 180) Occasional. CTF and rocky ravines. Main ridge from Bare Mtn. west, primarily on basalt. Along the road to Polygala sanguinea Linnaeus Blood Milkwort the Summit House. Fl. 20 Apr. (1911, K. B. Laird Infrequent. Moist pond shores and moist areas on s. n., MASS; KBS 715) power lines. Lower north slope and lower south side. Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 8 - 28 Aug. (KBS 271) PHYTOLACCACEAE POLYGONACEAE Phytolacca americana Linnaeus Pokeweed Infrequent. Disturbed soil in a variety of habitats. *Fallopia convolvulus (Linnaeus) A. Löve Throughout. Fl. 23 Jun. Often in small openings such [Polygonum convolvulus Linnaeus] Black Bindweed as wind-throws and in recently burned areas. (KBS Rare. CRS. Main ridge. South side Bare Mtn. Fr. 1 827) Aug. (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS)

PLANTAGINACEAE Fallopia cilinodis (Michaux) Holub [Polygonum cilinode Michaux] Fringed Bindweed *Plantago aristata Michaux Bracted Plantain Infrequent. CRS and disturbed trail margins. Main Infrequent. CRS, quarries, and roadsides. Throughout. ridge. M. & M. Trail at the west end of Mt. Holyoke. Bare Mtn. and Sisters area. Fl. 20 Jul. (KBS 308) Fl. 27 Jun. (1996, KBS s. n., MASS)

*Plantago lanceolata Linnaeus *Fallopia japonica (Houttuyn) Ronse Decraene var. Narrow-leaved Plantain japonica Japanese Knotweed Infrequent. Quarries and power lines. Primarily lower [Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zuccarini] north slope and lower south side. Abandoned quarry Infrequent. Moist quarries and riparian areas. Lower south of Notch Visitor's Center. (KBS 383) north slope and lower south side. Lower section of Dry Brook. Only seen west of Mt. Norwottock. (KBS *Plantago major Linnaeus Common Plantain 394) Infrequent. Along trails and old fields. Throughout. Lower Access Trail. (KBS 712)

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Fallopia scandens (Linnaeus) Holub Bindweed Persicaria pensylvanica (Linnaeus) M. Gomez [Polygonum scandens Linnaeus] [Polygonum pensylvanica Linnaeus] Occasional. CRS, open talus slopes, and dry, open Pinkweed woods of the upper-slopes and ridge tops. South side Rare. Disturbed areas. Main ridge and lower north of the main ridge on basalt. Summit of Bare Mtn. slope. Large population along gravel road near the Fl. 16 Aug. - 4 Oct. (1871, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; Notch Visitor’s Center. Fl. 3 Sep. (KBS 492) KBS 332) Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small Persicaria arifolia (Linnaeus) Haraldson [Polygonum punctatum Elliott] Dotted Smartweed Halberd-leaf Tearthumb Infrequent. SEM and MF. Lower south side. [Polygonum arifolium Linnaeus] Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Fl. 9 Aug. - 3 Infrequent. SEM. Lower south side. Wetlands in the Sep. (1897, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 251) Comma Pond area. Fl. 8 Aug. (KBS 658) Persicaria sagittata (Linnaeus) H. Gross Tearthumb Persicaria careyi (Olney) Greene [Polygonum sagittatum Linnaeus] [Polygonum careyi Olney] Carey's Smartweed Occasional. SEM and open seeps. Lower north slope Rare. CRS. Main ridge. Single location, ridge west of and lower south side. Headwaters of Elmer Brook. the “Low Place.” Fl. 20 Aug. (1996, KBS s. n., Fl. 9 Aug. (KBS 266) MASS) Persicaria virginiana (Linnaeus) Gaertner Persicaria hydropiper (Linnaeus) Spach [Polygonum virginianum Linnaeus] Jumpseed [Polygonum hydropiper Linnaeus] Water-pepper Infrequent. Moist forest edges. Lower north slope and Infrequent. SEM and MF. Lower north slope and lower south side. Sweet Alice Conservation Area. lower south side. Moist margins of Hadley Reservoirs. (KBS 483) Fl. 9 Aug. - 3 Sep. (KBS 015, 260) *Polygonum aviculare Linnaeus Knotweed Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michaux) Small Infrequent. Disturbed areas and trails. Throughout. False Water-pepper Summit of Bare Mtn. Fr. 25 Jul. - 30 Sep. (KBS 547) [Polygonum hydropiperoides Michaux] Infrequent. SEM and streamside seeps. Lower south Polygonum tenue Michaux WL Rock Knotweed side. Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 8 - 18 Aug. (KBS Infrequent. CRS and power lines. South side of the 576) main ridge on basalt and along E/W power lines. Summit of Bare Mtn. Fr. 1 Aug. - 6 Oct. Only seen *Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitagawa from Mt. Norwottock west. (1871, H. G. Jesup s. n., [Polygonum caespitosum Blume var. longisetum SCHN; 1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS) (Bruijn) Steward] Chinese Smartweed Occasional. Disturbed areas along trails, old woods *Rumex acetosella Linnaeus Sheep Sorrel roads, and power lines. Throughout. M. & M. Trail, Occasional. CRS and open, disturbed areas. Mt. Holyoke. Fl. 22 Jun. (KBS 204, 334) Throughout. Summit of Bare Mtn. Fl. 28 May - 23 Jun. (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS; Persicaria maculosa Gray Lady’s-thumb KBS 869) [Polygonum persicaria Linnaeus] Rare. Disturbed areas. Main ridge and lower south *Rumex crispus Linnaeus Curly Dock side. Edge of road in recently logged area along Lower Infrequent. Disturbed field margins and roadsides. Access Rd. Fl. 6 Aug. (KBS 702) Throughout. Edge of abandoned field Sweet Alice Conservation area. Fr. 27 Aug. (KBS 767)

*Rumex obtusifolius Linnaeus Bitter Dock Infrequent. RMS and SEM. Lower south side. Shore of Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. 8 Aug. (KBS 264)

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*Rumex patientia Linnaeus Patience-dock PYROLACEAE Rare. Disturbed areas. Lower north slope. Single location in quarry east of Taylor Notch. Fr. 26 Jul. Chimaphila maculata (Linnaeus) Pursh (KBS 470) Spotted Wintergreen Occasional. Dry, wooded lower- to mid-slopes. PORTULACACEAE Throughout. Lower Access Trail. Fl. 16 - 29 Jul. Rarely on basalt. (1870, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; KBS Claytonia caroliniana Michaux 441) Carolina Spring-beauty No record since 1864. H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN. Chimaphila umbellata (Linnaeus) Barton Pipsissewa Claytonia virginica Linnaeus T Infrequent. Dry, wooded lower- to mid-slopes. Narrow-leaved Spring-beauty Throughout. Rarely on basalt. (1897, L. H. Elwell No record since 1932. H. W. Cornell s. n., AC. s. n., AC; KBS 824)

PRIMULACEAE Pyrola chlorantha Schwartz Green Pyrola No record since 1929. H. R. Baker et al. s. n., AC. Lysimachia ciliata Linnaeus Fringed Loosestrife Infrequent. SEM and riparian areas. Lower north Pyrola elliptica Nuttall Elliptic Shinleaf slope and lower south side. Comma Pond area. Fl. 23 Infrequent. Moist, wooded lower slopes. Throughout. Jul. (1925, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 041, 302) M. & M. Trail east of Harris Mtn. Rd. Fl. 29 Jun. More common east of Rte. 116, rarely on basalt. (KBS *Lysimachia nummularia Linnaeus Moneywort 514) Rare. RMS and seeps. Lower north slope. Swamp just south of Mechanics Street. Only two populations Pyrola rotundifolia Linnaeus var. americana (Sweet) observed. (KBS 442) Fernald Round-leaved Pyrola Infrequent. Open, wooded lower-slopes and ravines. Lysimachia quadrifolia Linnaeus Throughout. N/S power-line near old trolley line. Whorled Loosestrife (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 095) Occasional. Rocky, wooded slopes and power lines. Throughout. M. & M. Trail on Mt. Norwottock. Fl. 9 Pyrola secunda Linnaeus One-sided Pyrola Jun. - 5 Jul. (1929, H. R. Baker et al. s. n., AC; KBS [Orthilla secunda (Linnaeus) House] 762) Infrequent. Moist, hemlock dominated woods. Lower south side. Near headwaters of Elmer Brook. Fr. 10 Lysimachia terrestris (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns & Aug. (1857, E. S. Hoar s. n., NEBC; KBS 286) Poggenburg Swamp-candles Rare. SEM. Lower south side. Lithia Springs Ranunculaceae Reservoir. Fr. 8 Sep. (KBS 314) Actaea pachypoda Elliott Doll's Eyes Trientalis borealis Rafinesque Starflower [Actaea alba auct., non (Linnaeus) Miller] Frequent. Wooded lower- and mid-slopes. Occasional. FS on lower-slopes and ravines. Throughout. Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 4 May - 1 Throughout. Brookbank Trail. Fl. 6 May - 2 Jun. Jun. More common on the lower north slope. Rarely More populations on the north side of the Range. on basalt. (1864, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 597) (1897, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 774)

Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willdenow Red Baneberry Rare. Rich, moist forest below talus slope. Single location on Mt. Holyoke, J. A. Skinner State Park. Fr. 29 Jul. (KBS 626)

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Anemone americana (de Candolle) H. Hara Coptis trifolia (Linnaeus) Salisbury Goldthread Blunt-lobed Hepatica [Coptis trifolia subsp. groenlandica (Oeder) Hultén] [Hepatica americana (de Candolle) Ker Gawler] Infrequent. RMS and seeps. Lower north slope and Frequent. Dry, wooded slopes. Throughout. M. & M. lower south side. Headwaters of Elmer Brook. Fl. 15 Trail, Long Mtn. Fl. 7 Apr. - 1 May. Most populations May. More common on the north side. (KBS 756) are on the south side of the main ridge on basalt. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN) Ranunculus abortivus Linnaeus Kidney-leaf Buttercup Anemone quinquefolia Linnaeus var. quinquefolia Infrequent. Moist, rocky woods, mid- to upper-slopes Wood-anemone and riparian areas. Throughout. M. & M. Trail W of Infrequent. Moist woods, seeps and riparian areas. Taylor Notch. Fl. 30 Apr. - 6 May. (1913, F. T. Throughout. Brookbank Trail. Fl. 5 - 18 May. (1913, Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T317, NEBC; KBS 101) F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T299, NEBC) *Ranunculus acris Linnaeus Meadow-buttercup Anemone virginiana Linnaeus Stout Thimbleweed Rare. Roadside. Lower south side. At the intersection Infrequent. Moist, rocky mid- to upper-slopes and of Lithia Springs Rd. and Elmer Brook. Fl. 25 Jun. power lines. Main ridge and E/W power line. Along (KBS 539) Hollow Trail. Fr. 17 Jul. - 9 Sep. On or near basalt or Granby Basaltic Tuff. (1857, E. S. Hoar s. n., NEBC; Ranunculus allegheniensis Britton WL KBS 294) Allegheny Buttercup Rare. Moist, rocky woods, mid-slope. Lower south Aquilegia canadensis Linnaeus Wild Columbine side. West end of the Range on Granby Basaltic Tuff. Occasional. CRS, CRC, and CTF. Main ridge. North Fr. 4 Jul. (KBS 686) edge J. A. Skinner State Park picnic area, M. & M. Trail, Bare Mtn. Fl. 5 - 28 May. (1913, F. T. Hubbard Ranunculus fascicularis Muhlenberg ex J. M. & G. S. Torrey T336, NEBC; 1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Bigelow WL Early Buttercup Godfrey s. n., MASS) Infrequent. Open, rocky woods of mid- to upper- slopes. South side of the main ridge on basalt. Mt. Caltha palustris Linnaeus Marsh-marigold Norwottock and Bare Mtn. Fl. 15 - 28 May. (1863, Infrequent. RMS and streams. Lower north slope and G. G. Kennedy s. n. GH; 1996, KBS s. n., MASS) lower south side. Along streams in the Comma Pond area. Fl. 15 Apr. - 15 May. (1954, N. Nickerson s. n., Ranunculus flabellaris Rafinesque MASS; KBS 367) Yellow Water-crowfoot Infrequent. Ponds. Lower south side. Small pond Clematis occidentalis (Hornemann) de Candolle var. near Bachelor Rd. Large populations in several small occidentalis SC Purple Clematis ponds, but never seen with flowers or fruits. (KBS [C. verticillaris de Candolle] 578) Infrequent. CTF. Main ridge. From Long Mtn. to Taylor Notch. Fl. 11 May. Typically on north- or Ranunculus recurvatus Poiret var. recurvatus east-facing slopes. (1869, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN) Hooked Buttercup Infrequent. RMS, moist ravines, and streamsides. Clematis virginiana Linnaeus Virgin's Bower Lower north slope and lower south side. Swamp at the Infrequent. RMS, SS, and wet thickets. Lower north end of Mechanics St. Fl. 4 - 18 May. (1863, G. G. slope and lower south side. Wetlands in the Comma Kennedy s. n., NEBC; KBS 803) Pond area. Fl. 10 - 22 Aug. Most populations are on the south side. (KBS 288) Thalictrum dioicum Linnaeus Early Meadow-rue Infrequent. Moist, rocky slopes, ravines, and along intermittent stream courses. Main ridge and lower south side. Along road to Summit House. Fl. 11 - 18 May. Only seen west of Rte. 116. (1868, H. P. Smith s. n., SCHN; KBS 530)

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Thalictrum pubescens Pursh Tall Meadow-rue Agrimonia pubescens Wallroth T Downy Agrimony [T. polygamum Muhlenberg ex Sprengel] Rare. Moist woods along old track. Lower south side. Infrequent. Open streamsides. Lower north slope and Single location at the east end of the Range. Fl. 8 Aug. lower south side. Lower reaches of Elmer Brook. Fl. (KBS 653) 25 Jul. (KBS 484) arborea (Michaux f.) Fernald Thalictrum revolutum de Candolle Downy Shadbush Waxy-leaved Meadow-rue Infrequent. Dry, rocky woods of upper-slopes and Infrequent. Open woods of mid- to upper-slopes. ridge tops. Main ridge. M. & M. Trail east of Taylor South side of the main ridge on basalt. Mt. Notch. Fl. 30 Apr. Widely scattered populations. Norwottock and Bare Mtn. Fl. 28 May - 2 Jul. (KBS May be more widespread. (KBS 590) 698) Amelanchier canadensis (Linnaeus) Medikus Thalictrum thalictroides (Linnaeus) A. J. Eames & Eastern Serviceberry B. Boivin Rue-anemone Rare. SS. Lower south side. Single location in [Anemonella thalictroides (Linnaeus) Sprach] Granby at the edge of a pond with fluctuating water Occasional. Moist, rocky woods of lower- to mid- levels. (KBS 585) slopes. South side of the main ridge and E/W power line on Granby Basaltic Tuff. Bare Mtn. Fl. 5 - 16 Amelanchier laevis Wiegand Smooth Shadbush May. (1906, D. P. Miller s. n., MASS; KBS 678) Infrequent. Wooded mid-slope. Main ridge and lower south side. Power line east of Lithia Springs RHAMNACEAE Reservoir. Fl. 30 Apr. - 5 May. Probably more widespread. (KBS 509, 748) Ceanothus americanus Linnaeus New Jersey Tea Infrequent. Power lines and dry, open upper-slopes. Amelanchier spicata (Lamarck) K. Koch Main ridge and E/W power line. East end of Long [A. stolonifera Wiegand] Running Shadbush Mtn. Fl. 13 Jun. - 7 Jul. The largest populations are on Infrequent. Dry, rocky woods of the upper-slopes. the power line. (KBS 154) Main ridge and E/W power line. Trail to summit of Bare Mtn. Fr. 22 Jun. Extensive patches on E/W *Rhamnus cathartica Linnaeus Common Buckthorn power line just south of Dry Brook. (KBS 177, 179) Infrequent. Roadside and old fields. Lower south side. Lithia Springs and west. (KBS 615) Aronia arbutifolia (Linnaeus) Elliott Red Chokeberry *Rhamnus frangula Linnaeus Glossy Buckthorn Infrequent. SS. Lower south side. Small ponds [Frangula alnus P. Miller] toward the west end of the Range. Fr. 28 Aug. - 7 Sep. Occasional. RMS, moist pond shores, and moist, Small red fruits. (KBS 086) wooded lower-slopes. Lower north slope and lower south side. Edge of Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 1 Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) Elliott Jun. (KBS 739) Black Chokeberry Occasional. Variety of dry to moist habitats. ROSACEAE Throughout. Along telephone line just east of the Notch Visitor’s Center. Fl. 16 May - 4 Jun. (1913, Agrimonia gryposepala Wallroth F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T351, NEBC; KBS Common Agrimony 079) Infrequent. Moist woods. Main ridge and lower south side on or near Granby Basaltic Tuff. Along road to Aronia x prunifolia (Marshall) Rehder Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. 6 Aug. - 5 Sep. (1887, Purple Chokeberry L. M. Stabler s. n., GH; KBS 050) Rare. Rocky ridge top. Single location on shrubby cliff edge along the M. & M. Trail toward the west end of the Mt. Holyoke ridge. Fl. 17 May. Likely more common. (1886, D. W. Rogers s. n., GH; KBS 751)

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*Cotoneaster divaricatus Rehder & E. H. Wilson Geum canadense Jacquin White Avens Spreading Cotoneaster Infrequent. Moist woods of lower slopes and seeps. Rare. Open, rocky ledge. A single large shrub Lower north slope and lower south side. Brookbank growing on Bare Mtn. opposite quarry on Rte. 116. Fl. Trail. Fl. 23 Jul. - 22 Aug. More common on the north 3 Jun. The seed source was probably plantings of this side. (1930, W. C. Markert s. n., AC; KBS 018) species near the Lane quarry and at the Notch Visitor’s Center. (KBS 754) Geum laciniatum Murray Floodplain Avens Infrequent. RMS. Lower south side. Comma Pond Crataegus coccinea Linnaeus area. Fr. 9 - 29 Aug. (KBS 480) Round-leaved Hawthorn Infrequent. Open, rocky woods of mid- to upper- Geum rivale Linnaeus Water Avens slopes. Main ridge. Near mile 4 on M. & M. Trail, Rare. Pond margins. Lower south side. Single Long Mtn. Fl. 8 Jun. (KBS 132) location. Fr. 28 Aug. (ca. 1820s, AC 44851; KBS 567) Crataegus intricata Lange Allegheny Hawthorn [includes C. biltmoreana Beadle] *Potentilla argentea Linnaeus Silvery Cinquefoil Infrequent. Open, rocky woods and power lines. Main Infrequent. CRS, disturbed roadsides, and lawns. ridge. Mid-slope Bare Mtn. Fl. 18 May. (KBS 340, Main ridge. Mt. Norwottock and Bare Mtn. Fl. 12 Jul. 682) (1914, H. St. John s. n., NEBC; KBS 882)

Crataegus macrosperma Ashe Potentilla arguta Pursh Tall Cinquefoil Big-seeded Hawthorn Infrequent. CRS, open talus slopes, and power lines. Infrequent. CTF. Main ridge. N. side of Mt. South side of main ridge on basalt and E/W power line Hitchcock Fr. 20 Jul. (KBS 224) on Granby Basaltic Tuff. E/W power line just west of crossing with the Lithia Springs Trail. Fl. 8 Jun. Mt Crataegus pruinosa (Wendland) K. Koch Norwottock and west. (1887, L. M. Stabler s. n., GH; Frosted Hawthorn KBS 773) Infrequent. CTF and wooded upper-slopes. Main ridge. Ridge between Long Mtn. and Rattlesnake Potentilla canadensis Linnaeus Dwarf Cinquefoil Knob. Fr. 27 Jun. (KBS 185) Infrequent. Disturbed areas and roadsides. Throughout. Lawn, Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 5 - 16 Fragaria vesca Linnaeus var. americana Porter May. (KBS 371) Woodland Strawberry Infrequent. CTF and CRS. Main ridge. Talus slope *Potentilla intermedia Linnaeus on the east side of Rattlesnake Knob. Fl. 2 Jun. Fruit Intermediate Cinquefoil also present. (1909, G. H. Knowlton s. n., NEBC; Rare. Quarry. Quarry east of Taylor Notch. Fr. 26 KBS 118) Jul. Single large population. (KBS 469)

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Wild Strawberry Potentilla norvegica Linnaeus Rough Cinquefoil Occasional. CRS, open, rocky woods, power lines, Infrequent. Seeps and swamps. Main ridge and lower and disturbed trail sides. Throughout. M. & M. Trail south side. Mt. Norwottock near the intersection of the east of the Notch Visitor's Center. 17 - 28 May. M. & M. and Robert Frost Trails. Fl. 8 Aug. (KBS (1874, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; 1994, G. Barletta & P. J. 652) Godfrey s. n., MASS) *Potentilla recta Linnaeus Rough-fruited Cinquefoil Geum aleppicum Jacquin Yellow Avens Infrequent. Disturbed quarry and old fields. Old field Rare. Moist power line. Main ridge. N/S power line at the west end of Range near Rte. 47. Fr. 23 Jun. just east of Notch Visitor's Center area. Fl. 2 Jul. (KBS 468) (KBS 408)

58

Potentilla simplex Michaux Old Field Cinquefoil Rosa blanda Aiton WL Smooth Rose Frequent. CRS, open, rocky woods, moist areas, and Rare. Dry, sandy power-line. East of Harris Mtn. Rd. power lines. Throughout. Along Hollow Trail and in Fl. 4 Jun. (KBS 518) the Notch Visitor’s Center area. Fl. 17 - 31 May. (1929, R. H. Piper s. n., AC; KBS 109) Rosa carolina Linnaeus Carolina Rose Occasional. CRS and ridge tops. South side of the Potentilla tridentata Solander ex Aiton main ridge on basalt. Bare Mtn. Fl. 28 May - 10 Jul. Three-toothed Cinquefoil (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS) [Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Aiton) Rydberg] Rare. Open, rocky ridge. Main ridge. Single location *Rosa multiflora Thunberg Multiflora Rose near cliff-edge west of Mt. Holyoke. Fl. 12 Jul. Occasional. Disturbed areas, power lines, seeps, This location is an old hang-glider launch spot. swamps, and rocky, wooded slopes. Throughout. Population has persisted and slowly expanded for at Margin of Comma Pond. A few scattered individuals least 10 years. (KBS 435) seen on the main ridge. Fl. 17 May - 29 Jun. (KBS 811) Prunus pensylvanica Linnaeus f. Pin-cherry Infrequent. Rocky ridge tops, quarries, and disturbed Rosa palustris Marshall Swamp-rose areas. Throughout. M. & M. Trail west of the "Low Rare. SS. Lower south side. A single location in Place." Fl. 7 May. Common in the area above Lithia Granby east of Lower Access Rd. Fr. 28 Aug. A large Springs and along the crest of the Range that burned in population. (KBS 570) 2001. (1913, F. T. Hubband & G. S. Torrey T359, NEBC; KBS 375) Rosa virginiana P. Miller Virginia Rose Infrequent. Talus slopes and rocky, open woods of Prunus pumila Linnaeus var. susquehanae upper-slopes. Main ridge, primarily on basalt. M. & (Willdenow) Jaeger Sand-cherry M. Trail on Long Mtn. near mile 4 sign. Fl. 15 Jun. - Infrequent. CRS and ridge tops. Main ridge. 10 Jul. (1860, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 188) Summit of Bare Mtn. Fl. 15 Jun. From Mt. Norwottock west. (1903, A. V. Osmun s. n., GH; Rubus allegheniensis Porter Common Blackberry 1996, KBS s. n., MASS) Infrequent. Power line and trail edges. Throughout. N/S power line in Granby. Fl. 17 May - 4 Jun. (KBS Prunus serotina Ehrhart Black-cherry 388) Frequent. Old fields, wooded slopes from moist to dry. Throughout. Fl. 12 May. (KBS 848) Rubus enslenii Trattinnick Southern Dewberry Infrequent. CRS and power lines. Power line east of Prunus virginiana Linnaeus Choke-cherry Harris Mtn. Rd. Fl. 4 Jun. (KBS 522) Occasional. CTF, rocky, wooded upper-slopes and ridge tops. Primarily on the main ridge. M. & M. Rubus flagellaris Willdenow Northern Dewberry Trail east of Taylor Notch. Fl. 20 May. More Occasional. CRS, open, rocky woods of the upper- common on basalt. (1913, F. T. Hubbard & G. S. slope, and power lines. Main ridge and lower south Torrey T288, NEBC; 1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey side. M. & M. Trail west end of Mt. Holyoke. Fl. 9 - s. n., MASS; KBS 880) 27 Jun. (KBS 138)

*Pyrus malus Linnaeus Apple Rubus hispidus Linnaeus Swamp Dewberry [Malus pumila Miller] Occasional. Moist power lines, RMS, seeps, and Infrequent. Successional old fields, quarries and riparian areas. Throughout. Water tower area, wooded lower slopes. Lower north slope and lower Amherst. Fl. 10 Jun. (1891, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; south side. Fl. 7 May. Usually found as single, older KBS 248) trees. (KBS 374)

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Rubus idaeus Linnaeus var. strigosus (Michaux) RUBIACEAE Focke Wild Red Raspberry Infrequent. Moist talus slopes and SS. Throughout. Cephalanthus occidentalis Linnaeus Buttonbush Talus slope below Mt. Hitchcock. Fl. 17 Jun. Only Occasional. SS. Lower south side. Along Lithia seen west of Rte. 116. (KBS 214) Springs Rd. Fl. 23 Jul. - 7 Aug. (1872, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 439) Rubus occidentalis Linnaeus Black Raspberry Infrequent. Openings on upper, wooded slopes, Galium aparine Linnaeus Cleavers trailsides, and disturbed areas. Throughout. Infrequent. Rocky woods and streamsides. Main ridge Headwater of Baby Carriage Brook. Fl. 1 Jun. (KBS and lower south side. Road to Summit House. Fl. 17 856) Jun. - 20 Aug. Only seen west of Taylor Notch. (KBS 531) Rubus odoratus Linnaeus Thimbleberry Infrequent. Moist talus slopes and rocky ravines. Galium asprellum Michaux Rough Bedstraw Main ridge. Half-way House picnic area. Fl. 9 - 27 Infrequent. Pond shores, RMS, and streamsides. Jun. (1870, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 183) Lower south side. Swamp at the headwater of Elmer Brook. Fr. 8 Aug. Only seen in the Elmer Brook Rubus pensilvanicus Poiret headwaters and west. Fr. 8 Aug. (KBS 287) Pennsylvania Blackberry Infrequent. Rocky, wooded ridge-tops and talus Galium boreale Linnaeus E Northern Bedstraw slopes. Main ridge. Summit of peak 919 near M. & No record since 1864. H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN. M. Trail. Fl. 25 May - 16 Jun. (KBS 143) Galium circaezans Michaux var. circaezans Rubus pubescens Rafinesque Dwarf Raspberry Wild Licorice Infrequent. RMS and seeps. Throughout. RMS east Infrequent. Rocky, wooded mid- to upper-slopes. of the Notch along M. & M. Trail. Fl. 13 May. Most South side of the main ridge on basalt. South side of populations are on the lower south side. (1864, H. G. Long Mtn. Fl. 16 Jun. Variety hypomalacum Fernald Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 085) may also occur. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 690) Sorbus americana Marshall American Mountain-ash Galium lanceolatum Torrey Lance-leaf Bedstraw Infrequent. CTF, and ridge tops. North side and crest Occasional. Rocky, wooded slopes. South side of the of the main ridge. Picnic area east of Summit House. main ridge on basalt. East side of Long Mtn. Fl. 20 Fl. 10 Jun. Found from Mt. Norwottock west. (1893, Jun. (1867, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 563) L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 524) *Galium mollugo Linnaeus Field-madder Spiraea alba Duroi var. latifolia (Aiton) Dippel Rare. Quarry. Single location in the quarry on the Meadowsweet south side of the Range near the old trolley line. Fl. 30 Occasional. Disturbed areas, old fields, and swamps. Jul. (KBS 642) Throughout. Along road to the water tower, Amherst. Fl. 3 Aug. Only a few populations on the main ridge. Galium obtusum Bigelow Blunt-leaved Bedstraw (KBS 792) Infrequent. Pond margins and RMS. Lower south side. Headwater of Elmer Brook and west. Fr. 8 Sep. Spiraea tomentosa Linnaeus Steeple-bush (KBS 541) Occasional. Pond shores, moist power lines, and swamps. Throughout. N/S power line in Amherst. Galium pilosum Aiton Hairy Bedstraw Fl. 3 Aug. Only a few populations on the main ridge. Infrequent. Power line. Lower south side. Several (KBS 851) large populations on the E/W power line in Granby and South Hadley. Fr. 3 Aug. - 5 Sep. (KBS 057)

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Galium trifidum Linnaeus var. trifidum Populus tremuloides Michaux Trembling Aspen Northern Three-lobed Bedstraw Infrequent. Open, disturbed areas. Throughout. Occasional. SEM. Lower north slope and lower south Quarries east of Taylor Notch. (1914, K. B. Laird 2.2, side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Fl. 11 Jul. MASS; KBS 830) (KBS 032, 196) Salix bebbiana Sargent Long-beaked Willow Galium triflorum Michaux Sweet-scented Bedstraw Infrequent. Quarries, moist areas on power lines. Infrequent. Moist, wooded ravines and ravine Throughout. Wet area on power line near the Notch headwaters. Main ridge. Brookbank Trail. Fl. 20 Jun. Visitor's Center. (1952, R. E. Torrey et al. s. n., (KBS 169) MASS; KBS 769)

Hedyotis caerulea (Linnaeus) Hooker Bluets Salix discolor Muhlenberg Large Pussy-willow [Houstonia caerulea Linnaeus] Infrequent. SS, moist areas on power lines, and Occasional. Open, disturbed areas. Throughout. disturbed areas. Throughout. Moist power line area Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 5 May - 10 Jul. (1913, near the Notch Visitor's Center. (1914, K. B. Laird F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T295, NEBC) s. n., MASS; KBS 770)

Mitchella repens Linnaeus Partridge-berry Salix eriocephala Michaux Diamond Willow Frequent. Moist, wooded slopes and streamsides. Infrequent. SS, moist quarries, and moist, disturbed Throughout. Lower Access Trail and Brookbank Trail. areas. Throughout. Moist power line near the Notch Fl. 21 Jun. (KBS 732) Visitor’s Center. (KBS 104)

RUTACEAE Salix humilis Marshall Small Pussy-willow Infrequent. Moist areas on power lines and disturbed *Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht areas. Lower south side. N/S power line near Japanese Corktree Bachelor Rd. (ca. 1820s, E. Hitchcock s. n., AC; KBS Infrequent. RMS and riparian areas. Lower south 603 side. Several populations west of Lithia Springs Road. Some trees are near an old home site, but others appear Salix lucida Muhlenberg Shining Willow to be seeding naturally. (KBS 052) Rare. Moist, disturbed quarry. Lower north slope. Quarries east of Taylor Notch. May be more common. SALICACEAE (KBS 758)

Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall Cottonwood Salix nigra Marshall Black Willow Infrequent. Riparian areas, shallow ponds, and moist, Infrequent. SS and streamsides. Lower south side. disturbed sites. Lower south side. Edge of wetlands Wetlands near Lithia Springs Reservoir. (KBS 565) along Lithia Springs Rd. (1915, K. B. Laird 40.2.7, MASS; KBS 812) Salix sericea Marshall Silky Willow Rare. SS. Lower north slope. Power line east of Populus grandidentata Michaux Big-toothed Aspen Harris Mtn. Rd. (KBS 521) Infrequent. Disturbed areas, openings in woods. Throughout. Common in recently burned area along SANTALACEAE M. & M. Trail west of the “Low Place.” (1889, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 787) umbellata (Linnaeus) Nuttall Bastard-toadflax Populus heterophylla Linnaeus E Infrequent. Rock outcrops, rocky upper-slopes, and Swamp Cottonwood ridge tops. South side of the main ridge, primarily on Rare. Alluvial RMS. Lower south side. Large basalt. Along M. & M. Trail, Sisters area. Fl. 13 Jun. population in wooded swamp with fluctuating water (1919, E. F. Guba s. n., MASS; 1996, KBS s. n., levels. This is the only known population in MASS) Massachusetts. (1999, KBS s. n., MASS)

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SAXIFRAGACEAE Aureolaria pedicularia (Linnaeus) Rafinesque Fern-leaf False Foxglove Chrysosplenium americanum Schweinitz ex Hooker Infrequent. Rocky mid- to upper-slopes and power Golden Saxifrage lines. South side of the main ridge and lower south Occasional. RMS and in streamside seeps. Lower slope, primarily on basalt or Granby Basaltic Tuff. north slope and lower south side. Swamp just south of Near M. & M. Trail on Bare Mtn. Fl. 3 - 25 Aug. Mechanics Street. Fl. 30 Apr. - 15 May. (KBS 357) There are large populations along the E/W power line. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; KBS 731) Mitella diphylla Linnaeus Mitrewort Infrequent. Streamsides and seeps. Near Lithia Aureolaria virginica (Linnaeus) Pennell Springs Reservoir. Fl. 5 May. Three small Downy False Foxglove populations. (1889, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC) Infrequent. Ledges in open woods of upper slopes, ridge tops, and power lines. South side of the main Mitella nuda Linnaeus Naked Mitrewort ridge and E/W power line. Cliff edge, peak 721, W of No record since 1882. C. H. Patton s. n., AC. Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl 10 - 27 Jul. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 425) Saxifraga pensylvanica Linnaeus Swamp-saxifrage Rare. RMS. Lower south side. Headwaters of Elmer *Chaenorrhinum minus (Linnaeus) Lange Brook. Fr. 28 Jun. Dwarf Snapdragon Rare. Disturbed roadside. Scattered along gravel road Saxifraga virginiensis Michaux Early Saxifrage near the Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 6 Sep. (KBS 571) Occasional. CRS, rocky upper-slopes, and ridge tops. Main ridge on basalt. Along road to Summit House. Chelone glabra Linnaeus White Turtlehead Fl. 5 - 28 May. (1914, D. Potter s. n., GH; 1994, Occasional. RMS, pond shores, and streamsides. G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS) Lower north slope and lower south side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Fl. 10 Aug. - 12 Sep. (1930, Tiarella cordifolia Linnaeus Foamflower F. R. St. John s. n., AC; KBS 730) No record since 1873. H. M. Zeller s. n., AC. Gratiola neglecta Torrey Mud Hedge-hyssop SCROPHULARIACEAE Rare. Muddy pond shores. Lower south side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Fl. 22 Aug. (KBS Agalinis purpurea (Linnaeus) Pennell var. parviflora 462) (Bentham) B. Boivin Purple Gerardia [A. paupercula (A. Gray) Britton] Linaria canadensis (Linnaeus) Dumont-Courset Rare. Open seep and pond margin. Lower north slope. Blue Toadflax Parker Dam Reservoir. Fl. 1 Sep. Two small [Nuttallanthus canadensis (Linnaeus) D. A. Sutton populations. (KBS 496) Infrequent. Disturbed areas, particularly power lines. Main ridge and E/W power line. Disturbed summit of Agalinis tenuifolia (M. Vahl) Rafinesque Bare Mtn. Fl. 18 May - 25 Jun. Seen primarily Slender Gerardia between Bare Mtn. and Taylor Notch. (KBS 093) Infrequent. CRS, upper-slopes, and power lines. Throughout. Along old trail up south side of Mt. *Linaria vulgaris Miller Butter-and-eggs Norwottock. Fl. 21 Aug. - 16 Sep. (1925, A. S. Rare. Quarries and disturbed trail margins. Lower Pease 19651, AC; KBS 305, 497) north slope. Disturbed area at the top of Bare Mtn. Fl. 26 Jul. Forms dense patches. (KBS 449) Aureolaria flava (Linnaeus) Farwell Smooth False Foxglove Lindernia dubia (Linnaeus) Pennell False Pimpernel Rare. Rocky, wooded mid-slope. Main ridge. Long Infrequent. MF and RMS. Lower south side. Mtn. and Bare Mtn. Not see in flower. (1874, H. G. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Fl. 22 Aug. - 6 Jesup s. n., AC; KBS 634) Sep. Most populations are east of Rte. 116. (KBS 461)

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Melampyrum lineare Desrousseaux var. americanum SOLANACEAE (Michaux) Beauverd Common Cow-wheat Infrequent. Rock outcrops, open woods of lower *Solanum carolinense Linnaeus Horse-nettle slopes, and power lines. Throughout. Dry margins of Rare. Old field, and quarries. Lower north slope and Upper Hadley Reservoir. Fl. 27 Jun. - 3 Aug. (1950, lower south side. Field near the intersection of Dry R. E. Torrey et al. s. n., MASS; KBS 657) Brook and Rte. 47. Fl. 23 Jun. Only seen west of Rte. 116. (KBS 451) Mimulus ringens Linnaeus Blue Monkey-flower Infrequent. SEM and seeps. Lower north slope and *Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus lower south side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Bittersweet Nightshade Fl. 8 - 25 Aug. (KBS 737) Infrequent. RMS, CTF, and disturbed areas. Throughout. Along the road to the Summit House. Fl. Pedicularis canadensis Linnaeus Wood-betony 2 Jun. - 20 Aug. (KBS 804) Rare. Seeps on power lines. Main ridge and lower south side. N/S power line near Bachelor Rd. Fl. 5 - STAPHYLEACEAE 20 May. (1867, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 747) Staphylea trifolia Linnaeus Bladdernut *Verbascum thapsus Linnaeus Common Mullein Infrequent. CTF and wooded slopes. Throughout. At Infrequent. Rocky ridge tops, and open, disturbed Taylor Notch on the road to the Summit House. Fl. 15 areas. Throughout. Cliff edge, peak 721 W of Lithia May. Common along road to the Summit House on the Springs Reservoir. Fl. 7 Jul. - 3 Aug. (KBS 814) north side of the Range but otherwise found in widely scattered populations of one to four individuals. *Veronica arvensis Linnaeus Corn-speedwell (1863, G. P. Huntington s. n., NEBC; KBS 418) Infrequent. Disturbed CRS and lawns. Main ridge. Summit of Bare Mtn. Fl. 12 Jun. Bare Mtn. to Mt. THYMELAEACEAE Holyoke. (KBS 523) Dirca palustris Linnaeus Leatherwood *Veronica officinalis Linnaeus Common Speedwell Infrequent. Rich, moist woods and ravines. Main Infrequent. Rocky woods and disturbed areas. ridge on or just below basalt. Brookbank Trail. Fl. 5 Throughout. M. & M. Trail Bare Mtn. Fl. 15 Jun. - 5 May. Widely scattered populations of just a few Jul. (1866, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 401) individuals each. (1866, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 148) Veronica peregrina Linnaeus var. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell Purslane-speedwell TILIACEAE Rare. Quarry. Main ridge. Upper quarry east of Taylor Notch. Fr. 3 Sep. Large population. (KBS Tilia americana Linnaeus Basswood 491) Frequent. Moist ravines and wooded slopes. Primarily on the south side of the main ridge on basalt. M. & M. Veronica scutellata Linnaeus Marsh Speedwell Trail up Bare Mtn. Fl. 22 Jun. (KBS 681) Rare. SS. Lower south side. Near the base of Bare Mtn. Fl. 25 Jun. Likely more common. (KBS 536) ULMACEAE

*Veronica serpyllifolia Linnaeus var. serpyllifolia Celtis occidentalis Linnaeus Hackberry Thyme-leaf Speedwell [includes C. occidentalis var. pumila (Pursh) A. Gray] Rare. Disturbed riparian area. Lower south side. Infrequent. CRS and rocky upper-slopes. South and West end of Dry Brook. Fl. 23 Jun. Two large east slopes of the main ridge on basalt. Bare Mtn. Fr. populations. (KBS 648) 28 Aug. Can be a low shrub or small tree. (1872, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; 1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS)

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Ulmus americana Linnaeus American Elm Verbena simplex Lehmann E Occasional. RMS and riparian areas. Lower north Narrow-leaved Vervain slope and lower south side. Along Elmer Brook. Rare. CRS. South side of the main ridge on basalt. Fl. (KBS 808) 18 Jun. (1865, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; 1996, KBS s. n., MASS) Ulmus rubra Muhlenberg Slippery Elm Infrequent. Talus slopes and rocky mid- to upper- Verbena urticifolia Linnaeus White Vervain slopes. South side of the main ridge on basalt. Talus Infrequent. Disturbed areas. Throughout. Summit of slope on the east side of Long Mtn. (1873, H. G. Jesup Long Mtn. Fl. 16 Jul. (KBS 429) s. n., AC) VIOLACEAE URTICACEAE Viola blanda Willdenow Woodland White Violet Boehmeria cylindrica (Linnaeus) Swartz Infrequent. Moist woods, stream headwaters, and False Nettle ravines. Thoughout. Near the intersection of Dry Occasional. RMS, SEM, and riparian areas. Lower Brook and Lithia Springs Trail, and wet areas along M. south side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Fl. 24 & M. Trail east of the Notch Visitor’s Center. Fl. 4 - Jul. - 8 Aug. (KBS 255) 17 May. (1904, A. V. Osmun s. n., MASS; KBS 100)

Laportea canadensis (Linnaeus) Weddell Viola canadensis Linnaeus Canada Violet Wood-nettle Rare. Moist ravine headwater. South side of the main Infrequent. Base of talus slopes and riparian areas. ridge on basalt. Single location in the Sisters area. Fl. Main ridge and lower south side. Lower reaches of 14 May. (KBS 676) Elmer Brook. Fl. 20 Jul. (KBS 221) Viola cucullata Aiton Blue Marsh Violet Pilea fontana (Lunell) Rydberg Occasional. Streams and RMS. Lower north slope and Black-seeded Clearweed lower south side. Brookbank Trail. Fl. 6 - 17 May. Rare. MF. Lower south side. Wetlands in the Comma (1913, F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T368, NEBC; Pond area. Fr. 3 Sep. Forms large populations. (1987, KBS 098) R. E. Ruhfel s. n., NEBC; KBS 667) Viola labradorica Schrank American Dog-violet Pilea pumila (Linnaeus) A. Gray Clearweed [Viola conspersa Reichenbach] Occasional. Moist, open talus slopes, seeps, and Occasional. Variety of habitats at the moist end of the riparian areas. Throughout. Brookbank Trail. spectrum. Throughout. Brookbank Trail, Lower Fr. 8 - 25 Aug. (KBS 066) Access Trail. Fl. 5 - 31 May. (1899, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC) Urtica dioica Linnaeus subsp. gracilis (Aiton) Selander Slender Stinging Nettle Viola lanceolata Linnaeus Lance-leaf Violet Infrequent. CTF and moist, rocky woods. Main ridge. Infrequent. Sandy seeps and IAP. Lower north slope Lower talus slope on Rattlesnake Knob. Fl. 2 Jun. and lower south side. Margins of small pond near (KBS 114) Lower Access Rd. and Bachelor Rd. (KBS 486)

VERBENACEAE Viola macloskeyi F. Lloyd Northern White Violet Infrequent. RMS and along streams. Lower north Phryma leptostachya Linnaeus Lopseed slope and lower south side. Along stream just west of No record since 1952. R. E. Torrey et al. s. n., MASS. Rte. 116. Fl. 4 - 17 May. (KBS 363)

Verbena hastata Linnaeus Blue Vervain Infrequent. SEM. Lower north slope and lower south side. Upper Reservoir, Hadley. Fl. 8 Aug. (KBS 277)

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Viola palmata Linnaeus Three-lobed Violet VITACEAE Occasional. Rocky, wooded upper slopes. South side of the main ridge on basalt and lower south side on Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Linnaeus) Planchon Granby Basaltic Tuff. Trail up the south side of Mt. Virginia Creeper Norwottock. Fr. 16 Jun. (1913, F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Abundant. Talus slopes, openings in wooded areas, Torrey T334, NEBC; 1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey and seeps. Throughout. M. & M. Trail, east side of s. n., MASS) Bare Mtn. Fl. 25 Jul. (KBS 548)

Viola pedata Linnaeus Bird's Foot Violet Vitis aestivalis Michaux var. argentifolia (Munson) Infrequent. Power lines, and open, rocky woods, Main Fernald Silver-leaved Grape ridge and lower south side. E/W power line W of [V. aestivalis Michaux var. bicolor Deam] Lithia Springs Rd. Fl. 13 May. The largest and most Infrequent. Talus slopes and edges of rock outcrops. extensive populations are along the E/W power line. South side of the main ridge on basalt. South side of (1880, B. P. Clark s. n., AC; KBS 378) Bare Mtn. Fl. 23 Jun. (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., MASS; KBS 807) Viola pubescens Aiton var. pubescens [Viola pensylvanica Michaux] Downy Yellow Violet Vitis labrusca Linnaeus Fox-grape Occasional. Moist, rocky woods, lower slopes, ravines Infrequent. Riparian areas and swamps. Lower south and ravine headwaters. Throughout. Brookbank Trail. side. Along Elmer Brook. (KBS 061) Fl. 5 - 17 May. Usually found on or just below basalt. (1889, L. H. Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 199, 366) Vitis riparia Michaux River-bank Grape Infrequent. Moist, disturbed areas and quarries. Main Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schweinitz ridge and lower north slope. Just east of the Notch ex Torrey & A. Gray Smooth Yellow Violet Visitor's Center in a disturbed area. (KBS 476) [Viola eriocarpa Schweinitz] Rare. Seeps and moist woods. Main ridge. Taylor notch area. A few widely scattered populations. (KBS LILIOPSIDA (Monocotyledons) 529) AGAVACEAE Viola rotundifolia Michaux Round-leaved Violet Infrequent. Shaded riparian areas, stream headwaters. *Yucca filamentosa Linnaeus Spanish Bayonet Lower north slope and lower south side. Near the Rare. Disturbed roadside. Lower south side. The intersection of Dry Brook and Lithia Springs Trails. location may be an old dump site for garden debris. (KBS 091) Never observed flowering.

Viola sagittata Aiton Arrow-leaf Violet ALISMATACEAE [V. fimbriatula J. E. Smith] Occasional. CRS, rocky mid- to upper-slopes, and Alisma subcordatum Rafinesque quarries. Throughout. Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 5 - Lesser Water-plantain 28 May. (KBS 779) Infrequent. SEM and riparian areas. Lower south side. Comma Pond. Fr. 20 Aug. (KBS 047) Viola sororia Linnaeus Common Blue Violet [V. papilionacea Pursh p. p., V. septentrionalis Sagittaria latifolia Willdenow Common Arrowhead Greene] Infrequent. SEM. Lower south side. Wetlands in the Infrequent. Rocky ravines and roadsides. Throughout. Comma Pond area. Fl. 8 - 29 Aug. (KBS 280) “Low Place.” Fl. 4 - 16 May. (KBS 094)

Viola subsinuata Greene Rare. Moist, wooded upper slope. Main ridge. East end of Long Mtn. (KBS 635).

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ARACEAE Carex arctata W. Boott Northern Wood-sedge Infrequent. SS and moist quarry bottom. Lower north Arisaema triphyllum (Linnaeus) Schott slope and lower south side. Long Mtn. to Taylor [Includes subsp. stewardsonii (Britton) Huttleston and Notch. Fr. 17 Jun. (KBS 532) subsp. triphyllum.] Jack-in-the-pulpit Frequent. Moist, rocky woods, talus slopes, riparian Carex argyrantha Tuckerman Silvery Sedge areas, RMS. Throughout. Fl. 5 - 20 May. (1886, Infrequent. Open, rocky, wooded upper-slopes, talus R. W. Rogers s. n., GH; KBS 591, 683) slopes, and power lines. Main ridge and E/W power line. Summit of Bare Mtn. Fr. 26 Jun. - 3 Aug. (1924, Symplocarpus foetidus (Linnaeus) Salisbury R. E. Torrey s. n., MASS; KBS 344, 144) Skunk-cabbage Frequent. RMS, seeps, and riparian areas. Throughout. Carex atlantica L. H. Bailey subsp. atlantica Swamp beyond the south end of Mechanics Street. Fl. Eastern Prickly Sedge 7 Apr. (KBS 842) Rare. Marshy pond shore. Lower south side. Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. 16 Jun. (KBS 614) COMMELINACEAE Carex backii F. Boott E Back's Sedge *Commelina communis Linnaeus Dayflower Rare. Rocky, wooded upper-slopes. North side of the Infrequent. Roadsides. Lower north slope and lower main ridge on or just below basalt. Long Mtn. Fr. 26 south side. Road to the Summit House and Lithia Jun. (KBS 403) Springs Road. Fl. 10 Jul. (KBS 458) Carex bicknellii Britton WL Bicknell's Sedge CYPERACEAE Infrequent. CRS. Main ridge on basalt. East side of Mt. Norwottock’s summit. Fr. 4 Jul. (1870, H. G. Bulbostylis capillaris (Linnaeus) C. B. Clarke Jesup s. n., AC, SCHN; KBS 695) Sand-sedge Infrequent. Dried pools on rock outcrops, along trails, Carex brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie and quarries. Main ridge from Mt. Norwottock to Short Fescue-sedge Taylor Notch. Summit of Bare Mtn. Fr. 20 Sep. Infrequent. CRS and ridge tops. Main ridge. Top of (1994, G. Barletta s. n., MASS) Mt. Norwottock. Fr. 5 Jul. - 22 Aug. Not seen east of Mt. Norwottock. (1859, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS Carex albicans Willdenow ex Sprengel var. albicans 697) Variable Sedge Occasional. Open, rocky woods lower- to mid-slopes. Carex bromoides Schkuhr ex Willdenow South side of the main ridge on basalt. South side of Brome-like Sedge Long Mtn. Fr. 16 May - 12 Jun. (1860, E. Tuckerman Infrequent. RMS and seeps. Lower south side. s. n., AC; KBS 120, 127). Var. emmonsii may also Headwaters of Elmer Brook. Fr. 20 - 28 Jun. (1931, occur in the GMHR. C. A. Weatherby et al., s. n. AC; KBS 419)

Carex amphibola Steudel Gray Sedge Carex canescens Linnaeus Silvery Bog-sedge Rare. Forested mid-slope along an intermittent stream No record since 1942. R. E. Torrey s. n., MASS. channel. Lower north slope. Mount Holyoke. Fr. 12 Jun. (KBS 606) Carex cephalophora Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Oval-headed Sedge Carex appalachica J. M. Webber & P. W. Ball Occasional. Open, rocky, wooded mid- to upper- Appalachian Sedge slopes and CRS. South side of main ridge on basalt. Infrequent. Rocky, wooded upper-slopes. Main ridge. South side of Bare Mtn. Fr. 27 Jun. - 5 Sep. (1859, Road to the Summit House. Fr. 9 Jun. - 5 Jul. (1865, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 131) E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 217)

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Carex communis L. H. Bailey var. communis Carex folliculata Linnaeus Long-culmed Sedge Colonial Sedge Infrequent. Swamps and SEM. Lower south side. Occasional. Open, rocky woods and talus slopes. Comma Pond. Fr. 15 Aug. (KBS 753) Main ridge. Long Mtn. Fr. 8 Jun. - 5 Jul. (1865, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 121, 216) Carex glaucodea Tuckerman ex Olney E [C. flaccosperma Dewey var. glaucodea (Tuckerman Carex comosa F. Boott Bristly Sedge ex Olney) Kukenthal] Glaucescent Sedge Infrequent. SS and SEM. Lower south side. Wetlands Infrequent. Rocky, open, wooded mid- to upper-slopes in the Lithia Springs Reservoir area. Fr. 28 Aug. - 7 on basalt. Main ridge and Granby Basaltic Tuff. Sep. (KBS 083) South side of Bare Mtn. Fr. 9 Jun. - 10 Jul. Found along intermittent stream channels or abandoned trails Carex crawfordii Fernald Crawford's Sedge from Bare Mtn. west. (1864, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; Infrequent. Dry pond shores. Lower south side. KBS 137, 336) Comma Pond and Lithia Springs Reservoir areas. Fr. 20 Jul. - 8 Sep. (KBS 222) Carex gracillima Schweinitz Graceful Sedge Infrequent. Swamp margins, seeps, and ravines. Carex crinita Lamarck var. crinita Lower north slopes and lower south side. Brookbank Awned Sedge Trail. Fr. 31 May - 24 Aug. (F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Infrequent. Seeps and vernal pools. Lower north Torrey T307, NEBC; KBS 103) slopes and lower south side. Vernal pool just north of Southside Trail near the base of Mt. Norwottock. Fr. Carex gynandra Schweinitz Northern Awned Sedge 13 Jul. - 9 Sep. (KBS 696) Infrequent. Swamps and streamsides. Lower south side. Old beaver dam on Elmer Brook. Fr. 8 Aug. Carex debilis Michaux var. rudgei L. H. Bailey (1930, W. C. Markert s. n., AC; KBS 673) Northern Stalked Sedge Infrequent. Wooded slopes and old fields. Carex hirsutella Mackenzie Hirsute Sedge Throughout. Top of Rattlesnake Knob. Fr. 12 Jun. - [C. complanata Torrey & Hooker var. hirsuta (L. H. 11 Jul. (KBS 244) Bailey) Gleason] Occasional. CRS, open, rocky wooded mid- to upper- Carex deweyana Schweinitz var. deweyana slopes and power lines. Main ridge and power lines. Dewey's Sedge South side of Bare Mtn. Fr. 16 Jun. - 3 Aug. (1871, Infrequent. CTF. Main ridge on north- and east-facing H. G. Jesup s. n., NEBC; KBS 168) slopes. Rattlesnake Knob. Fr. 2 - 17 Jun. (KBS 112) Carex intumescens Rudge Bladder-sedge Carex digitalis Willdenow var. digitalis Infrequent. RMS and stream sides. Lower north slope Slender Wood-sedge and lower south side. Headwaters of Elmer Brook. Fr. Occasional. Ravines and wooded lower-slopes. Main 16 Aug. - 12 Sep. (KBS 247) ridge. Bare Mtn. Fr. 6 - 28 Jun. (1871, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, SCHN; KBS 507, 398) Carex laxiculmis Schweinitz var. laxiculmis Spreading Woodland-sedge Carex festucacea Schkuhr ex Willdenow Infrequent. Rocky streamsides and moist, wooded Fescue-sedge slopes. Main ridge. Sisters area and Rattlesnake Infrequent. Wooded upper-slopes and power lines. Knob. Fr. 13 Jun. (1924, R. E. Torrey s. n, MASS; Main ridge and lower south side. Near M. & M. Trail KBS 399) just W of Taylor Notch. Fr. 25 Jun. - 3 Aug. (1861, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 291)

Carex foenea Willdenow Hay-sedge No record since the 1870s. H. G. Jesup s. n., MASS.

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Carex laxiflora Lamarck Carex muhlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willdenow var. Loose-flowered Woodland-sedge muhlenbergii Muhlenberg's Sedge Frequent. Ravines and moister, wooded lower- to mid- Infrequent. Rocky, wooded upper-slopes and power slopes. Primarily on the south side of the main ridge lines. Main ridge and E/W power line. M. & M. Trail, on basalt. M. & M. Trail, Mt. Holyoke, “Low Place” Bare Mtn. Fr. 17 Jun. - 28 Aug. (1865, E. Tuckerman Trail. Fr. 8 Jun. - 11 Jul. (1863, G. G. Kennedy s. n., s. n., AC; KBS 598) GH; KBS 111, 096) Carex normalis Mackenzie Big Straw Sedge Carex leptalea Wahlenberg Delicate Sedge Rare. Power lines. Lower south side. Power line west Infrequent. RMS and seeps. Lower north slope and of Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. 19 Jun. (1869, lower south side. Wetlands near Comma Pond and E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 611) Elmer Brook. Fr. 11 Jul. - 22 Aug. (KBS 019) Carex ormostachya Wiegand Carex lucorum Willdenow ex Link Necklace Woodland-sedge Long-beaked Pennsylvania Sedge Rare. Moist base of talus slope. North side of the Rare. CRS. Main ridge. South side of Bare Mtn. main ridge. Sisters area. Fr. 10 Jun. (KBS 604) Probably overlooked and confused with C. pensylvanica. (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey s. n., Carex pallescens Linnaeus Pale Sedge MASS). Rare. Disturbed trail margin. Lower south side. Lower trail west of Lithia Springs Rd. Fr. 10 Jul. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell ex Dewey E (1928, W. C. Markert s. n., AC; KBS 428) False Hop-sedge Infrequent. SS. Primarily lower south side. On or Carex pedunculata Muhlenberg ex Willdenow immediately below basalt or Granby Basaltic Tuff. Fr. Long-stalked Sedge 18 Aug. - 1 Sep. All sites have fluctuating water levels Infrequent. Moist ravines, headwaters, and base of and are usually dry in late summer. (KBS 011, 456) talus slopes. Main ridge on basalt. Along the upper part of Hollow Trail. Fr. 14 Jun. (KBS 508) Carex lupulina Willdenow Hop-sedge Infrequent. RMS and seeps. Lower south side. Carex pellita Willdenow Woolly Sedge Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Fr. 20 Aug. - 12 No record since 1924. R. E. Torrey s. n., MASS. Sep. (KBS 865) Carex pensylvanica Lamarck Pennsylvania Sedge Carex lurida Wahlenberg Sallow Sedge Frequent. Open woods from lower-slope to ridge top. Occasional. Variety of wetlands. Lower north slope Primarily on the south side of the main ridge. Bare and lower south side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond Mtn. and Mt. Norwottock. Fr. 14 - 28 Jun. (1872, area. Fr. 11 Jul. - 15 Sep. (1929, H. R. Baker et al. H. G. Jesup s. n., AC) s. n, AC; KBS 262) Carex platyphylla J. Carey Carex merritt-fernaldii Mackenzie Fernald’s Sedge Broad-leaved Woodland-sedge Infrequent. Talus slopes and quarries. Main ridge. Occasional. CTF, rocky, wooded upper-slopes, and Upper quarry east of Taylor Notch. Fr. 5 - 25 Jul. ravines. Primarily on the south side of the main ridge. (KBS 209) M. & M. Trail, Bare Mtn. Fr. 2 - 21 Jun. (1860, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 141) Carex molesta Mackenzie ex Bright Troublesome Sedge Carex prasina Wahlenberg Rare. Quarry. Main ridge. Upper quarry east of Twisted Drooping Sedge Taylor Notch. Fr. 29 Jul. Likely more common. Infrequent. RMS and seeps. Lower north slope and (KBS 680) lower south side. Headwater of Elmer Brook. Fr. 21 May - 28 Jun. (1860, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 534)

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Carex radiata (Wahlenberg) Small Star-sedge Carex swanii (Fernald) Mackenzie Swan's Sedge Occasional. Rocky, wooded lower- to upper-slopes. Infrequent. Disturbed trail margins. Lower north South side of the main ridge on basalt. Upper part of slope and lower south side. Fr. 25 Jun. - 22 Aug. Hollow Trail. Fr. 31 May - 16 Jun. Seen from Long Rarely seen on the main ridge. (KBS 345) Mtn. to Taylor Notch. (1927, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 142) Carex tenera Dewey Slender Straw-sedge Rare. SEM and RMS. Lower south side. Comma Carex retroflexa Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Pond and Lithia Springs areas. Fr. 25 Jul. (KBS 549) Reflexed Sedge Infrequent. Rocky, wooded lower- to mid-slopes. Carex tonsa (Fernald) E. P. Bicknell var. rugosperma South side of the main ridge on basalt. South side of (Mackenzie) Crins Stiff-leaved Sand-sedge Long Mtn. Fr. 9 Jun. - 10 Jul. Seen from Long Mtn. to [Carex rugosperma Mackenzie] the “Low Place.” (1872, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, NEBC; Infrequent. Quarry and rock outcrops of lower slopes. KBS 124) Quarry near old trolley line. Fr. 17 May. Not on basalt. (KBS 679) Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willdenow Big Star-sedge Occasional. Ravines, seeps, and wooded mid- to Carex tribuloides Wahlenberg var. tribuloides upper-slopes. Main ridge. Near the headwaters of Blunt Broom-sedge Baby Carriage Brook. Fr. 16 Jun. - 10 Sep. (1859, Infrequent. SS and SEM. Lower south side. Lower E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 182) reaches of Elmer Brook. Fr. 8 Aug. - 3 Sep. (KBS 259) Carex scabrata Schweinitz Scabrous Sedge Infrequent. Streamside and RMS. Lower north slope Carex trisperma Dewey Three-seeded Bog-sedge and lower south side. Along stream below Parker Dam [includes C. trisperma var. billingsii O. W. Knight] Reservoir. Fr. 8 Aug. - 12 Sep. (1869, H. G. Jesup s. Rare. SS. Lower south side. Fr. 28 Aug. (KBS 568, n., SCHN; KBS 020). 304)

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willdenow var. scoparia Carex umbellata Schkuhr ex Willdenow Broom-sedge Short-beaked Sand-sedge Occasional. Moist disturbed areas, power lines, seeps, Occasional. CRS and power lines. South side of the and streamsides. Lower north slope and lower south main ridge on basalt. South side of Mt. Norwottock. side. Pond near Lower Access Rd. Fr. 22 Jun. - 7 Sep. Fr. 5 May - 11 Jun. (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey (1869, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 267, 333) s. n., MASS)

Carex sparganioides Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Carex vesicaria Linnaeus Inflated Sedge Bur-sedge Rare. RMS. Lower south side. Wetlands in the Infrequent. Moist, wooded ravines. Throughout. Just Comma Pond area. Fr. 28 Jul. - 28 Aug. (1924, R. E. west of Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. 23 Jun. (KBS Torrey s. n., MASS; KBS 228) 149) Carex vestita Willdenow Velvet-fruited Sedge Carex stipata Muhlenberg ex Willdenow var. stipata Rare. Sandy power line. Power line east of Harris Awl-fruited Sedge Mtn. Rd. (KBS 517) Rare. RMS. Lower south side. Headwaters of Elmer Brook. Fr. 8 Aug. Carex virescens Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Ribbed Sedge Carex stricta Lamarck Tussock-sedge Occasional. Rocky, wooded mid- to upper-slopes and Occasional. RMS and SEM. Lower north slope and talus slopes. Primarily on the south side of the main lower south side. Wetlands along Swamp Trail. ridge. Just west of Long Mtn. Fr. 18 Jun. - 28 Aug. (1869, T. D. Biscoe s. n., MASS; KBS 519) (1870, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, MASS, NEBC, SCHN; KBS 004, 128)

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Carex vulpinoidea Michaux Fox-sedge Rhynchospora capitellata (Michaux) Vahl Occasional. Pond shores, stream sides, and open Brown Beak-rush disturbed areas. Lower north slope and lower south Infrequent. Power line seeps, IAP, and quarries. side. Along lower reaches of Elmer Brook. Fr. 5 Jul. - Lower north slope and lower south side. Lower quarry 20 Aug. Seen from Rte. 116 and west. (KBS 335) east of Taylor Notch. (KBS 241)

Cyperus bipartitus Torrey Shining Flatsedge Schoenoplectus smithii (A. Gray) Sojak var. setosus Rare. MF. Comma Pond. Fr. 22 Aug. (KBS 460) (Fernald) S. G. Smith Smith's Bulrush [Scirpus smithii A. Gray] Cyperus lupulinus (Sprengel) Marcks subsp. Rare. Marshy stream inlet. Lower south side. Inlet of macilentus (Fernald) Marcks Button-flatsedge Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. 9 Sep. (KBS 317) [C. filiculmis Vahl var. macilentus Fernald] Infrequent. CRS and dry, open power lines. Main Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmelin) Palla Ridge and E/W power line. Fr. 1 Aug. - 30 Sep. [Scirpus validus Vahl] Soft-stemmed Bulrush (1871, H. G. Jesup s. n. AC; KBS 058) Rare. SEM. Lower south side. Lithia Springs Reservoir and pond near Link Trail south of Long Mtn. Cyperus strigosus Linnaeus Fr. 8 - 18 Aug. (KBS 012, 257) Straw-colored Flatsedge Infrequent. IAP and power line seeps. Lower south Scirpus atrovirens Willdenow Dark Green Bulrush side. Small ponds near Lower Access Rd. Fr. 22 Aug. Rare. SEM. Lower south side. Abandoned beaver (KBS 325) dam on Elmer Brook. Fr. 9 Aug. (KBS 694)

Dulichium arundinaceum (Linnaeus) Britton Scirpus cyperinus (Linnaeus) Kunth Wool-grass Threeway Sedge Occasional. SEM and SS. Lower south side. Occasional. SEM and IAP. Lower south side. Small Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. Fr. 8 Aug. - 12 ponds near Lower Access Rd. (KBS 665) Sep. (KBS 013, 278)

Eleocharis acicularis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes Scirpus expansus Fernald Spreading Bulrush Needle Spike-rush Infrequent. SEM. Lower south side. Lithia Springs Infrequent. IAP and seeps. Lower north slope and Reservoir and Comma Pond areas. Fr. 9 Aug. - 3 Sep. lower south side. Lithia Springs Reservoir and Comma (KBS 671) Pond areas. Fr. 28 Aug. (KBS 350) Scirpus hattorianus Makino Meadow-bulrush Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roemer & Schultes Infrequent. Wet disturbed areas along trails, roads, and Ovate Spike-rush streamsides. Throughout. Fr. 13 Jul. - 3 Sep. (KBS Infrequent. IAP. Lower south side. Comma Pond area 282) and Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. 28 Aug. (KBS 030) Scirpus microcarpus J. & K. Presl Eleocharis palustris (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes Red-stemmed Bulrush [E. smallii Britton] Small's Spike-rush No record since 1928. R. H. Piper s. n., AC. Rare. SEM. Lower south side. Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. 8 Aug. (KBS 281) Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl WL Appalachian Bulrush Fimbristylis autumnalis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Rare. Marshy, open streamside. Lower south side. Schultes Autumn Fimbry Along stream from Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. 5 Rare. IAP. Lower south side. Ponds near Lower Sep. (1871, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; KBS 192) Access Rd. (KBS 584)

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Trichophorum planifolium (Sprengel) Palla Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelmann) Fernald [Scirpus verecundus Fernald] Woodland Bulrush Short-tailed Rush Occasional. Rocky, open woods, mid- to upper-slopes. Infrequent. Moist quarry bottoms and IAP. Lower South side of the main ridge on basalt and lower south north slope and lower south side. Comma Pond area. side on Granby Basaltic Tuff. M. & M. Trail, Bare Fr. 28 Aug. - 3 Sep. (KBS 463) Mtn. Fr. 7 Jun. - 11 Jul. (1865, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 397) Juncus bufonius Linnaeus Toad Rush Infrequent. Moist quarry bottoms and IAP. Lower HYDROCHARITACEAE north slope and lower south side. Small ponds near Lower Access Rd. Fr. 26 Jul. (KBS 471) Elodea nuttallii (Planchon) St. John Nuttall’s water-weed Juncus effusus Linnaeus Soft Rush Rare. Aquatic. Lower north slope and lower south Occasional. SEM, IAP, and wet disturbed areas. side. Lithia Springs Reservoir. Large populations. Lower north slope and lower south side. Comma Pond (KBS 273) area. Fr. 8 Aug. - 13 Sep. (KBS 867)

IRIDACEAE Juncus marginatus Rostkovius Grass-leaf Rush Infrequent. SEM. Lower north slope and lower south Iris versicolor Linnaeus Northern Blue Flag side. Comma Pond area. Fr. 22 Aug. - 3 Sep. (KBS Infrequent. SEM and riparian areas. Lower north 464) slope and lower south side. Comma Pond area. Fl. 4 Jun. More common on the south side. (1893, L. H. Juncus pelocarpus E. Meyer Pondshore Rush Elwell s. n., AC; KBS 516) Infrequent. SEM. Lower south side. Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. 8 Aug. - 3 Sep. (KBS 258) Sisyrinchium angustifolium Miller Stout Blue-eyed Grass Juncus secundus P. Beauvois ex Poiret Infrequent. Open seeps and pond shores. Throughout. Secund Rush Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fl. 13 Jul. More common on Infrequent. CRS and rocky, wooded upper-slopes. the south side. (KBS 243) Main ridge. Summit of Mt. Norwottock. 5 Jul. - 9 Sep. (1870, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 349) Sisyrinchium montanum Greene Meadow Blue-eyed Grass Juncus subcaudatus (Engelmann) Coville & S. F. Infrequent. Moist areas on power lines and clearings. Blake Semi-tailed Rush Lower south side. Fl. 13 Jun. Only seen west of Lithia Rare. Pond shore. Lower south side. Comma Pond. Springs Rd. (1924, R. E. Torrey s. n., MASS; KBS Fr. 22 Aug. (KBS 465) 146) Juncus tenuis Willdenow Path Rush JUNCACEAE Occasional. Variety of habitats. Throughout. Summit of Bare Mtn. Fr. 5 Jul. - 3 Sep. Common along trails Juncus acuminatus Michaux Sharp-fruited Rush where it forms extensive populations. (KBS 203) Infrequent. Muddy pond shores. Lower south side. Lithia Springs Reservoir and Comma Pond areas. Fr. 8 Luzula multiflora (Retzius) Lejeune Aug. - 8 Sep. (KBS 279, 316) Common Wood-rush Occasional. Open, wooded slopes, power lines, and Juncus articulatus Linnaeus Jointed Rush clearings. Throughout. Mt. Norwottock. Fl. 5 May - Rare. Moist quarry. Lower south side. Quarry near 6 Jun. (KBS 372) Trolley line, south of the Notch. Fr. 30 Jul. (KBS 643)

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LEMNACEAE Lilium canadense Linnaeus Canada Lily Infrequent. Swamps and stream sides. Throughout but Lemna minor Linnaeus Duckweed more occurrences on the lower north slope and lower Infrequent. Aquatic. Lower north slope and lower south side. Swamp Trail. Fl. 19 Jun. Flowers are south side. Wetlands in the Comma Pond area. (KBS frequently eaten before opening. (KBS 412) 498) Lilium philadelphicum Linnaeus Wood Lily LILIACEAE Infrequent. Power lines. Lower south side. E/W power line along on Granby Basaltic Tuff. Fl. 4 - 10 Aletris farinosa Linnaeus Colic-root Jul. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 427) No record since 1869. H. G. Jesup s. n., AC. Maianthemum canadense Desfontaines Allium canadense Linnaeus var. canadense Canada Mayflower Wild Garlic Abundant. Found on all but the driest ridge tops. Rare. Moist soils in open woods. Main ridge. Mt. Throughout. Laurel Loop Trail. Fl. 4 May - 8 Jun. Norwottock and in the Sisters area. (KBS 546) (1913, F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T291, NEBC; KBS 701) *Asparagus officinalis Linnaeus Asparagus Rare. Disturbed roadsides. Lower north slope. Parker Maianthemum racemosum (Linnaeus) Link subsp. Dam area. Probably coming in with fill. (KBS 777) racemosum False Solomon's Seal [Smilacina racemosa (Linnaeus) Desfontaines] Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Rafinesque Bluebead-lily Frequent. Ravines, open, rocky, wooded slopes, and No record since 1916. K. B. Laird s. n., MASS. talus slopes. Throughout. M. & M. Trail, Mt. Holyoke, Bare Mtn. Fl. 5 - 9 Jun. (1867, E. *Convallaria majalis Linnaeus var. majalis Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 717) Lily-of-the-valley Rare. Disturbed roadside. Notch Visitor’s Center. Medeola virginiana Linnaeus Indian Cucumber (KBS 594) Occasional. Wooded mid-slopes and ravines. Throughout. Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 13 May - 15 Erythronium americanum Ker Gawler subsp. Jun. More common on the north side. (1863, G. G. americanum Trout Lily Kennedy s. n., GH; KBS 689) Infrequent. Moist, wooded lower-slopes and stream sides. Throughout. Brookbank Trail. Fl. 30 Apr - 12 Polygonatum pubescens (Willdenow) Pursh May. Often forms large populations. Solomon's Seal Frequent. CTF and rocky, wooded lower- to upper- *Hemerocallis fulva (Linnaeus) Linnaeus slopes. Primarily on the south side of the main ridge Orange Day-lily and on the E/W power line . Along the M. & M. Trail Rare. Disturbed woods. Lower south side. Two large west of Taylor Notch. Fl. 12 May. (1889, L. H. Elwell populations persisting around a house foundation and s. n., AC; KBS 330) on the bank of the trolley track. Not seen in bloom. (KBS 766) Streptopus amplexifolius (Linnaeus) de Candolle WL White Twisted-stalk Hypoxis hirsuta (Linnaeus) Coville Rare. Base of talus slope and in rocky woods. Main Yellow Star-grass ridge. Mt. Holyoke just west of Taylor Notch Trail. Infrequent. Power lines and rocky, open woods. South Fl. 9 May; Fr. 12 Jun. (KBS 135) side of the main ridge and lower south side. E/W power line in South Hadley. Fl. 13 May - 19 Jun. Trillium cernuum Linnaeus Nodding Trillium (1873, W. H. Blanchard s. n., NEBC; KBS 505) Rare. Stream bank. Lower north side. Lower part of Baby Carriage Brook. Fl. 21 May. (1907, L. S. Dickinson s. n., MASS; KBS 382)

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Trillium erectum Linnaeus Purple Trillium Cypripedium acaule Aiton Pink Lady's Slipper Occasional. Moist woods, talus slopes, ravines, and Occasional. Wooded lower- to mid-slopes. Main ravine headwaters. Throughout. Notch Visitor's ridge and adjacent areas throughout, but not on basalt. Center. 25 Apr. - 16 May. More common on north Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 15 May - 10 Jun. (1913, side. (1866, D. W. Rogers s. n, GH) F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey T310, NEBC)

Uvularia perfoliata Linnaeus Perfoliate Bellwort Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. pubescens Occasional. Riparian areas and moist, wooded slopes. (Willdenow) O. W. Knight WL Throughout. 12 - 31 May. More common on or near Large Yellow Lady's Slipper basalt or Granby Basaltic Tuff. (1929, R. H. Piper [C. calceolus Linnaeus var. pubescens (Willdenow) s. n., AC; KBS 677) Correll] Rare. RMS and moist woods. Main ridge and lower Uvularia sessilifolia Linnaeus Wild Oats south side. Fl. 25 May. Only seen in the eastern end Frequent. Wooded slopes. Throughout. Fl. 4 - 11 of the Range. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, SCHN) May. Often occurs with U. perfoliata. (1914, D. Potter s. n., GH; KBS 796) Cypripedium reginae Walter SC Showy Lady's Slipper Veratrum viride Aiton var. viride False Hellebore No record since 1873. H. G. Jesup s. n., AC. Occasional. RMS and streamsides. Lower north slope and lower south side. Baby Carriage Brook. *Epipactis helleborine (Linnaeus) Crantz Fl. 5 - 17 May. (1924, R. E. Torrey s. n., MASS) Helleborine Occasional. Ravines and moist, wooded lower- to NAJADACEAE mid-slopes. Throughout. Along the Southside Trail. Fl. 16 - 29 Jul. The most common orchid. (1980, H. E. Najas gracillima (A. Braun ex Engelmann) Magnus Ahles 89447, MASS; KBS 434) Slender Naiad Rare. Aquatic. Lower south side. Large population in Galearis spectabilis (Linnaeus) Rafinesque WL Lithia Springs Reservoir. (KBS 324) [Orchis spectabilis Linnaeus] Showy Orchis Infrequent. Moist, rocky woods and ravines. ORCHIDACEAE Throughout. Long Mtn. to the Low Place. Fl. 12 - 20 May. On or immediately below basalt. (ca. 1820s, AC; Aplectrum hyemale (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Seen but not collected) Torrey E Putty-root Rare. Moist, rocky woods. Main ridge. Just below Goodyera pubescens (Willdenow) R. Brown basalt. (ca. 1820s, AC with the location listed as Mt. Downy Rattlesnake-plantain Norwottock. Seen but not collected.) Occasional. Wooded lower- to mid-slopes. Throughout. Notch Visitor's Center area. Fl. 24 Jul. - 7 Coeloglossum viride (Linnaeus) Hartman var. Aug. (1927, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 700) virescens (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Luer WL Frog-orchis Goodyera tesselata Loddiges [Habenaria viridis (Linnaeus) R. Brown var. Checkered Rattlesnake-plantain bracteata (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) A. Gray] Rare. Hemlock/white pine woods. Lower south side. No record since 1928. W. C. Markert s. n., AC. Upper Access Trail. Fl. 24 Jul. A single, large population. (KBS 620) (Rafinesque) Rafinesque Spotted Coral-root Isotria medeoloides (Pursh) Rafinesque E Infrequent. Seeps and moist areas of ravines. Small Whorled Pogonia Throughout. Headwaters of Baby Carriage Brook. Fl. No record since 1899. H. L. Clark s. n., AMES. 6 Aug. - 12 Sep. (ca. 1820, AC; KBS 436)

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Isotria verticillata (Willdenow) Rafinesque WL POACEAE Large Whorled Pogonia Infrequent. Wooded lower- to mid-slopes. Main ridge *Agrostis capillaris Linnaeus and lower north slope. Rattlesnake Knob to Mount Bentgrass Holyoke. Notch Visitor's Center. Fl. 20 May. Not Infrequent. Moist power lines and edges of clearings. seen on basalt. (1863, G. G. Kennedy s. n., GH; seen Throughout. Comma Pond area. Fr. 3 - 22 Aug. but not collected) (KBS 776)

Liparis lilifolia (Linnaeus) Richard ex Lindley T *Agrostis gigantea Roth Redtop Lily-leaf Twayblade Infrequent. Open, moist areas, pond shores, and Rare. Open, rocky mid- to upper-slopes. South side of clearing edges. Throughout. North edge of Skinner the main ridge on basalt. Fl. 24 Jun. (1820s, E. State Park. Fr. 8 - 20 Aug. Seen from Mt. Norwottock Hitchcock s. n., AC; Seen but not collected.) and west. (KBS 206)

Platanthera hookeri (Torrey ex A. Gray) Lindley Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton, Sterns & WL [Habenaria hookeri Torrey ex A. Gray] Poggenburg Southern Ticklegrass Hooker's Orchid Infrequent. Power lines and rock outcrops. No record since 1906. D. P. Miller s. n., MASS. Throughout. Top of Mt. Norwottock. Fr. 28 Aug. (KBS 220) Platanthera huronensis (Nuttall) Lindley Northern Green Orchid Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuckerman [Habenaria hyperborea (Linnaeus) R. Brown Upland Bentgrass misapplied] Occasional. CRS, rocky, upper wooded slopes, and Rare. Moist woods with seepy, intermittent streams. power lines. Throughout. South side of Mt. Lower south side. Several populations in a single Norwottock. Fr. 25 Aug. - 16 Sep. (KBS 212) drainage system SE of Mt. Norwottock. Fl. 24 Jul. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 630) Andropogon gerardii Vitman Big Bluestem Infrequent. CRS. South-side of the main ridge. Platanthera lacera (Michaux) G. Don in R. Sweet Summit of Bare Mtn. Fr. 22 Aug. Only seen on Mt [Habenaria lacera (Michaux) R. Brown] Norwottock and Bare Mtn. (KBS 557) Ragged-fringed Orchid Rare. Moist area on power line. Lower south side. *Anthoxanthum odoratum Linnaeus E/W power line near Rte. 116. Fl. 3 Aug. (1927, A. S. Sweet Vernalgrass Goodale s. n., AC) Occasional. CRS and open, disturbed areas. Throughout. Dry area near Parker Dam. Fr. 28 Jun. - Platanthera psycodes (Linnaeus) Lindley 25 Jul. (1875, C. H. K. Sanderson s. n., AC; KBS 373) Small Purple-fringed Orchid [Habenaria psycodes (Linnaeus) Sprengel] Aristida dichotoma Michaux No record since 1915. K. B. Laird s. n., MASS. Church-mouse Three-awn Occasional. CRS and dry, open, disturbed areas. Main Spiranthes cernua (Linnaeus) Richard ridge and lower north slope. Near the Bunker. Nodding Ladies' Tresses Fr. 8 Sep. (KBS 352) Infrequent. Moist quarry bottom and disturbed areas. Lower north slope and lower south side. Quarry east Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreber) P. Beauvois of Taylor Notch. Fl. 1 Sep. Some very large Awned Woodgrass populations. (1930, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS Occasional. Ravines, moist, lower wooded slopes, and 495) along streams. Throughout, but primarily on the south side of the main ridge. South Side Trail. Fr. 1 Aug. - 9 Sep. (1870, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; KBS 234)

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Bromus ciliatus Linnaeus Fringed Brome Danthonia spicata (Linnaeus) P. Beauvois ex Roemer No record since 1872. H. G. Jesup s. n., AC. & Schultes Poverty-grass Frequent. CRS, open, wooded slopes from mid-slope *Bromus japonicus Thunberg Japanese Chess to ridge tops, and power lines. Throughout. South side Rare. Gravel pit. Lower south side. Single large of Bare Mtn. Fr. 27 Jun. - 10 Sep. More common on population in a gravel pit east of Elmer Brook. Fr. 25 the main ridge. (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey Jun. (KBS 538) s. n., MASS)

Bromus kalmii A. Gray Wild Brome *Deschampsia cespitosa (Linnaeus) P. Beauvois Rare. Power line. Lower south side. E/W Power line subsp. cespitosa Tufted-hairgrass east of Lithia Springs stream. Fr. 7 Jul. Widely Rare. Edge of swamp. Lower south side. Single scattered population extending over about 50 m. population, near the intersection of Elmer Brook and (1845, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 617) Lithia Springs Rd. (KBS 655)

Bromus pubescens Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Dichanthelium acuminatum (Swartz) Gould & C. A. Woodland Brome Clark subsp. columbianum (Scribner) Freckmann & Occasional. Wooded lower- to upper-slopes. South Lelong Downy Panic-grass side of the main ridge on basalt and lower south side [Panicum columbianum Scribner] on Granby Basaltic Tuff. Along the M & M Trail, Infrequent. Rocky, wooded mid- to upper-slopes. Long Mtn. Fr. 3 Aug. - 13 Sep. (ca. 1860, E. Main ridge. South side of Bare Mtn. Fr. 25 Jun. (KBS Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 589) 187)

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michaux) P. Beauvois var. Dichanthelium acuminatum (Swartz) Gould & C. A. canadensis Canada Reedgrass Clark subsp. fasciculatum (Torrey) Freckmann & Infrequent. Moist pond shores. Lower south side. Lelong Fascicled Panic-grass Lithia Springs Reservoir and Comma Pond areas. Fr. 8 [Panicum lanuginosum Elliott var. fasciculatum Sep. (KBS 321) (Torrey) Fernald] Occasional. CRS, power lines, wooded slopes, and Cinna arundinacea Linnaeus Common Woodreed some streamsides. Throughout. Along Hollow Trail. Occasional. Swamp margins, streamsides, and moist Fr. 27 Jun. - 20 Sep. (1952, R. E. Torrey s. n., MASS; woods. Primarily lower north slope and lower south KBS 044) side. Along Elmer Brook and the Comma Pond area. Fr. 18 Aug. - 13 Sep. (1926, A. S. Pease 19868, AC; Dichanthelium clandestinum (Linnaeus) Gould KBS 024) [Panicum clandestinum Linnaeus] Deer-tongue Infrequent. Disturbed trail margins, quarries, and *Dactylis glomerata Linnaeus Orchard-grass roadsides. Primarily lower north slope and lower south Infrequent. Power lines, roadsides, and disturbed side. Comma Pond area. Fr. 20 Aug. (1872, H. G. areas. Primarily lower north slopes and lower south Jesup s. n., AC; KBS 307) side. Parker Dam Reservoir. Fr. 25 Jun. (KBS 393) Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhlenberg) Gould Danthonia compressa Austin ex Peck Depauperate Panic-grass Woodland-oatgrass [Panicum depauperatum Muhlenberg] Infrequent. Open woods along trails, upper slopes, and Occasional. CRS, open, wooded mid- to upper-slopes, ridge top. Main ridge. M. & M. Trail west of Taylor and power lines. South side of the main ridge and Notch. Fr. 13 Jun. - 8 Aug. (1918, A. G. Stokey s. n., along E/W power line. South side of Bare Mtn. Fr. 26 MHC; KBS 215) Jun. - 25 Aug. (1924, R. E. Torrey s. n. MASS; KBS 172)

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Dichanthelium dichotomum (Linnaeus) Gould *Digitaria sanguinalis (Linnaeus) Scopoli Forked Panic-grass Large Crab-grass [Panicum dichotomum Linnaeus] Infrequent. Disturbed trail margins and power lines. Occasional. CRS, open woods of mid- to upper-slopes, Throughout. Old track up the south side of Mt. ridge tops, and power lines. Primarily on the south Norwottock. Fr. 27 Aug. - 16 Sep. (KBS 512) side of the main ridge and on power lines. Fr. 24 Jun. - 28 Jul. (1859, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 153, 167) Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauvois) Fernald var. muricata Barnyard-grass Dichanthelium latifolium (Linnaeus) Harvill Infrequent. SEM. Lower south side. Comma Pond Broad-leaved Panic-grass area. Fr. 28 Aug. (KBS 033) [Panicum latifolium Linnaeus] Occasional. Wooded mid- to upper-slopes and power Elymus canadensis Linnaeus Canada Wild Rye lines. South side of the main ridge. South side of Mt. No record since 1858. E. Tuckerman s. n., AC. Norwottock. Fr. 23 Jun. - 18 Jul. (1868, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 171, 339) Elymus hystrix Linnaeus Bottlebrush-grass [Hystrix patula Moench] Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribner) Gould Occasional. Rocky, open woods, mid-slope to ridge Linear-leaved Panic-grass top. Primarily on south side of the main ridge. On [Panicum linearifolium Scribner] rocks along the road to the Summit House. Fr. 11 Jul. - Infrequent. Wooded mid-slopes, quarries, and power 8 Sep. (1872, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 699) lines. Main ridge and lower south side. Bare Mtn. Fr. 6 Jun. - 4 Jul. (1870, H. G. Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS Elymus repens (Linnaeus) Gould Quack-grass 337) [Agropyron repens (Linnaeus) P. Beauvois, Elytrigia repens (Linnaeus) Nevski] Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schultes) Gould subsp. Infrequent. Old field and roadsides. Throughout. scribnerianum (Nash) Freckman & Lelong Field near intersection of Dry Brook and Rte. 47. Fl. Scribner's Panic-grass 23 Jun. (KBS 650) [Panicum oligosanthes Schultes var. scribnerianum (Nash) Fernald] Elymus riparius Wiegand Riverbank Wild Rye No record since 1870. H. G. Jesup s. n., AC. Infrequent. Moist streamsides. Lower south side. Along lower reaches of Elmer Brook. Fr. 8 Aug. - 9 Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (Elliott) Gould Sep. (KBS 636) Round-fruited Panic-grass [Panicum sphaerocarpon Elliott] Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinner Occasional. CRS, dry, open, rocky woods and power Woodland Wheat-grass lines Primarily on the south side of the main ridge. [Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte ex. H. F. South side Mt. Norwottock. Fr. 30 Jun. - 16 Aug. Lewis] (1865, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 421) Infrequent. Open, rocky woods, upper-slope and ridge top. Main ridge. Top of Mt. Norwottock. Fr. 3 Aug. Digitaria filiformis (Linnaeus) Koeler var. filiformis Awns are present on the lemma and treated as a Slender Crab-grass complex hybrid group in FNA. (1853, J. Blake s. n., Rare. Dry, sandy pond shore. Lower north slope. GH; KBS 189) Lower Hadley Reservoir. Fr. 12 Sep. (KBS 581) Elymus virginicus Linnaeus Virginia Wild Rye *Digitaria ischaemum (Schreber) Muhlenberg No record since 1900s. G. E. Stone s. n., MASS. Smooth Crab-grass Infrequent. Disturbed trail margins, quarries, and power lines. Lower north slopes. Quarry east of Taylor Notch. Fr. 3 - 30 Sep. (KBS 489)

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Eragrostis capillaris (Linnaeus) Nees WL Glyceria striata (Lamarck) A. Hitchcock Lace-grass Fowl Meadow-grass Infrequent. Disturbed roadsides, quarries, and power Occasional. RMS, riparian areas, and seeps. Lower lines, CRS. Throughout. Along gravel road near north slope and lower south side. Wetlands along Notch Visitor’s Center. Fr. 23 Aug. - 13 Sep. (1989, Swamp Trail. Fr. 11 Jul. - 13 Sep. (1868, H. G. Jesup B. A. Sorrie & V. Salzman 4978, MASS; KBS 472) s. n., SCHN; KBS 045)

*Eragrostis pilosa (Linnaeus) P. Beauvois var. pilosa *Holcus lanatus Linnaeus Velvet-grass India Lovegrass Rare. Open, disturbed area. Lower north-side. In fill Rare. Disturbed roadside. Main ridge. Gravel road surrounding the water tower, Amherst. Fl. 21 Jun. near Notch Visitor's Center. Fr. 23 Aug. (KBS 473) Single small population. (KBS 755)

Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steudel Leersia oryzoides (Linnaeus) Swartz Rice Cut-grass Purple Lovegrass Occasional. SEM. Lower north slope and lower south Infrequent. Sandy disturbed areas. Lower north slope. side. Ponds near Lower Access Trail. Fr. 8 - 28 Aug. Hadley Reservoir area. Fr. 12 Sep. (KBS 574) (KBS 477)

*Festuca filiformis Pourret Hair-fescue Leersia virginica Willdenow White Grass Rare. Disturbed areas. Main ridge. Edge of mowed Infrequent. RMS, seeps, and moist trail margins. area J. A. Skinner State Park. (KBS 205) Throughout. Brookbank Trail. Fr. 25 Aug. (1927, A. S. Goodale s. n., AC; KBS 347) Festuca rubra Linnaeus subsp. rubra Red Fescue Rare. Disturbed roadsides. Main ridge. Edge of Rte. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lamarck) Trinius H 116 near the Notch Visitor's Center. Fr. 29 Jun. Large Hairgrass population. (1859, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 638) No record since 1876. H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, SCHN, MASS. Jesup noted that it was not common when he Festuca subverticillata (Persoon) E. B. Alexeev collected it. Nodding Fescue Occasional. Wooded lower- to mid-slopes and ravines. Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poiret) Fernald Main ridge. Southside Trail. Fr. 23 Jun. - 18 Jul. Leafy-muhly (1859, E. Tuckerman s. n. AC; KBS 014, 150, 161) Infrequent. Moist roadsides, power lines, quarries, and disturbed trail margins. Throughout. Upper quarry Glyceria canadensis (Michaux) Trinius var. east of Taylor Notch. Fr. 28 Aug. (KBS 105) canadensis Rattlesnake-grass Infrequent. SEM and RMS. Lower south side. Lithia Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willdenow) Trinius Springs Reservoir area and along Elmer Brook. Fr. 8 - Marsh-muhly 20 Aug. (KBS 252) Rare. Seep on power line. Lower south side. Power line west of Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. 3 Aug. Glyceria melicaria (Michaux) F. T. Hubbard (1872, H. G. Jesup s. n., MASS; KBS 631) Slender Mannagrass Occasional. Seeps, RMS, and riparian areas. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Throughout. Swamp Trail. Fr. 8 - 24 Aug. (KBS 190) Trinius Awnless Woodland-muhly Infrequent. Rocky, wooded mid- to upper-slopes. Glyceria septentrionalis A. Hitchcock var. South side of the main ridge. Southside Trail. Fr. 22 septentrionalis Eastern Float-grass Aug. - 4 Oct. (1859, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS Infrequent. Shallow water in SS with fluctuating water 329) levels. Lower south side. Pond just off Link Trail south of Long Mtn. Fr. 18 Aug. - 12 Sep. (KBS 084)

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Muhlenbergia sylvatica (Torrey) Torrey ex A. Gray Panicum virgatum Linnaeus var. virgatum Woodland-muhly Prairie-switchgrass Rare. Moist area on power line. Lower south side. Infrequent. Disturbed trail and roadsides. Lower north Lithia Springs area. Fr. 5 Sep. (1925, A. S. Pease slope and lower south side. Comma Pond area. 19653, AC; KBS 046) Fr. 22 Aug. (KBS 446)

Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willdenow) Britton, Sterns *Phalaris arundinacea Linnaeus Reed Canary-grass & Poggenburg Slender Woodland-muhly Infrequent. SEM and moist quarry bottoms. Lower Infrequent. Rocky, wooded mid- to upper-slopes. north slope and lower south side. Beaver meadow on Main ridge. South side of Bare Mtn. Fr. 26 Aug. - 13 Elmer Brook east of Lithia Springs Road. Fr. 23 Aug. Sep. (1872, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC; KBS 562) - 8 Sep. (KBS 493)

Muhlenbergia uniflora (Muhlenberg) Fernald *Phleum pratense Linnaeus Timothy Pondshore-muhly Infrequent. Old field, roadsides, and disturbed Rare. Moist area on power line. Lower north slope. summits. Throughout. Fr. 23 Jun. - 8 Aug. (KBS Near Sweet Alice Brook. (KBS 651) 831)

Oryzopsis asperifolia Michaux *Phragmites australis (Cavanilles) Trinius ex Steudel Spreading Ricegrass [P. communis Trinius] Phragmites Infrequent. Lower wooded slopes and rocky stream Infrequent. Moist quarry bottom and silty stream channels. South side of the main ridge. South side of margin. Lower north slope and lower south side. Long Mtn. Fr. 11 May - 12 Jun. Only seen between (KBS 817). Along stream just east of the Trolley line the Notch Visitor's Center and Long Mtn. (1868, H. G. on the south side of the Range. (KBS 817) Jesup s. n., SCHN; KBS 515) pungens (Torrey) Dorn Panicum capillare Linnaeus subsp. capillare Slender Ricegrass Witch-grass [Oryzopsis pungens (Torrey ex Sprengel) Infrequent. CRS and open, disturbed areas. A. Hitchcock] Throughout. Gravel road near Notch Visitor's Center. No record since 1913. F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey, Fr. 23 Aug. - 29 Sep. Only seen between Mt. H542, NEBC. Norwottock and the Notch. (KBS 474) Piptatherum racemosum (Smith) Eaton Panicum dichotomiflorum Michaux subsp. Blackseed-ricegrass dichotomiflorum Fall Panic-grass [Oryzopsis racemosa (Smith) Ricker] Infrequent. Damp quarry bottom and pond shores. Occasional. Moist, rocky ravines and wooded lower Lower south side. Gravel pit near old trolley line. Fr. slopes to ridge tops. Main ridge on basalt. Along the 25 Sep. (KBS 725) M. & M. Trail on Long Mtn. and Mt. Norwottock. Fr. 1 Aug. - 12 Sep. More common on the south side of Panicum philadelphicum Bernhardi ex Trinius subsp. the Range. (1865, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS 872) philadelphicum SC Philadelphia Panic-grass Infrequent. IAP and dried pond bottoms. Main ridge Poa alsodes A. Gray Floodplain-speargrass and lower south side. Small ponds near Lower Access Infrequent. RMS and along streams. Lower south Trail. Fr. 6 Sep. Typically found in large populations side. Headwaters of Elmer Brook. Fr. 25 Jun. (KBS of very small individuals. (1997, T. Zebryk 4016, 540) MASS; KBS 674) *Poa annua Linnaeus Annual Bluegrass Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees subsp. rigidulum Infrequent. Trail margins. Throughout. Fr. 25 Jul. In Flat-stemmed Panic-grass wet years, found in large patches along trails. (KBS Infrequent. IAP and SEM. Lower north slope and 693) lower south side. Wet shore of Lithia Springs Reservoir. Fr. 25 Sep. (KBS 275)

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*Poa bulbosa Linnaeus subsp. vivipara (Koeler) Sorghastrum nutans (Linnaeus) Nash Indian Grass Arcangeli Bulbous Bluegrass Infrequent. CRS. Main ridge. M. & M. Trail, Bare Rare. Lawn. Single location. Lawn, Notch Visitor's Mtn. Fr. 16 Sep. (1994, G. Barletta & P. J. Godfrey Center. 15 May. Population persisting for at least 3 s. n., MASS; KBS 583) years. (KBS 593) Sphenopholis nitida (Biehler) Scribner T *Poa compressa Linnaeus Flat-stemmed Bluegrass Shining Wedgegrass Frequent. CRS, rocky, open woods of mid- to upper- Infrequent. Rocky woods of lower- to mid-slope. slopes, and power lines. Main ridge and E/W power South side of the main ridge on basalt. Fr. 8 Jun. line. South side of Bare Mtn. Fr. 22 Jun. - 9 Jul. Found between Long Mtn. and Rattlesnake Knob. (KBS 692) (KBS 123)

Poa palustris Linnaeus Fowl-meadow Grass Sphenopholis obtusata (Michaux) Scribner No record since 1948. R. E. Torrey & J. K. Pollard Prairie-wedgegrass s. n., MASS. Infrequent. Power line and open, disturbed roadsides. Main ridge. Along gravel road near the Notch *Poa pratensis Linnaeus Kentucky Bluegrass Visitor’s Center. Fr. 7 Jul. Seen from the Notch area Occasional. Power lines, edge of woods on ridge-tops to Taylor Notch. (1865, E. Tuckerman s. n., AC; KBS and along streams. Throughout. Top of Rattlesnake 616) Knob. Fr. 20 Jun. - 6 Sep. (KBS 176, 292) Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torrey ex A. Gray) Alf. Poa saltuensis Fernald & Wiegand subsp. languida Wood var. vaginiflorus Poverty-grass (A. Hitchcock) A. Haines E Drooping Speargrass Infrequent. Dry, disturbed soil, power lines, quarries, [Poa languida A. Hitchcock] and roadsides. Main ridge and lower south side. South Infrequent. Moist, rocky lower slopes. South side of of active quarry at the Notch. Fr. 29 Aug. (1989, C. the main ridge on basalt. Long Mtn. to Mt. Johnson s. n., MASS; KBS 661) Norwottock. Fr. 8 - 23 Jun. (1913, F. T. Hubbard & G. S. Torrey H 540, NEBC; KBS 125, 130) Tridens flavus (Linnaeus) A. Hitchcock Purpletop Rare. Disturbed area. Lower north slope. Single large *Schedonorus pratensis (Hudson) P. Beauvois population near Parker Dam. Fr. 23 Aug. (KBS 721) [Festuca pratensis Hudson] Meadow-fescue Infrequent. Disturbed areas, quarries, and old fields. Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydberg Throughout. Fr. 16 Jul. Seen between Rte. 116 and Six-weeks Fescue Rte. 47. (KBS 437) Infrequent. CRS, dry, disturbed soil. Main ridge. Top of Mt. Norwottock. Fr. 25 Jul. Seen from Mt. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash var. Norwottock west. (1879, H. G. Jesup s. n., AC, scoparium Little Bluestem SCHN; 1996, KBS s. n., MASS) Frequent. CRS, power lines, and open woods of upper-slopes and ridge tops. Throughout. Summit of PONTEDERIACEAE Bare Mtn. Fr. 21 Aug. - 1 Oct. (KBS 729) Pontederia cordata Linnaeus Pickerel-weed *Setaria pumila (Poiret) Roemer & J. A. Schultes Rare. Aquatic. Lower north slope and lower south subsp. pumila Yellow Foxtail side. Small pond near Lower Access Rd. Fl. 3 Sep. [Setaria glauca (Linnaeus) P. Beauvois] (KBS 664) Infrequent. Disturbed roadsides and quarries. Lower north slope and lower south side. Along Lower Access POTAMOGETONACEAE Trail. Fr. 6 Aug. - 12 Sep. (KBS 740) Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerman Big-leaved Pondweed Rare. Aquatic. Lower south side. Large population in Lithia Springs Reservoir. (KBS 037)

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*Potamogeton crispus Linnaeus Curly Pondweed TYPHACEAE Rare. Aquatic. Single site in small pond just east of the Notch Visitor's Center. (KBS 503) Typha latifolia Linnaeus Broad-leaved Cattail Infrequent. SEM and DEM. Lower north slope and Potamogeton epihydrus Rafinesque lower south side. Edge of pond just east of intersection Ribbon-leaf Pondweed of Bay Rd. and Rte. 116. (KBS 858) Infrequent. Aquatic. Lower north slope and lower south side. Lithia Springs Reservoir and Hadley Typha x glauca Godron Reservoirs. (KBS 561) (T. angustifolia x T. latifolia) Rare. Pond margin. Lower north slope. Edge of pond Potamogeton natans Linnaeus Floating Pondweed near the intersection of Bay Rd. and Rte. 116. Large Infrequent. Aquatic. Lower south side. Abundant in population in shallow water around the pond margin. Comma Pond and Lithia Springs Reservoir. (KBS Fr. 25 Aug. (KBS 878) 274)

Potamogeton pusillus Linnaeus subsp. tenuissimus (Mertens & W. D. J. Koch) R. R. Haynes & Hellquist Slender Tiny Pondweed Rare. Aquatic. Lower north slope. Hadley Reservoirs. Large population. (KBS 582)

SMILACACEAE

Smilax herbacea Linnaeus Carrion-flower Infrequent. Riparian and moist, wooded lower-to mid- slopes. Throughout. Along Hollow Trail. Fl. 12 May. (1924, A. M. Starr s. n., MHC; KBS 744)

Smilax rotundifolia Linnaeus Common Greenbrier Infrequent. RMS and riparian areas. Lower north slope and lower south side. Swamp near the end of Mechanics Street. Not seen with fruits or flowers. (KBS 839)

SPARGANIACEAE

Sparganium americanum Nuttall Common Bur-reed Infrequent. SEM and SS. Lower north slope and lower south side. Swampy margins of Comma Pond. Fr. 20 Aug. - 3 Sep. Can form extensive populations. (KBS 346)

Sparganium emersum Rehmann Narrow-leaved Bur-reed Rare. IAP. Lower south side. Small pond near Lower Access road and Bachelor Rd. Fr. 3 Sep. Scattered individuals near the upper-most water line. (KBS 663)

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Literature Cited

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INDEX Aronia, 56 Basswood, 14, 62 Arrow-wood, Northern, 40 Beak-rush, Brown, 69 A Arrowhead, Common, 64 Bearberry, 44 Abies, 17, 27 Artemisia, 31 Bedstraw, 59, 60 Acalypha, 44, 45 Asarum, 14, 30 Beech, American, 13, 47 Acer, 13, 14, 15, 28 ASCLEPIADACEAE, 30 Beech-drops, 51 ACERACEAE, 28 Asclepias, 10, 30 Beech-fern, 27 Achillea, 31 Ash Beggar-ticks, 31 Actaea, 14, 54 Black, 51 Bellwort, Perfoliate, 72 Adiantum, 14, 27 Green, 15, 51 Bentgrass, 73 Adlumia, 47 White, 14, 51 BERBERIDACEAE, 37 Agalinis, 61 Asparagus, 71 Berberis, 16, 37 AGAVACEAE, 64 Aspen, 60 Beteroa, 38 Ageratina, 31 ASPLENIACEAE, 24 Betula, 14, 37 Agrimonia, 56 Asplenium, 15, 24 BETULACEAE, 37 Agrostis, 73 Aster. See also Eurybia, Bidens, 31 Alder, 16, 37 Ionactis,, BIGNONIACEAE, 37 Aletris, 71 Symphyotrichum Bindweed, 53 Alisma, 64 Aster Black, 52 ALISMATACEAE, 64 Big-leaved, 32 Fringed, 52 Alliaria, 38 Blue Heart-leaf, 35 Birch, 14, 37 Allium, 14, 71 Calico, 36 Birdsfoot-trefoil, 46 Alnus, 16, 37 Clasping, 36 Bittercress, 39 AMARANTHACEAE, 28 Hairy, 36 Bittersweet, 42 Ambrosia, 31 Heath White, 35 Black-eyed Susan, 34 Amelanchier, 56 New England, 36 Black Gum, 16, 50 Amphicarpaea, , 45 Small White, 36 Blackberry ANACARDIACEAE, 29 Smooth, 35 Common, 58 Anaphalis, 31 Stiff-leaved, 33 Pennsylvania, 59 Andropogon, 73 Swamp, 36 Bladdernut, 62 Anemone, 9, 14, 55 Tall White, 36 Bloodroot, 14, 52 Antennaria, 31 Toothed White-topped, Blue Cohosh, 14, 37 Anthoxanthum, 73 34 Blue Curls, 49 APIACEAE, 29 Wavy-leaved, 36 Blue-eyed Grass, 70 Apios, 45 ASTERACEAE, 31 Blue Flag, Northern, 70 Aplectrum, 72 Athyrium, 24 Blue Monkey-flower, 16 APOCYNACEAE, 29 Aureolaria, 16, 61 Blue Scorpion Grass, 38 Apocynum, 16, 29 Autumn-olive, 44 Blue Toadflax, 61 Apple, 58 Avens, 57 Bluebead-lily, 21, 71 AQUIFOLIACEAE, 30 Azalea, Mountain, 44 Blueberry, 13, 16, 44 Aquilegia, 55 Bluegrass, 77, 78 Arabidopsis, 38 B Bluestem, Arabis, 10, 11, 38 Balsam Fir, 17, 27 Big, 73 ARACEAE, 65 Balsam-ragwort, 34 Little, 15, 78 Aralia, 14, 30 BALSAMINACEAE, 36 Bluestem-goldenrod, 35 ARALIACEAE, 30 Baneberry, Red, 54 Bluets, 60 Arctium, 31 Baptisia, 45 Boehmeria, 16, 63 Arctostaphylos, 44 Barnyard-grass, 75 Bog-clubmoss, Northern, 26 Arisaema, 65 Barbarea, 38 Aristida, 73 Barberry, 16, 37 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 30 Bartonia, 47

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Bog-sedge Calamagrostis, 74 Mouse-ear, 40 Silvery, 65 CALLITRICHACEAE, 39 Nodding, 41 Three-seeded, 68 Callitriche, 39 Chicory, 31 Boneset, 32 Caltha, 55 Chimaphila, 54 BORAGINACEAE, 38 Calystegia, 43 Choke-cherry, 58 Botrychium, 14, 20, 26 Campanula, 39 Chokeberry Bottle-gentian, 47 CAMPANULACEAE, 39 Black, 56 Bottlebrush-grass, 75 Campion, White, 41 Purple, 56 Bouncing Bet, 41 Canary-grass, Reed, 77 Red, 56 Boxelder, 28 Cancer-root, One-flowered, Chrysosplenium, 61 Brachyelytrum, 73 51 Church-mouse Three-awn, 73 Bracken, 24 CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 40 Cichorium, 31 Brasenia, 39 Capsella, 38 Cicuta, 29 BRASSICACEAE, 38 Cardamine, 14, 21, 39 Cigar-tree, 37 Bromus, 74 Cardinal-flower, 39 Cinna, 74 Broom-sedge, 68 Carex, 10, 14, 15, 20, 65-69 Cinquefoil Blunt, 68 Carpetweed, 50 Dwarf, 57 Buckthorn, 56 Carpinus, 37 Intermediate, 57 Bulbostylis, 65 Carrion-flower, 79 Old Field, 58 Bulrush Carya, 14, 15, 48 Rough, 57 Appalachian, 69 CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 40 Rough-fruited, 57 Dark Green, 69 Castanea, 13, 47 Silvery, 57 Red-stemmed, 69 Catalpa, 37 Tall, 16, 57 Smith's, 69 Catchfly, Sleepy, 41 Three-toothed, 58 Soft-stemmed, 69 Cattail, Broad-leaved, 79 Circaea, 51 Spreading, 69 Caulophyllum, 14, 37 Cirsium, 31, 32 Woodland, 70 Ceanothus, 16, 56 CISTACEAE, 42 Bunchberry, 43 Cedar, Eastern Red, 15, 27 Claytonia, 54 Bur-Cucumber, 43 CELASTRACEAE, 42 Clearweed, 15, 63 Bur-marigold, Nodding, 31 Celastrus, 42 Cleavers, 59 Bur-reed Celtis, 62 Clematis, 55 Common, 79 Centaurea, 31 Cliff-brake, Purple, 15, 27 Narrow-leaved, 79 Cephalanthus, 16, 59 Clintonia, 21, 71 Bur-sedge, 68 Cerastium, 40, 41 Clover Burdock, Common, 31 Chaenorrhinum, 61 Rabbit-foot, 46 Bush-clover, 9, 16, 46 Chamaecrista, 39 Red, 46 Bush-honeysuckle, 40 Chelone, 61 White, 46 Butter-and-eggs, 61 CHENOPODIACEAE, 42 White Sweet, 46 Buttercup Chenopodium, 42 Clubmoss Allegheny, 55 Cherry Appalachian, 25 Early, 55 Black, 58 Running, 26 Hooked, 55 Choke, 58 Shining, 26 Kidney-leaf, 55 Pin, 58 CLUSIACEAE, 42 Meadow, 55 Sand, 58 Coeloglossum, 72 Butternut, 48 Chess, Japanese, 74 Cohosh, Blue, 14, 37 Buttonbush, 16, 59 Chestnut, 13, 47 Colic-root, 71 BUXACEAE, 39 Chickweed Collinsonia, 48 Common, 41 Colt's Foot, 36 C Forked, 41 Columbine, Wild, 55 CABOMBACEAE, 39 Giant, 41 Comandra, 60 CAESALPINACEAE, 39 Little Mouse-ear, 41 Commelina, 65

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COMMELINACEAE, 65 Daisy Duckweed, 71 Comptonia, 50 Ox-eye, 33 Dulichium, 69 Conopholis, 51 Fleabane, 32 Dutchman's Breeches, 14 Convallaria,71 Dandelion, 36 Dwarf Dandelion, 15, 33 CONVOLVULACEAE, 43 Dwarf, 15, 33 Conyza, 32 Fall, 33 E Coptis, 55 Danthonia, 15, 74 Echinochloa, 75 Coral-root, Spotted, 72 Daucus, 29 Elaeagnus, 44 Corallorhiza, 72 Day-lily, Orange, 71 ELAEAGNACEAE, 44 Corktree, Japanese, 16, 60 Dayflower, 65 Elderberry Corn-speedwell, 62 Deer-tongue, 74 Common, 40 CORNACEAE, 43 Deerberry, 44 Red-berried, 14, 40 Cornus 9, 15, 15, 43 Dennstaedtia, 24 Eleocharis, 69 Coronilla, varia, 45 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE, 24 Elm Corydalis, 47 Deparia, 14, 24 American, 63 Corylus, 37 Deptford Pink, 41 Slippery, 63 Cotoneaster, 57 Deschampsia, 74 Elodea, 70 Cottonweed, Slender, 28 Desmodium, 45 Elymus, 75 Cottonwood, 2, 60 Devil's Pitchforks, 31 Enchanter's Nightshade, 51 Cow-wheat, Common, 62 Dewberry Epifagus, 51 Crab-grass Northern, 58 Epigaea, 44 Large, 75 Southern, 58 Epilobium, 51 Slender, 75 Swamp, 58 Epipactis, 72 Smooth, 75 Dianthus, 41 EQUISETACEAE, 25 Crane's Bill, Bicknell's, 48 Dicentra spp., 14 Equisetum, 25 CRASSULACEAE, 43 Dichanthelium, 74, 75 Eragrostis, 76 Crataegus, 57 Diervilla, 15, 40 Erechtites, 32 Crepis, 20, 32 Digitaria, 75 ERICACEAE, 44 Cress Diphasiastrum, 16, 25 Erigeron, 32 Mouse-ear, 38 Diplazium, 14 Erysimum, 39 Spring, 38 Dirca, 62 Erythronium, 71 Water, 39 Ditch-stonecrop, 43 Euonymus, 42 Crotalaria, 45 Dock Eupatorium, 32 Crown-vetch, 45 Bitter, 53 Euphorbia, 45 Cryptotaenia, 29 Curly, 53 EUPHORBIACEAE, 44 CUCURBITACEAE, 43 Patience, 54 Eurybia, 32 Cudweed, Low, 33 Dodder, Common, 43 Euthamia, 32 CUPRESSACEAE, 27 Dog-violet, American, 63 Eutrochium, 32 Currant, Garden Red, 48 Dogbane, Spreading, 29 Evening-primrose, Common, Cuscuta, 43 Dogwood 51 CUSCUTACEAE, 43 Alternate-leaved, 43 Everlasting Cut-grass, Rice, 76 Flowering, 43 Clammy, 34 Cynanchum, 30 Gray, 43 Pearly, 31 CYPERACEAE, 65 Round-leaved, 9, 15, 43 Sweet, 34 Cyperus, 69 Silky, 16, 43 Cypress-spurge, 45 Doll's Eyes, 14, 54 F Cypripedium, 10, 13, 72 Draba, 39 FABACEAE, 45 Cystopteris, 15, 24 Drosera, 43 FAGACEAE, 47 DROSERACEAE, 43 Fagus, 13, 47 D DRYOPTERIDACEAE, 24 Fall-dandelion, 33 Dactylis, 74 Dryopteris, 14, 15, 24 Fallopia, 52, 53

86

False Foxglove Garden, 38 Gray, 35 Downy, 61 Smaller, 38 Large-leaved, 35 Fern-leaf, 16, 61 True, 38 Late, 35 Smooth, 61 Forsythia, 50 Rough-leaved, 15, 35 False Hellebore, 72 Fox-grape, 64 Rough-stemmed, 35 False Nettle, 63 Foxglove Sharp-leaved, 34 False Pimpernel, 61 Downy False, 61 Showy, 35 False Solomon's Seal, 14, 71 Fern-leaf False, 16, 61 Stout, 35 Fern Smooth False, 61 Tall, 34 Bracken, 24 Foxtail, Yellow, 78 Zigzag, 14, 35 Christmas, 14, 25 Fragaria, 57 Goldthread, 55 Common Polypody, 15 Fraxinus, 14, 15, 51 Goodyera, 72 Glade, 14 Froelichia, 28 Gooseberry, Swamp, 48 Goldie's, 14 Frog-orchis, 72 Goosefoot, Maple-leaf, 42 Hay-scented, 24 Frostweed, 42 Grape, 64 Intermediate Wood-fern, FUMARIACEAE, 47 Grape-fern 15 Fumitory, Climbing, 47 Blunt-leaved, 26 Mackay's Fragile, 15, 24 Daisy-leaf, 26 Maidenhair, 14, 27 G Dissected, 26 Marginal Wood-fern, Gale, Sweet, 50 Lance-leaved, 26 15, 24 Galearis, 72 Little, 26 Marsh, 27 Galinsoga, 33 Grass New York, 27 Galium, 16, 59, 60 Fowl-meadow, 78 Northern Lady, 24 Gall-of-the-earth, 34 Indian, 78 Ostrich, 24 Gallant Soldiers, 33 White, 76 Rattlesnake, 14 Garlic-mustard, 38 Gratiola, 61 Sensitive, 25 Gaultheria, 13, 44 Greenbrier, Common, 79 Sweet, 50 Gaylussacia, 44 GROSSULARIACEAE, 48 Fescue Gentian, 47 Ground-cedar, 16, 25 Hair, 76 Gentiana, 47 Ground-pine, 26 Meadow, 78 GENTIANACEAE, 47 Groundnut, 45 Nodding, 76 Gentianopsis, 47 Gum, Black, 50 Red, 76 GERANIACEAE, 48 Gymnocarpium, 24 Six-weeks, 78 Geranium, 15, 48 Gypsophila, 41 Festuca, 76 Gerardia, 61 Field-madder, 59 Geum, 57 H Field-mint, 49 Gill-over-the-ground, 48 Hackberry, 62 Field Stitchwort, 41 Ginger, Wild, 14, 30 Hackelia, 38 Fimbristylis, 69 Ginseng, 14, 30 Hairgrass, 10, 76 Fimbry, Autumn, 69 Glechoma, 48 HALORAGACEAE, 48 Fir, Balsam, 17, 27 Glyceria, 76 HAMAMELIDACEAE, 48 Flatsedge Gnaphalium, 33 Hamamelis, 14, 48 Button, 69 Goat's Beard, Thick- Harebell, 39 Shining, 69 stemmed, 36 Hawk's Beard, Narrow- Straw-colored, 69 Golden Alexanders, 29 leaved, 32 Flax, Virginia Yellow, 50 Goldenrod Hawkweed Fleabane, 32 Bluestem, 35 Orange, 33 Float-grass, Eastern, 76 Canada, 35 Panicled, 33 Floodplain-speargrass, 77 Early, 35 Rough, 33 Foamflower, 21, 61 Elm-leaf, 35 Smooth, 33 Forget-me-not Grass-leaf, 32

87

Hawthorn Lamb's Quarters, 42 Allegheny, 57 I LAMIACEAE, 48 Big-seeded, 57 Ilex, 16, 30 Laportea, 14, 63 Frosted, 57 Impatiens, 36 LAURACEAE, 49 Round-leaved, 57 Indian Laurel, 13, 44 Hazelnut, 37 Cucumber, 71 Leafy-muhly, 76 Heal-all, American, 49 Hemp, 16, 29 Leatherwood, 62 Hedeoma, 49 Pipe, 10, 50 Lechea, 42 Hedge-hyssop, Mud, 61 Tobacco, 39 Leek, Wild, 14 Hedyotis, 60 Indigo, Yellow Wild, 45 Leersia, 76 Helenium, 33 Ionactis, 33 Lemna, 71 Helianthemum, 42 IRIDACEAE, 70 LEMNACEAE, 71 Helianthus, 33 Iris, 70 LENTIBULARIACEAE, 50 Hellebore, False, 72 ISOETACEAE, 25 Leontodon, 33 Helleborine, 72 Isoetes, 25 Lepidium, 39 Hemerocallis, 71 Isotria, 72, 73 Lespedeza, 9, 46 Hemlock, Eastern, 13, 15, 28 Lettuce, 33 Hepatica, Blunt-lobed, 14, 55 J Leucanthemum, 33 Herb-Robert, 15, 48 Jack-in-the-pulpit, 65 Licorice, Wild, 59 Hickory Japanese Corktree, 16, 60 Ligustrum, 16, 51 Bitternut, 48 Jewelweed, 36 LILIACEAE, 71 Mockernut, 48 Joe-Pye-weed Lilium, 16, 71 Pignut, 14, 48 Hollow-stemmed, 32 Lily Shagbark, 48 Spotted, 32 Bluebead, 21, 71 Hieracium, 33 Sweet, 32 Canada, 71 Hoary Alyssum, 38 JUGLANDACEAE, 48 Trout, 71 Hobble-bush, 14 Juglans, 48 Wood, 16, 71 Hog-peanut, 45 Jumpseed, 53 Lily-of-the-valley, 71 Holcus, 76 JUNCACEAE, 70 LINACEAE, 50 Honewort, 29 Juncus, 70 Linaria, 61 Honeysuckle Juniperus, 15, 16, 27 Lindera, 16, 49 Bell's, 40 Lindernia, 61 Bush, 15, 40 K Linum, 50 Fly, 14, 40 Kalmia, 13, 44 Liparis, 8, 73 Mountain fly, 40 King-devil, 33 Live-forever, 43 Morrow, 16, 40 Knapweed, Spotted, 31 Lobelia, 16, 39, 40 Wild, 40 Knawel, Annual, 41 Lobelia, Spiked, 16, 40 Hop-clover, Yellow, 46 Knotweed, 53 Locust, Black, 46 Hop-hornbeam, 14, 37 Japanese, 52 Lonicera, 9, 14, 16, 40 Horse-balm, Northern, 48 Rock, 53 Loosestrife, 54 Horse-nettle, 62 Krigia, 15, 33 Lopseed, 63 Horsetail, 25 Lotus, 46 Horseweed, 32 L Lovegrass, 76 Hound's Tongue, Woodland, Lace-grass, 76 Ludwigia, 51 38 Lactuca, 33 Luzula, 70 Huckleberry, Black, 44 Ladies' Tresses, Nodding, 73 LYCOPODIACEAE, 25 Huperzia, 25, 26 Lady's Slipper Lycopodiella, 26 HYDROCHARITACEAE, 70 Large Yellow, 72 Lycopodium, 26 Hydrocotyle, 29 Pink, 13, 72 Lycopus, 49 Hypericum, 42 Showy, 10, 72 Lyonia, 44 Hypoxis, 71 Lady’s-thumb, 53 Lysimachia, 54

88

LYTHRACEAE, 50 Orange, 30 Nuphar, 50 Lythrum, 50 Swamp, 30 Nut-sedge, Tall, 9 Whorled, 10, 30 Nymphaea, 50 M Milkwort, 52 NYMPHAEACEAE, 50 Madder, Field, 59 Mimulus, 16, 62 Nyssa, 16, 50 Maianthemum, 14, 71 Mist-gypsophila, 41 NYSSACEAE, 50 Maidenhair-fern, 14, 27 Mitchella, 60 Maleberry, 44 Mitella, 21, 16 O Malva, 50 Mitrewort, 61 Oak MALVACEAE, 50 MOLLUGINACEAE, 50 Black, 47 Mannagrass, Slender, 76 Mollugo, 50 Chestnut, 13, 47 Maple Moneywort, 54 Dwarf Chestnut, 47 Mountain, 15, 28 Monkey-flower, Blue, 16, 62 Pin, 15, 47 Norway, 28 Monotropa, 10, 50 Red, 13, 47 Red, 13, 28 MONOTROPACEAE, 50 Scarlet, 47 Silver, 15, 28 MORACEAE, 50 Scrub, 47 Striped, 14, 28 Morning-glory, Wild, 43 Swamp White, 15, 47 Sugar, 14, 28 Morus, 10, 50 White, 47 Maple-leaf Goosefoot, 42 Mountain Ash, American, 59 Oak-fern, 24 Marsh-bellflower, 39 Mountain-holly, Common, 30 Oats, Wild, 72 Marsh-marigold, 55 Mountain-mint Oclemena, 34 Marsh-muhly, 76 Hoary, 49 Oenothera, 51 Matricaria, 33 Short-toothed, 49 OLEACEAE, 50 Matted Pearlwort, 41 Slender-leaved, 49 ONAGRACEAE, 51 Matteuccia, 24 Virginia, 49 Onoclea, 25 May-apple, 37 Mugwort, 31 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 26 Mayflower, Canada, 71 Muhlenbergia, 10, 76, 77 Orange Grass, 42 Meadow-bulrush, 69 Mulberry, Red, 10, 50 Orchard-grass, 74 Meadow-buttercup, 55 Mullein, Common, 62 Orchid Meadow-grass, Fowl, 76 Musclewood, 37 Hooker's, 73 Meadow-rue Musk-mallow, 50 Northern Green, 73 Early, 55 Myosotis, 38 Ragged-fringed, 73 Tall, 56 Myosoton, 41 Small Purple-fringed, 73 Waxy-leaved, 56 Myrica, 50 ORCHIDACEAE, 72 Meadow-spikemoss, 27 MYRICACEAE, 50 Orchis, Showy, 72 Meadowsweet, 59 OROBANCHACEAE, 51 Medeola, 71 N Orobanche, 51 Medicago, 46 Naiad, Slender, 72 Oryzopsis, 77 Medick, Black, 46 NAJADACEAE, 72 Osmunda, 26 Melampyrum, 62 Najas, 72 OSMUNDACEAE, 26 Melilotus, 46 Nannyberry, 40 Ostrya, 14, 37 Mentha, 49 Nemopanthus, 30 OXALIDACEAE, 52 Mercury Nettle Oxalis, 52 Broad Three-seeded, 44 False, 16, 63 Slender Three-seeded, Slender Stinging, 63 P 44 Wood, 63 Pachysandra, 39 Three-seeded, 45 New Jersey Tea, 16, 56 Packera, 15, 34 Mermaid-weed, 48 Nightshade Panax, 14, 30 Milkweed Bittersweet, 62 Common, 30 Enchanter's, 51 Four-leaved, 30 Small Enchanter's, 51

89

Panic-grass Pipsissewa, 54 Prunella, 49 Broad-leaved, 75 Piptatherum, 77 Prunus, 58 Depauperate, 74 Pitchforks, Devil's, 31 Pseudognaphalium, 34 Downy, 74 PLANTAGINACEAE, 52 PTERIDACEAE, 27 Fall, 77 Plantago, 52 Pteridium, 24 Fascicled, 74 Plantain Purple Loosestrife, 50 Flat-stemmed, 77 Bracted, 52 Purpletop, 78 Forked, 75 Common, 52 Purslane-speedwell, 62 Linear-leaved, 75 Narrow-leaved, 52 Purslane, Water, 51 Philadelphia, 16, 77 Pale, 52 Pussy-willow, 60 Round-fruited, 75 Robin's, 32 Pussytoes, 31 Scribner's, 75 PLATANACEAE, 52 Putty-root, 72 Panicum, 16, 77 Platanthera, 73 Pycnanthemum, 49 PAPAVERACEAE, 52 Platanus, 52 Pyrola, 54 Paronychia, 41 Poa, 11, 77, 78 Pyrola, 54 Parthenocissus, 15, 64 POACEAE, 73 PYROLACEAE, 54 Partridge-berry, 60 Podophyllum, 17, 37 Pyrus, 58 Pearlwort, Matted, 41 Pogonia, 72, 73 Pearly Everlasting, 31 Poison Ivy, 15, 29 Q Pedicularis, 62 Poison Sumac, 29 Quack-grass, 75 Pellaea, 15, 27 Pokeweed, 52 Queen Anne's Lace, 29 Pennyroyal, American, 49 Polygala, 52 Quercus, 13, 14, 15, 16, 47 Pennywort, Swamp, 29 POLYGALACEAE, 52 Quillwort, Spiny-spored, 25 Penthorum, 43 POLYGONACEAE, 52 Peppergrass, Wild, 39 Polygonatum, 71 R Peppermint, 49 Polygonum, 53. See also. Ragged Robin, 41 Periwinkle, 29 Fallopia, Persicaria Ragweed, 31 Persicaria, 53 POLYPODIACEAE, 27 Ragwort Phalaris, 17, 77 Polypodium, 15, 27 Balsam, 34 Phegopteris, 27 Polystichum, 14, 25 Broad-leaved, 34 Phellodendron, 16, 60 Pondshore-muhly, 77 Golden, 15, 34 Phleum, 77 Pondweed RANUNCULACEAE, 54 Phragmites, 17, 77 Big-leaved, 78 Ranunculus, 55 Phryma, 63 Curly, 79 Raspberry, 59 Phytolacca, 52 Floating, 79 Rattlebox, 45 PHYTOLACCACEAE, 52 Ribbon-leaf, 79 Rattlesnake-fern, 14, 26 Picea, 28 Slender Tiny, 79 Rattlesnake-grass, 76 Pickerel-weed, 78 Pontederia, 78 Rattlesnake-plantain, 72 Pilea, 15, 63 PONTEDERIACEAE, 78 Rattlesnake-root, Tall, 34 Pilewort, 32 Populus, 2, 15, 60 Rattlesnake Weed, 33 Pimpernel, False, 61 PORTULACACEAE, 54 Red Cedar, Eastern, 15, 27 PINACEAE, 27 Potamogeton, 78, 79 Redtop, 73 Pineapple-weed, 33 POTAMOGETONACEAE, 78 Reedgrass, Canada, 74 Pinesap, 50 Potentilla, 57, 58 RHAMNACEAE, 56 Pink, Deptford, 41 Poverty-grass, 15, 74, 78 Rhamnus, 56 Pinkweed, 53 Prairie-switchgrass, 77 Rhododendron, 44 Pinus, 17, 28 Prenanthes, 34 Rhus, 29 Pinweed Prickly Ash, 11 Rhynchospora, 69 Hairy, 42 PRIMULACEAE, 54 Ribes, 48 Large-podded, 42 Privet, Japanese, 16, 51 Slender, 42 Proserpinaca, 48

90

Ricegrass Sanicula, 29 Long-culmed, 66 Blackseed, 77 SANTALACEAE, 60 Long-stalked, 67 Slender, 77 Saponaria, 41 Muhlenberg's, 67 Spreading, 77 Sarsaparilla, 14, 30 Northern Awned, 66 Robinia, 46 Sassafras, 49 Northern Stalked, 66 Robin's Plantain, 32 Satureja, 49 Oval-headed, 65 Rock-cress, 10, 38 Saxifraga, 15, 61 Pale, 67 Rock-spikemoss, 27 Saxifrage Pennsylvania, 67 Rorippa, 39 Early, 15, 61 Plantain-leaf, 14 Rosa, 58 Golden, 61 Reflexed, 68 ROSACEAE, 56 Swamp, 15, 61 Ribbed, 68 Rose SAXIFRAGRACEAE, 61 Sallow, 67 Carolina, 58 Schedonorus, 78 Scabrous, 68 Multiflora, 58 Schizachryium, 15, 78 Short Fescue, 65 Smooth, 58 Schoenoplectus, 69 Silvery, 65 Swamp, 58 Scirpus, 69 Slender Straw, 68 Virginia, 58 Scleranthus, 41 Star-sedge, 68 RUBIACEAE, 59 Scleria, 9 Swan's, 68 Rubus, 59 Scorpion-grass, 38 Threeway, 69 Rudbeckia, 34 Scouring Rush, 25 Troublesome, 67 Rue-anemone, 56 Screw-stem, 47 Twisted Drooping, 67 Rumex, 53, 54 SCROPHULARIACEAE, 61 Variable, 65 Rush Scutellaria, 49 Velvet-fruited, 68 Grass-leaf, 70 Sedge Woolly, 67 Jointed, 70 Appalachian, 65 Sedum, 43 Path, 70 Awl-fruited, 68 Seedbox, 51 Pondshore, 70 Awned, 66 Selaginella, 27 Secund, 70 Back's, 65 SELAGINELLACEAE, 27 Semi-tailed, 70 Bicknell's, 65 Senecio. See, Packera Sharp-fruited, 70 Big Star, 68 Sensitive Plant, Wild, 39 Short-tailed, 70 Big Straw, 67 Sericocarpus, 34 Soft, 70 Bladder, 66 Serviceberry, Eastern, 56 Toad, 70 Bristly, 66 Setaria, 78 RUTACEAE, 60 Brome-like, 15, 65 Shadbush Rye Bur, 68 Downy, 56 Canada Wild, 75 Colonial, 66 Running, 56 Riverbank Wild, 75 Crawford's, 66 Smooth, 56 Virginia Wild, 75 Delicate, 15, 67 Shagbark-hickory, 48 Dewey's, 66 Sheep Sorrel, 53 S Eastern Prickly, 65 Shepherd's Purse, 38 Sagina, 41 Fernald's, 67 Shinleaf, Elliptic, 54 Sagittaria, 64 Fescue, 66 Shortpod Whitlow-grass, 14 SALICACEAE, 60 Fox, 69 Sickle-pod, 38 Salix, 16, 60 Glaucescent, 10, 66 Sicyos, 43 Sambucus, 14, 15, 40 Graceful, 66 Silene, 41 Sand-cherry, 58 Gray, 65 Silverrod, 34 Sand-sedge, 65 Hay, 66 Sisyrinchium, 70 Short-beaked, 68 Hirsute, 66 Sium, 29 Stiff-leaved, 68 Inflated, 68 Skullcap, Mad-dog, 49 Sand-spurrey, Red, 41 Long-beaked Skunk-cabbage, 65 Sanguinaria, 14, 52 Pennsylvania, 67 Sleepy Catchfly, 41

91

Smartweed St. John's Wort Large-bracted, 45 Carey's, 53 Canadian, 42 Naked, 45 Chinese, 53 Common, 43 Panicled, 45 Dotted, 53 Dwarf, 42 Round-leaved, 45 SMILACACEAE, 79 Marsh, 43 Smooth, 45 Smilax, 79 Northern Dwarf, 42 Spreading, 45 Snakeroot Spotted, 43 Ticklegrass, Southern, 73 Black, 29 Staphylea, 62 Tilia, 14, 62 White, 31 STAPHYLEACEAE, 62 TILIACEAE, 62 Snapdragon, Dwarf, 61 Star-grass, Yellow, 71 Timothy, 77 Sneezeweed, Winged, 33 Starflower, 13, 54 Toadflax SOLANACEAE, 62 Starwort, Northern, 41 Bastard, 60 Solanum, 62 Steeple-bush, 59 Blue, 61 Solidago, 14, 15, 34, 35 Stellaria, 41 Toothwort, 14 Solomon's Seal, 71 Stitchwort, Field, 41 Broad-leaved, 39 Solomon's Seal, False, 14, 71 Stonecrop, Ditch, 43 Cut-leaved, 21, 38 Sorbus, 59 Strawberry, 57 Tower-mustard, 38 Sorghastrum, 78 Streptopus, 71 Toxicodendron, 15, 29 Spanish Bayonet, 64 Sumac Tragopogon, 36 SPARGANIACEAE, 79 Smooth, 29 Trailing Arbutus, 44 Sparganium, 79 Staghorn, 29 Triadenum, 43 Speargrass, Drooping, 11, 78 Winged, 29 Trichophorum, 70 Speedwell Sundew, Round-leaved, 43 Trichostema, 49 Common, 62 Sundrops, Small, 51 Tridens, 78 Corn, 62 Sunflower, Woodland, 33 Trientalis, 13, 54 Marsh, 62 Swallow-wort, Pale, 30 Trifolium, 46 Thyme-leaf, 62 Swamp-candles, 54 Trillium, 71, 72 Spergula, 41 Sweet Fern, 50 Triodanis, 40 Spergularia, 41 Sweet Gale, 50 Trout Lily, 71 Sphenopholis, 78 Sycamore, 52 Tsuga, 13, 14, 28 Spicebush, 16, 49 Symphyotrichum, 35, 36 Tufted-hairgrass, 74 Spike-rush Symplocarpus, 65 Turtlehead, White, 61 Needle, 69 Tussilago, 36 Ovate, 69 T Tussock-sedge, 68 Small's, 69 Taraxacum, 36 Twayblade, 8, 73 Spikemoss, 27 Taxaceae, 28 Twisted-stalk, White, 71 Spikenard, 30 Taxus, 14, 28 Typha, 79 Spiraea, 59 Tearthumb, 53 TYPHACEAE, 79 Spiranthes, 73 Thalictrum, 55, 56 Spleenwort THELYPTERIDACEAE, 27 U Ebony, 24 Thelypteris, 27 ULMACEAE, 62 Maidenhair, 15, 24 Thimbleberry, 59 Ulmus, 63 Silvery, 14, 24 Thimbleweed, Stout, 9, 55 Urtica, 63 Sporobolus, 78 Thistle, 31, 32 URTICACEAE, 63 Spring-beauty, 54 Three-awn, Church-mouse, Utricularia, 22, 50 Spring Cress, 38 73 Uvularia, 72 Spring Scorpion Grass, 38 THYMELAECEAE, 62 Spruce, White, 28 Tiarella, 21, 61 V Spurrey, 41 Tick-trefoil, 16 Vaccinium, 16, 44 Squaw-root, 51 Canadian, 45 Velvet-grass, 76 Squirrel Corn, 14 Cluster-leaf, 45 Venus's Looking-glass, 40

92

Veratrum, 72 Water-shield, 39 Woodsia, 15, 25 Verbascum, 62 Water-starwort, Variable, 39 Wool-grass, 69 Verbena, 8, 10, 63 Water-weed, Nuttall's, 70 Wormseed-mustard, 39 VERBENECEAE, 63 Wedgegrass, 78 Vernalgrass, Sweet, 73 Wheat-grass, Woodland, 75 Y Veronica, 62 White Campion, 41 Yarrow, 31 Vervain Whitlow-grass, Shortpod, 39 Yew Blue, 63 Wild Basil, 49 Canada, 13, 14, 28 Narrow-leaved, 8, 10, 63 Willow, 16, 60 Japanese, 28 White, 63 Willow-herb Yucca, 64 Vetch American, 51 Bird, 46 Eastern, 51 Z Crown, 45 Winter-cress, 38 Zanthoxylum, 11 Four-seed, 46 Winterberry, 16, 30 Zizia, 29 Viburnum, 14, 40 Wintergreen, 13, 44 Maple-leaf, 14, 40 Spotted, 54 Vinca, 29 Witch-grass, 77 Viola, 14, 15, 63, 64 Witch-hazel, 14, 48 VIOLACEAE, 63 Witherod, 40 Violet Wood-anemone, 55 American Dog, 63 Wood-aster Arrow-leaf, 15, 64 White, 32 Bird's Foot, 64 Whorled, 34 Blue Marsh, 63 Wood-betony, 62 Canada, 14, 63 Wood-fern Common Blue, 64 Crested, 24 Downy Yellow, 64 Intermediate, 24 Lance-leaf, 63 Marginal, 24 Northern White, 63 Spinulose, 24 Round-leaved, 64 Wood-lily, 16, 71 Smooth Yellow, 64 Wood-nettle, 14, 63 Three-lobed, 64 Wood-rush, Common, 70 Woodland White, 63 Wood-sedge, 65, 66 Virginia Creeper, 15, 64 Wood-sorrel Virgin's Bower, 55 Common Yellow, 52 VITACEAE, 64 Southern Yellow, 52 Vitis, 64 Violet, 52 Vulpia, 78 Woodgrass, Awned, 73 Woodland W Horsetail, 25 Water-cress, 39 Hound's Tongue, 38 Water-crowfoot, Yellow, 55 Woodland-muhly, 77 Water-hemlock, 29 Awnless, 76 Water-horehound Slender, 77 American, 49 Woodland-oatgrass, 74 Northern, 49 Woodland-sedge Virginia, 49 Broad-leaved, 67 Water-lily, 50 Loose-flowered, 67 Water-parsnip, 29 Necklace, 67 Water-pepper, 53 Spreading, 66 Water-plantain, Lesser, 64 Woodreed, Common, 74