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Academy of Natural Sciences Academy of Natural Sciences Two New Species of Acanthoclininae (Pisces: Plesiopidae) with a Synopsis and Phylogeny of the Subfamily Author(s): William F. Smith-Vaniz and G. David Johnson Source: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 142 (1990), pp. 211-260 Published by: Academy of Natural Sciences Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4064977 Accessed: 02/06/2010 12:06 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www .jstor.org/action/showPublisher ?publisherCode=ans. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Academy of Natural Sciences is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. STOR http: //www .j stor.org Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 142:211-260, 1990. Two New Species of Acanthoclininae (Pisces: Plesiopidae) with a Synopsis and Phylogeny of the Subfamily WILLIAM F. SMITH-VANIZ Department of Ichthyology Academy of Natural Sciences 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103 G. DAVID JOHNSON Division of Fishes National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560 ABSTRACT.—Osteology and soft anatomy were studied to advance a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships within the previously recognized family Acanthoclinidae in order to determine the correct generic placement of two new species. The following genera are recognized, with the number of their included species given in parentheses: Acanthoclinus Jenyns (5), Belonepterygion McCulloch (1), Beliops Hardy (2) and Acanthoplesiops Regan (4). A cladistic analysis based on 33 adult characters resulted in a highly corroborated hypothesis indicating that each of the four genera comprise monophyletic clades ordered in the above phyletic sequence. Taumakoides Whitley is a synonym of Acanthoclinus. Beliops batanensis n. sp., known only from the Batan Islands, northern Philippines, shares three unique apomorphies with its allopatric congener. It exhibits a surprisingly large number of derived character states not present in its plesiomorphic sister-species, including short and robust dorsal-fin spines and distinctive body scales with membranous flaps. Acanthoplesiops echinatus n. sp., known only from Jolo, Sulu Archipelago and Ambon, Indonesia, is most closely related to the allopatric A. psilogaster, and is readily distinguished from its congeners by having most scales on the posterior half of body with one or two membranous flaps supported by elongate ctenii and 6 (versus 3-5) segmented anal-fin rays; the occurrence of minute, pointed papillae on the head of the two Ambon specimens (inexplicably absent in the single Jolo specimen) is unique within the subfamily. [Acanthoclinidae, biogcography, cladistic analysis, osteology, Perciformes, Plesiopidae, scale morphology, systematics] In April-May of 1987 the authors spent all served to inhibit biological exploration three weeks collecting fishes in the in this poorly collected region. The Batanes Province, northern Philippines Batanes Province lies at the northern tip of under the auspices of a Smithsonian Insti- the Philippine Archipelago, between north- tution sponsored project to sample the ern Luzon and Taiwan. Most of its dozen biota. Limited transportation facilities and islands are of volcanic origin and much of frequent bad weather and sea conditions the shoreline consists of rocky ledges and combined with geographic isolation have boulders, with coral development relatively 211 212 W. F. SMITH-VANIZ AND D. W. JOHNSON sparse. plesiopids, usually are not exposed in lat- Among the fishes collected were two eral view, but when the opercle is raised specimens of an enigmatic acanthoclinid the characteristic membrane configuration is that seemingly did not agree with any pre- readily apparent. The monotypic plesiopid viously described genus. Subsequently, we genus Calloplesiops is exceptional in lack- discovered an undescribed species of ing notched branchiostegal membranes. Acanthoplesiops in an unsorted collection As noted by Mooi (1990), the Plesiop- of fishes from Ambon, Indonesia deposited idae has never been satisfactorily defined at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Our although three of the seven genera tradi- efforts to place these new taxa led us to tionally assigned to the family (Trachinops, re-evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of Paraplesiops, and Fraudella) have eggs the Acanthoclinidae as outlined by Hardy with similar and unique chorionic struc- (1985). The phylogenetic relationships of tures. Furthermore, and of more relevance the family Acanthoclinidae have been to this study, no synapomorphy has been uncertain since it was first established by found that supports a monophyletic Plesi- Gunther (1861:297). Although most recent opidae exclusive of the Acanthoclinidae. authors have recognized the family as The most recent assessment (results of valid, both Regan (1913) and McCulloch which were presented at the annual meet- (1915) allocated acanthoclinid genera to the ing of the American Society of Ichthy- Plesiopidae. Mok et al. (1990) treated the ologists and Herpetologists, Mooi 1990 Acanthoclinidae and Plesiopidae as sister abstract) of plesiopid relationships has re- taxa, although the characters they used to vealed a number of putative synapo- support such a relationship are invalid or morphies that define various monophyletic were misinterpreted. In his recent revision clades of plesiopid genera + the Acantho- of the Acanthoclinidae, Hardy (1985) did clinidae. We defer discussion of these not consider the possibility of a close rela- characters to a future paper by Mooi that tionship between these two groups. Both is in an advanced state of preparation. nominal families share one external feature Although the monophyly of the fishes that we have seen in no other fishes. The treated herein has never been questioned third branchiostegal ray (counting postero- seriously, we believe their cladistic rela- dorsally) is positioned so that it extends tionships are best expressed by recognizing farther posteriorly than adjacent rays result- the Acanthoclinidae as a subfamily within ing in a slight to pronounced notch or an expanded Plesiopidae1. rounded projection on the posterolateral The four genera and 12 species of margin of the exposed branchiostegal acanthoclinine fishes, the so-called spiny membranes (Fig. 1). This condition can be basslets (Smith & Heemstra 1986), that we seen clearly in previously published illus- recognize occur in depths of 2-73 meters trations of Plesiops (Inger 1955:fig. 3a), (one trawl collection of Acanthoclinus Paraplesiops (Hoese and Kuiter 1984:figs. marilynae in 73-91 m) on reefs and along 3-4), and Steeneichthys (Allen & Randall rocky shores in tropical and temperate 1985: figs. 1-2). The branchiostegal mem- waters of the Indo-west Pacific (Fig. 3). branes of Trachinops, unlike those of other Our study of these fishes benefited greatly 'The Plesiopidae dates from Gunther (1861:362) who first recognized the family as the supra- generic taxon Plesiopina; the Acanthoclinidae dates from the same work (p. 297). Past workers either were unaware that both family-group names date from the same source or did not consider it nomenclaturally relevant because they recognized both families as distinct phylogenetic units of equal taxonomic rank. In accordance with article 24 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1985), we hereby act as first revisers in selecting the Plesiopidae as taking precedence over the Acanthoclinidae. This action preserves the more commonly cited family name and best serves nomenclatural stability. SYNOPSIS AND PHYLOGENY OF ACANTHOCLININAE 213 Fig. 1. General physiognomy and cephalic pore patterns in selected species of Acanthoclin- inae: A, Acanthoclinus fuscus, ANSP 165085, 57.4 mm SL; B, A. littoreus, ANSP 165089, 73.3 mm; C, A. rua, ANSP 165086, 44.8 mm; D, Belonepterygion fasciolatum, USNM 257883, 35.5 mm. (Small arrows indicate location of rounded projection on posterolateral margin of exposed branchiostegal membrane.) from Hardy's (1985) revision, and readers herein. We follow his taxonomic nomencla- should refer to that work for complete ture, except for our synonymization of synonymies, expanded descriptions, meristic Taumakoides. In the species accounts all frequency tables and good photographs of primary synonyms are given but secondary all except the two new species described synonymies are selective. 214 W. F. SMITH-VANE AND D. W. JOHNSON Fig. 1. (continued): E, Beliops xanlhokrossos, ANSP 165557,
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