Vascular Flora of the Greater Mount Holyoke Range, Hampshire County, Massachusetts

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Vascular Flora of the Greater Mount Holyoke Range, Hampshire County, Massachusetts Vascular Flora of the Greater Mount Holyoke Range, Hampshire County, Massachusetts Karen B. Searcy Biology Department University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01002 Special Publication of the New England Botanical Club Copyright © 2008 Karen B. Searcy i Table of Contents Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………….....…….ii Introduction …………………………………………………………………………...…………..1 The Setting ……………………………………………….………………...………...…………...2 Land Use ………………………………………………………………………...………………..2 Geology …...…………………….……………….……………...………...………………………4 Soils ......……………………………………………..……………….……………………………5 Climate ...………………………………………………..…………………………………….…..7 Botanical Collection in the Mount Holyoke Range ……………………………………….……...7 Vegetation and Plant Communities ………………………………………………………......…11 Terrestrial Plant communities ……………………………………………………..……13 Palustrine Plant Communities …………………………………………………..………15 Communities of Anthropogenic Origin ………………………………………………...16 Methods for Developing the Mount Holyoke Range Flora …………………...………………...17 Flora Summary …………………………………………………………………….……………20 Explanation of the Vascular Plant Catalog ……………………………………………………...22 Vascular Plant Catalog ……………………………………………………………………….….24 Ferns and Fern Allies ………………………………………………………...…………24 Gymnosperms ……………………………………………………………..……………27 Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) ……………………………………………..…………...28 Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) ………………………………………………..………….64 Literature Cited ………...………………………………………………………………………..80 Index …………………………………………………………………………………………….83 List of Tables and Figures Figure 1. Location of the Greater Mount Holyoke Range. ……...……………………………….1 Figure 2. Map of the flora area with some of the features mentioned in the text. ……………….3 Figure 3. Cross section of the Mount Holyoke Range showing the bedrock layers. …………….5 Figure 4. Location of the bedrock types in the Greater Mount Holyoke Range. ……………...…6 Figure 5. Number of specimens collected in the Mount Holyoke Range by decade 1860-1995. ..8 Figure 6. Map showing the sampling locations and general areas used in describing species locations. …………………………………………………………………......18 Table 1. Microclimates of the Mount Holyoke Range. ………………………………...…..…….7 Table 2. People who collected at least 4 specimens in the Mount Holyoke Range, 1820-1995. … Table 3. Natural pant communities of the Greater Mount Holyoke Range. …..………..………13 Table 4. Documented species not relocated between 1999 and 2007. .....………………………19 Table 5. Excluded species. ………………………………………………………………….…..20 Table 6. Taxa summary. ……………………………………...…………………………………20 Table 7. New, Hampshire County records. ………………………...………………………...…21 Table 8. Massachusetts rare and watchlist species with current populations in the Greater Mount Holyoke Range. …………….…………………………………………………….........22 ii Acknowledgments I thank Robert B. Livingston for introducing me to the Mount Holyoke Range, Paul J. Godfrey and Gina Barletta for initiating my interest in studying its flora, and Brayton Wilson for his help and enthusiasm in actually starting the flora project. Beth Bone, Laura Chaskeleton, Dawn Ciulla, Ann Hazzard, Donald McClelland, Catherine Moran, Carolyn Pucko, Joshua Pycroft, Joshua Schaller, Arieh Tal, Donna Tremonte, and Chris Wood all spent at least a day hiking with me searching for plants. Brayton and Mary Alice Wilson contributed information on trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants from 153 plots that helped provide detailed information on the distribution and abundance of many species. Thomas Clark found the population of Aplectrum hyemale. Diana Barczc and Kathleen Rolih helped with the maps, Sally Klingener prepared the index and Laura Holland helped in printing the illustrations. Arthur Haines, Arthur Gilman, C. Barre Hellquist, Jinshuang Ma, Lisa Standley, Gordon C. Tucker, and Peter Zika kindly helped with the identification of taxa in their specialties. John Hubert and Donald Wise of the Geosciences Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst assisted with the geology section. John Burk, Smith College, provided some historical information about past collectors in the Range and John Burk Jr., Harvard Forest, provided me with copies of some historical maps. Robert Bertin and Patricia Swain kindly reviewed drafts of all or parts of the manuscript. The manuscript also benefited from the comments of two anonymous reviewers. I thank the curators of the Harvard University Herbaria (HUH), Mount Holyoke College Herbarium (MHC), and Smith College Herbarium (SCHN) for access to their collections. I thank the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation for a special use permit and the towns of Hadley and South Hadley and several private landowners for permission to access their properties. The Jane Hallenbeck Bemis Endowment for Research in Natural History supported several aspects of this work. 1 2 documented by over 1000 herbarium specimens. Local floras such as this one are also useful on a regional level since they can fine tune distribution information. For example, this study has added a number of county records and records of state rare species including the first record of Swamp Cottonwood (Populus heterophylla) in Massachusetts (Searcy and Ascher 2001). The Setting The Greater Mount Holyoke Range (GMHR) was interpreted as the undeveloped land between Chmura Road and Bay Road in Hadley and Bay Road in Amherst on the north, Harris Mountain Road and Harris Road on the east, Bachelor Street in Granby and Elmer Brook in South Hadley on the south, and Rte. 47 on the west (Fig. 2). A small section of state owned land east of Harris Mountain Road was also included. The area covered by the flora is approximately 31 km2 and is between latitudes 42o 19’ 10” and 42o 16’ 56’’ N and longitudes 72o 36’ 8” and 72o 28’ 16” W. The most conspicuous topographic feature of the GMHR is the east-west trending basalt-capped ridge (main ridge) which ranges in elevation from 150 to 300 m. The ridge line of the Mount Holyoke Range is cut by a series of faults perpendicular to its long axis creating a series of breaks that give the Range an undulating skyline. The best known of these breaks is “the Notch,” which is the current location of Route 116, the major road across the Range (Fig. 2). Movement along the faults east of Route 116 created a series of separate northeast-southwest trending basalt ridges. West of Route 116 the ridge is a single unit (Fig. 4). The north-facing slope has a steep upper region of cliffs and talus slopes, which decrease in height from west to east, and a more gradual slope at mid- to lower elevations. The change in slope angle below the cliffs on the north side gives the Range a distinct profile (Fig. 3). The lower north slope is broken by a few smaller secondary ridges and peaks such as Tinker Hill and Little Tinker, which are cones of old volcanoes now covered with glacial till (Berkowitz 1974). In contrast, the south side of the main ridge has a single relatively uniform slope of about 20o (Fig. 3). Between the base of the main ridge and the southern boundary of the study area, the topography is complex with several lower ridges, basins, and areas with little relief. Both north and south slopes of the main ridge are dissected by ravines supporting intermittent streams and seeps. Some of the larger ravines on the south side are steep-sided and have moist headwater regions. Wetlands are an important component of the GMHR. The most extensive wetlands occur on the south side of the Range between the base of the main ridge and the southern boundary. Wetlands are associated with riparian areas and with numerous small basins created by the rough, dissected topography. Wetlands on the north side are usually on the lower slopes but some are associated with the break between the steep upper slopes and the more gradual mid-slope areas. Intermittent streams are common in ravines. Only the lower reaches of some of the smaller streams and the larger streams such as Elmer Brook, Dry Brook, and tributaries of Bachelor Brook have water year-round. The area has no natural lakes or ponds with permanent water. Land Use The region was settled in the 1660s (Berkowitz 1974). Early maps suggest that the steeper parts of the Mount Holyoke Range remained forested through the period of maximum forest clearing in the mid-1800s. Although the upper slopes remained relatively undisturbed, lower areas of the GMHR experienced varying intensities and frequencies of disturbance. The major land use appears to have been logging. Historically the land was divided into wood lots (Berkowitz 1974), and Roberts, writing in 1914, indicated that the entire south slope had been cut in the previous 25 years (Roberts 1914). Logging decreased after 1900 (Berkowitz 1974), but continued on a small scale. A number of the woods roads in the GMHR were probably associated with logging activities. Grazing on the wooded slopes has been TH2m2ontour2intervl22222 power2lines22222222222222222222 rods22222222222222222222222222222 town2oundries222222222222 x strems2222222222222222222222222 flor2oundry222222222222222 rdley emherst rdley ylor eservoirs rker xG2power2line xoth eservoir felherE fy222od ghmur2dF 5 town 5 5 oute2RU wtF2rithok wtF2xorwottok he2isters fre2wtnF 5 vong2wtnF 5 wtF2rolyoke gonnF2iver 5 he2xoth 5 iG2power2line 5 rrris2wtnF2dF hry222222frook gomm2ond ilmer2222222frook erl2treet teF2IIT vithi2prings fhelor2treet eservoir the24vow2le4 qrny outh2rdley IHHH H IHHH weters Figure 2. Map of the flora area with some of the features mentioned in the text. A third power line is under the Belchertown town line. Elmer Brook is
Recommended publications
  • APPROVED PLANT LIST Midtown Alliance Tree Well Adoption Program
    APPROVED PLANT LIST Midtown Alliance Tree Well Adoption Program Midtown Alliance launched the Tree Well Adoption program with the primary goal of enriching the experience of Midtown’s workers and residents while encouraging sustainability through the use of low-water, urban tolerant plant species. This list of plants was created to aid individuals and organizations in selecting plant material to plant in their adopted tree wells. This plant list is intended to encourage individual character in the tree wells, rather than restrict creativity in the selection of plants. The plants on the approved list were selected based on the following criteria: • Perennial. All plants listed are perennial, meaning they last for two or more growing seasons. Once established, these plants will require less water to maintain than annuals. • Heat tolerant. Plants in tree wells are exposed to high temperatures caused by vehicles and heat reflected from surrounding buildings, asphalt, and other urban surfaces. They must also be tolerant to high daytime temperatures, typical of Atlanta’s summer months, and cold hardy in the winter months. Atlanta is located in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 7b/8a. • Water wise. Urban tree wells are surrounded by impervious surfaces and thus, are highly susceptible to periods of drought. Suitable plants must be able to survive periods of low rainfall. • Pollution tolerant. Vehicle exhaust may leave deposits and pollutants on plant foliage, which can kill sensitive plants. • Encourage wildlife. Flowering plants attract insects such as butterflies while others provide food sources for birds and other wildlife. • Grown locally. Many of the plants listed are native to the Atlanta area, and all can be found at local nurseries.
    [Show full text]
  • Mount Holyoke Range Planning Unit
    Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation Bureau of Planning and Resource Protection Resource Management Planning Program RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN Mount Holyoke Range Planning Unit Including Mount Holyoke Range State Park, Joseph Allen Skinner State Park, Mount Tom State Reservation and Holyoke Heritage State Park July 2013 Mount Holyoke Range Planning Unit Including Mount Holyoke Range State Park, Joseph Allen Skinner State Park, Mount Tom State Reservation and Holyoke Heritage State Park RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2013 Deval L. Patrick, Governor Richard K. Sullivan, Jr., Secretary John P. Murray, Commissioner Resource Management Plans provide guidance for managing properties under the stewardship of the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR). They are intended to be working documents for setting priorities, enabling the Department to adapt to changing fiscal, social and environmental conditions. The planning process provides a forum for communication and cooperation with park visitors and the surrounding communities to ensure transparency in the DCR’s stewardship efforts. As I travel the Commonwealth, I am reminded of the variety of high-quality experiences offered by DCR parks. Those within the Mount Holyoke Range Planning Unit are among the best that this state has to offer. They provide a variety of recreational opportunities, from challenging hikes along mountain ridgelines, to family picnics on a promontory overlooking the Connecticut River Valley, to taking in a summer concert in downtown Holyoke. Although they may all be visited in a single day, the true character of these parks is best revealed through repeat visits. In addition to providing outstanding recreational opportunities, these parks protect important natural and cultural resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecoregions of New England Forested Land Cover, Nutrient-Poor Frigid and Cryic Soils (Mostly Spodosols), and Numerous High-Gradient Streams and Glacial Lakes
    58. Northeastern Highlands The Northeastern Highlands ecoregion covers most of the northern and mountainous parts of New England as well as the Adirondacks in New York. It is a relatively sparsely populated region compared to adjacent regions, and is characterized by hills and mountains, a mostly Ecoregions of New England forested land cover, nutrient-poor frigid and cryic soils (mostly Spodosols), and numerous high-gradient streams and glacial lakes. Forest vegetation is somewhat transitional between the boreal regions to the north in Canada and the broadleaf deciduous forests to the south. Typical forest types include northern hardwoods (maple-beech-birch), northern hardwoods/spruce, and northeastern spruce-fir forests. Recreation, tourism, and forestry are primary land uses. Farm-to-forest conversion began in the 19th century and continues today. In spite of this trend, Ecoregions denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and 5 level III ecoregions and 40 level IV ecoregions in the New England states and many Commission for Environmental Cooperation Working Group, 1997, Ecological regions of North America – toward a common perspective: Montreal, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 71 p. alluvial valleys, glacial lake basins, and areas of limestone-derived soils are still farmed for dairy products, forage crops, apples, and potatoes. In addition to the timber industry, recreational homes and associated lodging and services sustain the forested regions economically, but quantity of environmental resources; they are designed to serve as a spatial framework for continue into ecologically similar parts of adjacent states or provinces. they also create development pressure that threatens to change the pastoral character of the region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Geographic and Biological Variables in Predicting
    Horticulture Publications Horticulture 6-2013 The mpI ortance of Geographic and Biological Variables in Predicting the Naturalization of Non- Native Woody Plants in the Upper Midwest Mark P. Widrlechner Iowa State University, [email protected] Emily J. Kapler Iowa State University, [email protected] Philip M. Dixon Iowa State University, [email protected] Janette R. Thompson Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/hort_pubs Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Forest Management Commons, Horticulture Commons, and the Statistical Models Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ hort_pubs/33. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Horticulture at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Horticulture Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The mpI ortance of Geographic and Biological Variables in Predicting the Naturalization of Non-Native Woody Plants in the Upper Midwest Abstract The es lection, introduction, and cultivation of non-native woody plants beyond their native ranges can have great benefits, but also unintended consequences. Among these consequences is the tendency for some species to naturalize and become invasive pests in new environments to which they were introduced. In lieu of lengthy and costly field trials, risk-assessment models can be used to predict the likelihood of naturalization.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Botanischer Garten Der Universität Tübingen
    Botanischer Garten der Universität Tübingen 1974 – 2008 2 System FRANZ OBERWINKLER Emeritus für Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie Ehemaliger Direktor des Botanischen Gartens 2016 2016 zur Erinnerung an LEONHART FUCHS (1501-1566), 450. Todesjahr 40 Jahre Alpenpflanzen-Lehrpfad am Iseler, Oberjoch, ab 1976 20 Jahre Förderkreis Botanischer Garten der Universität Tübingen, ab 1996 für alle, die im Garten gearbeitet und nachgedacht haben 2 Inhalt Vorwort ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Baupläne und Funktionen der Blüten ......................................................................................... 9 Hierarchie der Taxa .................................................................................................................. 13 Systeme der Bedecktsamer, Magnoliophytina ......................................................................... 15 Das System von ANTOINE-LAURENT DE JUSSIEU ................................................................. 16 Das System von AUGUST EICHLER ....................................................................................... 17 Das System von ADOLF ENGLER .......................................................................................... 19 Das System von ARMEN TAKHTAJAN ................................................................................... 21 Das System nach molekularen Phylogenien ........................................................................ 22
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Sex Ratio and Spatial Distribution of Male and Female Antennaria Dioica
    Sex ratio and spatial distribution of male and female Antennaria dioica (Asteraceae) plants Sandra Varga* and Minna-Maarit Kytöviita Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN- 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland E-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] (S. Varga), minna- [email protected] (M.-M. Kytöviita) *Author for correspondence: Sandra Varga Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä FIN-40014 Jyväskylä Finland Email: [email protected] and [email protected] Phone: +358 14 260 2304 Fax: +358 14 260 2321 1 Abstract Sex ratio, sex spatial distribution and sexual dimorphism in reproduction and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation were investigated in the dioecious clonal plant Antennaria dioica (Asteraceae). Plants were monitored for five consecutive years in six study plots in Oulanka, northern Finland. Sex ratio, spatial distribution of sexes, flowering frequency, number of floral shoots and the number and weight of inflorescences were recorded. In addition, intensity of mycorrhizal fungi in the roots was assessed. Both sexes flowered each year with a similar frequency, but the overall genet sex ratio was strongly female-biased. The bivariate Ripley’s analysis of the sex distribution showed that within most plots sexes were randomly distributed except for one plot. Sexual dimorphism was expressed as larger floral and inflorescence production and heavier inflorescences in males. In addition, the roots of both sexes were colonised to a similar extent by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The female sex-biased flowering ratios reported are not consistent among years and cannot be explained in terms of spatial segregation of the sexes or sex lability.
    [Show full text]
  • Adlumia Fungosa (Aiton) Greene Ex Britton
    Adlumia fungosa (Aiton) Greene ex Britton Common Names: Allegheny vine, Climbing Fumitory, Mountain-fringe (1, 3) Etymology: Adlumia for John Adlum, amateur botanist of the late 18th century and early 19th century; fungosa: from the Greek ‘fung’, meaning spongy or mushroom-like (5, 7). Botanical synonyms: Fumaria fungosa (Aiton), Bicuculla fungosa (Aiton) Kuntze, Adlumia cirrhosa (Raf.), Fumaria recta (Michx.), Bicuculla fungosa (Aiton), Bicuculla fumarioides (Borkh.), Corydalis fungosa (Aiton) (3, 11, 14). FAMILY: Papaveraceae (the poppy family) Quick Notable Features: ¬ Spongy, tube-like flowers, each individual flower lasting all summer ¬ Prehensile, climbing leaves ¬ Short, often un-noticeable petiole Plant Height: A. fungosa can climb to 4m, but averages 3m (4, 8). Subspecies/varieties: none found (3) Most Likely Confused with: Rosa setigera and Rubus laciniatus, as well as other Fumarioideae species, some trifoliate Fabaceae (most notably Amphicarpaea bracteata and Lespedeza procumbens), and Ranunculaceae climbers like Clematis virginiana and C. occidentalis. Habitat Preference: A. fungosa prefers full sun, although it can tolerate shade. It is often found in moist or freshly burned woods, as well on rocky slopes and slightly acidic soils. It prefers sites protected from wind (8, 12). It was reported in 1999 in Great Smoky Mountains National Park growing on Betula lenta along streams at 2670m elevation (21). Geographic Distribution in Michigan: Allegheny-vine is found sporadically in Michigan 1 (in a geographic sense; habitat analysis may provide some explanation as to why). It is found in the following counties: Berrien, Charlevoix, Chippewa, Delta, Hillsdale, Ingham, Ishpeming, Kent, Luce, Mackinack, Menominee, Muskegon, Ottawa, Presque Isle, St. Clair, Van Buren, Washtenaw, and Wayne (2).
    [Show full text]
  • Fdn22 Northern Dry-Bedrock Pine (Oak) Woodland *Spinulose Shield Fern Or Glandular Wood Fern ( Dryopteris Carthusiana Or D
    FIRE-DEPENDENT FOREST/WOODLAND SYSTEM FDn22 Northern Floristic Region Northern Dry-Bedrock Pine (Oak) Woodland Dry pine or oak woodlands on shallow, excessively drained, loamy soils on bedrock ridges and hillsides or on rock ledges and terraces adjacent to rivers. Crown and surface fires were common historically. Vegetation Structure & Composition Description is based on summary of vegetation data from 47 plots (relevés). Ground-layer cover of forbs and grami- noids typically ranges from 25-75%. The most common vascular plants are Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), large-leaved aster (Aster macrophyllus), poverty grass (Danthonia spicata), wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), and bracken (Pteridium aqui- linum). Lichen- and moss-covered bedrock and boulders typically make up at least 25% of the ground layer. Shrub layer is typically dominated by deciduous species, usually with patchy to interrupted cover (25-75%). Lowbush blue- berry (Vaccinium angustifolium), juneberries (Amelanchier spp.), red maple saplings, and bush honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera) are the most common species in the shrub layer. Subcanopy is usually absent, but when present, red maple and paper birch are frequent components. Canopy is composed of conifers, hardwoods, or conifers mixed with hardwoods, and is usually patchy (25-50% cover), with openings in areas of exposed bedrock or boulders. Red pine and white pine are dominant on many sites. On other sites, jack pine or northern pin oak are dominant. In mixed forests, conifers often form a supercanopy above hardwood species. Paper birch is often present in the hardwood canopy. Landscape Setting & Soils Glacially scoured bedrock—Common. Landscape is hummocky to rugged. Parent material is non-calcareous drift, usually less than 20in (50cm) deep over bedrock.
    [Show full text]
  • Invisible Connections: Introduction to Parasitic Plants Dr
    Invisible Connections: Introduction to Parasitic Plants Dr. Vanessa Beauchamp Towson University What is a parasite? • An organism that lives in or on an organism of another species (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other's expense. Symbiosis https://www.superpharmacy.com.au/blog/parasites-protozoa-worms-ectoparasites Food acquisition in plants: Autotrophy Heterotrophs (“different feeding”) • True parasites: obtain carbon compounds from host plants through haustoria. • Myco-heterotrophs: obtain carbon compounds from host plants via Image Credit: Flickr User wackybadger, via CC mycorrhizal fungal connection. • Carnivorous plants (not parasitic): obtain nutrients (phosphorus, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pin nitrogen) from trapped insects. k_indian_pipes.jpg http://www.welivealot.com/venus-flytrap- facts-for-kids/ Parasite vs. Epiphyte https://chatham.ces.ncsu.edu/2014/12/does-mistletoe-harm-trees-2/ By © Hans Hillewaert /, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6289695 True Parasitic Plants • Gains all or part of its nutrition from another plant (the host). • Does not contribute to the benefit of the host and, in some cases, causing extreme damage to the host. • Specialized peg-like root (haustorium) to penetrate host plants. https://www.britannica.com/plant/parasitic-plant https://chatham.ces.ncsu.edu/2014/12/does-mistletoe-harm-trees-2/ Diversity of parasitic plants Eudicots • Parasitism has evolved independently at least 12 times within the plant kingdom. • Approximately 4,500 parasitic species in Monocots 28 families. • Found in eudicots and basal angiosperms • 1% of the dicot angiosperm species • No monocot angiosperm species Basal angiosperms Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2016.67:643-667 True Parasitic Plants https://www.alamy.com/parasitic-dodder-plant-cuscuta-showing-penetration-parasitic-haustor The defining structural feature of a parasitic plant is the haustorium.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017-2018 Bulletin & Course Catalog 2017-18
    Bulletin & Course Catalog 2017-2018 BULLETIN & COURSE CATALOG 2017-18 The Mount Holyoke "Bulletin and Course Catalog" is published each year at the end of August. It provides a comprehensive description of the College's academic programs, summaries of key academic and administrative policies, and descriptions of some of the College's key offerings and attributes. Information in Mount Holyoke's "Bulletin and Course Catalog" was accurate as of its compilation in early summer. The College reserves the right to change its published regulations, requirements, offerings, procedures, and charges. For listings of classes offered in the current semester including their meeting times, booklists, and other section-specific details, consult the Search for Classes (https://wadv1.mtholyoke.edu/wadvg/mhc? TYPE=P&PID=ST-XWSTS12A). Critical Social Thought ..................................................................... 112 TABLE OF CONTENTS Culture, Health, and Science ............................................................ 120 Academic Calendar ...................................................................................... 4 Curricular Support Courses .............................................................. 121 About Mount Holyoke College .................................................................... 5 Dance ................................................................................................. 122 Undergraduate Learning Goals and Degree Requirements ....................... 7 Data Science ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Flora of Rarău Massif (Eastern Carpathians, Romania). Note Ii
    Memoirs of the Scientific Sections of the Romanian Academy Tome XXXVI, 2013 BIOLOGY THE VASCULAR FLORA OF RARĂU MASSIF (EASTERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA). NOTE II ADRIAN OPREA1 and CULIŢĂ SÎRBU2 1 “Anastasie Fătu” Botanical Garden, Str. Dumbrava Roşie, nr. 7-9, 700522–Iaşi, Romania 2 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iaşi, Faculty of Agriculture, Str. Mihail Sadoveanu, nr. 3, 700490–Iaşi, Romania Corresponding author: [email protected] This second part of the paper about the vascular flora of Rarău Massif listed approximately half of the whole number of the species registered by the authors in their field trips or already included in literature on the same area. Other taxa have been added to the initial list of plants, so that, the total number of taxa registered by the authors in Rarău Massif amount to 1443 taxa (1133 species and 310 subspecies, varieties and forms). There was signaled out the alien taxa on the surveyed area (18 species) and those dubious presence of some taxa for the same area (17 species). Also, there were listed all the vascular plants, protected by various laws or regulations, both internal or international, existing in Rarău (i.e. 189 taxa). Finally, there has been assessed the degree of wild flora conservation, using several indicators introduced in literature by Nowak, as they are: conservation indicator (C), threat conservation indicator) (CK), sozophytisation indicator (W), and conservation effectiveness indicator (E). Key words: Vascular flora, Rarău Massif, Romania, conservation indicators. 1. INTRODUCTION A comprehensive analysis of Rarău flora, in terms of plant diversity, taxonomic structure, biological, ecological and phytogeographic characteristics, as well as in terms of the richness in endemics, relict or threatened plant species was published in our previous note (see Oprea & Sîrbu 2012).
    [Show full text]